Deceased Academicians
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
RANDY SCHEKMAN Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, USA
GENES AND PROTEINS THAT CONTROL THE SECRETORY PATHWAY Nobel Lecture, 7 December 2013 by RANDY SCHEKMAN Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, USA. Introduction George Palade shared the 1974 Nobel Prize with Albert Claude and Christian de Duve for their pioneering work in the characterization of organelles interrelated by the process of secretion in mammalian cells and tissues. These three scholars established the modern field of cell biology and the tools of cell fractionation and thin section transmission electron microscopy. It was Palade’s genius in particular that revealed the organization of the secretory pathway. He discovered the ribosome and showed that it was poised on the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) where it engaged in the vectorial translocation of newly synthesized secretory polypeptides (1). And in a most elegant and technically challenging investigation, his group employed radioactive amino acids in a pulse-chase regimen to show by autoradiograpic exposure of thin sections on a photographic emulsion that secretory proteins progress in sequence from the ER through the Golgi apparatus into secretory granules, which then discharge their cargo by membrane fusion at the cell surface (1). He documented the role of vesicles as carriers of cargo between compartments and he formulated the hypothesis that membranes template their own production rather than form by a process of de novo biogenesis (1). As a university student I was ignorant of the important developments in cell biology; however, I learned of Palade’s work during my first year of graduate school in the Stanford biochemistry department. -
Five Great Ideas of Biology
GREATGREAT IDEASIDEAS OFOF BIOLOGYBIOLOGY Paul Nurse KITP Public Lecture, Feb 24, 2010 THETHE CELLCELL The basic unit of life ROBERTROBERT HOOKEHOOKE’’SS MICROSCOPEMICROSCOPE Cork Image: Past Present STEMSTEM IMAGES:IMAGES: PASTPAST ANDAND PRESENTPRESENT Nehemiah Grew (1682) ANTONIANTONI VANVAN LEEUWENHOEKLEEUWENHOEK MICROORGANISMSMICROORGANISMS VANVAN LEEUWENHOEK?LEEUWENHOEK? THEODORTHEODOR SCHWANNSCHWANN “We have seen that all organisms are composed of essentially like parts, namely, of cells.” (1839) RUDOLFRUDOLF VIRCHOWVIRCHOW “Every animal appears as a sum of vital units, each of which bears in itself the complete characteristics of life.” (1858) CELLCELL Rockefeller Nobel Prize Winners in Cell Biology George E. Palade (1974) Christian de Duve (1974) Albert Claude (1974) Günter Blobel (1999) MAMMALIANMAMMALIAN EMBRYOEMBRYO SPERMSPERM ANDAND EGGEGG THETHE CELLCELL The basic unit of life Underpins all reproduction and development Stem cells THETHE GENEGENE Basis of heredity GREGORGREGOR MENDELMENDEL MENDELMENDEL’’SS GARDENGARDEN PEASPEAS PEASPEAS 1919TH CENTURYCENTURY CHROMOSOMESCHROMOSOMES EDOUARDEDOUARD VANVAN BENEDENBENEDEN’’SS NEMATODENEMATODE CHROMOSOMESCHROMOSOMES PNEUMOCOCCUSPNEUMOCOCCUS Avery, MacLeod and McCarty, Rockefeller University (1944) DNADNA MOLECULEMOLECULE CENTRALCENTRAL DOGMADOGMA THETHE GENEGENE Basis of heredity Genotype to phenotype Implications for what we are EVOLUTIONEVOLUTION BYBY NATURALNATURAL SELECTIONSELECTION Life evolves Mechanism of natural selection ERASMUSERASMUS ANDAND CHARLESCHARLES DARWINDARWIN -
George Palade 1912-2008
George Palade, 1912-2008 Biography George Palade was born in November, 1912 in Jassy, Romania to an academic family. He graduated from the School of Medicine of the The Founding of Cell Biology University of Bucharest in 1940. His doctorial thesis, however, was on the microscopic anatomy of the cetacean delphinus Delphi. He The discipline of Cell Biology arose at Rockefeller University in the late practiced medicine in the second world war, and for a brief time af- 1940s and the 1950s, based on two complimentary techniques: cell frac- terwards before coming to the USA in 1946, where he met Albert tionation, pioneered by Albert Claude, George Palade, and Christian de Claude. Excited by the potential of the electron microscope, he Duve, and biological electron microscopy, pioneered by Keith Porter, joined the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, where he did Albert Claude, and George Palade. For the first time, it became possible his seminal work. He left Rockefeller in 1973 to chair the new De- to identify the components of the cell both structurally and biochemi- partment of Cell Biology at Yale, and then in 1990 he moved to the cally, and therefore begin understanding the functioning of cells on a University of California, San Diego as Dean for Scientific Affairs at molecular level. These individuals participated in establishing the Jour- the School of Medicine. He retired in 2001, at age 88. His first wife, nal of Cell Biology, (originally the Journal of Biochemical and Biophysi- Irina Malaxa, died in 1969, and in 1970 he married Marilyn Farquhar, cal Cytology), which later led, in 1960, to the organization of the Ameri- another prominent cell biologist, and his scientific collaborator. -
Evidence for Design in Physics and Biology: from the Origin of the Universe to the Origin of Life
52 stephen c. meyer Pages 53–111 of Science and Evidence for Design in the Universe. The Proceedings of the Wethersfield Institute. Michael Behe, STEPHEN C. MEYER William A. Dembski, and Stephen C. Meyer (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 2001. 2000 Homeland Foundation.) EVIDENCE FOR DESIGN IN PHYSICS AND BIOLOGY: FROM THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE TO THE ORIGIN OF LIFE 1. Introduction In the preceding essay, mathematician and probability theo- rist William Dembski notes that human beings often detect the prior activity of rational agents in the effects they leave behind.¹ Archaeologists assume, for example, that rational agents pro- duced the inscriptions on the Rosetta Stone; insurance fraud investigators detect certain ‘‘cheating patterns’’ that suggest intentional manipulation of circumstances rather than ‘‘natu- ral’’ disasters; and cryptographers distinguish between random signals and those that carry encoded messages. More importantly, Dembski’s work establishes the criteria by which we can recognize the effects of rational agents and distinguish them from the effects of natural causes. In brief, he shows that systems or sequences that are both ‘‘highly com- plex’’ (or very improbable) and ‘‘specified’’ are always produced by intelligent agents rather than by chance and/or physical- chemical laws. Complex sequences exhibit an irregular and improbable arrangement that defies expression by a simple formula or algorithm. A specification, on the other hand, is a match or correspondence between an event or object and an independently given pattern or set of functional requirements. As an illustration of the concepts of complexity and speci- fication, consider the following three sets of symbols: 53 54 stephen c. -
Balcomk41251.Pdf (558.9Kb)
Copyright by Karen Suzanne Balcom 2005 The Dissertation Committee for Karen Suzanne Balcom Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Discovery and Information Use Patterns of Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine Committee: E. Glynn Harmon, Supervisor Julie Hallmark Billie Grace Herring James D. Legler Brooke E. Sheldon Discovery and Information Use Patterns of Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine by Karen Suzanne Balcom, B.A., M.L.S. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin August, 2005 Dedication I dedicate this dissertation to my first teachers: my father, George Sheldon Balcom, who passed away before this task was begun, and to my mother, Marian Dyer Balcom, who passed away before it was completed. I also dedicate it to my dissertation committee members: Drs. Billie Grace Herring, Brooke Sheldon, Julie Hallmark and to my supervisor, Dr. Glynn Harmon. They were all teachers, mentors, and friends who lifted me up when I was down. Acknowledgements I would first like to thank my committee: Julie Hallmark, Billie Grace Herring, Jim Legler, M.D., Brooke E. Sheldon, and Glynn Harmon for their encouragement, patience and support during the nine years that this investigation was a work in progress. I could not have had a better committee. They are my enduring friends and I hope I prove worthy of the faith they have always showed in me. I am grateful to Dr. -
Vesicular Transport in Cells – from Analysis to Biogenesis
Powered by Website address: https://www.gesundheitsindustrie- bw.de/en/article/news/vesicular-transport-in-cells-from- analysis-to-biogenesis Vesicular transport in cells – from analysis to biogenesis COPI vesicles, one of the three major types of intracellular transport vesicles, are an excellent example of how the molecular analysis of individual vesicle components can lead to an understanding of the biogenesis and transport mechanisms of membrane vesicles as a whole. The research carried out by Dr. Felix T. Wieland’s team at the University of Heidelberg has made a decisive contribution to such detailed insights. Eukaryotic cells are characterised by complex membrane systems that separate different metabolic compartments from each other at the same time as transporting metabolic products and messenger substances to specific destinations inside the cell and into the extracellular space. The transport is mediated by vesicles that detach from the folded and branched cisternae of intracellular membranes. They either then fuse with intracellular membranes again or with the plasma membrane where the contents of the vesicles, secretory proteins for example, are discharged to the outside of the cell. This process is referred to as exocytosis. The opposite process is known as endocytosis, in which cells take up molecules from the exterior by enveloping them in their cell membrane before releasing them inside the cell. Camillo Golgi (1843-1926). © Universitá degli studi di Pavia The Golgi apparatus, named after the Italian physiologist Camillo Golgi who discovered a method to 1 stain nervous tissue with silver, which led to his discovery in 1898 of the "apparato reticulare interno" in the hippocampal neurons, is integral in modifying and packaging macromolecules for exocytosis or use within the cell (endocytosis). -
Guest Editorial 1 Guest Editorial
Indian JJ PhysiolPhysiol PharmacolPharmacol 2012; 2012; 56(1) 56(1) : 1–6 Guest Editorial 1 Guest Editorial IMMUNOLOGY AND NOBEL PRIZE : A LOVE STORY Several breakthroughs revealing the way in which our bodies protect us against microscopic threats of almost any description have been duly acknowledged by the Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine. Interestingly, Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine including the latest one, for the year 2011, has been awarded for twelve times to the field of Immunology. The story began in 1901 with the very first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - it was awarded to Emil Von Behring for his pioneering work which resulted in the discovery of antitoxins, later termed as antibodies. Working with Shibasaburo Kitasato, Von Behring found that when animals were injected with tiny doses of weakened forms of tetanus or diphtheria bacteria, their blood extracts contained chemicals released in response, which rendered the pathogens’ toxins harmless. Naming these chemical agents ‘antitoxins’, Von Behring and Erich Wernicke showed that transferring antitoxin-containing blood serum into animals infected with the fully virulent versions of diphtheria bacteria cured the recipients of any symptoms, and prevented death. This was found to be true for humans also; and thus Von Behring’s method of treatment – passive serum therapy – became an essential remedy for diphtheria, saving many thousands of lives every year. Shortly after this, the very first explanation about the mechanisms of immune system’s functioning was proposed which paved way for extensive research in immunology till today. Paul Ehrlich had hit upon the key concept of how antibodies seek and neutralize the toxic actions of bacteria, while Ilya Mechnikov had discovered that certain body cells could destroy pathogens by simply engulfing or “eating” them. -
Nobel Laureates
The Rockefeller University » Nobel Laureates Sunday, December 15, 2013 Calendar Directory Employment DONATE AWARDS & HONORS University Overview & Nobel Laureates Quick Facts History Since the institution's founding in 1901, 24 Nobel Prize winners have been associated with the university. Of these, two Faculty Awards are Rockefeller graduates (Edelman and Baltimore) and six laureates are current members of the Rockefeller faculty (Günter Blobel, Christian de Duve, Paul Greengard, Roderick MacKinnon, Paul Nurse and Torsten Wiesel). Nobel Prize Albert Lasker Awards Ralph M. Roderick Paul Nurse National Medal of Science Steinman MacKinnon 2001 Institute of Medicine 2011 2003 Physiology or National Academy of Physiology or Chemistry Medicine Sciences Medicine Gairdner Foundation International Award Campus Map & Views Travel Directions Paul Günter R. Bruce NYC Resources Greengard Blobel Merrifield Office of the President 2000 1999 1984 Physiology or Physiology or Chemistry Chief of Staff Medicine Medicine Board of Trustees and Corporate Officers Sustainability Torsten N. David Albert Contact Wiesel Baltimore Claude 1981 1975 1974 Physiology or Physiology or Physiology or Medicine Medicine Medicine Christian George E. Stanford de Duve Palade Moore 1974 1974 1972 Physiology or Physiology or Chemistry Medicine Medicine William H. Gerald M. H. Keffer Stein Edelman Hartline 1972 1972 1967 Chemistry Physiology or Physiology or Medicine Medicine Peyton Joshua Edward L. Rous Lederberg Tatum 1966 1958 1958 http://www.rockefeller.edu/about/awards/nobel/[2013/12/16 7:42:49] The Rockefeller University » Nobel Laureates Physiology or Physiology or Physiology or Medicine Medicine Medicine Fritz A. John H. Wendell Lipmann Northrop M. Stanley 1953 1946 1946 Physiology or Chemistry Chemistry Medicine Herbert S. -
Scientific Background: Discoveries of Mechanisms for Autophagy
Scientific Background Discoveries of Mechanisms for Autophagy The 2016 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is a previously unknown membrane structure that de awarded to Yoshinori Ohsumi for his discoveries of Duve named the lysosome1,2. Comparative mechanisms for autophagy. Macroautophagy electron microscopy of purified lysosome-rich liver (“self-eating”, hereafter referred to as autophagy) is fractions and sectioned liver identified the an evolutionarily conserved process whereby the lysosome as a distinct cellular organelle3. Christian eukaryotic cell can recycle part of its own content de Duve and Albert Claude, together with George by sequestering a portion of the cytoplasm in a Palade, were awarded the 1974 Nobel Prize in double-membrane vesicle that is delivered to the Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries lysosome for digestion. Unlike other cellular concerning the structure and functional degradation machineries, autophagy removes organization of the cell. long-lived proteins, large macro-molecular complexes and organelles that have become Soon after the discovery of the lysosome, obsolete or damaged. Autophagy mediates the researchers found that portions of the cytoplasm digestion and recycling of non-essential parts of the are sequestered into membranous structures cell during starvation and participates in a variety during normal kidney development in the mouse4. of physiological processes where cellular Similar structures containing a small amount of components must be removed to leave space for cytoplasm and mitochondria were observed in the new ones. In addition, autophagy is a key cellular proximal tubule cells of rat kidney during process capable of clearing invading hydronephrosis5. The vacuoles were found to co- microorganisms and toxic protein aggregates, and localize with acid-phosphatase-containing therefore plays an important role during infection, granules during the early stages of degeneration in ageing and in the pathogenesis of many human and the structures were shown to increase as diseases. -
Albert Claude, 1899-1983 with the Determined Intent to Fmd out Whatever There Was in It in Terms of Isolatable from Christian De Duve and George E
~·~-------------------------NME~W~S~AMNO~V~IE;vW~S:---------------------------- Obituary 'microsomes'. That was the beginning of a rather long side voyage that led him into the heart of the cell, not in search of a virus, but Albert Claude, 1899-1983 with the determined intent to fmd out whatever there was in it in terms of isolatable from Christian de Duve and George E. Palade particles, and to account for them in a careful quantitative manner. It was a ALBERT CLAUDE, who died in Brussels on Having failed in his first project, Claude glorious voyage during which he worked out Sunday 22 May, belonged to that small group went on to study the fate of the mouse sar his now classic cell-fractionation procedure. of truly exceptional individuals who, drawing coma S-37 when grafted in rats. The thesis Most of what we know today about the almost exclusively on their own resources and he wrote on his observations earned him a chemistry and activities of subcellular com following a vision far ahead of their time, government scholarship which he used to ponents is based on his quantitative ap opened single-handedly an entirely new field go to Berlin. There he frrst worked at the proach. Claude enjoyed isolating whatever of scientific investigation. Cancer Institute of the University, but was was isolatable: from microsomes to 'large He was born on 23 August 1899, in forced to leave prematurely after showing granules' (later recognized as mitochondria), Longlier, a hamlet of some 800 inhabitants that the bacterial theory of cancer genesis chromatin threads and zymogen granules. -
Research Organizations and Major Discoveries in Twentieth-Century Science: a Case Study of Excellence in Biomedical Research
A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Hollingsworth, Joseph Rogers Working Paper Research organizations and major discoveries in twentieth-century science: A case study of excellence in biomedical research WZB Discussion Paper, No. P 02-003 Provided in Cooperation with: WZB Berlin Social Science Center Suggested Citation: Hollingsworth, Joseph Rogers (2002) : Research organizations and major discoveries in twentieth-century science: A case study of excellence in biomedical research, WZB Discussion Paper, No. P 02-003, Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung (WZB), Berlin This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/50229 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu P 02 – 003 RESEARCH ORGANIZATIONS AND MAJOR DISCOVERIES IN TWENTIETH-CENTURY SCIENCE: A CASE STUDY OF EXCELLENCE IN BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH J. -
A Complete Bibliography of Publications in the Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society (1950–1999)
A Complete Bibliography of Publications in the Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society (1950{1999) Nelson H. F. Beebe University of Utah Department of Mathematics, 110 LCB 155 S 1400 E RM 233 Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0090 USA Tel: +1 801 581 5254 FAX: +1 801 581 4148 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] (Internet) WWW URL: http://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe/ 25 August 2019 Version 1.00 Title word cross-reference 14 [Kam94]. 10 [TNN71]. 13 [Kai70, Shi70]. 1398 [Kam71]. 1772 [Rau73]. 1777 [Sio51]. 1786 [CR52]. 1790s [Dur87]. 1875 [Ros75]. 1916 [Bro85]. 1920s [GS86]. 1930s [GS86]. 1940s [Bir93a]. 1956 [Kro57, Sel56]. 1959 [Ano60m]. 1980s [Gar80]. 1988 [Hea88]. 1991 [Gom95]. 1993 [McK94]. 2000-Year-Old [Nor73]. 25 [Hea88, McK94]. 27 [Kam71]. 2nd [vH93]. 3.7.12-14 [Dum63b]. 3.7.7-10 [Dum63b]. 406 [Mer88]. 440 [Mer84]. 1 2 546 [Gre92]. 600 [Ost95]. A. [Pel95]. A.D. [Con58]. Aaron [Woo99]. Abb´e [Bei51, Chi50, Per53, Per58]. Abdallah [RT99]. Abdication [Hor65]. Abdus [Dys99]. Abilities [Thu50]. Abode [Men69a]. Abolitionist [Sch71]. Aboriginal [HK77]. Abroad [Wri56]. Abrogation [Ega71]. ABSCAM [Gri82]. Absentee [Mor74a]. Abstract [dT58b]. Academic [Car57a, Gid50, Ing57, Tay57]. Academies [Adr56, Fr¨a99]. Academy [Dup57, DM65, Rai92, Pen50]. Acadia [Olm60]. Acceleration [Dic81]. Accelerators [Sim87]. Acceptance [Lew56b]. Accessibility [Ano50a, Ano50b, Ano50c, Ano50d, Ano50e, Ano50f, Ano51a, Ano51b, Ano51c, Ano51d, Ano51e, Ano51f, Ano52a, Ano52b, Ano52c, Ano52d, Ano52e, Ano52f, Ano53a, Ano53b, Ano53c, Ano53d, Ano53e,