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D-6 Poveikio Lietuvos Teritorinių Vandenų Ir Ekonominės Zonos

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D-6 Poveikio Lietuvos Teritorinių Vandenų Ir Ekonominės Zonos Evaluation of the Environmental state of the sea area in the Lithuanian territorial waters and economic zone adjacent to the Russian oil platform D-6 REPORT January 2007 Executive summary Environmental conditions in the study in 1995-2005 in the area reflect the conditions and trends currently observed in the Baltic Sea in general. However, the transitional zone forms an exception due to the influ- ence of water outflow from the Curonian Lagoon resulting in short-term variations in salinity and tem- perature as well as higher levels of nutrients. In biota, alterations in zooplankton and macrozoobenthos communities are the most prominent changes during the 10-year observation period. The establishment of invader species has also affected the structure of pelagic and benthic foodwebs. The highest levels of total oil hydrocarbons (THC) in the surface water were measured in the open-sea area in the mid-1990s, and again in November 2005. In the coastal zone the THC levels were systemati- cally lower. The values are higher than measured in other parts of the Baltic Sea but the comparison is hampered by the use of a different method (IR-technique) used in monitoring studies. 5-17% of the THC values exceed the Maximum Permissible Level (MPL) established by the Lithuanian legislation. Intensive shipping activity (e.g. Klaipeda harbour), illegal discharges and oil spills from ships are potential causes for the peak-type appearance of total oil hydrocarbons (THC) in the surface water between 1995-2005. Presence of oil-oxidizing bacteria indicate the occurrence of oil hydrocarbons in water. According to the 10 year data no increasing trends can be observed at any of the sampled stations although some high peaks in oil oxidizing bacterial numbers have been found. In studies carried out in 2005 low levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were observed in sediments and bivalves. However, PAH levels observed at the only true soft-bottom station N-1 signify some degree of hydrocarbon pollution. Grain size of sediment particles at N-1 is small offering large ad- sorption surface for various chemical compounds. Molecular ratios of indicator PAH compounds imply that hydrocarbon pollution in the study area is mostly of pyrolytic, not petrogenic, origin and apparently from diesel motors. Heavy metal concentrations in sediments and biota (soft-bottom clam Macoma balthica) in the study area were within normal ranges. Concentrations of other hazardous compounds measured in the study area were below detection limit (alkylated phenols) or low (organotins), the latter, however, showing relatively high levels at station N-1. Biomarker responses in M. balthica showed significant differences between the populations. However, some of the enzymatic biomarkers may be affected by temperature differences between the study stations. Cytogenetic damage, measured as frequency of micronuclei, was significantly higher in M. balthica from the offshore stations compared to the near-shore. Basing on previous research, exposure to PAH com- pounds causing the increased levels of DNA damage cannot be ruled out. The clam population at the off- shore station N-2 was in the most stressed condition according to the integrated stress response index (IBR) calculated using all 8 biomarkers measured. In flounder (Platichthys flesus) most biomarker responses measured in the two study areas in December 2005 show only small differences with no clear pattern between the two study areas. Compared to the December observations flounder collected in April 2006 showed significantly higher biomarker responses related to potential exposure to organic contaminants (ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity, glutathione S-transferase and catalase activities, PAH metabolites/1-OH-pyrene in bile). Subsequently, the IBR index was clearly higher in April. The most probable reasons for the elevated biomarker response levels are related to seasonal variability related to reproduction. However, the high concentration of 1-OH-pyrene in bile strongly implies to recent exposure to oil compounds. Prevalence of histopathological lesions in liver as well as external visible fish diseases observed were within the normal range (or lower) than recorded in other parts of the Baltic Sea, implying no marked effects of contaminants affecting the health of flounder in the study area. Modelling studies showed that, in case of an oil spill at the D-6 platform, the most dangerous winds in regard to oil contamination of the beaches of the Curonian Spit would be from western, southwestern and southern directions. The probability of oil reaching the shore of the Curonian Spit depends on seasonal variability in prevailing wind directions, the risk being the highest in summer and winter due to the pre- vailing western air mass movement. As an example of modelling scenarios, in stormy conditions (east- ward current, speed 50 cm s-1) the oil spill would reach the Curonian Spit (town of Nida) in 14 hours. Working group and responsibilities Finland: Name Institute Task Dr. Eila Lahdes FIMR Coordination of the project Dr. Kari Lehtonen FIMR Ecotoxicology Mr. Hannu Haahti FIMR Chemistry and harmful substances Dr. Kai Myrberg FIMR Oil-drift modelling Lithuania Ms. Aiste Kubiliute CMR Coordinator of the Lithuanian party (1.5. – 31.12.2005) Ms. Galina Garnaga, CMR Coordinator of the Lithuanian party (1.1.2006 – 31.1.2007) Hydrography and hydrochemistry Ms. Eglė Šupinienė CMR Hydrobiology Ms. Inga Dailidienė KU Oil-drift modelling Dr. Kęstutis Jokšas IGG Geology Dr. Habil. Janina Baršienė IEVU Genotoxicology FIMR = Finnish Institute of Marine Research IEVU = Institute of Ecology, Vilnius University IGG = Institute of Geology and Geography CMR = Center of Marine Research KU = Klaipeda University CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION AND THE AIM OF THE PROJECT ...........................................1 1.1 Curonian Spit ......................................................................................................... 2 1.2 International views on the D-6 oilfield .................................................................. 3 1.3 Effects of oil production on the environment ........................................................ 4 2. INVESTIGATIONS IN THE LITHUANIAN SEA AREA ADJACENT TO THE D-6 OIL PRODUCTION PLATFORM ........................................................9 2.1 Description of the study area ................................................................................. 9 2.2 Long term data on biological, chemical and physical determinants in 1995–2005 ....................................................................................................... 20 2.3 Investigations in November 2005 ........................................................................ 68 2.4 Summary on the environmental state and changes in hydrography, hydrochemistry and biology during 1995–2005 based on the monitoring data collected by the Center of Marine Research (CMR), Klaipeda ........................... 88 3. ECOTOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES ..........................................................................91 3.1 Contaminant concentrations in water, sediments and biota ................................. 91 3.3 Biological effect studies ..................................................................................... 103 4. OIL DFIFT MODELLING ......................................................................................122 4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 122 4.2 General meteorological conditions in the Baltic Sea area ................................. 122 4.3 Wind distribution in the area studied ................................................................. 123 4.4 Current distribution in the area studied .............................................................. 124 4.5 Scenario simulations of oil drift ......................................................................... 125 4.6 Summary ............................................................................................................ 128 5. CONCLUSIONS OF THE PROJECT .....................................................................130 6. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE FUTURE MONITORING OF THE LITHUANIAN SEA AREA ADJACENT TO THE D-6 OILFIELD .....................133 Appendix 1: Project plan Appendix 2: Data of the November 2005 cruise Appendix 3: Methods used in analyses Appendix 4: Intercalibration experiments between laboratories on the metal analyses in sediments 1 Evaluation of the environmental state of the sea area in the Lithuanian territorial waters and economic zone adjacent to the Russian oil platform D-6 1. INTRODUCTION AND THE AIM OF THE PROJECT Oil pollution is recognised as one of the greatest hazards for the marine environment, either in the form of large accidents or long-term small-scale spills and leakage. Oil accidents also cause direct economic losses e.g. by affecting fish stocks and spoiling the recreational use of the sea and coastline. From an ecological point of view, damages occur at all levels of the marine food web including birds and mammals. Oil pollution in the aquatic environment originates from sea traffic, harbours, drilling activities, ships, and land-based sources. In regard to oil accidents the effects are - at first – acute, causing visible damage on biota and the environment, but at later stage chronic harmful effects might take place. Leakage during continuous activities such as drilling of oil and gas can
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