With God on their Side 'Sport' and 'religion' are cultural institutions with a global reach. Each is characterised by ritualised performance and by the ecstatic devotion of its followers, whether in the sports arena or the cathedral of worship. This fasci­ nating collection is the first to examine, in detail, the relationship between these two cultural institutions from an international, religiously pluralistic perspective. It illuminates the role of sport and religion in the social forma­ tion of collective groups and explores how sport might operate in the service of a religious community. The book offers a series of cutting-edge contemporary historical case­ studies, wide-ranging in their geographical coverage and in their social and religious contexts. It presents important new work on the following topics: • sport and Catholicism in Northern Ireland • Shinto and sumo in Japan • women, sport and American Jewish identity • religion, race and rugby in South Africa • sport and Islam in France and North Africa • sport and Christian fundamentalism in the US • Muhammad Ali and the Nation of Islam With God on their Side is vital reading for all students of the history, sociology and culture of sport. It also presents important new research material that will be of interest to religious studies students, historians and anthropologists. Tara Magdalinski is Senior Lecturer in Australian and Cultural Studies in the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences at the University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia. Timothy J.L. Chandler is Associate Dean at the College of Fine and Professional Arts and Professor of Sport Studies in the School of Exercise, Leisure and Sport at Kent State University, USA. With God on their Side Sport in the service of religion Edited by Tara Magdalinski and Timothy J.L. Chandler First published 2002 by Routledge Published 2017 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Copyright © 2002 Selection and editorial matter, Tara Magdalinski and Timothy J.L. Chandler; individual chapters, the contributors The Open Access version of this book, available at www.tandfebooks.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN 978-0-415-25960-6 (hbk) ISBN 978-0-415-25961-3 (pbk) Contents Notes on contributors Vll Acknowledgements Xl 1 With God on their side: an introduction 1 TARA MAGDALINSKI AND TIMOTHY J.L. CHANDLER 2 Catholics and sport in Northern Ireland: exclusiveness or inclusiveness? 20 MIKE CRONIN 3 Stadium politics: sport, Islam and Amazigh consciousness in France and North Africa 37 PAUL A. SILVERSTEIN 4 'We are red, white and blue, we are Catholic, why aren't you?': religion and soccer subculture symbolism 56 JOHN HUGHSON 5 Women, sport and American Jewish identity in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries 71 LINDA J. BORISH 6 Manly Catholicism: making men in Catholic public schools, 1945-80 99 TIMOTHY J.L. CHANDLER 7 Religion, race and rugby in 'Coloured' Cape Town 120 JOHN NAURIGHT AND TARA MAGDALINSKI Vl Contents 8 Appeasing the Gods: Shinto, sumo and 'true' Japanese spirit 139 RICHARD LIGHT AND LOUISE KINNAIRD 9 What makes a man?: religion, sport and negotiating masculine identity in the Promise Keepers 160 GEORGE D. RANDELS JR AND BECKY BEAL 10 Muhammad Speaks and Muhammad Ali: intersections of the Nation of Islam and sport in the 1960s 177 MAUREEN SMITH 11 Epilogue 197 TARA MAGDALINSKI AND TIMOTHY J.L. CHANDLER Index 201 Notes on contributors Becky Beal is Associate Professor in the Department of Sport Sciences at the University of the Pacific, Stockton, California, USA, where she teaches courses in the sociology of sport and the philosophy of sport. Her previously published work has focused on sport subcultures and gender relations. She has also served on the editorial board of the Sociology of Sport Journal. Linda J. Borish is Associate Professor in the Department of History at Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA. She earned a PhD in American Studies and has written widely on American women's sport and health history with essays in the Journal of Sport History, American Jewish History, International Sports Studies, and contributions to Sports and the American Jew. She was a guest co-editor for Rethinking History: The Journal of Theory and Practice's special issue on 'Labour, Leisure, and Sport' (2001). She has presented her research on Jewish women in American sport history internationally at conferences in Israel, Canada, Germany and the USA. She recently served as the International Ambassador, North American Society for Sport History, 2001-2002. Timothy J.L. Chandler is Professor of Sport Studies in the School of Exercise, Leisure and Sport and Associate Dean for Graduate Studies in the College of Fine and Professional Arts at Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA. He has also taught at Syracuse University and has been a visiting lecturer in the School of Physical Education, Sport and Leisure at De Montfort University, Bedford, UK. He is co-editor (with John Nauright) of Making Men: Rugby and Masculine Identity (Frank Cass, 1996) and Making the Rugby World: Race, Gender, Commerce (Frank Cass, 1999), and is the author of a number of book chapters and articles on sport in the English public schools. His articles have appeared in the International Journal of the History of Sport, the Canadian Journal of History of Sport and Youth and Society. He currently serves on the editorial boards of Sports History Review, Football Studies and International Sports Studies. v111 List of contributors Mike Cronin is Senior Research Fellow at the International Centre for Sports History and Culture at De Montfort University, Leicester, UK. He is the author of Sport and Nationalism in Ireland (Four Courts Press, 1999), A History of Ireland (Palgrave, 2001), with Timothy Chandler and Wray Vamplew, Sport Studies and Physical Education: The Key Concepts (Routledge, 2002) and with Daryl Adair, The Wearing of the Green: A History of St Patrick's Day (Routledge, 2002). John Hughson is Principal Research Fellow in Cultural Studies at the University of Wolverhampton, UK. He is Reviews Editor for the journal Ethnography and co-author (with David Inglis) of the forthcoming book Confronting Culture: Sociological Vistas (Polity). He is also co-writing (with Marcus Free and David Inglis) a book on sport and cultural studies, The Uses of Sport: A Critical Study, for Routledge. He has published a number of papers on football supporter subcultures. Louise Kinnaird lived and worked in Nagano and Yokohama in Japan before undertaking Japanese studies at Keio University. Upon her return to Australia in 1995, she completed a Master of Arts from the University of Melbourne, Australia. Her thesis topic was 'Sumo and women: the construction of tradition and ritual and the role of women in Japan's national sport' (1997). Whilst working with the Sumo tour to Melbourne in 1997, She gained further insight into the ritualistic world of sumo. Presently she works in the International Centre at the University of Melbourne, Australia. With a Japanese husband and two young children, her Japanese interests remain strong. Richard Light lectures in physical education at The University of Melbourne, Australia. His research interests lie in the sociology of the body and the corporeal dimensions of learning as well as in the social and cultural dimensions of sport. He completed a PhD on the social dimen­ sions of school rugby in Japan and Australia and publishes widely on culture, masculinity and sport in Japan. He spent six years coaching rugby in Japan, speaks Japanese and holds a fifth dan black belt in karate awarded by Shiro Ryu master Hayashi Terou. He is one of the few Western researchers working on sport in Japan that can access local culture. Tara Magdalinski is Senior Lecturer in Australian and Cultural Studies in the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences at the University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia. She has been widely published in the area of sports studies, focussing most recently on performance enhancement and bodily landscapes. Her articles have appeared in both sports history and mainstream journals, including International Journal of the History of Sport, Media International Australia and AVANTE. She serves on the edito­ rial boards of International Sports Studies and Sport History Review, and is associate editor of Sporting Traditions and Football Studies. She is Vice­ President of the Australian Society for Sports History. List of contributors 1x John Nauright is Director of Research in the Division of Sport, Health and Leisure at the University of Abertay Dundee, Dundee, Scotland. He is the author or editor of nine books including Sport, Cultures and Identities in South Africa (Leicester University Press, 1997); Rugby and the South African Nation (Manchester University Press, 1998) (with David R. Black); Making Men: Rugby and Masculine Identity (Frank Cass, 1996) and Making the Rugby World (Frank Cass, 1999) (both with Timothy Chandler); The Essence of Sport (Odense University Press, 2002) (with Verner M!liller) and The Political Economy of Sport (Palgrave, 2002) (with Kimberly Schimmel). He edits the journals Football Studies and International Sports Studies and is consulting editor of the journal of Physical Education and Sports Science. George D. Randels Jr is Associate Professor of Social Ethics in the Religious Studies Department of the University of the Pacific, Stockton, California, USA. He has also taught at Emory University and at New College (Florida). Randels has a PhD in religious ethics from the University of Virginia, and an MAR in social ethics from Yale University Divinity School.