The Torah As an Enactivist Model: Legal Thinking Beyond Natural Law and Positive Law

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The Torah As an Enactivist Model: Legal Thinking Beyond Natural Law and Positive Law Ancilla Iuris Special Issue: Natural Law? Conceptions and Implications of Natural Law Elements of Religious Legal Discourse Prof. Dr. Ronen Reichman Dr. Britta Müller-Schauenburg (Guest Editors) Die Tora als enaktivistisches Muster: Rechtsdenken jenseits von Naturrecht und positivem Recht The Torah as an Enactivist Model: Legal thinking beyond natural law and positive law Asher J. Mattern* Translated by Jacob Watson Ancilla Iuris, 2017 Lagen des Rechts Synopsis E-ISSN 1661-8610 Constellations of Law DOAJ 1661-8610 ASHER J. MATTERN – THE TORAH AS AN ENACTIVIST MODEL Abstract Abstract Die abendländische, klassische wie moderne, Refle- The occidental reflexions on Law, classical as xion über das Recht wird durch den Gegensatz zwi- modern, is determined by the opposition between schen Naturrecht und positivem Recht bestimmt. natural and positive law. The Jewish understanding Das jüdische Verständnis des Gesetzes transzen- of Law transcends this dichotomy by projecting a diert diese Dichotomie durch die Projektion eines circular model: The divine Law is developped con- zirkulären Modells: Das göttliche Gesetz wird kon- cretely in the discussion of rabbinical scholars and kret in der Diskussion der rabbinischen Gelehrten this discussion has itself, as Oral Law, the status of entwickelt, und diese Diskussion hat selbst als being god-given. The Torah as the basis of the Jewish mündliches Gesetz den Status des gottgegebenen law is thus interpreted in the rabbinic tradition as Gesetzes. Die Tora als Grundlage des jüdischen the idea of a law in which the constructive interpre- Gesetzes wird also in der rabbinischen Tradition als tation is understood as a more precise discovery of die Idee eines Gesetzes interpretiert, in dem die kon- that what really is, that means an interpretation in struktive Interpretation als eine genauere Entde- which coincides with the invention and exploration ckung dessen, was wirklich ist, verstanden wird, d.h. of the law.1 in dem Finden und Erfinden des Rechts zusammen- fallen.1 Einer Untersuchung der Bedeutung des Natur- An exploration of the significance of natural law in rechts im Judentum bieten sich vielfältige und zum Judaism offers diverse and, in part, more or less Teil mehr oder weniger stark divergierende greatly divergent points of reference within the tra- Bezugspunkte innerhalb der Tradition. Diese dition. This divergence is found not only between Divergenz findet sich nicht nur zwischen den ver- the different discourse genres of Judaism, i.e. schiedenen Diskursgattungen des Judentums, also between the Torah, Talmud, Midrash and its phi- zwischen Tora, Talmud, Midrasch und Philoso- losophy, but also within the respective genera. phie, sondern auch innerhalb der jeweiligen Gat- Hence, the question whether an overarching per- tungen. Damit stellt sich die Frage, ob es eine über- spective could arise that brings together the differ- geordnete Perspektive gibt, die die verschiedenen ent approaches. If so, this perspective would most Ansätze zusammenführt. Diese Perspektive wäre likely be found within Chazal’s discourse, inasmuch zunächst im Diskurs von Chazal zu suchen, inso- as Jewish thought – or Hashkafa – acquires its deci- fern hier das jüdische Denken in seiner ihm eige- sive direction here. The following contribution thus nen Originalität ausgerichtet wird. Der folgende focuses on classical rabbinical thought, as its realm Beitrag konzentriert sich deshalb auf das klassi- of ideas is developed and reflected upon in above all sche rabbinische Denken, wie es seine Ideenwelt the Midrash. The article leads to a provision of the vor allem im Midrasch entwickelt und reflektiert. epistemological and ontological status of the Torah Der Aufsatz führt dabei von einer allgemeinen and the Jewish law from a general reflection of the Reflexion des rechtsphilosophischen Rahmens des jurisprudential framework of rabbinical thought. rabbinischen Denkens zu einer Bestimmung des erkenntnistheoretischen und ontologischen Status der Tora bzw. des jüdischen Rechts. Sieht man von Differenzierungen innerhalb der Apart from the differentiation that can be made beiden Grundkonzeptionen ab, scheint das abend- within the two basic conceptions, occidental legal ländische Rechtsdenken auf den Gegensatz von thought seems to come down to the opposition naturrechtlichen und rechtspositivistischen Kon- between conceptions of natural law and legal posi- zeptionen hinauszulaufen. Diese Perspektiven auf tivism. These perspectives on the law and its justifi- das Recht und seine Begründbarkeit entsprechen cation thereby conform to the epistemological dabei den erkenntnistheoretischen Ansätzen von approaches of realism and constructivism, the Realismus und Konstruktivismus, deren Opposi- opposition that has characterized occidental tion das abendländische Denken seit ihren frühe- thought since its earliest philosophical positions sten philosophischen Weichenstellungen charak- were being taken: Either rights and laws are in fact 1 1 * Dr. Asher J. Mattern arbeitet zurzeit im Rahmen der interdisziplinären * Dr. Asher J. Mattern is currently a senior research fellow at the Eberhard Forschungsgruppe „Religion und Rationalität – Glauben und Vernunft Karls University of Tuebingen. He is working on the interdisciplinary im Leben und Denken von Muslimen, Christen und Juden im Kontext research project „Religion and Rationality –Faith and Reason in the Life pluraler Gesellschaften“ an der Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen and Thoughts of Muslims, Christians and Jews in the Context of Plurali- und lehrt dort am Institut für ökumenische und interreligiöse For- stic Societies“ and teaching at the University‘s Institute of Ecumenical schung. and Interreligious Research. ANCILLA IURIS 2017, 66 67 ASHER J. MATTERN – THE TORAH AS AN ENACTIVIST MODEL terisiert: Entweder handelt es sich bei Recht und given, meaning something that actually exists and Gesetz mithin um etwas, das tatsächlich gegeben which we must discover, or the law is based upon a ist und das es zu erkennen gilt, oder Recht läuft auf human construct, the validity of which is based ein menschliches Konstrukt hinaus, das seine Gel- solely upon mutual recognition by all. In the follow- tung nur als anerkannte Setzung erwirbt. Im Fol- ing, I would like to show that the rabbinical under- genden möchte ich zeigen, dass das rabbinische standing of law is situated beyond this dichotomy: Rechtsverständnis sich jenseits dieser Dichotomie The basis of Jewish law, the Torah, is interpreted as situiert: Die Tora als Grundlage des jüdischen a draft of law in rabbinical tradition, whereby the Gesetzes wird in der rabbinischen Tradition als constructive interpretation is grasped as a more Entwurf eines Rechts gedeutet, in dem die kon- accurate discovery of that what really is, that means struktive Auslegung verstanden wird als genauere an interpretation in which coincides with the Entdeckung dessen, was ist, in dem Erfinden und invention and exploration of the law. Finden des Rechts zusammenfallen. I. I. DIE ENTZWEIUNG VON NATUR UND THE RUPTURE OF NATURE AND LAW IN RECHT IN DER SCHÖPFUNGSORDNUNG THE ORDER OF CREATION Der Annahme, das Judentum als monotheistische The assumption that Judaism as a monotheistic Konstellation, in der Gott sich über die Offenba- constellation in which God is manifested through rung eines Gesetzeskodex manifestiert, müsse eine the revelation of a legal order would have to require naturrechtliche Dimension, d.h. eine Form von uni- a natural law dimension, i.e. that it recognizes a versalem, überpositivem Recht kennen, scheint in form of universal suprapositive law, is one that plausibler Weise kaum widersprochen werden zu hardly seems open to contradiction in any plausible können. Stellen wir bezüglich oder auch innerhalb way. When we ask the question in regards to or also des Judentums die Frage nach dem möglichen within Judaism of whether or not there are possible Grund von Recht und Gerechtigkeit, scheinen wir grounds for law and righteousness, it seems we unzweideutig auf Gott als den Schöpfer verwiesen must refer unambiguously to God the creator. zu sein. Die rabbinische Tradition betont den Gedanken, Rabbinical tradition emphasizes the thinking that dass Gott als Schöpfer der Welt auch Grundlage God as creator of the world is also the foundation or oder Grundleger des Rechts ist bzw. sogar beides in founder or law, or even is both at once, immediately einem ist, unmittelbar in der Weise, wie sie den in the way they understand the beginning of the Beginn des Schöpfungsberichts versteht. Ist es im account of creation. As in the first verse of the bibli- ersten Vers des biblischen Textes Elokim, der in cal text, it is Elokim, who creates the heavens and einem Anfang die Schöpfung von Himmel und Erde earth at the beginning, this name – Elokim – stands unternimmt, dann steht dieser Name – also Elokim in rabbinical understanding for God as the basis of – im rabbinischen Verständnis für Gott als Grund law or even as the principle of relentless legality: des Rechts bzw. sogar für Gott als Prinzip unerbitt- Since the creator of the creation account is not licher Gesetzlichkeit: Wird der Schöpfer im Schöp- referred to with the Tetragram, but rather referred fungsbericht also nicht mit dem Tetragramm to as Elokim, the rabbinical view takes this to mean bezeichnet, sondern als Elokim ausgewiesen, dann God willed that the world was directly founded heißt dies aus rabbinischer Sicht, Gott habe hier die upon the principle of the law. The creative will is, Welt unmittelbar auf
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