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Malkerns Town Board

Malkerns Town Planning Scheme Report J35053 January 2016

Mbabane Office

The Gables Office Number 2 MR 103 Street PO Box 109 Eveni Swaziland

Tel: +268 241 61660 Cell: +268 760 20071 Email: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Web: www.gibb.co.za

MALKERNS TOWN PLANNING SCHEME – REPORT

CONTENTS

Chapter Description Page

Terms and Abbreviations iv

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Background 1

1.2 Project Scope of Work 1

1.3 Project Approach 2

1.4 Project Structure 2

2 Background Study 4

2.1 Introduction 4

2.2 Perspectives on location 4

2.3 Project study Area 8

2.4 Natural environment (scoping report) 11

2.5 Built environment 18

2.6 Social environment 36

2.7 Economic environment 38

2.8 Policy context and Institutional framework 41

3 Findings 43

3.1 General 43

3.2 Natural environment 43

3.3 Built environment 43

3.4 Social environment 44

3.5 Economic environment 45

3.6 Institutional framework 45

4 Structure Plan 46

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4.1 Development options 46

4.2 SWOT analyses 46

4.3 Preferred development option 48

4.4 Vision 48

4.5 Growth scenarios 48

4.6 Preferred growth scenario 50

4.7 Planning proposals 50

4.8 Water reticulation proposals 67

4.9 Sewer network 73

4.10 Telecommunications 77

4.11 Electrical network 79

4.12 Storm water management 86

4.13 Waste disposal 88

5 Land Use Management Code 95

5.1 Local Development Code – Planning Zones 95

6 Conclusion 104

List of Figures Figure 1: Malkerns within Swaziland 4 Figure 2: National perspective of Malkerns’ locality 5 Figure 3: Regional perspective of Malkerns’ locality 6 Figure 4: 10km radius impact area of Malkerns 7 Figure 5: Local perspective of Malkerns’ locality 8 Figure 6: Malkerns Urban Area 9 Figure 7: Main roads within the Malkerns Urban Area 10 Figure 8: Vegetation of Malkerns 13 Figure 9: Wetlands in Malkerns (taken from the Malkerns Integrated Development Plan 2015 -2050) 14 Figure 10: Showing the Malkerns Canal 15 Figure 11: Hydrology of Malkerns 16 Figure 12: Geology of Malkerns 18 Figure 13: Existing roads layout 21 Figure 14: Feeder Roads 22 Figure 15: Minor/Internal Roads 22 Figure 16: Main river systems 24 Figure 17: Malkerns water treatment plant locality map 25 Figure 18: Malkerns water treatment 26

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Figure 19: Malkerns Water Treatment Plant 27 Figure 20: Pit latrines 28 Figure 21: Solid waste disposal 29 Figure 22: Mallkerns Electrical Network Overview. 31 Figure 23: Land use categories within Malkerns according to the IDP 34 Figure 24: Land use plan of Malkerns Urban Area 34 Figure 25: Land use plan of the central business area within Malkerns Urban Area 35 Figure 26: Regional economic trends 41 Figure 27: Malkerns Agricultural Development Area 57 Figure 28: Malkerns Urban Development Area 58 Figure 29: Malkerns Urban Development Area – Proposed mobility network 59 Figure 30: Malkerns Urban Development Area – Proposed open space system 60 Figure 31: Malkerns Urban Development Area – Proposed broad land use 61 Figure 32: Malkerns Urban Development Area – Proposed residential densities 62 Figure 33: Float Intake 69 Figure 34: Filtered-intake 70 Figure 35: Waste storage 91 Figure 36: Malkerns Urban Development Area – Proposed broad zonings 103

List of Tables Table 1: Basic population statistics for Malkerns 36 Table 2: Estimated Annual Income for Households (in Emalangeni) 37 Table 3: General statistics by sector 40 Table 4: SWOT analyses for the development options for Malkerns Urban Area 47 Table 5: Growth scenario 1 49 Table 6: Growth scenario 2 49 Table 7: Growth scenario 3 50 Table 8: Population growth scenarios for the Malkerns Urban Area 51 Table 9: Population growth scenarios for the Malkerns Urban Area – adjusted population 51 Table 10: Land use requirements for a population of 7 000 people 52 Table 11: Land use requirements for a population of 7 000 people for Malkerns 53 Table 12: Land use requirements 66 Table 13: Electrical load requirement for a population of 7000 people in Malkerns by 2035 80 Table 14: Land use management code 95

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Terms and Abbreviations

Household Survey Baseline survey for refuse removal and disposal for Malkerns Town Board, Volume 1: Detailed household survey, Revised report – May 2015 IDP Malkerns Town Board Integrated Development Plan, 2015-2020 masl Metres Above Sea Level MTB Malkerns Town Board NPDP Swaziland National Physical Development Plan SEA Swaziland Environment Authority SNL Swazi Nation Land SWSC Swaziland Water Services Company

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1 Introduction

The need for establishing a town planning scheme to assist in organizing land uses and the creation of a more economically viable and overall sustainable environment for Malkerns is clear when considering the following extract from the Malkerns Town Board Integrated Development Plan, 2015-2020 (IDP):

Malkerns Town Board is the newest town in the Kingdom of Swaziland established through the Local Government Act, 1969 in response to growing unregulated expansion of the human settlements in the area. The way the town is currently growing does not only impact negatively on the farms’ productivity – Malkerns’ major comparative advantage – but also compromises the vitality of the environment and the sustainable livelihood of the residents.

This project therefore aims to understands the current state and functioning of Malkerns; to focus on the strengths and opportunities presented by the findings; and to propose a workable solution through a Town Planning Scheme in order to obtain the desired vision for the town’s role and function.

It is the purpose of this report is 1. to acknowledge the current state and functioning of the study area through a status quo analysis . 2. Formulate planning proposals ; and 3. Prepare a development code to manage land use in the study area.

1.1 Background

Malkerns was declared an Urban Area in 2012, under General Notice No. 49 of 2012, in accordance with the Urban Government Act, 1969, Section iii. Under this Notice, Malkerns was zoned into: - Human settlements (584 hectares), and - Agriculture (8 452 hectares).

The Malkerns Town Board (MTB) was subsequently established in order to assume the role of a Municipal Authority. The IDP states that MTB is a municipality duly declared by the Minister for Housing and Urban Development to “control and regulate urban development as well as to protect and reserve prime arable land thereby providing much needed employment opportunities for the population of (the) Malkerns area in addition to ensuring that food self- sufficiency remains an attainable goal” for the Kingdom of Swaziland.

1.2 Project Scope of Work

The scope of work (SOW) as defined in the request for proposal (RFP) for this project is clear, requiring the following:

 Background Study of the Malkerns Urban Area;  Structure Plan accompanied by relevant maps;

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 Development Code and Standards; and  Implementation Plan.

The consultant’s understanding of the SOW is as follows:

1. The Background Study involves data collection and survey work in order to prepare a clear status quo report which will reflect the present status of land development as well as the regional dynamics of this influencing the study area. 2. The Structure Plan as referred to in the SOW will entail a set of plans which will indicate the desired development dynamics both in terms of the future urban structure and the agricultural hinterland in support of such urban structure. This plan will be to a level of detail which will be appropriate for the management of land development proposals and applications. 3. The Development Code and Standards will be developed from the existing development code and standards which are generally used throughout Swaziland, and these will be adapted to suit the special developmental conditions of Malkerns. 4. The Implementation Plan will include a set of strategic proposals to action the development proposals of this project and will relate to physical development, institutional development, economic development, and social aspects of development.

1.3 Project Approach

In order to achieve sustainability, it is important to adopt an integrated planning approach where the four pillars of development will be investigated and analysed holistically. These pillars are as follows:

 Economic environment;  Institutional environment;  Physical environment (manmade and natural); and  Social environment.

In this manner all developmental dynamics will be recognised in the planning process and all possible spatial impacts will be considered in the plan preparations.

To achieve an integrated approach towards the project, a multi-disciplinary team was assembled as discussed in the following section.

1.4 Project Structure

In order to provide a product that will meet the requirements of the community and its leadership authority, it is suggested that a Project Steering Committee be established that will be closely involved in the planning process. Since this project will be completed over an extended time the Steering Committee will be needed to ensure continuity throughout the process.

The suggested approach to this project can be summarised as follows:

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 An integrated approach to meet the requirements of the Scope of Work based on existing information i.e. mapping, with the primary surveys and information development related to the essential matters only, these being: - Land use; - Bulk services; - Environmental scan; - Population figures and trends; - Main transport elements; and - Broad economic base.  Close liaison with the Steering Committee to ensure buy-in of the project and its deliverables; and  Delivery of the full spectrum of required deliverables as per the scope of work, i.e.: - A Background Study; - A Structure Plan; - A Development Plan and Development Code, within the context of the existing information base; and - An Implementation Plan.

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2 Background Study

2.1 Introduction

Malkerns is a small town located in the Manzini Region of Swaziland (see Figure 1).

According to the Detailed Household Survey for Malkerns Urban Area of May 2015, Malkerns has existed as a predominantly agricultural area for many years, with pineapple cultivation as the major activity. Over the years Malkerns has seen the conversion of some pineapple plantations and undeveloped land into sugarcane plantations and residential developments.

Figure 1: Malkerns within Swaziland

This chapter aims to discuss the current state of Malkerns in terms of its natural, man-made, social, economic and institutional make-up so that the basis can be determined for the consequent findings which will inform the proposals to obtain the vision of the town.

2.2 Perspectives on location

2.2.1 National Swaziland borders South Africa on its northern, western and southern sides. The South African province of Mpumalanga forms the north-western and south-western borders, while Kwazulu Natal forms the southern to south-eastern border. Mozambique forms Swaziland’s eastern border.

Malkerns is roughly located within the top part of the south-western quadrant of Swaziland. It is in close proximity to the MR3 road which provides the most prominent east-west linkage within the country also linking South Africa and Mozambique. Malkerns is situated on the MR18 which extends from the MR4, which in turn forms one of the significant south-to- central linkages, connecting South Africa with Swaziland.

Figure 2 illustrates Malkerns’ location in terms of the national perspective, with the country’s borders and main road network, as well as the capital of the country: Mbabane.

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Figure 2: National perspective of Malkerns’ locality

2.2.2 Regional

The Malkerns Urban Area is in close proximity to one of the fastest growing and biggest commercial corridors of the Kingdom of Swaziland. Towards the south west, the area is bordered by Government establishments and the University of Swaziland (Agriculture and Animal Husbandry campus). There are also adjacent agriculture oriented government establishments in the area as well as the correctional service department. In the East of the town there is the Matsapha Municipality which is the industrial hub of the Kingdom of Swaziland and there is Ezulwini Municipal Council towards the northern part. Both towns are within 15km radius from the Malkerns CBD. (Malkerns Town Board Integrated Development Plan, 2015-2020)

Malkerns is situated on the MR18 which links with the MR3 to Manzini, approximately 22km to the east, and to Mbabane, approximately 35km to the northwest. Mbabane and Manzini are the largest urban centres in the country and are known respectively as the administrative capital and commercial capital (or “The Hub”) of Swaziland.

The King Mswati III International Airport is located 70km north-east from Malkerns, while Matsapha Airport is situated in the industrial town of Matsapha 18km along the road east of Malkerns. Matsapha Airport does not handle international traffic, but services Royal

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movements or Mercy flights. The Oshoek Border Post between South Africa and Swaziland is approximately 57km northwest from Malkerns.

Figure 3 shows the close proximity of Malkerns to the major east-west axis formed by the MR3, from which the discussed towns and services are easily accessed.

Figure 3: Regional perspective of Malkerns’ locality

2.2.3 Local The MR18 runs in a north-south direction to the south of Malkerns and then extends in a north-easterly direction until it intersects with the MR3 which forms the country’s major east-west mobility corridor as previously mentioned. The MR27 intersects with the MR18 at the approximate location where the latter starts to follow a north-easterly direction. The MR27 runs in a more northerly direction until it intersects with the MR103, which then runs parallel to the MR3 until it narrows the gap and meets the latter.

The following plan indicates a 10 kilometer radius around the central activity area of Malkerns for ease of reference.

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Figure 4: 10km radius impact area of Malkerns

The town of Malkerns is situated in an agricultural environment with significant natural features within its vicinity. The Mhlambonyatsi and Lusushwana Rivers are found to the north, and the Maputo River to the south of the town, while the Milwane Wildlife Sanctuary and Nature Reserve is situated north-west of the town.

The urban heart of Malkerns is surrounded mainly by farms and other agricultural uses, with the town of Matsapa and its airport found further east (approximately 18km if traveling along the main roads). Malkerns is located between the Ezulwini valley and the town of Matsapa which is significant in terms tourism and industrial development respectively. Figure 5 illustrates the local context of the town of Malkerns.

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Figure 5: Local perspective of Malkerns’ locality

2.3 Project study Area

The following section elaborates on the project study area which is to be known as Malkerns Urban Area.

2.3.1 Malkerns Urban Area The IDP states that the declared urban area of Malkerns is in extent of 9 036 hectares (ha) and the land use is divided into two main categories: agricultural use (8 452 ha) and human settlements (584 ha).

The study area, for this project which aims to produce a Structure Plan and Town Planning Scheme for Malkerns Town, includes the full extent of the urban area, i.e. both the agricultural and human settlement areas. These areas will be referred to as the Malkerns Urban Area, and the Settlement Area. The boundaries of these areas are indicated in white and green respectively in Figure 6.

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Figure 6: Malkerns Urban Area

2.3.2 Main roads The main road system serving the Malkerns study area consists of tarred and gravel roads. The MR18 (extending from the MR4 which connects South Africa in the southern part of the country) is a main tarred route linking the study area in a north-south direction and intersecting with the MR3 in a north-easterly direction.

As previously described, the MR3 is the main east-west corridor connecting the country with South Africa in the west and Mozambique in the east, and is known as the Manzini Mababane Economic Development Corridor between the said towns.

The MR27 forms the main tarred service road within the built up central activity node of Malkerns. It branches out from the MR18 and follows a north-easterly direction before intersecting with the MR103 which eventually links with the MR3.

Figure 7 provides an overview of the main road system within the study area.

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Figure 7: Main roads within the Malkerns Urban Area

2.3.3 Broad make up Malkerns is a typical rural service centre in a state of transformation. As previously stated, Malkerns Urban Area consists mainly agricultural uses and human settlements. The agricultural uses constitute 95% of the area compared to 5% for the human settlements. The central business area appears at the intersection of the MR18 and MR27 and continues along the MR27 for roughly two kilometers before the intensity of the uses taper off making way for the agricultural hinterland.

The central business area consists of limited retail and small businesses, along with light commercial/industrial uses such as the Swazican food processing plant. Social services including the police station, post office, church and schools also form part of the central activity area.

Other significant uses/facilities in the study area include:  Eagle’s Nest chicken farm in the western part of the study area;  Malkerns Juvenile Industrial School which caters for juvenile offenders in the southern part of the study area;  Malkerns Research Station which is the Agricultural Research Division of the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives in Swaziland, situated immediately west of the juvenile centre;  Malandala’s Centre, located in the far north-eastern side of the study area, catering for recreational and tourism activities;  Swazi Candles arts and craft market and shops in the central part of the study area; and

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 Milwane Wildlife Sanctury, bordering the study area on the north-western side.

2.4 Natural environment (scoping report)

2.4.1 Climate Swaziland has a subtropical climate with summer rains, receiving 75% of its rain between October and March, and with distinct seasons. The country lies at the transition of major climatic zones, as it is influenced by air masses from different origins: equatorial convergence zone mass; subtropical eastern continental moist maritime masses (with occasional cyclones) and dry continental tropical and marine western Mediterranean masses (which bring winter rains with occasional snow). All regions receive a distinct seasonal rainfall, most of which falls in summer (September to March), whilst little or no rain is expected over the other months. The climatic conditions range from sub-humid and temperate climate in the Highveld to semi-arid climate in the Lowveld.

The Western Lowveld has a mean temperature of 26°C in January and 18°C in July. The Highveld experiences more rainfall with an average of 1 450mm, while the Lowveld experiences 550mm. A mean rainfall of 625-725mm is experienced in the Western Lowveld. However, substantial variations do occur, which result in droughts and floods. The Swaziland State of Environment Report (2012) states that climate change will have significant impacts on environmental sectors such as water, agriculture, forests and ecosystems, as well as on society at large. There is a particular concern of the effect that climate change will have on Lubombo and the Lowveld.

2.4.2 Topography The country is located in the south east of Africa between 25° and 28°S and 30° and 33°E. Swaziland covers approximately 17,364km2 and is located at an elevation of 60-1,860 metres above sea level (masl). Swaziland is landlocked by South Africa to the north, west and south and Mozambique to the east (SEA, 2012, p.4).

The geology and topography of Swaziland varies greatly, so does the topography in Malkerns, comprising agricultural fields with some moderately sloping plains. The average elevation of Malkerns is 684 masl.

2.4.3 Fauna Despite limited surveys, Swaziland is rich in biological diversity and wildlife including the big five. As mentioned before, the Milwane Wildlife Sanctuary borders the site on the north- western side. The introduction of alien invasive species has affected the abundance and distribution of wildlife species, due to the reduction and degrading of available habitats. Therefore wildlife is often confined to protected conservation areas (SEA, 2012, p.4)

Observations in Malkerns showed that there is still a wide diversity of bird life in the area. Yet no large animals were seen other than domestic animals part of the agricultural rearing practices in Malkerns.

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Much of this region is also commercially cultivated and this has seriously reduced the natural habitat for larger animals. Alien invasive species were also observed which have further reduced natural areas for animals to inhabit. There are however occasional pockets of indigenous vegetation, as in the wetland areas, leaving some habitat for small animals (e.g. rodents, amphibians and birds).

2.4.4 Flora According to the SEA (2012), Swaziland has a wide diversity of flora. The main vegetation types are savannah, grassland, forest and bush. Approximately 4% of the country is comprised of 12 protected conservation areas but alien invasive species are growing at an alarming rate and are threatening grazing for wildlife and livestock.

The Malkerns valley is situated within the Middleveld region of Swaziland and comprises varied topography with tall grassland and savannah. Natural processes, e.g. erosion and anthropogenic influences cause a decrease in the diversity and distribution of natural flora and this was evident in the Malkerns area.

Within Malkerns, large-scale irrigated agriculture, such as sugarcane, pineapple and citrus production has caused the clearing of large areas of land and the consequent destruction of the natural environment.

As shown in Figure 8, the dominant vegetation type found in Malkerns is the Swaziland Sour Bushveld.

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Figure 8: Vegetation of Malkerns

2.4.5 Conservation value Within Swaziland protected natural areas with a high conservation value provide a wide range of goods and services to people living in and around them, and to society as a whole.

There are current attempts to “ensure that local communities derive benefits from protected areas”. These benefits may involve approaches such as “integrated conservation and development projects, inclusive management approaches, and creating opportunities for biodiversity conservation within the wider rural landscape in the form of community conservation areas”. The Milwane Wildlife Sanctuary which falls just outside the study area, but borders it on the north-western side is one of the most significant conservation areas for the purpose of this study (SEA, 2012, p.278).

Throughout the Malkerns study area there are pockets of sensitive habitats (namely within wetland areas) which will need to be protected as far as possible as they contain a habitat of diverse flora and fauna species. These areas also offer benefits in terms of tourism and ecosystem goods and services for the people of Malkerns. Wetlands are extremely valuable natural resources in Swaziland – they provide recreation and tourism attractions. A number of plants that are found in wetland areas provide economic livelihood to many women who make food mats, sleeping mats, bags, and baskets (Masarirambi, Manyatsi and Mhazo, 2010, p.149) (Refer to Figure 9 for wetland images within Malkerns).

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The wetland areas within Malkerns are mainly restricted to the tributary areas as depicted in Figure 11. It is also evident that there will be reduced flows due to water allocation or uncontrolled use thereof in agriculture which pose a threat to the wetlands within Malkerns. According to the SEA (2012), wetlands are not properly protected and often over utilized by people for medicinal reasons. In Malkerns, the aquatic water systems, in particular, are under threat from agricultural development as wetlands are drained for development (agriculture, roads and housing) or are negatively affected by changes within their catchment. Experience has shown that wetlands are valuable environmental resources and should be protected at all cost because they are irreplaceable once lost or ruined.

Figure 9: Wetlands in Malkerns (taken from the Malkerns Integrated Development Plan 2015 -2050)

2.4.6 Environmental issues The main environmental issues, as detailed in the Malkerns IDP, are as follows:  Wetland encroachment (Refer to Section 2.4.5 above);  Land degradation and water pollution from chemical use in the agricultural practices;  Poor Waste Management, which concerns the uncontrolled disposal of human waste, animal carcasses, abattoir effluents and hazardous animal medicine, and plants insecticides pose a great threat to the environment; and  Sanitation and waste management is the major single issue straining the environment.

2.4.7 Drainage and Hydrology Swaziland relies largely on surface water, however, the quality of surface water is deteriorating due to commercial agricultural and industry pollution. There are five main river systems in Swaziland, i.e. The Komati, Lomati, Mbuluzi, Usuthu and Ngwavuma (SEA, 2012).

Within Malkerns there are small watercourses used extensively for agricultural practices (refer to Figure 11 below). Of particular mention is the Malkerns Canal which was commissioned in 1953. The EU has recently (2014) provided funds to rehabilitate the Canal, which provides irrigation water to the expansive agriculture plantations in and around the Malkerns area. According to the IDP, “The canal is a reliable source of running water which can possibly be harnessed to also provide a good source for domestic water supply.” Without the Canal, Malkerns would not be able to source water to irrigate the plantations or use for

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recreational uses impacting on the livelihoods of the people. Management of the Canal is under the Malkerns Irrigation Development Company (MIDC).

Refer to Figure 10 below showing the Malkerns Canal, and Section 2.4.5 for details on Wetland Systems.

Figure 10: Showing the Malkerns Canal

Section 2.5.4 further details the water infrastructure of Malkerns.

Water development projects in Swaziland are on the rise due to the push towards commercial agriculture intensification and the Malkerns Valley is no exception. Irrigation is the major user of water in the country and accounts for 96.6% of available supply. Irrigation is extensively used for growing sugarcane, citrus fruits, and vegetables. The key irrigation areas in Swaziland are the:

• Malkerns valley (2,400 ha) in the lower Lusushwana catchment where commercial sugarcane and vegetable production dominate.

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Figure 11: Hydrology of Malkerns

2.4.8 Agriculture (a) Swazi Context Agriculture is very dependent on climatic conditions and water availability. Over the last few years there has been erratic rainfall resulting in droughts for parts of Swaziland, which have impacted on the agricultural productivity. According to the SEA, (2002), the agricultural sector plays an enormous role in contributing to the Swaziland economy. According to Mijinyawa, Mwinjilo and Dlamini, (2006), “about 70 % of the population are engaged in subsistence agriculture producing both crops and animals” which is also a major source of income and food security for the majority of the Swaziland population. According to the SEA, (2012, p.10), “maize is the most important subsistence crop grown on Swazi Nation Land (SNL) followed by groundnuts, pumpkins, beans, sweet potatoes and vegetables. Sorghum, cowpeas, jugo beans, melons, watermelons, cassava, bananas, peaches and avocados are also produced, but in limited quantities.”

Sugarcane is the most successful and extensively grown crop in Swaziland. According to the SEA (2012, p.10) “the major agro-industrial activities in Swaziland are the sugar industry, the production of pulpwood and the processing of fruit (canned fruit and liquid concentrates).” Most of the agricultural products generated in Swaziland are exported adding to about 15% of the total export earnings with approximately 50% exported to South Africa. (SEA, 2012, p.10).

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Livestock production is also a large economic contributor in Swaziland, and the contribution of the livestock sub-sector to the agricultural sector’s GDP is about 4%. Small-scale farmers own about 77% of the total cattle population. Cattle are the main livestock and other domestic animal species are goats, sheep, pigs, equines and poultry (SEA, 2012).

According to the SEA (2012, p.12), “The major constraints to livestock production have been identified as diseases, breeds and breeding practices, inadequate feed resources, lack of range management and water shortages, under-utilization of market infrastructure, lack of adaptive research, lack of proper livestock census and lack of capital for improved technologies necessary for animal development.”

(b) Malkerns Context Malkerns is the commercial agriculture and food production urban hub of the Kingdom of Swaziland.

Based on observations and research undertaken, Malkerns is an extremely agriculturally productive area due to its fertile soil. According to the Swaziland State of the Environment Report (2012), the Malkerns area averages more than 1000mm of rainfall per year.

Increasing the productivity and efficiency of agriculture are major goals of agricultural development policy in Swaziland. In the Malkerns area pineapples and a few other crops (e.g. maize and vegetable) are grown but it is mainly dominated by sugarcane. According to Swaziland’s State of the Environment Report (2012), 2000 of the 2500 hectares of irrigated cropland is sugarcane.

Swazican, part of the Rhodes Group, is also situated in the fertile Malkerns Valley. It is one of the largest citrus canning operations in the world and a leading grower and producer of processed pineapple products.

In addition to this, Malkerns has The UNISWA (Agriculture Campus) and the GOS Agriculture Research Centre which are both internationally acclaimed agriculture knowledge centres.

2.4.9 Geology The geology of Swaziland is varied and according to the State of the Environment Report 2012, the geology of Swaziland comprises almost entirely of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary strata. The Lowveld, which is divided into the higher Western Lowveld and the lower Eastern Lowveld, consists of sedimentary and volcanic Karoo beds. The Western Lowveld is situated on undulating sandstone/claystone, with dolerite intrusions and granite/granodolerite. The geology of Malkerns, as depicted in Figure 12, comprises the Granodioorite-diorite-tonalite-quartz-gabbro formations.

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Figure 12: Geology of Malkerns

2.4.10 Soils Malkerns is an extremely agriculturally productive area due to its fertile soil. Malkerns’ soils also tend to be more acidic (pH 5.2 to 5.6) because of different climatic conditions and soil forming processes. The favourable climatic conditions and fertile soil types allow for diversity in crop production and animal rearing.

2.5 Built environment

2.5.1 Land tenure There are two types of land tenure in Swaziland: Swazi Nation Land (SNL) and Title Deed Land (TDL). All land in Swaziland is numbered and registered in the Lands Deeds Registry. Land that is under customary tenure is registered to belong to the King on behalf of the Swazi Nation. Other portions are then registered in the name of the freeholder (individual or company) of the “crown” or “Government”. There is a residual category of owners of leases of more than twenty years whose names appear in the register although they own only limited life leases. Then there are some unexpired concessions left from the late 19th century, which on expiry will revert to the King. Despite problems with fragmentation and overpopulation of SNL, policy objectives promote continuation of the two tenure types.

(a) Swazi Nation Land (SNL) The King is the overriding authority on all land use decisions on SNL, however the scope and content of that authority has never been defined by legislation. The land is seen as part of

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Swaziland’s cultural identity. The rural SNL live on scattered homesteads under the traditional chieftainship authorities. Routinely power is delegated to the chiefs, who have the power to decide on the siting of markets, schools, shops, clinics and other developments depending on the needs within the chiefdom. SNL is communal tenure based, semi- subsistence production and communal grazing land that are registered to the King. The SNL provides most of the nation’s food supplies and is a source of socio-economic security for the majority of Swaziland’s population. It accounts for 60% of the land of the country. The SNL has a much greater population density and in the context of a subsistence economy generates more employment.

Only individuals who have become members of the local community may be allocated SNL, although land may also be leased to private companies to attract private capital investment and expertise.

Generally SNL communally owned and mainly used for residential purposes, subsistence farming and grazing. The Chief in council makes decisions about land-use allocations as part of his normal duties under Swazi Law and Custom in allocating land to his subjects for various purposes. This is noteworthy with respect to the development of the Malkerns Town Planning Scheme.

(b) Title Deed Land (TDL) or free hold tenure land TDL is based on recognizing exclusive rights of access to a defined piece of land with titles held by individuals or corporate bodies. It is centered on more commercially developed, large scale, capital intensive enterprises with high employment generation costs, export- orientated production and considerable dependence on foreign investment. Most farming on this land is mechanised and input intensive. TDL land comprises of 97% of all irrigated land. Urban areas consist mostly of TDL.

Owners of this type of land may sell or use the land as collateral. The State may withdraw the title if land is required for national development, however only after making appropriate compensation. This is unlike SNL where the King has complete authority.

2.5.2 Settlement types and pattern According to the IDP, the following holds true: Malkerns Urban Area has three types of human settlements, these are farms, villages and informal settlements. The farms or small holdings are title deed lands used mainly for farming and to accommodate the farm owners.

Villages comprise formal cluster houses located in some farms, particularly at the Khanyisile area. Khanyisile area residents have descent houses but do not have title to the land. They have some vague land use agreement with the landowner.

Other informal settlements comprise areas such as Mangozeni, Mafini, 2000 and Khalambazo. The residents of these latter areas do not own the land but pay rent for a piece of land to build temporal structures using mainly mud and sticks for the walls with a few

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isolated brick and mortar houses and corrugated iron sheets or cardboard for roof. Over 60% of the Malkerns population resides in the informal settlements.

Non-residential uses such as business, retail, social services, etc. have developed around the central activity area and main roads where access to opportunities is most probable and advantageous.

The settlement pattern of the Malkerns Urban Area can thus be described as being dispersed agricultural land with a concentrated central business area/activity node. Informal settlements occur in a fragmented manner throughout the study area, but are mostly apparent in the central part, surrounding the core activity node where social and economic opportunities and services are most probable.

According to the Household Survey there are 1 038 households within the Malkerns Urban Area. The assumption is that there are 1 038 dwelling units catering for these households.

2.5.3 Road system (a) Roads overview

According to the Roads and Outspans Act of October 1931, roads are divided into the following classes and corresponding widths (the latter includes the unmade portion of the road): - Main Roads (38m); - Trunk Roads (Varies); - Branch Roads (16m); - Bridle Paths (5m).

According to the IDP, Malkerns Town has a generally sufficient roads network, comprising major roads connecting the town with other commercial centres in the country. Figure 13 indicates the existing roads within the Malkerns study area.

(b) Existing roads infrastructure The total distance of the Malkerns road network, including surfaced and gravel roads, is approximately 85 km. The road system information below is sourced from the Malkerns IDP.

(i) Major roads system – MR27 and MR18 The major roads system, comprising the MR27 and MR18, both run through Malkerns Town from Mahlanya and Matsapha respectively, towards Luyengo. These roads have a reserve of 38 meters and are surfaced and well maintained by the Ministry of Public Works and Transport (MOPWT). The national gravel roads are also fairly well maintained. Other roads include gravel roads connecting the town to areas in the north-east towards Mlilwane Game Reserve. The local roads that connect businesses, people and residential areas are in varying conditions.

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Figure 13: Existing roads layout

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(c) Feeder roads There are currently 18 formal feeder roads extending approximately 59 km connecting the central business area of Malkerns Town with residential areas and businesses surrounding Malkerns Town. Only 7.5 km of the feeder roads are surfaced, the majority of both the surfaced and gravel feeder roads are in varying conditions. For example, the existing roads towards the north-west in areas like Mphetseni and Mafini/2000 village are in extremely poor condition. The total length of these roads is approximately 51.5 km. During the rainy season these roads are unusable, thus affecting business and public access.

Figure 14: Feeder Roads

Towards the south-east, the feeder roads are also in poor condition, but seem to be better maintained than those towards the north-west. This may be due to the fact that the Dalcrue farms and other business activities like Swazi Candles are located in this area. Roads in this area have a higher economic contribution than those in the north-west.

(d) Minor/Internal roads The road networks within the informal settlements are unplanned and not maintained at all. Some households within informal settlements are inaccessible by vehicles due to the poor road conditions. Most of the informal settlements are considered illegal.

Figure 15: Minor/Internal Roads

Poor roadsinfrastructure, especially roads linking the CBD with either, residential areas or anchor agricultural businesses, is a challenge for the development of the town.

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Transportation of goods and produce from agricultural sites; the transport of people from residences to various socio-economic activities; the transport of tourists into tourists attraction sites and the movement in business areas, are crucial for the development of Malkerns Town.

Problems identified in the IDP include: - There is no maintenance plan for the MR27 and MR18. - Approximately 51.5km of existing feeder roads are in a poor condition and have to be upgraded. - The streets in the informal settlements are in such poor state that they are inaccessible to vehicles.

The problems identified in the IDP and listed above, cause poor accessibility to commercial and residential areas, therefore affecting economic activities and public convenience.

2.5.4 Engineering Services (a) Stormwater The following section summarises the current state of stormwater within the Malkerns study area.

(i) Major river systems and stormwater overview There are five main river systems in Swaziland namely the: I. Komati, II. Lomati, III. Mbuluzi, IV. uSuthu and V. Ngwavuma.

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Figure 16: Main river systems

The Komati and the Lomati River Systems are found in the north of the country. Both originate in South Africa and flow out of Swaziland back into South Africa before entering Mozambique. The Usuthu River, together with a number of major tributaries, originates in South Africa and flows out into Mozambique. The Usuthu River forms the border between Mozambique and South Africa. The Ngwavuma River lies in the south of the country. It rises in Swaziland and flows into South Africa before entering Mozambique. (Source: Manyatsi, A.M & Brown, R, 2009)

(ii) Existing stormwater infrastructure The entire study area falls in the uSuthu River Basin. The catchment slopes to the south- eastern boundary of the study area, into both the Umvenvane and the uSuthu river. The Umvenvane river confluences with the uSuthu river and drains towards the town of Big Bend and onward to the Maputo Bay, in Mozambique. The existing irrigation canal described below is fed from tributaries of the uSuthu river.

Additional site specific information will be required at a later stage in order to assess the scope and extent of stormwater drainage infrastructure that will be required in order to support further developments.

(b) Water The following section summarises the current state of water provision and availability within the Malkerns study area.

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(i) Water overview The responsibility for water supply in Swaziland is shared between the Swaziland Water Services Company (SWSC) and the Rural Water Supply Branch (RWSB) of the Department of Water Affairs. The SWSC is responsible for water supply to urban areas while the RWSB is responsible water supply to rural areas.

The SWSC operates 20 water supply schemes nationwide. These provide extraction, treatment and delivery of piped water to urban areas (Source: Swaziland National Physical Development Plan, 1995). Water supply in rural areas is sourced from direct, user extraction from rivers, boreholes and wells (Source: Manyatsi, A.M & Brown, R,2009).

(ii) Existing water infrastructure The IDP reports that the current Malkerns Town is supplied with water extracted from the existing surrounding irrigation canal and treated at the Malkerns Water Treatment Works. The Water Treatment Works is located towards the northern boundary of the town and has a capacity of 1 ML (1000m³). Figure 17 and Figure 18 illustrate Malkerns’ water infrastructure.

Figure 17: Malkerns water treatment plant locality map

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Figure 18: Malkerns water treatment

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The canal system is known as the MIC (Malkerns Irrigation Canal) and was commissioned in 1953. The MIC system was re-funded in 2014 by the European Union for rehabilitation. The canal system surrounds Malkerns town and is supplied by the various watercourses the canal intersects. The irrigation canal is approximately 35km in length. The Malkerns canal is a potential reliable source of water which can be harnessed as a source for domestic water supply. Capacity analysis of the existing canal would be required for current and future scenarios.

The IDP states that the treatment plant is too small to adequately supply the Malkerns central business area and the surrounding human settlements with the required potable water. The current water supply to the urban area is approximately 3500 litres per day (3.5 ML per day). This is significantly lower than the actual potable water demand for the town.

Figure 19: Malkerns Water Treatment Plant

The IDP further states that potable water supply points have been established in strategic locations in the informal settlements such as Mangozeni. Water supply in these informal settlements are rationed and sold at unregulated rates. Income levels at the informal settlements are very low and residents cannot always afford the potable water rates and consequently resort to unsafe sources.

Any further developments would require its own water storage and treatment due to an increased population.

(c) Sewage The following section summarises the current state of sewage within the Malkerns study area.

(i) Sanitation overview As with the water supply, the SWSC and the RWSB share the responsibility for the sanitation services to urban and rural areas, respectively.

The SWSC operates eight sewerage systems and treatment facilities nationwide (Source: Swaziland National Physical Development Plan, 1995). Sanitation coverage is estimated at 61% in urban areas and 46% in rural areas. (Source: Water Supply & Sanitation Sector

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Financing in Swaziland, 2013). Traditional sanitation facilities in Swaziland generally include septic tanks; dry latrines; bucket and pour flush latrine; as well as waterborne sewers. (Source: Water Supply & Sanitation Sector Financing in Swaziland, 2013).

(ii) Existing sanitation infrastructure There are currently no sewer services provided by SWSC, only water services. There is no waste water treatment plant at present, but only septic tanks.

The limited supply of water in the urban area has a direct impact on the sanitation condition of the area. Poor sanitation conditions are evident both in the CBD and in the informal settlements. There is, for example, no public sewer receptor and disposal facilities in the town, consequently sewer effluent overflows onto the surrounding areas. Poorly constructed pit toilets are located throughout the informal settlements. The poorly constructed pit toilets do not only contaminate the underground water system and the environment, but also compromise the health of the residents. (Source: Malkerns IDP 2015-2020).

Figure 20: Pit latrines

Further investigation is required in order to assess the sanitation services demand and available infrastructure for the town of Malkerns.

Problems identified in the Malkerns IDP include: - There is a lack of potable water supply to the town of Malkerns. - Public sewer receptors and waste water disposal facilities are not available. - No public sanitation facilities. - Poorly ventilated houses within the informal settlements. - No safe human waste disposal system.

The problems listed above subject the inhabitants to unsafe environments contaminated with human waste, which severely compromise the health of the inhabitants and cause incidents of preventable diseases and even death.

(d) Solid waste

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The following section discusses the current state of waste treatment within the Malkerns study area.

(i) Solid waste overview MTB commissioned a study to access information on the solid waste management status of Malkerns so that they could develop a waste management system or strategy for the Malkerns town. The findings and detailed recommendations of the study are contained in the “Baseline Survey for Refuse Removal and Disposal for Malkerns Town Board report May 2015”.

The main sources of the solid waste include agricultural, domestic, commercial, industrial and institutional activities. It is found that solid waste management in Malkerns is generally poor owing to the absence of a co-ordinated waste management system and appropriate disposal sites.

(ii) Existing solid waste system There is an obvious need to rectify the current illegal disposal of waste and the solutions include public education and enforcement of solid waste disposal regulations, provision of solid waste collection and disposal infrastructure and construction of an appropriate landfill site.

Waste skips have been delivered to the Malkerns Community in creating cleaner and healthier areas. The implementation of the skips has been successful, as they are now being used and distributed all around Malkerns.

Problems identified in the Malkerns IDP include: - Lack of a solid waste management system. - Lack of enforcement of a solid waste disposal regulations. - Lack of solid waste disposal infrastructure. - No landfill in the vicinity.

The problems listed above cause the indiscriminate disposal of solid waste, contamination of the environment and compromises public health and natural habitats.

Figure 21: Solid waste disposal

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(e) Electricity A preliminary assessment has taken place of the existing electrical infrastructure that is located around the Malkerns Town. Meetings were conducted with the Swaziland Electricity Company regarding the existing infrastructure around Malkerns town and the capacity at the Malkerns Substation.

There is currently limited spare capacity at the Malkerns Substation when considering the planned growth in Malkerns Town. The substation would be capable of sustaining short term growth, but Swaziland Electricity Company has identified the future need for a new substation to be located at the junction of the MR18 and the MR27.

In this regard, the Swaziland Electricity Company is still in the process of reviewing the master plan for this area, to take into consideration the proposed developments around the Malkerns Town.

The consumers within the town boundaries consist of the following:  Residents (small / medium)  Commercial businesses (small / medium)  Industrial businesses (medium / large)  Those using social facilities such as schools  Agricultural hinterland

The commercial businesses within Malkerns CBD range from a car wash to a small shopping centre with a Spar supermarket. The largest industrial consumer within the town is the Rhodes factory that manufacturers jam. There are a number of schools located within the town’s borders. The town is surrounded by agricultural properties whose crops include pineapples, sugarcane and mielies. The existing electrical infrastructure provides electricity to these properties for the operation of pumps, farm machinery and households.

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Figure 22: Mallkerns Electrical Network Overview.

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(i) Overhead distribution network

In investigating the electrical infrastructure that exists in the designated area, it was noted that there is currently a variety of overhead transmission lines that exist in the area.

The transmission lines are predominately supported on wood pole structures. The condition of the support structures varies from recently installed to aged. The main transmission sizes in Swaziland are:  11kV - Medium voltage distribution network supplying consumer distribution transformers  66kV - High voltage transmission lines supplying substations with 66kV/11kV transformers  132kV - High voltage transmission line running from South Africa to Mozambique  400kV - High voltage transmission line running from South Africa to Mozambique

There is extensive 11kV medium voltage infrastructure in place in the area directly in and around Malkerns. These medium voltage distribution lines provide electricity to the human settlements and farming areas located in the study area’s boundaries shown in Figure 2.

The main transmission lines throughout Swaziland are 66kV, with the transmission substations being 66kV/11kV.

The current electrical infrastructure in Malkerns consists of an 11kV medium voltage distribution network on wooden poles that run along the main street through the town, MR27 and along Manzini Road (MR18).

There is a bare low voltage distribution network on wooden poles with t-offs to supply residential houses and businesses. There are a few new connections that have been done using aerial bundle conductors. Some of the low voltage network is strung below the medium voltage 11kV lines and these utilise the same wooden poles.

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Figure 4: SEB Transmission System

(ii) Transformers

Located within the town’s domain are 11kV/400V/230V pole-mounted transformers that provide the supply requirements.

(iii) Street lighting

The town currently has street lighting mounted on wooden, GRP or steel poles; shared in places with the low voltage conductor. The street lighting will be expanded to include the new formalised roads within Malkerns and will be planned so that wherever possible it will utilised the same shared structure as previously installed elsewhere.

It is recommended that energy efficient streetlights be installed to reduce the environmental impact and as an energy saving initiative.

(iv) Malkerns Substation

The Swaziland Electricity Company has indicated that the existing Malkerns Substation, which is located several kilometres from Malkerns would need to be upgraded in the near future. The existing substation has limited spare capacity and a new substation is proposed at the junction of the MR13 and MR27.

A 66kV line would need to extend from the existing Malkerns Substation to the location of the new substation as part of the upgrade. The existing 11kV lines that feed Malkerns town would be rerouted to terminate into the new substation; thus increasing the capacity of the electrical supply to Malkerns.

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2.5.5 Detailed land use According to the IDP, Malkerns consist of 95% agricultural land and 5% shared among residential, industrial, commercial and other uses, as shown in the figure below.

AGRICULTURE COMMERCIAL EDUCATIONAL INDUSTRIAL LODGES RESIDENTIAL OTHER

Figure 23: Land use categories within Malkerns according to the IDP

A land use survey, as depicted in Figure 24 and Figure 25, indicated that the area consists of an agricultural nature, with supporting social and economic functions concentrated in the central business area that sustains the needs of Malkerns’ inhabitants.

Figure 24: Land use plan of Malkerns Urban Area

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Figure 25: Land use plan of the central business area within Malkerns Urban Area

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2.6 Social environment

The following sub-sections’ information regarding the social environment of Malkerns Town has been extracted from the Baseline survey for refuse removal and disposal for Malkerns Town Board, Volume 1: Detailed household survey, Revised report – May 2015 which was prepared by ESMS: Environmental & Social Management Services.

2.6.1 Basic population statistics The following table presents the basic population statistics relevant to Malkerns:

Table 1: Basic population statistics for Malkerns Social aspect Indication Total population 4 050 people Male/female distribution 47% male : 53% female Number of households (HHs) 1 038 HHs Age and gender distribution The population is dominated by the economically active age groups between 15 and 39.

2.6.2 Population by settlement area The people of Malkerns live in 63 distinct locations of which 14 are cluster settlements and some less formal residential settlements. In the Malkerns Urban Area, the human settlements can be divided into three broad categories, i.e. settlements on Title Deed Land (TDL), Swazi Nation Land (SNL) and informal settlements.

The total population for each of these categories is as follows: - TDL: 1 140 people (28%) - SNL: 113 people (3%) - Informal: 2797 people (69%)

2.6.3 Household distribution Of the 1 038 households in Malkerns Urban Area, approximately 64% are renting, while about 32.5% are owners of land. The remaining 3.5% of the households have different arrangements for staying in the area.

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2.6.4 Employment The Household survey determined the following regarding the economic status for the 1 038 households in Malkerns:

- Unemployed: 345 people (33.2%) - Self-employed: 211 people (20.3%) - Employed: 482 people (46.4%)

The survey also requested the employment status of at least one other member of each of the 1 038 households and can be summarised as follows:

- Not employed: 298 people (28.7%) - Employed: 740 people (71.3%)

It should however be noted that the daily population within Malkerns differs from the permanent residency due to in-migration into the town for work activities.

2.6.5 Income levels Malkerns has a mainly mixed-income residential population, although over 50% of the population falls within the low-income group. The following table, sourced from the Household Survey, indicates the number of households within different income brackets. The majority of households fall within the income bracket of E5 000 – E20 000 annually.

Table 2: Estimated Annual Income for Households (in Emalangeni)

2.6.6 Social services availability and distribution The IDP states that social services such as public health, safety and security are to a larger extent provided by central government agencies. These are in most cases decentralized to local areas depending on need.

Also according to the IDP, Malkerns has lagged behind in having government social services (such as the police service) upgraded to meet current demands. Primary health care facilities are non-existent, and Fire and Emergency services are also not available. There is thus a dire need to engage the relevant government agencies to set up these services in the town.

The land use survey revealed the following services within the central business area of the study area:

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1 Police station 1 Post office 1 Revenue office 1 Church 2 Pre-schools 4 Primary schools 1 Secondary school

2.6.7 Housing availability The presence of informal settlements is an obvious indication that the demand for housing is not met by adequate supply thereof. In the IDP it is strongly stated that the town therefore needs to dedicate efforts to address land ownership, and in particular facilitate formalization of townships in areas such as Khanyisile and initiating processes towards eradicating slums and the informal settlements in Mangozeni, Mafini, 2000 and Khalambazo. The dire human settlement condition in Malkerns calls for establishing new townships on areas as may be identified by the town planning scheme in the course of preparation.

The Poverty Reduction Strategy and Action Programme (PRSAP) identifies the lack of access to land as one of the major factors contributing to high poverty levels in Swaziland. Access to secure land is a big challenge to most people in Malkerns. This problem puts a heavy strain on the town’s economy.

2.7 Economic environment

The following section deals with the current economic environment of Malkerns and explores the significant economic activities sustaining the town.

2.7.1 Area economic base The IDP states: Malkerns, with its rich soils and predominantly high-end commercial farming activity is the de facto commercial agriculture and food production urban hub of the Kingdom of Swaziland.

The main economic activities in Malkerns revolve around farming and the Swazican food processing plant. As these activities justified the permanent settlement of people within Malkerns social services, businesses and small-scale retail came into existence in support of the town’s needs. Tourism and recreational opportunities also form part of the town’s economic base.

Swazican is one of the largest citrus canning operations in the world and a leading producer and grower of processed pineapple products. Rhodes Food Group's choice-grade canned and bottled jams and marmalades are manufactured at this facility. It provides jobs to 200 permanent employees who work on the pineapple farms and 60 people who are permanently employed at Swazican.

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2.7.2 Economic opportunities The Household survey established that in general, approximately 17% of the 1 038 households in Malkerns Urban Area practice farming. The remainder of households would therefore derive income from non-farming activities within and outside of the study area.

The Malkerns Urban Area presents definite economic opportunities in terms of existing agriculture and food processing (i.e. Swazican) activities. The town’s natural features and sense of place support tourism and recreational activities (i.e. Malandala’s Centre, Swazi Candles, various guest lodges, and the neighbouring Milwane Wildlife Sanctuary), but also encourage further growth and development within these sectors.

By formalizing the urban structure of Malkerns – as the new Town Planning Scheme will aim to assist with – other business opportunities will surely arise within the central business area where accessibility and functionality will increase in accordance with the improved structure that will accommodate the growth of Malkerns.

The following table indicates the statistics obtained from the Town Board referring to the sectoral land value and investment in the area.

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Table 3: General statistics by sector

AGRICULTURE COMMERCIAL EDUCATIONAL INDUSTRIAL LODGES RESIDENTIAL OTHER TOTALS Ha 7649 57 27 33 8 246 4 8025 Improvements R 177 509 000 R 35 022 001 R 36 769 000 R 25 205 001 R 8 811 000 R 99 081 000 R 16 525 000 R 398 922 002 Land Value R 682 906 000 R 19 317 000 R 6 691 000 R 9 383 000 R 2 973 000 R 87 224 000 R 2 036 000 R 810 530 000 PECENTAGE of TOTAL By Area 95.31% 0.71% 0.34% 0.41% 0.10% 3.07% 0.06% 100% By Improvements 44.50% 8.78% 9.22% 6.32% 2.21% 24.84% 4.14% 100% By Land Value 84.25% 2.38% 0.83% 1.16% 0.37% 10.76% 0.25% 100%

Ha of Irrigated Land 4600 %age by Area 57.32%

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2.7.3 Linkages The main linkages for Malkerns Urban Area are:  With Mbabane via the MR103 and MR3;  With Manzini via the MR18 and MR3; and  With Matsapha via the MR18.

The town is also linked to South Africa in the east via the MR3, and in the south via the MR18 extending into the MR4. Figure 2 and Figure 3 indicated these linkages between Malkerns and the surrounding towns and countries.

2.7.4 Regional economic trends Malkerns is situated among different areas of potential and character as shown in Figure 26. Mbabane is seen as the administrative hub of Swaziland; Manzini as the commercial hub; Matsapha as an industrial node; Ezulwini valley as a tourism node; and Malkerns itself as an agricultural hub.

Furthermore it is situated in close proximity to the MR3, known for a section as the Manzini Mbabane Economic Development Corridor.

Figure 26: Regional economic trends

2.8 Policy context and Institutional framework

This section discusses the policy context and institutional framework within which the development of the Malkerns Town Panning Scheme will occur.

2.8.1 Relevant policies (a) The Swaziland National Physical Development Plan, 1996-2006 (NPDP)

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The NPDP was prepared to provide an overall planning framework to guide development and capital infrastructure investment decisions in the country. Even though the plan may seem dated, it aims to provide a clear spatial framework to the private sector of the Government’s investment focuses, still applies. The NPDP has a two-fold approach, which is still applicable:

- To spatially interpret national economic planning and implementations currently driving all major developments in the country; and - To strengthen inter-sectoral co-ordination of the country’s overall development within a spatial framework ensuring a balanced mix of land uses as well as the use of natural resources in an environmentally sustainable manner.

The NPDP confirms the importance of the agriculture and manufacturing sectors, both of which are of significant importance to Malkerns.

(b) Malkerns Town Board Integrated Development Plan, 2015-2020 (IDP)

The Malkerns IDP identifies strategic objectives regarding the need for town planning and zoning, as well as enforcement of town planning codes in response to growing unregulated expansion of the human settlements. It acknowledges that the manner in which the town is currently growing impacts negatively on the productivity of farms and compromises the vitality of the environment and the sustainable livelihood of the residents.

2.8.2 Institutional framework According to the IDP, Malkerns Town Board is the newest town in the Kingdom of Swaziland established through the Local Government Act, 1969 in response to growing unregulated expansion of human settlements in the area. This Act specifies the following duties and powers of Council:  Control, manage and administer the municipality;  Maintain and cleanse all public streets and open spaces vested in the Council or committed to its management;  Abate all public nuisances;  Safeguard public health, and provide sanitary services for the removal and disposal of night soil, rubbish, carcasses of dead animals and all kinds of refuse;  Establish or take over and maintain, subject to the extent of its resources, any public utility service which it is authorised or required to maintain under any law and which is required for the welfare, comfort or convenience of the public;  Develop, control and manage any land vested in, owned or leased by the Council;  Establish or take over and administer, subject to the extent of its resources, housing schemes for the inhabitants of the municipality; and  Generally promote the public health, welfare and convenience, and the development, sanitation and amenities of the municipality.

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3 Findings

3.1 General

The Status Quo analysis of Malkerns Urban Area revealed that the study area is well placed in terms of the broader economic development zone, as it is in close proximity to Mbabane, Matsapha and Manzini, towns known for their administrative, industrial and commercial propensity respectively. Malkerns is relatively close to the South African border and the MR3 main road, which forms the main east-west link running through the country connecting South Africa in the east and Mozambique in the west.

The Malkerns Urban Area consists of two main components, namely the Agricultural area, and the Human Settlements area. The study area has extremely fertile soils and excels in agricultural production, specifically the cultivation of pineapples and sugarcane. The human settlements culminate in the central part of the study area, at the intersection of the MR18 and MR27, where retail, business and commercial uses, and some social services (i.e. a church, police station, post office and schools) occur to support the economic, social and physical needs of the town’s inhabitants. This is also where most of informal settlements can be in close proximity to services and employment opportunities, albeit limited opportunities.

Current engineering services and infrastructure regarding water provision, stormwater, sewage, waste removal, electricity and roads are all lacking in quality and capacity. This chapter will focus on the findings of the status quo in more detail so that accurate proposals can be made.

3.2 Natural environment

The findings regarding the natural environment of Malkerns Urban Area indicate the following main points:

 The terrain comprises moderate slopes which do not present major problems for development and which are conducive to proper stormwater management.  Rich agricultural fields make up most of the study area and should be protected as such.  The wetlands and water courses should be conserved and protected against degradation and pollution.  The Malkerns forest area in the most south-western corner of the study area presents social sensitivity which may necessitate that alternative uses for the forest area be sought.

3.3 Built environment

The findings regarding the built environment of Malkerns Urban Area indicate the following main points:

 The land tenure system (SNL and TDL) influences development.

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 The dispersed settlements tend to be informal in nature, with a non-residential core concentrated at the intersection of the MR18 and MR27. Therefore, formalisation of the built environment is needed to support the agricultural function along with an appropriate urban function.  The road system presents a high level of regional connectivity, with the main roads dominating the development pattern. Poor internal linkages exist and there is a lack of a road hierarchy.  The engineering services reveal the following main findings: o Stormwater management needs to be planned for due to the sloping topography. o The current water system is not sufficient for supplying major future developments. o Sanitation reveals a lack of potable water supply to the town of Malkerns, and public sewer receptors and waste water disposal facilities are not available. There are no public sanitation facilities; poorly ventilated houses exist in the informal settlements; and no safe human waste disposal system is in place. o Waste management indicates a lack of a solid waste infrastructure and management system, and lack of enforcement of solid waste disposal regulations. There is also no landfill in the vicinity. o The electricity network currently supplies the rural nature of Malkerns. The internal distribution would need formalisation and upgrading to support future development.  The land use analysis indicates that the major land use is agriculture followed by informal urban land uses. The existing land uses are insufficient to support the existing population of Malkerns. The urban land uses relate to the main road system, having infringed on the road resulting in a lack of mobility.

3.4 Social environment

The social conditions in Malkerns are typical of areas in transition where informal housing and growth have outstripped the development of formalised social services. It would appear that present services and job requirements do not cope with the present population let alone further population growth.

The Swazi people are very good at celebrating and there are a number of festivals and cultural events with much dancing and singing. One of the biggest traditions which still takes place in Swaziland is the Reed Dance. This is a beautiful tradition which attracts tourists to the Kingdom of Swaziland. In Swaziland, girls begin the rite by gathering at the Queen Mother’s royal village, which currently is Ludzidzini Royal Village. After arriving at the Queen Mother's royal residence, the women disperse the following night to surrounding areas and cut tall reeds. The following night, they bundle the reeds together and bring them back to the Queen Mother to be used in repairing holes in the reed windscreen surrounding the royal village. The older girls often go to Ntondozi (about 30 kilometres) while the younger girls usually go to Bhamsakhe near Malkerns (about 10 kilometres). It is important that this

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tradition is kept and that the collections of reeds in the Malkerns area is facilitated through this Plan.

3.5 Economic environment

Agriculture and ancillary uses form the economic base of Malkerns and should as such be protected and developed. The settlements and non-agricultural economic activities in Malkerns relate to the agriculture as well as the tourism and recreational potential which have occurred due to the favourable location of Malkerns in relation to the economic development corridor (MR3). Future urban growth should be considered within the context of the abutting MR3 development corridor. This is due to the corridors economic potential

3.6 Institutional framework

Future growth and development of Malkerns should take cognisance of the ability of the newly established Town Board and should be appropriate as regards the financial, technical and management capacity of the Board. The strengthening of the expansion of the Board’s management as well as its technical divisions is a priority to achieve sustainable development.

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4 Structure Plan

This chapter deals with the proposed means towards the land use structuring of the Malkerns Urban Area by adhering to the vision and development approach as will be conveyed.

4.1 Development options

There are two development options to consider for the structuring of the Malkerns Urban Area. The options refer to: 1. Urban inclusion, and 2. A rural town in support of the urban corridor.

The first option refers to Malkerns becoming part of the broader development and urbanization trend which influences the town in the cases of Mbabane, Ezulwini, Matspaha and Manzini along the MR3 corridor.

The second option refers to Malkerns as being a town with its own role and function in a rural capacity to support the urban corridor, but not to conform to its intensity of growth and development in the sense of urbanization.

4.2 SWOT analyses

The SWOT analyses for both development options as discussed in Section 4.1 revealed the following information as depicted in Table 4.

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Table 4: SWOT analyses for the development options for Malkerns Urban Area

Option 1: Option 2: Urban inclusion A rural town in support of the urban corridor

Strengths - Locality - Agriculture - Perceived “vacant” land - Tourism - Agricultural base - Land availability (limited) - Identity

Weaknesses - Poor infrastructure - Infrastructure - Young local authority - Management - Transport reliance - Influx of people - Lack of retail and economic services - Dispersed land use - Dispersed land use - Land availability

Opportunities - Lifestyle accommodation - Agriculture and agri-business - Expanded agro-industries - Tourism and recreation - Extensive land use - Lifestyle accommodation - Community based activities - Strong identity - Model “village” - Urban corridor support

Threats - Service delivery - Service delivery - Uncontrolled influx - Uncontrolled influx - Transport requirements - Illegal land use - “Backyard” of urban corridor - Loss of identity - Urban servicing rates and taxes - Illegal land use - Poor management (part of large complex)

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4.3 Preferred development option

By considering the following critical factors, Option 2 is proposed as the preferred option where Malkerns develops as a rural town in support of the urban corridor:

1. Community requirements; 2. Status of the Town Board; 3. History; 4. Resource base; 5. Locality (distance from main centers); and 6. SWOT analysis.

4.4 Vision

The vision for the development of Malkerns Urban Area can be described as follows: An agricultural town, based on agriculture and tourism as the primary economic base, which provides for the needs of its population through sustainable service delivery and development promotion, and which supports its urban area through food production and recreation activities.

Based on the Status Quo and Findings, the following guidelines served to formulate a long term vision and development concept for Malkerns Urban Area: 1. The agricultural potential needs to remain the main economic base for Malkerns. 2. The development of economic activity should primarily relate to the Agricultural sector and the consumer needs of the in sito urban population of Malkerns. 3. The proximity of Malkerns to the economic development corridor between Mbabane and Manzini (MR3) dictates the preservation of the rural character of Malkerns in support of the adjoining urban complex. The duplication of high order economic services therefore is not required in Malkerns and the rural amenity of Malkerns should complement the urban economic development corridor. 4. Malkerns should thus be developed as a sustainable rural town in support of its agricultural potential /services as well as its ability to provide specialised services such as recreation and tourism to the adjoining urban economic development corridor. 5. To ensure sustainability, the growth of the town should always be within the administrative ability of the Local Authority.

4.5 Growth scenarios

In order to determine a realistic growth scenario for Malkerns the existing population is taken as the baseline and different growth rates are applied to determine different population outcomes over a period of 20 years which will generate different land use requirements.

In view of the fact that Malkerns is a newly established town, it is difficult to extract historical growth trends due to the fact that the area was managed within a rural context with limited growth and management controls.

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It is considered realistic to determine two possible growth scenarios and to evaluate these in order to establish a preferred growth scenario as a base for this planning exercise.

Scenario 1: Constant growth In Scenario 1 the present population is taken as the base population and the existing national growth rate of 1.5 % is applied over a 20-year period. The resulting figures are shown in the table below. A total population of 4700 is expected by 2025 and 5455 by 2035. It is an increase of 1405 people from 2015 to 2035.

Table 5: Growth scenario 1 Scenario 1

2015 2015 - 2025 2025 - 2035 Population 4050 4700 5455 Population growth rate (%) 1.5 1.5

Scenario 2: Initial increased growth Scenario 2 assumes an increased growth rate of 3.0% per annum over the first 10-year period (2015-2025) based on the fact that the delivery of improved engineering services is likely to attract an influx of people as well as increased economic activity.

The vision as defined in Section 4.4 suggests that Malkerns should develop within the parameters of an agricultural town based on the economic potential of its agricultural resource and its ability to render recreational and tourism services. This would then suggest that the growth of Malkerns should be managed through the sensible provision of high quality municipal services to support its primary function.

With the above in mind it is suggested that a growth rate of 1.5% per annum be applied from 2025-2030. The following table reflects this growth scenario. A total population of 5443 is expected by 2025 and 6317 by 2035. It is an increase of 2267 people from 2015 to 2035.

Table 6: Growth scenario 2 Scenario 2 2015 2015 - 2025 2025 - 2035 Population 4050 5443 6317 Population growth rate (%) 3.0 1.5

Scenario 3: Average growth Scenario 3 as indicated in the table below suggests a high growth rate of 2.25% per annum from 2015-2025, and a lower growth rate of 1.5% per annum during 2025-2035. These growth rates are based on an average of the growth rates used in Scenarios 1 and 2. Scenario 3 suggests that a total population of 5059 is expected by 2025 and 5871 by 2035. This is an increase of 1821 people from 2015 to 2035.

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Table 7: Growth scenario 3 Scenario 3

2015 2015 - 2025 2025 - 2035 Population 4050 5059 5871 Population growth rate (%) 2.25 1.5

The above scenario should be utilised as a guide and will greatly depend on the level to which uncontrolled influx of people can be managed on the one hand, and the ability to deliver sufficient engineering services on the other.

4.6 Preferred growth scenario

The tables in Section 4.5 deal with different growth scenarios for the population of the Malkerns Urban Area and suggest scenarios for population growth at the current rate over the next 20 years, while also indicating the impact on the population figures if an initial increased growth rate is applied in response to the envisioned newly structured Malkerns Urban Area.

The Scenario 2 growth rates would suggest a very high increase in the Malkerns population over a short period of time which could pose major developmental and managerial threats for the Council which should be avoided.

Achieving an average plus a 20% leeway for the aforesaid scenarios deems to be a more sustainable solution to apply for purposes in planning the town. Therefore Scenario 3 is the preferred option where 5 871 people (inclusive of the present population) plus 1 174 people (20% leeway) should be accommodated within the study area by 2035. It is then suggested that a population of 7 000 people be planned for in this exercise and that the delivery of engineering services be phased accordingly.

4.7 Planning proposals

The planning and development proposals are based on principles of sustainability where all environments of society are integrated in such a manner that the resources and capacity of the town is protected and utilised in a responsible manner.

The following guidelines were adhered to in the development of the proposals:

1. Appropriate and secure delivery of basic services (water, sanitation, electricity and waste removal). 2. Protection of the economic base. 3. Appropriate social service delivery. 4. Protection of tradition and culture. 5. Protection of the natural environment. 6. Sound and efficient management. 7. Development and influx control to ensure the longevity of Malkerns. 8. Development and utilisation of the local work force/ population as far as is possible.

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By applying these principles to the functioning of the Malkerns Urban Area the chance for successful growth and development is more obtainable and guaranteed.

4.7.1 Land use requirements The residential component for the growth scenarios as discussed in Section 4.5 is depicted in Table 8.

Table 8: Population growth scenarios for the Malkerns Urban Area 2015 Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3 Roundup by 2035 by 2035 by 2035 Scenario 3 by 2035 Population (people) 4050 5455 6317 6320 7000 People in Formal housing 1256 5035 5767 5770 6348 People in Informal housing 2795 420 550 550 652 Maintain informal 1397 Resettle informal 1397 Additional people requiring 2802 3664 3667 4347 housing by 2035 Additional units (3.2 876 1145 1146 1359 people/unit) Additional area (ha) 58 76 76 91 required (15units/ha)

A slight adjustment to the current population has been made in Table 9 by increasing the population with approximately 12% to cater for misalignment.

Table 9: Population growth scenarios for the Malkerns Urban Area – adjusted population 2015 Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3 Roundup (adapted) by 2035 by 2035 by 2035 Scenario 3 by 2035

Population (people) 4500 6061 7019 7022 7000 People in Formal housing 1395 5594 6408 6411 6392 People in Informal housing 3105 467 611 611 608 Maintain informal 1553 Resettle informal 1553 Additional people requiring 3114 4072 4075 4053 housing by 2035 Additional units (3.2 973 1272 1273 1266 people/unit) Additional area (ha) 65 85 85 84 required (15units/ha)

Table 10 indicates the land use requirements applicable to a population of 7 000 people after applying land use standards developed by the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) which have been tested throughout Africa.

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These land use requirements also serve as a base for determining engineering requirements and should be seen as a guideline which can be adapted to local circumstances should it be required.

Table 10: Land use requirements for a population of 7 000 people POPULATION: STANDARD REQUIREMENT AREA AREA 7 000 people ALLOCATION REQUIRED

1 facility per x number of people Hectares per Hectares facility EDUCATION Crèche 2000 4 0.3 1.1 Primary School 2700 3 2.8 8.4 Secondary School 8100 1 4.8 4.1 College 30000 0 10.0 0.0 University HEALTH Clinic 10000 1 0.2 0.2 Hospice (HIV) Day Hospital 50000 0 1.0 0.1 Gov. Hospital 100000 0 2.0 0.1 SAFETY Police Station 25000 1 0.8 0.8 Prison Fire Station COMMUNITY Minor Library 10000 1 0.2 0.2 Major Library 60000 0 0.9 0.0 Post Office 10000 1 0.2 0.2 250 seats Minor Community Hall 10000 1 0.2 0.2 500 seats Intermediate 22000 0 0.5 0.0 Community Hall 1000 seats Major Community Hall 60000 0 1.0 0.0 Old Age Home 10000 1 0.8 0.8 Cemetery RELIGION Church 5000 1 0.3 0.4 PARKS Local Park 3000 2 0.3 0.7 Neighbourhood Park 15000 0 1.0 0.0 Community Park 60000 0 5.0 0.0 Regional Park 120000 0 0.0 Public Open Space 10000 1 0.1 0.1 Children's play 1000 7 0.04 0.3 grounds SPORT Sports field 1000 7 0.6 3.6 COMMERCIAL Corner Shop 2000 4 0.1 0.3 Community Shop 10000 1 0.3 0.3 CBD 1000000 0.0 500.0 0.0

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POPULATION: STANDARD REQUIREMENT AREA AREA 7 000 people ALLOCATION REQUIRED

INDUSTRIAL Within context RESIDENTIAL Within context

A summary of the table above reveals the following as applicable to the Malkerns study area.

Table 11: Land use requirements for a population of 7 000 people for Malkerns MALKERNS POPULATION BY 2035: STANDARD REQUIREMENT AREA AREA 7 000 (Roundup) ALLOCATION REQUIRED 1 facility per x number of people Hectares per Hectares facility EDUCATION Crèche 2000 4 0.3 1.2 Primary school 2700 3 2.8 8.4 Secondary school 8100 1 4.8 4.8 HEALTH Clinic 10000 1 0.2 0.2 SAFETY Police station 25000 1 0.8 0.8 Prison (existing) Fire station 10000 1 1.0 1.0 COMMUNITY Minor library 10000 1 0.2 0.2 Post office 10000 1 0.2 0.2 Minor community hall 10000 1 0.2 0.2 Old age home 10000 1 0.8 0.8 Cemetery RELIGION Church 5000 1 0.3 0.3 PARKS Local park 3000 2 0.3 0.6 Public open space 10000 1 0.1 0.1 Children's play grounds 1000 7 0.04 0.3 SPORT Sports field 1000 7 0.6 4.2 COMMERCIAL Corner shop 2000 4 0.1 0.4 Community shop 10000 1 0.3 0.3 BUSINESS CBD 3m² per person 1.8 INDUSTRIAL 30m² per person 18.0 RESIDENTIAL (see Table 9) 84.0

Total Net area (ha) 127.6

Total area required for roads and services (25% of net area) (ha) 31.9

Total estimated Gross area (ha) 159.5

4.7.2 Planning concept The Malkerns Urban Area should develop according to the vision stated for the area’s sustainable growth and functioning: an agricultural community in transition whereby the agricultural role and function of the town must be protected and the urban growth accommodated accordingly. Therefore the planning concept pertains to the protection of the

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area’s significant agricultural resource while enabling this function by promoting the subsequent recreational and tourism opportunities, and accommodating the social and economic uses in support thereof.

The development concept for the study area provides a central urban area which caters for the social and economic needs, i.e. business, retail, commercial, light industrial, community, religious, educational, health, safety and related uses, while also incorporating recreational public open spaces. The residential uses will be knitted into the core area in support of the study area’s inhabitants. The central activity area can be compared to a heart which pumps blood through the body: the core node supports the agricultural area and enables it to function optimally, without over-extending its capacity.

An example of an urban settlement within an Agricultural context

The development concept identifies the necessity for improved internal connectivity. This is obtained through the extension and addition of roads so that a viable road network can be established to serve the community’s needs. The concept is therefore based on improved service and infrastructure maintenance and delivery, as well as improved connectivity, accessibility, and overall functionality to create a sustainable settlement that can adapt to population growth and area-specific demand.

4.7.3 Spatial Development Plan Before discussing the proposed Spatial Development Plan (SDP) for the Malkerns Urban Area, the following should be emphasised and understood: Agriculture is location based and cannot be duplicated at random. Therefore, the Malkerns Urban Area should be protected as a resource for food production and should not form part of the MR3 urban development corridor. The town’s residential component should mainly be in support of the food production activities within Malkerns and the town should grow and develop within this important role and function.

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The SDP for the Malkerns study area as discussed in the following sub-sections consists of two components, namely: 1. The Malkerns Agricultural Development Plan; and 2. The Malkerns Urban Development Plan.

(a) Malkerns Agricultural Development Plan

This plan indicates the land uses for the agricultural area within the Malkerns Urban Area which consist of zones for agriculture, conservation and forestry, as well as action areas. The plan also shows the mobility network to be established within this Agricultural area so as to make it fully functional and connected (see Figure 27). The components which form the basis for the Agricultural Development Plan include the following:

i) Mobility network: The roads indicated in red are the main roads to be supported by the internal connectors as shown in yellow, as well as the proposed links to establish a functioning road system that will transport people and goods, and provide necessary emergency exit routes.

ii) Agriculture The primary use of this land use zone is for food production and it should be protected as such. The principle which should apply for residential development within the Agricultural Development Area is that residential needs should be accommodated within the Urban Development Area and that only bona fide land owners and emergency staff should be housed in the Agricultural Development Area. Existing residential uses within the Agricultural Development Area should therefore not be further permitted for purposes not related to Agriculture. The level of engineering services to the agricultural area should be limited to suit the agricultural environment.

Food production as a valuable economic activity

The Agricultural Development Area may accommodate appropriate tourism and recreational uses such as guest farms, bed-and-breakfast facilities, backpacker accommodation and outdoor activities.

iii) Conservation and Forestry

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This area should be protected in its current state while its ability to support tourism and recreation should be further researched and explored. iv) Action areas The Plan indicates exiting, proposed and external Action Areas. The internal Action Areas accommodate tourism and recreational activities (i.e. Malandela’s) and assist local production and skills development. The external Action Areas as shown on the plan include the university and a rural service node which needs to be kept in mind when planning Malkerns.

The growth of the internal Action Areas needs to be monitored and managed in order for these areas to add value to the overall potential of the Malkerns Urban Area.

Roadside stalls for locally produced foodstuffs and curios

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Figure 27: Malkerns Agricultural Development Area

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(b) Malkerns Urban Development Plan

This plan indicates the different land uses to be provided within the urbanised Settlement area (Figure 28), as well as the road system to provide sufficient linkages. It also directs the provision of services and infrastructure. The Plan includes the following within the urban settlement area:

- A proposed mobility system (Figure 29); - A proposed open space system (Figure 30); - Proposed broad land uses (Figure 31); and - Proposed residential densities (Figure 32).

Figure 28: Malkerns Urban Development Area

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Figure 29: Malkerns Urban Development Area – Proposed mobility network

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Figure 30: Malkerns Urban Development Area – Proposed open space system

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Figure 31: Malkerns Urban Development Area – Proposed broad land use

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Figure 32: Malkerns Urban Development Area – Proposed residential densities

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(i) Malkerns Urban Development Plan: Proposed mobility system

Refer to Figure 29

The limited road hierarchy in Malkerns Urban Area is debilitating the proper functioning of the town. A system should exist to fulfil different urban functions, as explained below:

Hierarchy of roads Primary function First order (Class 1) National transport function. Second order (Class 2,3) Strong internal transport function with capacity to handle public transport. Third order (Class 4) Provide direct access to different land uses.

Figure 29 shows the proposed road hierarchy with Class 1 roads in blue. Currently these roads give access to certain land uses and in future the situation will be dealt with by providing access from service roads parallel to the main roads. Class 3 roads are indicated in red and must act as collector roads to exit the internal system. Class 4 roads are shown in black and aim to improve the internal connectivity.

A network of access roads which provides access to all land parcels will be developed within the above described road system.

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(ii) Malkerns Urban Development Plan: Proposed open space system

Refer to Figure 30

Seeing as the Malkerns Urban Area does not have natural features such as rivers, ridges, wetlands, etc. open spaces within the urban settlement area have to be created. Therefore, an open space system will be incorporated into the road and stormwater systems. Figure 30 shows the area where these open spaces will be created which will be wider road reserves to create sufficient room for stormwater management whilst acting as lungs through the built environment as depicted in the diagram below.

The proposed “park roads” will therefore become part of the social space of Malkerns where people will move freely and enjoy precedence over vehicles in a natural environment. These “park roads” will also link other important open spaces/parks in the town.

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Parklike roads to augment open space systems

(iii) Malkerns Urban Development Plan: Proposed broad land uses

Refer to Figure 31

The proposed land use pattern as illustrated in Figure 31 aims to knit the existing semi- informal urban structure together to formalise it and to create the opportunity for expansion in a sustainable and supportive manner. The existing land uses are used as points of reference for the future pattern.

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There are two main nodes indicated on the plan: the Agro-industrial node in the north of the urban settlement area, which includes Swazican; and the retail core in the central part of the settlement area, which includes CBD-type activities. The residential development within the urban settlement area should be supportive of these nodes.

Therefore the most informative elements guiding the development concept for Malkerns consist of the following:

- The central retail core; - The industrial (Swazican) node; - The existing residential pockets; and - The MR18 and MR27 main roads.

Table 12 explains the required land uses relating to the different components within the proposed land use make-up of the urban settlement area. Table 11 provides guidelines for the quantative provision of land uses within the Malkerns Urban Area.

Table 12: Land use requirements Urban component Proposed land uses Retail core CBD type uses including shops, offices, motor sales and services, service industries, government functions, financial institutions, educational uses and medical services. Industrial node Non-noxious industrial uses such as manufacturing and food production. Mixed use area Residential, business, social and retail uses combined in a supportive urban environment. Residential areas Dwellings (of different typologies and densities) and appropriate supportive land uses, such as corner shops and social services. Social services nodes Crèche Minor library Old age home Primary school Post office Church Secondary school Minor community hall Clinics

Land which falls within the demarcated urban settlement area and which is not included in the Malkerns Urban Development Plan should remain Agricultural land and be utilised as such for as long as possible. Should the need arise for future development and such development is able to happen within the context of sustainability, the extension of the existing urban development plan should take place as guided by the availability and provision of engineering services.

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(iv) Malkerns Urban Development Plan: Proposed residential densities

Refer to Figure 32

Figure 32 shows the different residential densities to consider in the development of the urban settlement area. It shows that high density residential uses including typical 3-storey walk-ups of up to 150units/ha are supported within the mixed use zones along the main collector roads (MR18 and MR27). Medium density residential of up to 70units/ha can be supported in the area adjacent to the mixed use zones, while low density zones of less than 70units/ha should be accommodated in the areas hugging the medium densities.

4.8 Water reticulation proposals

The provision of water to any development has to follow the same route as any other project, in that it has to go through a series of distinct stages between initial and conceptualisation and the time when the project is completed.

These stages are follows:  Identification and preparation comprise the pre-investment planning stages.  Approval is the stage at which decision-makers, including financiers, determine whether or not a project will become a reality.  Implementation is the stage at which detailed designs are completed and the project facilities are built and commissioned; supporting activities such as staff training are also undertaken.

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 Evaluation, is the final stage, this determines what lessons have been learned so that future projects can be improved.

Water distribution and storage are, in most instances, the most costly parts of a water supply scheme. Hence saving in these areas through good decisions can often result in significant savings for an entire project. The elements of a water distribution and storage system include some or all of the following:  Bulk water transmission systems;  Bulk-storage reservoirs;  Intermediate-storage reservoirs;  Distribution networks; and  Terminal consumer installations.

Water demands are usually based on historical consumption. Where water consumption records are not available, present consumption per capita can be estimated by consultation.

4.8.1 Water Sources Water for human settlements can be obtained from one or more of the following sources:  Springs;  Wells and boreholes;  Rainwater;  Surface water – rivers and dams; and/or  A combination of the above.

The location of Malkerns makes it possible for water extraction to be from surface water and possibly boreholes.

The Department of Water Affairs should be consulted where surface water is used as a source. Surface water sources, such as streams, rivers, lakes, pans and dams, will always contain suspended solids (turbidity) and microbiological pollutants. In addition, the quantity of water that can be abstracted from these sources is dependent upon droughts and floods, unless sufficient storage is available or can be provided. The following aspects should therefore be taken into account when relying on surface water to supply a community:

 The water should be treated for the removal or destruction of pathogenic organisms (e.eg bacteria viruses, protozoa) as well as turbidity.  Where deemed necessary, a back-up source (e.g. a borehole) should be provided for times of shortage and drought, to ensure a minimum supply for domestic use.  A pump station or other water extraction facility should be protected from possible damage by floods or vandalism.

Generally, underground water is of a better quality, in terms of bacteria and suspended solids, than surface sources, and its supply is often more reliable. For these reasons human settlements throughout history have shown a preference for underground water, when available, for domestic water supplies. In all cases, groundwater should be analysed to determine its fitness for human consumption as well as its possible effect on pipe systems.

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When the water table occurs at a great depth and/or in rock formations that do not facilitate the construction of hand-dug wells, a relatively small hole can be drilled using mechanical equipment. With the proper equipment, such boreholes can be sunk to depths of 100m or more, if required. The borehole should be drilled by a reputable drilling Contractor.

The water supply intake may be sited at any point where the surface water can be withdrawn in sufficient quantities. In some situations where the gradient is steep enough, the water to be used may be diverted directly into a canal or pipeline, without the need for pumps. In the case of a small stream or river it may be necessary to construct a weir across the river bed to provide enough depth for intake and to maintain the water level within a fairly narrow range. A weir may be constructed with concrete, cement blocks, or rocks covered with impermeable plastic sheeting. The type of construction selected will depend on economics and on the flood conditions expected.

The river’s or dam’s intake point should be selected to abstract the best quality of water from the source. For example, a float intake (see Figure 33) may be selected to withdraw water just below the surface. This may be desirable as the surface water may be clearer than the water at deeper levels.

Figure 33: Float Intake

Alternatively, an intake placed below the bed of a river (see Figure 34) would result in the water being partially filtered as it passes through the sand of the bed. While this may appear to be the most desirable, it is important to ensure that any such filtered-intake system is firmly fixed in place because, when the river floods, the river bed tends to become unstable.

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Figure 34: Filtered-intake

4.8.2 Water Treatment In many cases, water obtained from a particular source will require some treatment before being distributed for domestic use. Water obtained from boreholes, protected wells, protected springs and harvested rainfall often requires little or no treatment. However, as a precautionary measure and to minimise biological activity in the storage reservoirs and pipelines, even such waters should be chlorinated before distribution. Most surface waters will require treatment, both to remove turbidity and for disinfection. Certain surface waters and groundwaters will require additional treatment for the removal of organic and/or inorganic contaminants. Many groundwaters in southern Africa are highly saline and, unless a suitable alternative source of water can economically be located, they will require partial desalination to make them suitable for domestic use.

Unfortunately, there is no such thing as a universal, simple and reliable water treatment process suitable for small community water supplies. Treatment should be affordable and reliably operated. When treatment is required, this will be determined by the extent of contamination and by the characteristics of the raw water. The emphasis on slow sand filtration is valid for areas where skilled personnel may not be permanently available to operate the plant, where chemical shortages may occur, where space is available at low cost, and where supervision may be irregular. Where sufficient money and skilled operators are available, standard water treatment plants (e.g. chemical flocculation, radial settler, rapid sand filtration and chlorination) have worked well under most circumstances.

Package water treatment plants for smaller communities in rural areas have potential and could fulfil the need for potable water. Attention should, however, be given to operation and maintenance requirements as well as to backup from suppliers.

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4.8.3 Water Storage The purpose of storing water is to meet balancing requirements and cater for emergencies (e.g. firefighting) or planned shut-downs. The balancing volume is required to cater for peak outflows while a constant (or variable) inlet flow is being received.

Where water is obtained from a bulk water supply authority, the storage capacity provided should comply with the requirements of the authority. A storage capacity of 48 hours of annual average daily demand is suggested, although there may be situations where 24 hours will suffice. The standby power source should operate automatically in the event of an electricity supply failure. Caution should be exercised when determining the capacity of reservoirs – too large a reservoir may cause problems associated with stagnant water.

Storage reservoirs may also be required for the following primary purposes: • Water collection from various sources; • To provide contact time for a certain water treatment operation, such as chlorination; and • To provide water to a pump station (booster reservoir).

A reservoir may be either at ground level or elevated. Where the main storage reservoir also serves as the service reservoir (i.e. it supplies water at the required pressure to the farthest point in the area), the reservoir should be located near the centre of the area. In flat areas this may be achieved by constructing an elevated tank at the centre. In undulating areas it will usually be more advantageous to select the highest point for its construction. By locating the tank as close to the centre as possible, distribution pipe costs can be minimised, and a more even distribution of pressure achieved.

Alternatively, the reservoir could be situated between the distribution area and the source of supply, or at the highest point surrounding the distribution area to obviate the need for elevated storage. It is also advisable that, if possible, the difference in elevation of the highest water level in the storage reservoir and the lowest laid pipeline should not be more than 60-70 m. If this difference is greater it may be necessary to provide break-pressure devices in the distribution system.

The provision of intermediate storage can have a number of objectives, the most important of which are: • a reduction in the sizes of the main distribution pipes, by reducing the peak-flow demand of these mains; • a reduction in pipeline pressures; • a reduction of the impact of supply breakdowns; • a division of the supply into smaller subsections which can be more easily managed by community organisations; and • a reduction in the size of the main storage reservoir, in terms of both balancing storage and emergency storage.

The provision of intermediate storage will usually be economically feasible only in areas where the topography is steep enough to obviate the need for elevated storage, or where

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undulating topography dictates the need for different pressure systems for different sections of the community.

4.8.4 Water Transmission Pipelines are the most common means of transmitting water, but canals, aqueducts and tunnels may also be used. Water transmission conduits usually require considerable capital investment and therefore all technical options with their associated costs should be carefully evaluated when selecting the best solution in each particular case.

Pipelines will usually mean minimum water losses, and also imply the shortest transmission distance. However, pipeline costs may be considerable and the option of canals for the transportation of non-potable water could be considered. Canals will result in higher losses, longer transmission distances, and the possibility of deterioration in water quality due to algal growth. However, the lower costs and the option of labour intensive construction may make this option more attractive. Designers should also take into account the habits and lifestyle (keeping of livestock) of those communities where canal systems for water supply are considered.

Water can be transported either by gravity or pumping, or a combination of these. Clearly, the preferred choice will always be a gravity supply. Aqueducts and tunnels should only be used in special circumstances. However, physical or economic constraints may limit the options and necessitate a pumping component. Canals may be used to transport large volumes of water over long distances. They should be lined (usually with concrete) and inspected regularly for cracks and leaks in the joints. The growth of algae may need to be addressed by shock chlorination from time to time. Canals should only be used for transporting non-potable water.

4.8.5 Malkerns Planning It is proposed that the level of service for this development consists of a metered water connection to each house/unit/commercial stand. The corresponding sanitation system is a waterborne sewerage system. The proposed network should ideally be a ring feed. This will allow for maintenance with the least disturbances to the supply area.

The Malkerns canal draws water off the Usuthu River and is permitted to draw 2.4 m3/sec with a maximum of 50% of the flow of the Usuthu River. The Usuthu River in winter regularly drops below 2.4 m3/sec, it is therefore necessary for the users to be rationed. The canal’s present carrying capacity is 1.54 m3/sec. Present rehabilitation of structures make provision for a flow rate of 2.1 m3/sec can only be achieved after the canal is widened and lined. The canal is presently an earth trench.

Accepting the projected population of 7000 as discussed in Section 4.6 (Preferred Growth Scenario), it is estimated that 3.5Ml reservoir is required with 24 hours capacity or 6.5Ml for 48 hours capacity. Further studies at preliminary design would be required to determine the available water flows during extraction. Considering Option 2 (A rural town in support of the

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urban corridor) as mentioned in the SWOT analysis, a reservoir of 24 hours storage should be sufficient. This reservoir could be constructed in stages based on the demands.

The option to keep the exiting water treatment plant and expand the plant for future demand could be a possibility. The challenge will be to pump the water to the reservoir that will be needed to be located on higher elevation.

4.9 Sewer network

As in the case of water supply, the provision of sanitation to a community should take place in terms of the relevant Water Services Development Plan. A Water Services Development Plan (which should, of course, be compiled) defines the minimum level of sanitation as well as the desired level of sanitation for communities that must be adhered to by a Water Services Provider in its area of jurisdiction. It should describe the arrangements for water services provision in an area, both present and future.

The provision of appropriate sanitation to a community should take place and major aims are as follows: • to improve the health and quality of life of the whole population; • to integrate the development of a community in the provision of sanitation; • to protect the environment; and • to place the responsibility for household sanitation provision with the family or household.

The minimum acceptance basic level of sanitation is: • appropriate health and hygiene awareness and behaviour; • a system for disposing of human excreta, household wastewater and refuse, which is acceptable and affordable to the users, safe, hygienic and easily accessible, and which does not have an unacceptable impact on the environment; and • a toilet facility for each household.

The main components of a hygiene-promotion and education strategy in a project should include the following: • motivation and community mobilization; • communication and community participation; • user education (operation and maintenance); • skills training and knowledge transfer; • development of messages; • presentation of messages; and • maintenance of good practice.

The following should be implemented during the projects’ stages to ensure that water supply and sanitation projects have a positive impact on the quality of life and level of hygiene in communities: • Development and structuring of a strategic plan for the implementation of hygiene promotion and education in water and sanitation projects.

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• Liaison with other programmes/projects active in the health and hygiene field. • Informing and training local government structures, environmental health officers (EHOs), non-governmental organisations (NGOs), community-based organization and consultants. • Monitoring and evaluating the implementation of hygiene in water and sanitation projects. • Disseminating information regarding hygiene in water and sanitation projects.

Before a sanitation system is selected, the available options should be examined. This section describes the various systems and factors that could influence the selection. Detailed design information is not included in the chapter. Instead, reference is made to various publications in which all the required information may be found. Some general background information on the different sanitation technologies is, however, included.

4.9.1 Sanitation system There are two ways to handle human waste. It can either be treated on site before disposal, or removed from the site and treated elsewhere. In either case, the waste may be mixed with water or it may not. On this basis the following four groups may be distinguished:  Group 1: No water added – requiring conveyance  Group 2: No water added – no conveyance  Group 3: Water added – requiring conveyance  Group 4: Water added – no conveyance

The professional responsibility in design remains with the engineer, and guidelines should never be regarded as prescriptive. Most local authorities have their own requirements and preferences on technical detail, such as pipe slopes, manhole details, materials, and so on. These are based on their particular experiences and new designs should therefore be discussed with the relevant controlling authority.

Designers should not assume that sewer systems will always be properly maintained, and allowance should be made for this. The hydraulic design of the sewers should be done according to acceptance minimum and maximum velocities in the pipeline. A number of pipe manufacturers have design charts available in their product manuals and these can be used in the absence of other guidelines.

The primary reason for installing a sanitation system in a community is to assist in the maintenance of health and should be seen as only one aspect of a total health programme. The choice of a sanitation system by a community will be influenced by several factors, such as the following: • The system should not be beyond the technological ability of the community insofar as operation and maintenance are concerned. • The system should not be beyond the community’s ability to meet the capital as well as the maintenance costs. • The system should take into account the level of water supply provided, and possible problems with sullage (greywater) management.

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• The likelihood of future upgrading should be considered, particularly the level of service of the water-supply system. • The system should operate well despite misuse by inexperienced users. • In a developing area the system should require as little maintenance as possible • The system chosen should take into account the training that the can be given to the community, from an operating and maintenance point of view. • The system should be appropriate for the soil conditions. • The community should be involved to the fullest extent possible in the choice of appropriate system. • To foster a spirit of real involvement and ownership, the community should be trained to do as much as possible of the development work themselves. • Local customs should be carefully considered. • The local authority should be the institutional structure necessary for the operation and maintenance of the system. • The existing housing layout, if there is one, should not make the chosen system difficult to construct, maintain or operate. • Environmental factors should be considered: surface pollution, possible groundwater contamination, etc.

Group 3 will be described below (treatment at a central works). The level of service consists of a full waterborne sewerage system to each unit. The proposed network should ideally be a gravity system. This is an expensive option and requires ongoing maintenance of the toilet installation, the sewer reticulation and the treatment works, and the recipient community should be informed accordingly. The system requires a water supply connection to each property. The water is used to flush the excreta from the toilet pan and into the sewer, as well as to maintain a water seal in the pan. The excreta are conveyed by the water, in underground pipes, to a treatment works that may be a considerable distance from the source.

The treatment works must be able to handle the high volume of liquid required to convey the excreta. The quantity of water required (usually 6-10 litres per flush) can be reduced by using low-flush pans designed to flush efficiently with as little as three litres. Research has indicated that the operation of the sewer system is not adversely affected by low volume flush toilets. Flush volumes of 8-9 litres are normally used, however. In an area where water is costly or scarce, it may be counter-productive to purify water only to pollute it by conveying excreta to a treatment and disposal facility.

Factors to consider before choosing this option are the following: • The system is expensive to install, operate and maintain. • The system can be designed and installed only by trained professionals. • The treatment works must be operated and maintained properly if pollution of waterways is to be avoided. • The system requires large amounts of water to operate effectively and reliably. • The system is hygienic and free of flies and odours, provided that it is properly operated and maintained. • A high level of user convenience is obtained.

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• The system should be regarded as a permanent sanitation system. • The toilet can be placed indoors. • This system can be used in high-density areas. • An adequate, uninterrupted supply of water.

4.9.2 Wastewater Treatment Off-site wastewater treatment is considered a specialized subject and, except for some general comments on pond systems and package purification units, fall outside the scope of this document. Where the introduction of a treatment works is considered, specialist consultants should be involved. The quality of effluent emanating from a wastewater treatment works is prescribed by legislation and has to meet licensing requirements.

Although pond systems are regarded as treatment plants, the effluent does not normally meet acceptable effluent standards. Pond effluents have therefore to be irrigated. A pond system is regarded as a wastewater treatment work. The use of package purification units is dependent on factors similar to those mentioned above, but the operation costs involved when opting for package purification plants should be carefully considered. It is not a preferred option.

The location of any wastewater treatment plant should be as far as practical from dwellings, public places and any sites which will possibly be built on within the life of the plant. There should also be sufficient land set aside to allow for any future alterations and additions/extensions so that no offensive odours are detected at the property boundary.

Buffer distances are established where surrounding terrain or prevailing wind will affect the dispersion or spread of odours. Sewage pump stations should be located as far as practicable from present or proposed built-up residential areas, and an all-weather road should be provided. Noise control, odour control, and station architectural design should be taken into consideration. Sites for stations shall be of sufficient size for future expansion or addition, if applicable.

The wastewater pumping stations and treatment plants should be protected against flooding. Every treatment plant must be so positioned that it is not subject to flooding or is otherwise protected from flooding and has all weather road access. The treatment process units should be located at an elevation higher than the 100-year flood level or otherwise be adequately protected against 100-year flood damage. Newly constructed plants should remain fully operational during a 100-year flood event.

Disposal of Treated Effluent into Water Courses and Rivers shall comply in all respects with the requirements of the DWA.

4.9.3 Malkerns Planning Taking the planning proposals in Section 4.6 into consideration and a total population of 7000 people, it is estimated that 7Ml Wastewater Treatment Plant is required. The Treatment Plant could be constructed in stages based on the demands.

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The ideal location would be for the WWTP would be closer to the river at the lower levels. This will reduce the requirements for pumps stations.

4.10 Telecommunications

The Swaziland Posts and Telecommunications Corporation (SPTC) was established in 1986 under Act No. 11 of 1983 and its parent is the Ministry of Information and Communications Technology (ICT). The organization is made up of two business units, SwaziTelecom and SwaziPost. The Corporation doubles up as the national regulator of communications. Although growth in ICT is not huge especially with regards to fixed line network, the penetration is impressive and there is access to the Internet via both networks

4.10.1 Fixed Network The SPTC switching and transmission networks are 100% digital and supported by a countrywide optical fibre network with self-healing capabilities via national rings. Backup is also provided via microwave radio networks. The fibre network has drop/insert facilities to deliver services to the communities through which it traverses along the major routes. The network can support Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDN) up to 128 Kilobits per second (Kbps). Fixed line connections are currently 75 000 giving us a 7.5 % teledensity. There is a single International Gateway linking Swaziland to the UK and the USA via satellite and to the Republic of South Africa (RSA) and Mozambique via terrestrial microwave radio and optical fibre.

Data communication is enabled via a managed leased line network and data rates of up to 8 Megabits per second (Mbps) can be supported although the commonly utilised rate is 512 Kbps. An ADSL network also exists and can support rates of upto 2048Kbps. There is also in existence an Internet Protocol (IP) Gateway with international bandwidth of 512 Megabits per second

Consistent with its mission to improve service delivery, as early as 2008 the Corporation embarked on the implementation of the medium to long term strategic plan, which sought to transform the SPTC fixed network, which was already 100% digital and supported by optical fiber country wide, to the Next Generation Networks (NGN). The Corporation’s technological transformation is founded on an evolution that should take it from a voice services dependent entity to one that offers mobility, broadband and managed data services.

Key components of the NGN project include the following: • Wireless Connectivity, Radio Services and full Mobility (deployment of which is held back by agreements the corporation has with the current mobile provider). • A Soft-switch with redundancy providing fixed and mobile services • An Intelligent Network (IN) Platform providing Pre-paid services

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Since 2010, SPTC has extended and upgraded the telecommunications infrastructure to the borders with Swaziland neighbours (Mozambique and South Africa) by providing cross border links at Lomahasha, Lavumisa and Mahamba. This was meant to:- • Achieve the objectives of regional integration, and provide alternative routes to the ones existing currently • Enable Swaziland, through SPTC, to tap to the undersea optic fibre cables for purposes of accessing more affordable international bandwidth to improve the internet service. • Improve cross-border trade.

4.10.2 Mobile Communications • Swazi MTN was awarded an exclusive GSM mobile network licence in 1998, which exclusivity expired in 2008. • Swazi MTN is a joint venture between the state owned SPTC (51%), MTN International (30%) and Swaziland Empowerment Limited (19%). Swazi MTN has built an extensive infrastructure that includes a network of over 200 base stations across the nation to provide connectivity in the ragged terrain of the country. This gives a geographic coverage of over 90% and population coverage of over 93%. Currently Swazi MTN operates on GSM, 2.5G technology and has recently also been granted a UMTS 3G license which has enriched the mobile services experience for users by providing higher speed access for data. • There are currently over 700 000 subscribers connected to the mobile network representing a teledensity of over 70%. Data connectivity is available via the GPRS, EDGE and 3G. Internet services are available to all subscribers to the network. • New developments include international roaming for pay-as-you-go (prepaid) customers which is available in the countries where sister MTN companies exist and a few others partners outside the MTN family, but of course the list will continue to grow with time. Another new development is the introduction of mobile money transfer (MMT). The major focus for network expansion is in the rural areas since there is almost total coverage in the urban areas, the goal being 100% coverage of the country

4.10.3 Environmental and technical aspects Important factors to consider are: • The position of the site in relation to existing settlements; • existing supplementary services (type, availability, reliability, accessibility, cost, etc) such as water supply, roads, energy sources and sanitation schemes; • environmental problems such as sullage removal, stormwater drainage, refuse removal, transport routes; • site conditions such as topography, geology (soil stability, rockiness, permeability, etc); • groundwater data, such as availability, quality and use; • prevailing climatic conditions such as rainfall, temperature and wind; • type and quantity of local building materials that may be suitable;

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• existing building centres supplying building materials and equipment (type of materials and equipment, availability, quality and cost); and • the need for, and existence of, appropriate building regulations and by-laws.

4.11 Electrical network

The drawing in Appendix B indicates the proposed broad land use for Malkerns Town. The implementation shall be done in phases, with the projected increase in electrical consumption.

Appendix C contains the three scenarios’ that cater for different projected population growth in the Malkerns Town over the next twenty-five years.

Table 1 indicates the rounded figure of a population of 6000 inhabitants by 2035 that illustrates the best option, while Table 2 indicates a summary of the Scenario’s population growths regarding residential property.

It can be seen from the Table in Appendix D that electrical consumption is projected to increase from an estimated current demand of 3.2MVA to an approximate demand of 8MVA. This excludes current and future land uses such as industry, regional parks, and extensive land uses, as they are resource/site specific and should be planned as such, over and above the land provided for the tabled land uses.

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Table 13: Electrical load requirement for a population of 7000 people in Malkerns by 2035

2015 - 2025 - * land uses such as industry, regional parks, and extensive land uses were not Scenario 1 2015 2025 2035 included, as they are resource/site specific and should be planned as such, over and Population 4050 4700 5455 above the land provided for the above tabled land uses. Pop. growth rate (%) 1.5 1.5 Time interval (years) 10 10

MALKERNS MALKERNS

POPULATION 4700 POPULATION 5455 kVA kVA

2015-2025: 2025-2035:

STANDARD STANDARD

REQUIREMENT REQUIREMENT

AREA REQUIRED AREA REQUIRED AREA

AREA ALLOCATION AREA ALLOCATION AREA

LoadRequirements in LoadRequirements in

Hectare 1 facility per x Hectares 1 facility per x s per Hectar number of per Hectar

number of people facility es people facility es 200 Crèche 2000 2 0.3 0.7 30.0 Crèche 0 3 0.3 0.8 50.0 Primary Primary 270 School 2700 2 2.8 4.9 200.0 School 0 2 2.8 5.7 200.0 Second EDUCATION Secondary EDUCATION ary 810 School 8100 1 4.8 2.8 150.0 School 0 1 4.8 3.2 150.0 300 College 30000 0 10.0 1.6 0.0 College 00 0 10.0 1.8 0.0 Universi University ty 100 HEALTH Clinic 10000 0 0.2 0.1 0.0 HEALTH Clinic 00 1 0.2 0.1 25.0 Hospice Hospice

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(HIV) (HIV) Day Day Hospita 500 Hospital 50000 0 1.0 0.1 0.0 l 00 0 1.0 0.1 0.0 Gov. Gov. Hospita 100 Hospital 100000 0 2.0 0.1 0.0 l 000 0 2.0 0.1 0.0 Police Police 250 Station 25000 0 0.8 0.1 0.0 Station 00 0 0.8 0.2 0.0 SAFETY Prison SAFETY Prison Fire Fire Station Station Minor Minor 100 Library 10000 0 0.2 0.1 0.0 Library 00 1 0.2 0.1 25.0 Major Major 600 COMMUNITY COMMUNITY Library 60000 0 0.9 0.1 0.0 Library 00 0 0.9 0.1 0.0 Post 100 Post Office 10000 0 0.2 0.1 0.0 Office 00 1 0.2 0.1 25.0 Minor Minor Commu 250 seats 250 seats Communit nity 100 y Hall 10000 0 0.2 0.1 0.0 Hall 00 1 0.2 0.1 0.0 Interme Intermedi diate 500 seats ate 500 seats Commu Communit nity 220 y Hall 22000 0 0.5 0.1 0.0 Hall 00 0 0.5 0.1 0.0 Major Major Commu 1000 seats 1000 seats Communit nity 600 y Hall 60000 0 1.0 0.1 0.0 Hall 00 0 1.0 0.1 0.0 Old Age Old Age 100 Home 10000 0 0.8 0.4 0.0 Home 00 1 0.8 0.4 150.0 Cemete Cemetery ry

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500 RELIGION RELIGION Church 5000 1 0.3 0.2 16.0 Church 0 1 0.3 0.3 16.0 Local 300 Local Park 3000 2 0.3 0.5 5.0 Park 0 2 0.3 0.5 5.0 Neighb Neighbour ourhoo 150 hood Park 15000 0 1.0 0.3 0.0 d Park 00 0 1.0 0.4 0.0 Commu Communit nity 600 y Park 60000 0 5.0 0.4 0.0 Park 00 0 5.0 0.5 0.0 PARKS PARKS Regional Regiona 120 Park 120000 0 0.0 0.0 l Park 000 0 0.0 0.0 Public Public Open Open 100 Space 10000 0 0.1 0.0 0.0 Space 00 1 0.1 0.1 5.0 Children's Childre play n's play 100 grounds 1000 5 0.0 0.2 10.0 grounds 0 5 0.0 0.2 10.0 Sports Sports 100 SPORT SPORT field 1000 5 0.6 250.0 field 0 5 0.6 250.0 Corner Corner 200 Shop 2000 2 0.1 0.2 6.0 Shop 0 3 0.1 0.2 20.0 Commu Communit nity 100 y Shop 10000 0 0.3 0.1 0.0 Shop 00 1 0.3 0.1 25.0 Regiona COMMERCIAL COMMERCIAL l Regional Shoppi Shopping ng Centre Centre 100 000 CBD 1000000 0.0 500.0 2.4 0.0 CBD 0 0.0 500.0 2.7 0.0

Scenari 2015 2015 - 2025 - * land uses such as industry, regional parks, and extensive land uses were not

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o 2 2025 2035 included, as they are resource/site specific and should be planned as such, over Population 4050 5443 6317 and above the land provided for the above tabled land uses. Pop. growth rate (%) 3 1.5 Time interval (years) 10 10

Load Load MALKERNS STAN AREA AREA MALKERNS AREA AREA REQUIRE Require STAND REQUIRE Require POPULATION 5443 DAR ALLOCAT REQUI POPULATION 6317 ALLOCA REQUI MENT ments in ARD MENT ments in 2015-2025: D ION RED 2025-2035: TION RED kVA kVA Hectares Hectares 1 facility per x per Hecta 1 facility per x per Hectar

number of people facility res number of people facility es Crèche 2000 3 0.3 0.8 50.0 Crèche 2000 3 0.3 0.9 50.0 Primary Primary School 2700 2 2.8 5.6 200.0 School 2700 2 2.8 6.6 200.0 Secondary Secondar EDUCATION School 8100 1 4.8 3.2 150.0 EDUCATION y School 8100 1 4.8 3.7 150.0 3000 College 0 0 10.0 1.8 0.0 College 30000 0 10.0 2.1 0.0 Universit University y 1000 Clinic 0 1 0.2 0.1 25.0 Clinic 10000 1 0.2 0.1 25.0 Hospice Hospice (HIV) (HIV) HEALTH HEALTH Day 5000 Day Hospital 0 0 1.0 0.1 0.0 Hospital 50000 0 1.0 0.1 0.0 Gov. 1000 Gov. Hospital 00 0 2.0 0.1 0.0 Hospital 100000 0 2.0 0.1 0.0 Police 2500 Police Station 0 0 0.8 0.2 0.0 Station 25000 0 0.8 0.2 0.0 SAFETY Prison SAFETY Prison Fire Fire Station Station

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Minor 1000 Minor Library 0 1 0.2 0.1 25.0 Library 10000 1 0.2 0.1 25.0 Major 6000 Major COMMUNITY COMMUNITY Library 0 0 0.9 0.1 0.0 Library 60000 0 0.9 0.1 0.0 1000 Post Post Office 0 1 0.2 0.1 25.0 Office 10000 1 0.2 0.1 25.0 Minor Minor 250 seats Community 1000 250 seats Communi Hall 0 1 0.2 0.1 0.0 ty Hall 10000 1 0.2 0.1 25.0 Intermediat Intermedi e ate 500 seats 500 seats Community 2200 Communi Hall 0 0 0.5 0.1 0.0 ty Hall 22000 0 0.5 0.1 0.0 Major Major 1000 seats Community 6000 1000 seats Communi Hall 0 0 1.0 0.1 0.0 ty Hall 60000 0 1.0 0.1 0.0 Old Age 1000 Old Age Home 0 1 0.8 0.4 150.0 Home 10000 1 0.8 0.5 150.0 Cemetery Cemetery

RELIGION Church 5000 1 0.3 0.3 16.0 RELIGION Church 5000 1 0.3 0.3 16.0 Local Local Park 3000 2 0.3 0.5 10.0 Park 3000 2 0.3 0.6 10.0 Neighbou Neighbourh 1500 rhood ood Park 0 0 1.0 0.4 0.0 Park 15000 0 1.0 0.4 0.0 Community 6000 Communi Park 0 0 5.0 0.5 0.0 ty Park 60000 0 5.0 0.5 0.0 PARKS Regional 1200 PARKS Regional Park 00 0 0.0 0.0 Park 120000 0 0.0 0.0 Public Public Open 1000 Open Space 0 1 0.1 0.1 5.0 Space 10000 1 0.1 0.1 5.0 Children's Children's play play grounds 1000 5 0.0 0.2 10.0 grounds 1000 6 0.0 0.3 10.0

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Sports SPORT SPORT Sports field 1000 5 0.6 250.0 field 1000 6 0.6 300.0 Corner Corner Shop 2000 3 0.1 0.2 20.0 Shop 2000 3 0.1 0.3 20.0 Community 1000 Communi Shop 0 1 0.3 0.1 25.0 ty Shop 10000 1 0.3 0.2 25.0 COMMERCIAL Regional COMMERCIAL Regional Shopping Shopping Centre Centre 1000 CBD 000 0.0 500.0 2.7 0.0 CBD 1000000 0.0 500.0 3.2 0.0

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4.12 Storm water management

4.12.1 Stormwater Management Development is a process of growth and change, which implies improvement. Any development will therefore affect its environment in some way or the other. We consider the building of roads, the erection of buildings and the general improvement of factors that cause inconvenience - like the drainage of stormwater - as development. However, this development may significantly change the hydraulic properties of an area.

Typically, pervious layers are rendered less permeable or even more impermeable. Depressions are raised to prevent ponding. Surfaces and conduits are constructed to drain runoff more efficiently. Natural vegetation is often removed, allowing reduced interception and transpiration. Limited vegetation cover exposes the soil to the impact of rain, which may lead to increased erosion. Natural meandering watercourses may be canalised to more effectively route flows through the development.

Stormwater management is the science of limiting these negative impacts on the environment and enhancing the positive impact, or catering for the hydraulic needs of a development while minimising the associated negative environment impacts.

A stormwater master drainage plan should be contemplated on a catchment-wide basis, irrespective of urban and man-made boundaries. The full environmental impact of the stormwater on that catchment must be investigated and is the responsibility of the local authority. In analysing stormwater drainage, consideration may need to be given to the use open spaces like sparks, sports fields and transport circulation routes.

4.12.2 Sustainable alternatives for stormwater The implementation of sustainable water management through sustainable drainage systems and rainwater harvesting is becoming more common in an effort to use and manage water sustainably. The philosophy of Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) is to mimic as closely as possible the natural drainage from a site before development and to treat runoff to remove pollutants. SUDS provide a flexible approach to drainage, with a wide range of components from soak ways to large-scale basins or ponds. The individual techniques should be used in a management train that reinforces and, where possible, follows the natural pattern of drainage. The management train incorporates a hierarchy of techniques. These are:

 Prevention – the use of good site design and housekeeping measures on individual sites to prevent runoff and pollution (examples include minimising paved areas and the use of sweeping to remove surface dust from car parks).

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 Source control – control of runoff at or very near its source (such as the use of rainwater harvesting, pervious pavements, green roofs or soakaways for individual houses).  Site control – management of water from several sub-catchments (including routeing water from roofs and car parks to one large soakaway or infiltration basin for the whole site).  Regional control – management of runoff from several sites, typically in a detention pond or wetland. Adopting a holistic approach towards surface water drainage provides the benefits of combined water quality and quantity control, as well as increased amenity value. This is accomplished by managing the increased flows and pollution from surface water runoff that can arise from development. Ideally, the system should utilise a management train and should achieve equal standing in all three of these areas. However, specific site considerations may mean that a balance of benefits is not always achieved.

Ideally, a holistic approach should be used in designing SUDS so that they are operated collectively rather than as a series of isolated drainage devices. Within the philosophy of the surface water management train each component adds to the performance of the whole drainage system.

The following are the most popular SUDS components summarised and should not be regarded as comprehensive:  Preventative measures: The first stage of the SUDS approach to prevent or reduce pollution and runoff quantities. This may include good housekeeping, to prevent spills and leaks, storage in water butts, rainwater harvesting systems, and alternative roofs (ie green and brown roofs).  Pervious surfaces: Surfaces that allow inflow of rainwater into the underlying construction or soil. Green roofs Vegetated roofs that reduce the volume and rate of runoff and remove pollution.  Filter drains: Linear drains consisting of trenches filled with a permeable material, often with a perforated pipe in the base of the trench to assist drainage, to store and conduct water; they may also permit infiltration.  Filter strips: Vegetated areas of gently sloping ground designed to drain water evenly off impermeable areas and to filter out silt and other particulates.  Swales: Shallow vegetated channels that conduct and retain water, and may also permit infiltration; the vegetation filters particulate matter.  Basins, ponds and wetland Areas that may be utilised for surface runoff storage. Infiltration devices Sub-surface structures to promote the infiltration of surface water to ground. They can be trenches, basins or soakaways.  Bio retention areas Vegetated areas designed to collect and treat water before discharge via a piped system or infiltration to the ground.  Filters Engineered: sand filters designed to remove pollutants from runoff.

Pipes and accessories: A series of conduits and their accessories normally laid underground that convey surface water to a suitable location for treatment and/or disposal. (Although

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sustainable, these techniques should be considered where other SUDS techniques are not practicable).

4.13 Waste disposal

Solid waste disposal in countries across Africa poses a huge problem. Unfortunately, environmental damage from solid waste is increasing at an alarming rate. To address this issue in its own small landlocked country, Swaziland created The National Solid Waste Management Strategy. The National Solid Waste Management Strategy (NSWMS) was compiled by the Ministry of Tourism, Environment and Communication in consultation with a wide range of stakeholders, including government at all levels, business and industry, as well as non-governmental organisations.

The National Solid Waste Management Strategy for Swaziland represents a long term plan (up to 2015) for addressing key issues, needs and problems experienced with waste management in Swaziland. The strategy attempts to give effect to the National Environmental Policy, National Environmental Management Act and the Waste Regulations 2000. The focus of the strategy is to move towards a holistic approach in waste management, in line with internationally accepted principles but taking into account the specific context of Swaziland regarding the institutional and legal framework as well as geographical and resource constraints. Integrated waste management thus represents a move away from waste management through impact management and remediation to a proactive management system which focuses on waste prevention and minimisation.

This National Solid Waste Management Strategy (NSWMS) for Swaziland sets out the following vision for the Kingdom: "…to develop, implement and maintain an integrated waste management system that will reduce the adverse impact of all forms of solid waste, so that social and economic development in Swaziland, the health of its people and the quality of its environment and its resources benefit."

Furthermore a Waste Information System (WIS) for Swaziland has been developed. The objective of the system is to enable the Swaziland Environmental Authority to:  Monitor trends in waste amounts;  Do proper waste management planning;  Deliver information on waste for the State of the Environment Report;  Do international reporting; and  Conduct well-informed policy making regarding waste.

As the reporting ability for the different data sources varies greatly the WIS has been designed to cope with a dynamic waste classification system that allows for gradual data quality improvement. The system allows for calculation of waste statistics on any level of waste classification, based on information on mixed levels of classification. Collection of data on waste is by resources limited to the more populated areas. Information on waste in more remote areas can therefore be added to the WIS through the use of unit numbers.

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Development of the system has focused on ease of use combined with optimum effect of the resources put into operation of the WIS.

Waste produced by any urban community may, if left uncontrolled, not only be an aesthetic problem, but also pose serious health risks. This can be aggravated if hazardous material is present in the waste. It is therefore important that waste is collected from all sources as efficiently as possible, and disposed of in controlled disposal facilities. In the context of urban development, waste management at landfill sites is considered a bulk service and will not be discussed in any detail. As there is a number of existing disposal facilities in operation, it is necessary to understand the importance of proper disposal and the influence of landfill sites on the service provided and the community as a whole. The level of service is dependent on financial inputs and can therefore vary.

There is, however, a basic level of waste management that needs to be provided to all communities. These guidelines should assist authorities to achieve this basic level and also provide some information to enable standards to be upgraded.

4.13.1 Waste Categories Waste by definition can be described as any matter whether gaseous, liquid or solid - originating from any residential, commercial or industrial area, which is superfluous to requirements and has no further intrinsic or commercial value.

 Domestic and household waste comes mainly from residential areas and may include foodstuffs, garden waste, old clothing, packaging materials such as glass, paper and cardboard, plastics, and, in certain cases, ash.  Business and commercial waste from offices, stores, and schools consists mainly of packaging materials such as glass, paper and plastics, cans, etc. with a limited quantity of foodstuffs emanating from hotels and restaurants. Where smaller industries are dispersed among normal commercial operations, regular monitoring is necessary to identify the need for special collection and disposal procedures.  Sanitary waste, although not considered part of the general waste stream, if no proper sanitation system exists arrangements for the controlled removal and disposal of sanitary waste must be provided.  Non-hazardous industrial waste (excluding mining waste) generally consists of a combination of commercial waste and discarded metal, timber, plastic and textile offcuts. With the majority of industries placed within municipal boundaries, careful identification of these wastes to ensure that proper disposal procedures are followed is important, particularly where chemical processing is apparent.  Construction waste generally consists of inert materials such as rubble and bulky construction debris. If mixed with household waste it attracts rodents, which can constitute a health risk, but it is generally considered more of an aesthetic problem. Removal of this material can in some instances require specialized equipment.  Hospital and medical waste from hospitals is generally separated at source. The general component is collected with normal domestic refuse. The medical component, consisting of body tissue, discarded syringes, swabs and contaminated

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material, is normally incinerated on site or collected by specialist private concerns. With smaller clinics and doctors’ rooms, where the risk of accidents is no less, special arrangements for the collection and disposal of contaminated waste are essential. Mini incinerators are also commercially available.  Hazardous and toxic waste - due to the complexity of identifying the proper handling and disposal procedures, hazardous and toxic waste is generally the domain of specialist operators. It is, however, important that industries producing hazardous and toxic substances are identified and monitored to ensure that proper procedures are followed.  Inadequate on-site storage and collection systems account for the bulk of illegally dumped refuse in a large percentage of developing communities. The method of on- site storage thus has a significant effect on the collection system to be implemented (see Figure 35). It is important to plan and decide on the appropriate means of on- site storage in conjunction with transport options before implementing any system.

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Figure 35: Waste storage

4.13.2 Waste Collection Local authorities are responsible for ensuring that a service is provided to the communities they serve. Collection can be done by the local authority, a conventional contractor, or an emerging entrepreneur. Several factors therefore need to be considered when selecting the appropriate waste management approach for a particular community, all of which will influence the waste handling and disposal options. These factors include:

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 Affordability: - Capital and operational costs; - Level of income within the community; and - Grants or subsidies available.  Accessibility: - Road infrastructure and conditions.  Level of education: - Literacy and awareness of the community to understand the principles of waste management.  On-site storage facilities: - Availability and suitability; and - Composition and volume of the waste.  Potential benefits: - Clean and healthy environment; and - Job creation and upliftment.  Available facilities and infrastructure: - Appropriate vehicles; and - Available expertise.  Distance to disposal site: - Transfer facility requirements.  Pollution potential: - Blocked sewers and stormwater canals; and - Illegal dumping and littering.

4.13.3 Sustainable alternatives for waste management Local Authorities are in a unique position to encourage the kind of lifestyle choices that will promote sustainable living. They can achieve this by taking into account economic, social and natural environmental factors in their decisions and the activities that they undertake. Our constitution embodies the principle that all citizens have the right to live in an environment that is not detrimental to their health and well-being - municipal councillors and officials have a legal duty to make choices that will ensure that the areas under their control do not become degraded or polluted. The way that a municipality controls and manages the waste that is generated within its boundaries has a significant effect on the quality of life of its residents.

When we produce waste it eventually returns to the natural environment - to land, water or the air, and if it is not properly managed it causes pollution which can be easily transferred from one part of the environment to another, e.g. uncontrolled burning of waste results in air pollution. The environment that receives the waste must be able to assimilate it (take it up) without becoming degraded or polluted.

Waste must be managed in a way that does not have an adverse effect on the environment, and that is affordable, acceptable and as convenient as possible to the people who might be affected by it.

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(a) Waste Management Policy

While government departments and agencies have the responsibility of setting policy and specific targets for waste reduction and recycling, Local Authorities are responsible for general waste management planning, and the development of by-laws which include economic incentives to support waste minimisation and recycling in their areas. . Recycling is at this stage entirely voluntary and not associated with any incentives or rewards from the Government.

The four R’s to consider are:  Reduce;  Reuse;  Recycle; and  Repair.

(b) Recycling

Although initially recycling may in economic terms cost more than landfilling, one needs to consider long-term strategic goals (and strategic planning) when one is deciding on what route to follow for waste minimisation, recycling and disposal. Recycling can be cost-effective if established along accepted business lines. If recycling is unsuitable for a particular area due to, for example, the high costs of transporting the recyclables to market, or the low income base of the community, which means that little packaging waste such as cardboard or plastic is generated) re-use or composting need to be considered.

Most of the current collection initiatives have been developed on an ad hoc basis and funded by the private sector in partnership with communities, with major financial inputs from the Local Authority. Anyone - young or old, disadvantaged or advantaged, government official or private citizen - can become a collector of recyclables to exchange for cash.

Some recycling initiative options:  Charities, community groups and schools;  Recycling centres;  Separation at source;  Sorting from the mixed waste stream; and  Salvaging on landfill sites.

At present the local recycling industry is not subsidised in the same way as it is in some overseas countries that have economic instruments such as green taxes and government grants. Recycling is a competitive business where prices paid for recyclables are subject to the fluctuations of the market, and supply and demand. If there is no market for the collected recyclables or if the public are not prepared to buy items made from recycled material, recycling in South Africa will ultimately fail. Many unemployed people in the informal sector rely on the collection and sale of recyclables to earn a basic wage. It is important to critically evaluate any proposed recycling scheme before an extensive and

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expensive programme is embarked on. Recycling cannot be viewed as a quick and easy way to make money. Municipalities’ motivation for recycling should not be solely to make money out of the resale of the recyclable items, but rather to save money by conserving landfill airspace and by reducing collection and disposal site operation costs due to handling reduced volumes.

The easiest way to estimate whether a proposed recycling scheme makes financial sense is to perform a cost benefit analysis. A recycling operation will only succeed if it can cover its capital and running costs through the sale of recovered/produced materials. A cost benefit analysis will need to be undertaken to establish and weigh up the internal costs and benefits (internal to the operation) and the external costs and benefits.

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5 Land Use Management Code

5.1 Local Development Code – Planning Zones

The table below summarizes the Planning Zones as indicated in the Swaziland National Development Code and should be read in conjunction with Figure 36. The zonings applicable to this project are highlighted in light blue.

Table 14: Land use management code Density Max Max Min Min Min Permitted with consent/ Open Space Planning Zones Code Permitted Uses Height Height setback setback setback Coverage FAR Parking conditional uses Requirement (storeys) (m) (front) (side) (back) RESIDENTIAL USES Low Density Residential Use District R -1 Detached single family housing Place of Instruction / Worship 2 8m 5m 3m 3m 30% 60% Home occupation Nursery 1 space per 2 Buildings related to main use Clinics and surgeries bedrooms Medium Density Residential R -2 Detached single family housing Place of Instruction / Worship 2 8m 5m 3m 3m 40% 80% Single: 1 per 2 Home occupation Nursery bedrooms All semi-detached incl. townhouses, etc. Clinics and surgeries Multiple: 1.5 Buildings related to main use Professional Offices per unit High Density 4m per Residential R-3 All semi-detached incl. townhouses, etc. Place of Instruction / Worship storey 3m 3m 3m 0.5 1.5 Multiple: 1.5

Nursery per unit Rate of 250 Clinics and surgeries m² per 100m² Professional Offices of permissible Hotel, Lodges and Clubs floor area, being a Place of refreshment contiguous Museum and libraries area with no Residential Mix use dimension Take Away less that 6m. Bottle Store Grocer and Supermarket Gymnasium High Density Residential Upgrading R-3U Detached single family housing Place of Instruction / Worship 2 8m 1.5m 1.5m 1.5m 50% 100% Single: 1 per 2 Home occupation, home vendors and home Nursery bedrooms Recognise needs and industries Clinics and surgeries Multiple: 1.5 special circumstances All semi-detached incl. townhouses, etc. Place of refreshment per unit for lower income Buildings related to main use Takeaways and shops groups Mixed-use residential activities Building hardware retail and Low Income housing storage facilities areas, including upgrade projects

Agricultural AR Detached single family housing Workshops, repair garages for farm 2 8m 7m 5m 5m 20% 50% Single: 1 per 2

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Residential Use District equipment / vehicles bedrooms Agricultural Uses Residential areas on Any accessory building Factories, mills, processing plants, peripheries that may warehouses mot be suitable for Abattoirs environmental

consideration, but which provide for a combination of traditional residential, horticultural, and small scale agricultural uses. COMMERCIAL USES Retail: 1 per Central Business 4m per 25m² of floor District C-1 Retail businesses Place of Instruction / Worship 2 storey 0m 0m 0m 1 6 area Place of refreshment: 1 per 25m² of Place of refreshment floor area Offices and Services Uses: Mixed use projects incorporating 1 per 40m² of Offices and service uses dwelling uses floor area Public Facilities (place of assembly):1 space per 10 seats Public Facilities (social and Public facilities such as museums, meeting cultural):1 halls, cinemas, etc. space per 30m² Public parks Clinic/surgeries Hotel/Motel Retail: 1 per 25m² of floor Suburban Commercial C-2 Retail businesses Place of Instruction / Worship 4 16m 0m 0m 2m 0.9 2 area Place of refreshment: 1 per 25m² of Place of refreshment Hotel, Lodges and Clubs floor area Offices and Services Uses: 1 per 40m² of Offices and service uses Petrol filling stations floor area Public Facilities Public facilities such as museums, meeting (place of halls, cinemas, etc. Parking lots and garages assembly):1

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space per 10 seats Public Facilities (social and cultural):1 space per 30m² Mixed use on plot: 1 space per dwelling unit, 1 space per 25m² of business floor Mixed use projects incorporating dwelling units area Motor vehicle sales yards: 1 space per 50m² of floor area and 1 space for each display Motor vehicle repairs and sales yards vehicle Clinic/surgeries Retail: 1 per Neighbourhood 25m² of floor Commercial C-3 Shops Place of refreshment 2 8m 5m 3m 3m 60% 120% area Place of refreshment: 1 per 25m² of Takeaways Bottle Store floor area Offices Mixed use on plot: 1 space per dwelling unit, 1 space per 25m² of business floor Mixed use projects incorporating dwelling units Parking lots and garages area Retail: 1 per Highway Commercial 25m² of floor C-4 Petrol filling stations and accessory uses Accessory residential uses 4 16m 10m 5m 5m 50% 100% area Place of refreshment: 1 per 25m² of Other commercial uses floor area Petrol filling stations: 1 Specialised Automotive services and repair space per 50m² garages Offices and service uses of floor area Automotive services and repairs: 1 space per 50m² of Drive-in or Drive through floor area and

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1 space for each stored vehicle Drive-in: 1 per 25m² of floor Hotels or motels area Hotels and motels: 1 space per guest room and 1 space per 50m² of Place of refreshment, restaurants, bars, café's, additional floor bottle stores and/or takeaways area INDUSTRIAL USES General Industry I-1 Noxious industries 4 18m 5m 3m 3m 0.7 2.5 Factories and manufacturing establishments: 1 car per Factories and Manufacturing establishments Office buildings 100m² Petrol filling stations: 1

space per 50m² Temporary staff accommodation of floor area Warehouse. Storage and wholesale: 1 space per Petrol filling stations and accessory uses 200m² Place of refreshment: 1

Places of refreshment independent per 25m² of Warehousing, storage and wholesale of other uses floor area Offices and laboratories: 1 Retail establishments selling food car per 50m² Place of refreshment ancillary to principal use beverages transport and vehicle storage depots Clinics and surgeries Offices and shops ancillary to main use

Laboratories and commercial testing facilities Petrol filling stations: 1 Service Industry space per 50m² I-2 Petrol filling stations and accessory uses Office buildings 4 18m 5m 3m 3m 0.7 2.8 of floor area Automotive services and repairs: 1 space Min Planted per 50m² of Landscape: Specialised Automotive services and repair Places of refreshment independent floor area and 5% of total garages of other uses 1 space for area.

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each stored vehicle Workshops and light manufacturing: Retail establishments selling food 1 space per or beverages 100m² Warehouse. Storage and wholesale: 1 workshops and light manufacturing space per establishments 200m² Place of refreshment: 1

per 25m² of floor area Transport and vehicle storage depot: 1 space per 50m² of

floor area and 1 space for Warehouses, storage buildings and wholesale each stored uses vehicle Specialised retail uses such as bottle stores and places of

refreshment: 1 space per Place of refreshment ancillary to principal use 50m². Offices and laboratories: 1 transport and vehicle storage depot car per 50m² Motor vehicle sales Hardware and specialised retail uses, e.g building materials, garden furniture, etc. Offices and shops ancillary to main use

Laboratories and commercial testing facilities Funeral parlour and crematoria Factories and Heavy/ Noxious I-3 2 25m 10m 5m 5m 80% 160% manufacturing Industry establishments:

Office buildings ancillary to the use 1 car per

Factories and Manufacturing establishments on the plot 100m² Minimum

Junk, salvage or planted

wrecking yards: landscape:

Places of refreshment independent I space per 5% of total

Petrol filling stations and accessory uses of other uses 25m² of floor plot area

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area.

Warehouse. Storage and wholesale: 1 space per Warehouses, storage buildings and wholesale 200m² uses Prohibited uses: Transport and vehicle storage depot: 1 space per 50m² of floor area and 1 space for each stored Junk, salvage, recycling depots and wrecking Residential and commercial retail vehicle yards uses Factories and manufacturing 4 18m 5m 3m 3m 0.7 2.5 establishments: Workshops, repair garages for farm equipment 1 car per I-AG / vehicles 100m² Factories, mills, processing plants and

warehousing related to Agricultural use

Agricultural Industrial

Uses Prohibited uses: Heavy/ Noxious industry Abattoirs

CIVIC USES Offices: 1 space Public Facilities PF Shops and workshops To Satisfaction of relevant Planning Authority per 40m² Cultural buildings, museums, Government office or buildings such as: Office libraries: 1 buildings, Fire stations, town halls, libraries, Place of refreshment ancillary to space per 50m² museums, and other cultural or institutional principle use Transport and uses supported by national or local vehicle storage government. depot: 1 space per 50m² of floor area and 1 space for each stored vehicle

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Specialised government buildings: as per Post Offices requirements of responsible authority Cemeteries Church and place of public assembly: 1 space per 10 seats or 1 space per 10m², whichever is Markets greater Hospitals or clinics: 1 space per 40m² and required Transport facilities, depots and public transport emergency (bus or taxi) shelters. vehicle access Parking facilities Churches and place of assembly

Hospitals, clinics and related public health uses Educational Facilities EF Place of instruction or public assembly, Shops and workshops To Satisfaction of relevant Planning Authority educational facilities and offices Place of public worship Staff, teachers and student housing Athletic or recreational facilities Places of refreshment ancillary to the principle use Offices: 1 space Utility Use District UD Electrical Plants, sub-stations 10m 5m 5m 80% 160% per 40m² Warehouse. Storage and wholesale: 1 Employee housing ancillary to space per Waste water treatment plants principle use of plot 200m² Communication stations Transport and vehicle storage depot: 1 space per 50m² of Minimum floor area and planted 1 space for landscape: Places of refreshment ancillary to each stored 5% of total Reservoirs and water supply channels the principle use of the plot vehicle plot area Solid waste disposal sites Warehousing for government Municipal and government utility service areas Petrol filling stations ancillary to

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such as servitudes, etc. the principle use

Transportation and vehicle storage depots Prohibited uses: Residential and commercial Agricultural District AG Agricultural Uses limited to annual crop Dwelling units ancillary to principle To Satisfaction of relevant Planning Authority farming, small scale livestock farming, nurseries use and gardens Workshops, repair garages for farm equipment / vehicles Factories, mills, processing plants, Prohibited uses: warehouses Abattoirs All Commercial or uses related to long term petrol filling stations keeping and breeding of aninals, whether Nature Game Reserve or general ancillary use or not, all other uses Eco-tourism uses Open Space District OS Parks, playfields, gardens and recreational Caravan parks To Satisfaction of relevant Planning Authority areas Car wash Gymnasium, swimming pools, stadia and other related sport facilities Conservation Area District CA Cultural and historic areas that merit Any accessory buildings or To Satisfaction of relevant Environmental and Planning Authority preservation structures ancillary to the principle Undeveloped parks, wilderness areas, nature use Conditions for Conservation Areas under Development reserves and game sanctuaries Standards must be taken into consideration Prohibited uses: Buffer zones along natural drainage paths commercial and all other uses Environmentally sensitive habitats, forested areas or indigenous growth areas

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C2

Figure 36: Malkerns Urban Development Area – Proposed broad zonings

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6 Conclusion

This report acknowledges the current state and functioning of the Malkerns Urban Area in terms of the natural, man-made, social, economic and institutional environments. It has prepared the foundation to focus on the strengths and opportunities presented by the findings of the different analyses; and to propose a workable solution through a Town Planning Scheme in order to obtain the desired vision for the town’s role and function.

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