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La Rivière Romaine Au Cœur Du Nitassinan

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La Rivière Romaine Au Cœur Du Nitassinan UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL LA RIVIÈRE ROMAINE AU CŒUR DU NITASSJNAN : TRANSFORMATIONS CONTEMPORAINES DE LA TERRITORIALITÉ DES INNUS D'EKUANITSHIT MÉMOIRE PRÉSENTÉ COMME EXIGENCE PARTIELLE DE LA MAÎTRISE EN GÉOGRAPHIE PAR ALEXIA DESMEULES MAI 2017 UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL Service des bibliothèques Avertissement La diffusion de ce mémoire se fait dans le respect des droits de son auteur, qui a signé le formulaire Autorisation de reproduire et de diffuser un travail de recherche de cycles supérieurs (SDU-522 - Rév.01-2006}. Cette autorisation stipule que «conformément à l'article 11 du Règlement no 8 des études de cycles supérieurs, [l 'auteur] concède à l'Université du Québec à Montréal une licence non exclusive d'utilisation et de publication de la totalité ou d'une partie importante de [son] travail de recherche pour des fins pédagogiques et non commerciales. Plus précisément, [l'auteur] autorise l'Université du Québec à Montréal à reproduire, diffuser, prêter, distribuer ou vendre des copies de [son] travail de recherche à des fins non commerciales sur quelque support que ce soit, y compris l'Internet. Cette licence et cette autorisation n'entraînent pas une renonciation de [la] part [de l'auteur] à [ses] droits moraux ni à [ses] droits de propriété intellectuelle. Sauf entente contraire, [l'auteur] conserve la liberté de diffuser et de commercialiser ou non ce travail dont [il] possède un exemplaire. » REMERCIEMENTS Je dois d' abord remercier tout spécialement ma directrice de recherche Laurie Guimond, sans qui ce mémoire n'aurait pas vu le jour. Son support, son encadrement, sa très grande disponibilité, ses conseils justes et pertinents, et plus largement son expertise en géographie du monde nordique, sont les ingrédients précieux qui rn ' ont accompagnée ces deux dernières années et qui m'ont poussée à me dépasser. Ensuite, je tiens à remercier du fond du cœur les membres de la communauté innue d'Ekuanitshit, à qui ce mémoire est principalement adressé. Sans leur générosité et leur accueil chaleureux au sein de la communauté, celui-ci n'aurait pas la même profondeur ni la même richesse. Grâce à eux, j 'ai pu vivre une immersion unique, marquée d'expériences personnelles et collectives inoubliables qui vont bien au-delà du volet académique de cette recherche. Tout particulièrement, je remercie les gens d'Ekuanitshit qui ont participé aux entrevues. Ce sont leurs récits et leurs expériences qui forment l'essence même de ce mémoire. Tshinashkumiten! J'en profite pour remercier également les évaluateurs de mon mémoire, Caroline Desbiens (Université Laval) et Mario Bédard (Université du Québec à Montréal), professeurs-chercheurs en géographie, pour leur relecture attentive et leurs commentaires constructifs ayant guidé les dernières étapes de son parachèvement. Je tiens aussi à témoigner ma gratitude à ma mère, à mes sœurs et à mon copain, pour leur appui et leur confiance en moi. Ils ont su m' encourager et m'épauler jusqu'à l'atteinte de mes objectifs. Enfin, à la mémoire de mon père, qui n'aura pas vu l'aboutissement de ce projet, mais qui serait sans aucun doute très fier et qui, j 'en suis convaincue, a veillé sur moi tout au long de ce cheminement. TABLE DES MATIÈRES REMERCIEMENTS ............................................. ...................................... .. ... .. .. ... ...... ii TABLE DES MATIÈRES .......... ................. .... .. .......................................................... iv LISTE DES FIGURES ET TABLEAUX ........................... ............................... ........ viii RÉSUMÉ ............................ ... ..................................................... .. ................ .... .. .. ... ... ... x INTRODUCTION ... .. ........ ... ......................... ............. ........ ... ... ..................................... ! CHAPITRE 1 TERRITORIALITÉS AUTOCHTONES ET PROJETS DE DÉVELOPPEMENT ... 11 1.1 Questions et hypothèses de recherche ................... ..... ... ... ... ........ ................... 11 1.2 Rapports au territoire, identité et gouvernance : une problématique géographique .................................... ... ............... ... ............................... ... ......... ....... 13 1. 3 Cadre théorique ...................... ..... .. ................................ .. .. ... .. ... .. ... ...... ........ .. ... 16 1.3 .1 La géographie humaniste .... .... ............ ....................................................... 16 1.3 .2 La géographie indigène .. ........ ............ ........................................................ 17 1.4 Cadre conceptuel : territorialité multidimensionnelle ............... ........................ 18 1.4.1 Territorialité matérielle : territoire et pratiques .......................................... 21 1.4.2 Territorialité culturelle : représentations et identité ... ............... ... .............. 23 1.4.3 Territorialité politique : gouvernance et autodétermination ......... .............. 27 CHAPITRE II TERRAIN D'ÉTUDE, CADRE D'ANALYSE ET DÉMARCHE MÉTHODOLOGIQUE .. ... ... ................. ............................................................ .......... 31 2.1 Cadre spatio-temporel de la démarche ... .... .. ..................................................... 31 2.2 Types de recherche et d'approche ............................................................ ..... .... 36 2.3 Séjours de terrain et collecte de données ... ......... .. ... ............... .. .. ........ ..... ......... 37 2.4 Échantillonnage et description des participants .... .. .. ..... .. ............... .... ... .. ......... 42 2.5 Techniques de traitement et mode d'analyse des données .. .... .. .. ..................... .45 v CHAPITRE III LA RIVIÈRE-CHANTIER AU CŒUR D'UNE IDENTITÉ EN CHANGEMENT ......................................................................................................... 4 7 3.1 La rivière en héritage .. ........................ .. ............................................................ 50 3 .1.1 Le courant de la mémoire .......... .................... .. .. .......... .. .. .......................... 51 3 .1.2 Innu Aitun : source de subsistance et d'abondance .... .. .......... .. ................ 53 3 .1.3 Le cadre naturel comme source de bien-être ............ ........................ .......... 57 3.2 De rivière à réservoirs ................................ ............. .................. .. .. .................... 58 3.2.1 Paysages post-chantier .... .. ........ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ........ .. .. .. .. .. .... .. ........ .. .... .. ........... 58 3.2.2 Perception des impacts environnementaux .......................... .. .. ...... .. .......... 59 3.3. La rivière devenue chantier .. .......... ............ .. .. .............. .. .... .. ............ .. .............. 60 3.3.1. Le chantier inaccessible ou la « prison dorée » .......... .. .. ........................... 61 3.3 .2. Expérience quotidienne mitigée .............. .......................... ........................ 64 3.3.3. Retombées économiques et culturelles ................ ............ .......... .. ............. 71 3.4 Bilan: Importance de la rivière dans l' identification culturelle ........................... 77 CHAPITRE IV TERRITOIRE DE CONFLUENCES: RELATIONS INTERETHNIQUES ET RAPPORTS DE FORCE ............... ............ .. ..... ...... ............ ................ .. ... ..... ............. 81 4.1 L' avant-projet: Le règne du « chacun pour soi » .................................... .. ....... 83 4.1.1 Des décennies en gestation .. .......... ................................ .............. .. ...... .. .. .. 83 4.1.2 Contexte régional :jeux de pouvoir .... .. .................... .. .. ........ ..................... 84 4.1.3 Contexte local : décision communautaire .. .. .. .... .. ................ .. .. .. ................ 89 4.2 Travaux en cours : La rencontre (forcée ?) .. .............. .. .............. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. 92 4.2.1 Relations interethniques quotidiennes au chantier .................... ................. 92 4.2.2 Relations régionales ................................................................................... 95 4.3. L'après-Romaine: Traces du chantier sur les relations régionales et le développement économique et territorial.. ...... .. .......................... ............................ 99 4.3.1 Visions d'avenir ............................. .. ... ....................................... .. ... ... ...... .. 99 4.3.2 Projet de gouvernement national innu .............. .. ................ .. .......... .. ........ 104 VI 4.3.3 Gestion du Nitassinan : Ouverture, accès et contrôle .............................. 107 4.4 Bilan : Sacrifice ou opportunité ? ...... .. .......................................................... .. 109 CHAPITRE V DU TERRITOIRE ESSENTIALISÉ À UN TERRITOIRE ESSENTIEL ............... 113 5.1 Paysages hégémoniques, paysages identitaires ...................................... .. ....... 114 5.2.1 Un chantier« autochtonisé » ? .. .............................. .. .. .. ........ .. ................. 115 5.2.2 Minganie et Nitassinan :territoires de l'interculturalité? ........ .. ............. 117 5.2 Folklorisation de l'identité territoriale comme stratégie ................................. 121 5.3 Le rôle des Autochtones dans le développement nordique ............................. 125 5.4 Guérison et réaffirmation ................................................. .. ............................. 127 5.5 Territorialités autochtones contemporaines
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