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Using a New Model for Calculating the Exact Area and Boundaries of The Journal of Tourism & Hospitality Research Islamic Azad University, Garmsar Branch Vol. 7, No 1, Autumn 2019, Pp. 5-17 Land suitability assessment using ANP in a GIS environment for Tourism Development Site (Case study: Lavasan-e Kuchak Rural District, Tehran province, Iran) Elham Eftekhari Ph.D. Science & Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran and faculty members of Geography, payame noor University, Tehran, Iran Masoud Mahdavi Professor of Geography, Science & Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Abstract The selection of a tourism development site involves a complex array of decision criteria that may have interdependence relationships within and between them. This study assessed the possibility of establishing natural tourism development site in Lavasan-e Kuchak Rural District (Tehran province) in Iran by using analytic network process (ANP) in a geographical information system (GIS) environment. ANP and the overlaying process were done on GIS. Using 10 information layers in three main criteria including Site Feature, Infrastructures & Services, and Risk & Sensitive Areas, the land suitability map was produced and reclassified into 5 scored divisions from least suitable to most suitable areas. The results showed that about 15.87 of the area of Lavasan-e Kuchak Rural District is most suitable for establishment of tourism development. Keywords: Tourism Development, Geographical information system (GIS), Site selection, ANP, Lavasan-e Kuchak Rural District *Corresponding author: [email protected] Received Date: 07/07/2019 Accepted Date: 02/11/2019 6 Journal of Tourism & Hospitality Research, Vol. 7, No 1, Autumn 2019 Introduction Today, Tourism is considered one of the world's largest industries that supporting more than 258 million jobs worldwide and generating some 9.1% of global Gross Domestic Product (GDP)[1]. Evaluating and selecting a suitable tourism development site has become one of the most critical issues for the tourism industry. Location decision has drawn increasing attention from academic and business communities in the past two decades. It has been well recognized that selection of a facility location has important strategic implications because a location decision will normally involve a long-term commitment of resources[2]. Geographic information systems (GIS) and multicriteria evaluation (MCE) techniques are the most common tools employed to solve site selection problems. However, each suffers from serious shortcomings. GIS is a great tool for handling physical suitability analysis. However, it has limited capabilities of incorporating the decision maker’s preferences into the problem solving process. MCE is the proper tool for analyzing decision problems and evaluating alternatives based on a decision maker’s values and preferences[3]. Analytic network process(ANP) is a Multi Criteria Evaluation (MCE) method that is a generalization of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). These two models were proposed by Saaty[4]. Analytic Network Process (ANP) can help the decision makers to translate a number of variables and the relationships between them into manageable units of information. ANP has the capability to evaluate physical processes such as sustainable tourism using expert opinion to make the best selection among the variables under consideration. Recently, geographic information systems (GIS) integrated MCE models have been widely applied to environmental planning and engineering issues. The result of the ANP will be integrated into Geographic Information System (GIS) environment. GIS can be regarded as a tool that eases the mapping of Natural Tourism Land suitability assessment using … 7 Site's(NTS) conditions, which is useful in varied monitoring and assessment capacities. In addition to this, the predictive capability of modeling provides a thorough statistical framework for directing management activities by enabling characterization of NTS at any point on the landscape. Spatial data can be used to explore conflicts and assist decision-making. GIS can play a role in examining the suitability of locations for proposed developments, identifying conflicting interests and modeling relationships. Systematic evaluation of environmental impact is often hampered by information deficiencies. GIS seems particularly suited to this task. Hence, the strength of sustainable tourism planning can be enhanced by a GIS based Analytic Network Process. One of the first studies of GIS in tourism planning is discussed by Berry (1991) in the US Virgin Islands. Using three models he defined conservation areas, ecological research areas and areas of residential and recreational development while, a fourth model was used for conflict resolution among competing uses[5]. Hakimi et al. (2011) used multi-criteria evaluation method and GIS as a practical instrument to evaluate the suitability of Guilan Province coast of Iran for sustainable tourism destinations. In order to select destination of sustainable coastal tourism using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and GIS, three distinct procedures were exercised, namely: Using GIS to generate information layers; GIS was used to analyze layers of information in order to determine primary coastal tourism sites by Boolean logics.; and lastly the utilization of GIS to analyze layers of information in order to determine priority of sustainable coastal tourism destination with AHP[6]. Similarly, Boyd and Butler (1993) demonstrated the application of GIS in the identification of areas suitable for ecotourism in Northern Ontario, Canada. At first, a resource inventory and a list of ecotourism criteria were developed. At a next stage GIS techniques were used to measure the ranking of different sites according to the set criteria and therefore, identify those with the ‘best’ potential[7]. Minagawa and Tanaka (1998) used GIS to locate areas suitable for tourism development at Lombok Island in Indonesia. The main objective was to propose a methodology for a GIS based tourism planning. Using map overlay and multi-criteria evaluation, a number of potential sites for tourism development were 8 Journal of Tourism & Hospitality Research, Vol. 7, No 1, Autumn 2019 identified[8]. Williams et al. (1996) also used GIS to record and analyze tourism resource inventory information in British Columbia, Canada. He developed a tourism capability map which indicates areas of high, moderate and low capability for specific tourism activities[9]. Boers and Cottrell (2007) used GIS in sustainable tourism infrastructure planning, which involves three phases: a visitor segmentation phase, a zoning phase and a transportation network planning phase[10]. Bunruamkaew and Murayam (2011) used GIS and AHP to identify and prioritize the potential ecotourism sites in Surat Thani Province, Thailand. He used four steps to produce site suitability map for ecotourism and these are: finding suitable factors to be used in the analysis; Assigning factor priority to the parameters involved; Generating land suitability map of ecotourism; and determining ecotourism potential areas[11]. Looking at the previous studies, they only utilized Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) of Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) on dealing with tourism issues. However, AHP has been criticized to be insufficient in handling complex decision problems like sustainable tourism. AHP considers elements to be independent of all others, which rarely occurs in real life situation. For this reason, the AHP technique has been widely condemned[12]. In general, AHP’s failure is attributed to the fact that, the weight of each criterion is independent of the evaluations of the available alternatives with respect to this criterion, which is caused by the way, in which the method derives these weights from decision-makers.ANP which is a more general form of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) in Multi Criteria Evaluation (MCE) will provide a significant benefit to sustainable tourism planning. ANP can model complex decision problems where AHP is not sufficient. ANP allows interaction and feedback within clusters (inner-dependence) and between clusters (outer-dependence) [13]. Like in many real world situations ANP considers elements to be interdependent to each other thus making accurate predictions. ANP provides a thorough framework to include clusters of elements connected in any desired way to investigate the process of deriving ratio scale priorities from the distribution of influence among elements and among clusters[14]. The Analytic Network Process through feedback can better capture the complex effects of interplay in human Land suitability assessment using … 9 society and subsequently guides to the best choice in a way that matches the common sense. According to ANP advantages, some scholars use methods which utilized ANP and GIS on dealing with tourism issues. Aminu et al (2013) presents an approach based on an integrated use of GIS, ANP and Water Quality Index (WQI) for sustainable tourism planning in a wetland environment[15]. Eldrandaly and AL-Amari (2014) proposed decision making framework in which expert systems (ES), and geographic information systems–based multicriteria evaluation techniques (Analytical Network Process and fuzzy quantifiers-guided ordered weighted averaging operators (GIS-based ANP-OWA)) are integrated systematically to facilitate the selection of suitable sites for building new tourism facilities[16]. Therefore, This study aims to make the best selection among the factors responsible for Natural
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