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Disease Resistance and Susceptibility of Newly Released Apple Cultivars

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Disease Resistance and Susceptibility of Newly Released Apple Cultivars Disease Susceptibility of New Apple Cultivars Keith Yoder Virginia Tech AREC Winchester, VA Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention Hershey, PA February 2, 2012 With credits to Dr. Steve Miller, USDA-Kearneysville, WV MULTI-STATE PROJECT NE-183 Multi-disciplinary Evaluation of New Apple Cultivars 1994-2004 REGIONAL PROJECT NE-183 Multidisciplinary Evaluation of New Apple Cultivars • Web site: www.ne183.org • Project composed of about 23 matched plantings, 1995 and 1999, in 22 states, Ontario and BC • Winchester planting one of eight directed at disease evaluation; USDA-WV and others aimed at horticultural qualities and pest susceptibility • Cultivars in plantings selected by the varietal selection committee chaired by Duane Greene • Interim reports written annually; four joint publications in Plant Health Progress and a poster at: http://www.caf.wvu.edu/kearneysville/articles/Biggs-etal-NE183-ResearchPoster-DiseaseSusceptibility-ARC.pdf General Protocol for NE-183 Disease Plantings • All cultivars on M.9 rootstock; Braeburn, Golden Delicious, and Yataka also on Mark in ‟95 planting • At Winchester, '95 test trees inter-planted with Fuji; '99 with Ramey York to stabilize disease pressure • Supported with conduit post; single trellis wire • Five replicate blocks • Minimal pruning • Minimal spray program as needed to maintain tree growth - Fire blight controlled with streptomycin - Insecticides as needed - Protectant scab fungicides used sparingly - No summer fungicides • Fruit disease data taken near harvest Cultivars in the 1995 NE-183 Planting Arlet Ginger Gold Pioneer Mac Braeburn Golden Delicious * Pristine Cameo (Carousel) Golden Supreme Sansa Creston (BC8M15-15) * Goldrush Senshu * Enterprise Honeycrisp Shizuka Fortune (NY 429) * NY 75414-1 Suncrisp Fuji, Redsport #2 Orin Sunrise Gala Supreme Yataka (Fuji) * denotes scab-resistant cultivar Cultivars in the 1999 NE-183 Planting Ambrosia Sept. Wonder Fuji Cripps Pink BC-8S-26-50 Rogers McIntosh (Pink Lady) Chinook (8S-27-51) Mutsu Corail (Pinova) * Coop 29 (Sundance) NJ 109 Runkel * Coop 39 (Crimson Crisp) NJ 90 * Scarlet O‟Hara * CQR10T17 * NY 65707-19 (Coop 25) * CQR12T50 (Princess) * NY 79507-49 Zestar! (MN 1824) Golden Delicious, Gibson * NY 79507-72 Ramey York (VA) Hampshire Red Yorking (VA) * denotes scab-resistant cultivar (WV) not included in disease rankings Apple Scab • Known resistant cultivars • A couple surprises Powdery mildew • Dry weather disease • Strong pressure at Winchester • Rapid build-up on young trees • 20% leaf infection reduces yield • Russet / fruit infection at pink • Sulfur would suppress in organic production Cedar-apple rust • Local inoculum pressure • Time of inoculum availability may vary • Apple trees susceptible while still growing • Regional differences? • Data contributed by five states • Hard to control with organic program Quince rust • Local inoculum pressure • Quince rust inoculum in perennial cankers; c-a rust annual galls • Apple trees susceptible at bloom • Occurrence depends on bloom stage during wetting periods • Hit or miss in evaluation period Basis for disease rankings ('99 planting) • All individual rankings based on field data • Mean ranking equally weighted for early and late season diseases • Scab ranking is mean of rankings for % lvs inf. 2000-03 and % fruit inf. „01-03, Winchester • Mildew based on % leaves infected 2000-03, Winchester • Cedar-apple rust ranking based on % lvs infected, equal weighting of data from Winchester, „00-03 and Hudson Valley „01-02. • Quince rust ranking based on mean % fruit infected Winchester, VA, „00-03 data and Hudson Valley „01-02. • All summer disease rankings based on disease incidence at Winchester „01-03. Top ten mean rank order, early season diseases NE-183 „95 planting, Winchester Rankings C-apple Quince Mean Scab Mildew rust rust ranking NY 75414-1 ....... 1 1 1 5 2.0 Gala Supreme ... 4 2 1 8 3.8 Enterprise .......... 1 3 1 13 4.5 Pristine .............. 1 5 15 1 5.5 Sunrise .............. 14 6 1 6 6.8 Sansa ................ 1 4 8 19 8.0 Suncrisp ............ 11.5 22 1 3 9.4 Orin .................... 11.5 16 10 2 9.9 Pioneer Mac ...... 14.5 21 1 6 10.6 Yataka ............... 19.5 7 11 8 11.4 Mean weighted equally for early season disease rankings. Bottom ten mean rank order, early season diseases NE-183 „95 planting, Winchester Rankings C-apple Quince Mean Scab Mildew rust rust ranking Golden Supreme 17 11 7 15 12.5 Fortune .............. 9 12 9 23 13.3 Senshu .............. 16.5 9 16 17 14.6 Braeburn ............ 11 18 20 10 14.8 Fuji, Redsport #2 21 8 13 20 15.5 Ginger Gold ....... 20.5 23 19 3 16.4 G. Delicious ....... 14.5 20 17 15 16.6 Shizuka .............. 21 17 22 11 17.8 Creston .............. 9 19 23 22 18.3 Cameo ............... 21 13 18 21 18.3 Mean weighted equally for early season disease rankings. Top ten mean rank order, summer diseases NE-183 „95 planting, Winchester Rankings Brooks sooty fly Mean spot blotch speck rots ranking Pristine .............. 1 1 2 1 1.3 Sansa ................ 5 3 1 2 2.8 Sunrise .............. 6 2 4 4 4.0 Honeycrisp ........ 1 6 6 6 4.8 Arlet ................... 7 4 5 5 5.3 NY 75414-1 ....... 1 5 12 8 6.5 Pioneer Mac ...... 1 10 15 2 7.0 Golden Supreme 9 7 9 16 10.3 Fortune .............. 6 9 17 9 10.3 Ginger Gold ....... 10 8 8 17 10.8 Mean weighted equally for all summer disease rankings. Bottom ten mean rank order, summer diseases NE-183 „95 planting, Winchester Rankings Brooks sooty fly Mean spot blotch speck rots ranking Yataka ............... 10 15 20 14 14.8 Suncrisp ............ 21 15 3 22 15.3 Cameo ............... 23 12 15 13 15.8 Gala Supreme ... 10 20 19 15 16.0 G. Delicious ....... 20 13 11 21 16.3 Orin .................... 16 17 14 20 16.8 Senshu .............. 18 18 21 10 16.8 Fuji, Redsport #2 15 21 22 12 17.5 Goldrush ............ 14 23 23 19 19.8 Shizuka .............. 17 22 18 23 20.0 Mean weighted equally for all summer disease rankings. Summer disease incidence on NE-183 cultivars in relation to harvest date and accumulated wetting hours, 1999 vs. 2000 1995 planting, Virginia Tech AREC, Winchester VA 1999 2000 harv. wet sooty fly harv. wet sooty fly Cultivar date hours blotch speck rots Cultivar date hours blotch speck rots Pristine 7/29 290 0 0 0 Pristine 7/17 489 26 12 0 Sunrise 8/12 307 0 0 0 Sunrise 8/3 646 54 12 2 Ginger Gold 8/16 321 0 0 0 Ginger Gold 8/11 721 100 18 34 Sansa 8/18 325 0 0 0 Sansa 8/11 721 20 1 1 Arlet 8/30 419 0 0 0 Arlet 8/21 768 37 1 0 Honeycrisp 8/30 419 0 0 0 Honeycrisp 8/21 768 71 17 15 Golden Sup. 9/8 489 8 2 0 Golden Sup. 8/21 768 83 12 12 NY 75414-1 9/9 498 0 0 0 Fortune 9/5 912 100 98 30 Pioneer Mac 9/9 498 6 2 0 NY 75414-1 9/5 912 93 73 12 Senshu 9/15 533 48 30 0 Senshu 9/5 912 100 81 13 Yataka 9/27 609 24 14 0 Pioneer Mac 9/5 912 100 76 1 Creston 9/27 609 38 20 0 G. Delicious 9/8 936 100 78 46 Fortune 9/27 609 20 0 2 Braeburn 9/29 1088 100 34 12 G. Delicious 10/1 653 52 10 26 Yataka 9/29 1088 100 39 31 Five reps. Cumulative wetting hours as rainfall or dew starting ten days after petal fall. 1997 order of ripening of NE-183 cultivars, Winchester, VA Approximate ripening date Sunrise................ 8/4 Creston ................. 9/15 Cameo....................10/10 Pristine................ 8/4 NY 75414-1........... 9/20 Enterprise...............10/15 Arlet ....................8/20 Fortune.................. 9/22 Fuji, Redsport #2....10/15 Sansa..................8/20 Yataka................... 9/22 Gala Supreme........10/15 Ginger Gold ........8/23Cameo Golden Delicious... 9/25 Braeburn.................10/20 Honeycrisp..........8/25 Shizuka ................. 10/3 Goldrush.................10/29 Pioneer Mac ....... 9/1 Suncrisp................ 10/6 Golden Supreme no fruit Senshu................ 9/8 Orin ....................... 10/6 Approximate 1997 fruit ripening dates based on starch ratings, soluble solids and firmness, not on taste or confirmed storability. The long bloom period likely resulted in some variability of fruit maturity. Based on Ginger Gold and Golden Delicious, maturity at Winchester was delayed 7-10 days from “normal”. K. S. Yoder and R. E. Byers,1997 Top ten mean rank order, early and summer diseases NE-183, „95 planting, Winchester Rankings Early Summer Overall season disease mean Pristine ................ 5.5 1.3 3.4 NY 75414-1 ......... 2.0 6.5 4.3 Sunrise ................ 6.8 4.0 5.4 Enterprise ............ 4.5 11.0 7.8 Honeycrisp .......... 11.5 4.8 8.2 Arlet ..................... 11.6 5.3 8.5 Pioneer Mac ....... 10.6 7.0 8.8 Gala Supreme .... 3.8 16.0 9.9 Golden Supreme 12.5 10.3 11.4 Fortune ................ 13.3 10.3 11.8 Ranking equally weighted for all disease columns. Bottom ten mean rank order, early and summer diseases, NE-183 „95 planting, Winchester Rankings Early Summer Overall season disease mean Orin .................... 9.9 16.8 13.4 Ginger Gold ....... 16.4 10.8 13.6 Braeburn ............ 14.8 14.5 14.7 Senshu .............. 14.6 16.8 15.7 Goldrush ............ 12.3 19.8 16.1 Creston .............. 18.3 14.5 16.4 G. Delicious ....... 16.6 16.3 16.5 Fuji, Redsport #2 15.5 17.5 16.5 Cameo ............... 18.3 15.8 17.1 Shizuka .............. 17.8 20.0 18.9 Ranking equally weighted for all disease columns.
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