DOCSLIB.ORG

Bibliography of the Iroquoian Languages

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Bibliography of the Iroquoian Languages <' -^ ^j IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 i ^ IS I.I CIHM/ICMH CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Collection de Series. microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques H Tachnical and Bibliographic Notas/Notat tachniquas at bibiiographiquas T t( Tha Inttituta has attamptad to obtain tha bast L'Institut a microfilm6 la mellleur exemplaire original copy avaiiabia for filming. Faaturas of this qu'il lui a At4 possible de se procurer. Les details copy which may ba bibliographically uniqua, de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-Atre uniques du which may altar any of tha imagas in tha point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier raproduction, or which may significantly changa une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une T tha usual mathod of filming, ara chackad balow. modification dans la mAthode normale de filmage P sont indiqu6s ci-dessous. o fi Colourad covars/ Coloured pages/ n Couvartura da coulaur I I Pages de couleur b Covars damagad/ Pages damaged/ tl I I I I Couvartura andommagia Pages endommagtes si o Covers rastorad and/or laminatad/ Pages restored and/orand/oi laminated/ fi I I D Couvartura rastauria at/ou palliculte Pages restauries et/ou pellicul6es si o |~~1 Cover title missing/ r~p\ Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/foxe< Le titre de couverture manque Pages dicoiortes, tacheties ou piquies Coloured maps/ Pages detached/ I I T D Cartes gtographiques en couleur Pages ditachdes si T Coloured inic (i.e. other than blue or black)/ [~71 Showthrough/ w D Encra da coulaur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) Transparence IV Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Quality of printprir varies/ I I I I di et/ou illustrations couleur Planches en Quality inigale de Timpression er b( Bound with other material/ Includes supplementary material/materif ri! I I D Relii avac d'autres documents Comprend du mat6riel suppl^mentaire re m Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion Only edition available/ I I D along interior margin/ Seuie Mition disponible La reliure serr^e peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distortion le long de la marge int6rieure Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata D slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to Blank leaves added during restoration may ensure the best possible image/ D appear within the text. Whenever possible, these Las pages totalement ou partiellement have been omitted from filming/ obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata. une pelure. II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajoutias etc.. ont M fiim6es A nouveau de favon d lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans la texte, obtenir la meilleure image possible. mais, lorsque cela 6tait possible, ces pages n'ont pas 6tA filmies. Additional comments:/ D Commentaires suppiimantaires; This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est film6 au taux de reduction indiquA ci-dessous. 10X The copy filmed here has bean reproduced thanks L'exempiaire ffiimA fut reproduit grAce A la to the generosity of: gAntrositi de: National Library off Canada BibiiothAque nationale du Canada The images appearing here are the best quality Les images suivantes ont Att reproduites avec ie possible considering the condition and legibility plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et off the original copy and in keeping with the de la nettet« de l'exempiaire ffiim6, et en filming contract speciffications. confformitA avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Original copies in printed paper covers are ffilmed Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en beginning with tho ffront cover and ending on papier est imprimte sont ffiimte en commengant the last page with a printed or illustrated Impres- par Ie premier plat et en terminant soit par la sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All dernlAre page qui comporte une empreinte other original copies are ffilmed beginning on the d'impression ou d'iiiustration, soit par Ie second ffirst page with a printed or illustrated impres- plat, salon ie cas. Tous las autres exemplaires sion, and ending on the last page with a printed originaux sont ffilmte en commengant par la or illustrated impression. premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'iiiustration et en terminant par la dernlAre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. The last recorded fframe on each microfiche Un dee symboles suivants apparaltra sur la shall contain the symbol -^(meaning "CON- dernlAre image de cheque microffiche, seion Ie TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), cas: ie symbols -^ signiffie "A SUIVRE", Ie whichever applies. symbole y signiffie "FIN". IVIaps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent fttre diffferent reduction ratios. Those too large to be ffiimte A des taux de reduction diff6rents. entirely included in one exposure are ffilmed Lorsque Ie document est trop grand pour dtre beginning in the upper lefft hand corner, lefft to reproduit en un seui ciich«, ii est ffiim6 A partir right and top to bottom, as many fframes as de i'angle supArieur gauche, de gauche d droite, required. The following diagrams illustrate the et de haut en bas, en prenant Ie nombre method: d'images nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants iilustrent la mithode. 1 SMITHSONIAN' I N H TI T U T I O N IHJREALT OF ErUNOLOGY: J. W. POWELL, DIUECTOU BIBLIOGRAPHY OK THK IROQUOIAN LANGUAGES BY JAMES CONSTANTINE PILLINO WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1888 liik 7/// / 7 14d^7 PREFACE. This work forms the third of a series of bibliographies which the Bureau of Ethnology is publishing, each relating to one of the more prominent groups of native North American languages. Its predeces- sors relate to the Eskimo and Siouau stocks, its successor, now nearly ready for the printer, to the Muskhogean; and next in order is to be the Athabasknn or the Algouquian, as circumstances may dictate. When first prepared for the printer this bibliography did not include the material pertaining to the Cherokee language, it being considered an open question whether that language belonged to the Iroquoian stock. At the request of the Director special attention was given to the snb- iect by a number of the members of the Bureau, and a comparative vocabulary was prepared. The examination of this led the Director to adopt the conclusion that the language does belong to t^e Iroquoian stock, and its literature has accordingly been incorporated herein. The aim has been to include in this catalogue everything, printed or in manuscript, relating to the subject—books, pamphlets, articles in magazines, tracts, serials, etc., and such reviews and announcements of publications as seemed worthy of notice. The dictionary plan has been followed to its extreme limit, the sub- ject and tribal indexes, references to libraries, etc., being included in one alphabetic series. The primary arrangement is alphabetic by authors, translators of works into the native languages being treated as authors. Under each author the arrangement is, first, by printed works, and second, by manuscripts, each group being given chronolog- ically, and in the case of printed books each work is followed through its various editions before the next in chronologic order is taken up. Anonymous printed works are entered under the name of the author when known and under the first word of the title, not an article or prep- osition, when not known. Anonymous works printed in Cherokee char- acters, on the title-pages of which no English appears, are entered under the word Cherokee. A cross-reference is given from the first words of anonymous titles when entered under an author, and from the first words of all titles in the Indian languages whether anonymous or not. Manu- III m IV PREFACE, scripts are entered under the author when known, under the dialect to which they refer when he is not known. Each author's name, with his title, etc., is entered m full but once, ». ft, in its alphabetic order. Every other mention of him is by surname and initials only, except in those rare cases when two persons of the same surname have also the same initials. All titular matter, including cross-references thereto, is in a larger type, all collations, descriptions, notes, and index matter in a smaller type. In detailing contents and in adding notes respecting contents, the spelling of proper names used in the particular work itself has been followed, and so far as possible the language of the respective writers is given. In the index entries of tribal names the compiler has adopted that spelling which seemed to him the best. As a general rule initial caps have l>eeu used in titular matter in only two cases: first, for proper names, and second, when the word actually appears on the title-page with an initial cap and with the remainder in small caps or lower-case letters. In giving titles in the German language the capitals in the case of all substantives have been respected. Each title not seen by the compiler is marked with an asterisk within curves, and usually its source is given. There are in the present catalogue 949 titular entries, of which 795 relate to printed books and articles and 154 to manuscripts. Of these, 856 have been seen and described by the compiler—751 of the prints and 105 of the manuscripts, leaving as derived from outside sources 44 printed works and 49 manuscripts. Of those unseen by the writer, titles and descriptions of more than three-fourtlis of the former and nearly half of the latter have been received from persons who liave actually seen the works and described them for him. In addition to these, there are given 64 full titles of printed covers, second and third volumes, etc., all of which have been seen and de- scribed by the compiler ; while in the notes mention is made of 134 printed works, 90 of which have been seen and 44 derived from other (mostly printed) sources.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • IS LINGUISTIC DETERMINISM an EMPIRICALLY TESTABLE Hyp01l{F.5IS?
    ~,lqwolA..,q,.208(l:009~]27_)'<1 IS LINGUISTIC DETERMINISM AN EMPIRICALLY TESTABLE HYP01l{f.5IS? HELEN DE CRUZ I. Lm,uurit:lkterminism Intuitively, language seems 10 be an important and necessary part of our everyday thinking. SNdics reporting introspective awa.renes$ indicarethat people experience IS much as 50% of their Ihoughts in 'inner speech' (Hurl- butt, 1990). Lanauage might shape cognitive processes by providing IU wilh I strocrured medium to coocepru.alize the ...."OIld, giving humans a degree of cognitive lIexibility 001 found iDOIheranimals. This ide3.goes back at least lODesc:attes·Mldirationsanditappearsinthe ...."OIl;:ofse,-en.lCOIIte:mpo- rary philosophers of mind (e.g., Carruthers, 20(3). If language detc:rmines or at the very least innuences cognition. we e:qleCt speali::en of different lan- guages 10 have divergenlconceprua.liz.a.tioDliofthe .....orld-asthelinguis! WhOIf(19j6. p. 213) pul it 'We diuect nature along lines laid out by our nativclanguage'. The claims thai language sbapes the way we see the world, and thai 8$' reSUlt, speaken of different languages conceptualize reality differently will here be referred 10 ulingllink dererminum. Linguistic determinism comes both in sltOng vmions(i.e., languagedelenuines thought cntmo,ly) and in wealcer forms (i.e., language influellces cognition 10 an important extent). It bua:enerated a subsuntill bodyofresean:h over the past half century. though many cognitive 5cientists (e.g., Bloom, 2000) remaio skeptical and think that lanpageonly serves a purcly communicative function. According to them, its role in cognition is restricted rotbeatquisitionofinfotmation: Ollcetheinformationisacquired.cognitivepfQCe~sesaredecidedlynonlin- guistic.ThiaviewisbackeduphySludiesthatindicalehigh.levelcognition in the absence oflangUl.ge: prelingwstic infants and non-human an.ima.ls can make high-level categorizations.
    [Show full text]
  • In Praise of Fluffy Bunnies
    In Praise of Fluffy Bunnies Copyright © 2012, Richard Forsyth. Background Reading John Lanchester's Whoops!, an entertaining account of how highly paid hotshot traders in a number of prestigious financial institutions brought the world to the brink of economic collapse, I was struck by the following sentence: "In an ideal world, one populated by vegetarians, Esperanto speakers and fluffy bunny wabbits, derivatives would be used for one thing only: reducing levels of risk." (Lanchester, 2010: 37). What struck me about this throwaway remark, apart from the obvious implication that derivatives were actually used to magnify risk rather than reducing it (doubtless by carnivores ignorant of Esperanto), was its presumption that right-thinking readers would take it for granted that Esperanto symbolizes well-meaning futility -- thus highlighting the author's status as a tough-minded realist. This is just one illustration that disdain for Esperanto in particular, and auxiliary languages in general, pervades intellectual circles in Britain today, as in many other countries. And if you dare to raise the subject of constructed international languages with a professional translator or interpreter be prepared not just for disdain but outright hostility. Of course professional interpreters are among the most linguistically gifted people on the planet, and can't see why the rest of us shouldn't become fluent in half a dozen natural languages in our spare time. (Not to mention the fact that a widespread adoption of Esperanto, or one of its competitors, would have a seriously negative impact on their opportunities for gainful employment.) Thus Esperanto has become a symbol of lost causes, to be dismissed out of hand by practical folk.
    [Show full text]
  • 1St INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
    1st INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE Institute of Linguistics, Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow, April 9-10, 2018 URBAN LINGUISTIC DIVERSITY 1st INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE Institute of Linguistics, Russian Academy of Sciences April 9-10, 2018, Moscow Urban Linguistic Diversity: Materials of the 1st International conference / Reviewed by Vladimir M.Alpatov, Natalya V.Vasilyeva. – Moscow: Institute of Linguistic RAS, 2018. – 52 pp. ISBN 978-5-6041117-0-3 Design: Jury Koryakov, Marina Raskladkina Copyright © 2018 by authors. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................................ 5 Urban variants of Russian ............................................................................................................................................... 7 Vladimir Belikov The civic university and urban language diversity: Multilingual Manchester as a model for participatory research ............................................................................................................................................................................. 8 Yaron Matras Why cities matter in Sociolinguistics .............................................................................................................................. 9 Dick Smakman Ethnolinguistic problems in Russian republics: Social and educational aspects ..................................................... 11 Ekaterina Arutyunova Unwelcomed and invisible: migrants’
    [Show full text]
  • Longuoge Study
    Languoge.andContent 6\21't Discipline-ond Content-Bosed Approachesta LonguogeStudy Merle Krueger, Editor Frank Ryan, Editor BothoJ the Center Jor Language Studies, BrownUniversity D. C. Heathand Compauy Lexington,\4assachusettsTorot]to llzt'z i::', - chaRter f Resitu ati ng Foreig n !-ang uages in the Curriculum Merle Kruegerand FrqnkRyon CenlerIor laryuage Studiet,Btofln Untu.rsity In the over rwo hundred years since lh€ establishm€nr of !h€ counrry's firsr modem languagedeparrmenr ar rhe College of William and Mary, foreign language curricula et American colleg€s and universilies have become righrly linked with preparing stud€nts to read and inErprct lirerary masrerworks. Today,joining lan- guage sludy and lit€rature srudy within rhe same academic depanment is largely "Language" taken for granted. d€panmenrs rypically structure their requiremenrs for the major, and hence most courses after the founh or fifrh semester,around y4'l literary history and th€ory To be sure, definitions of rhe canon hav€ chang€d dramatically in responsero evolving crirical merhodsand heighrened sensitivity lo issuesof gender,race, cla55, and €rhnicily Still, studenrswho wish ro pursuelan- guage srudy beyond the int€rmediatelevel musr generallychoose from courses organized on lhe basis of literary genres, periods, or cdrical approacbes, regardless of &eir major or field of interest.This a[angement assumesrhat, beyond rhe intermediat€level, literarytexts provide the mos! appropriatbsubject marter for d€velopingin all studentslhe communicarivecomp€tenc€ now widely acceptedas the primary goal of language inslruction. This is a problematic assumprion for sev€ral reasons. As we become more and more conscious of lhe imDortance of Ioreitn languaSecompetence In d|5ctplineslhroughour the universiry,we needro ask whether studentswould prolit nrore from combiningforeign lantuage srudy with the subjectmatr€r of thosefields.
    [Show full text]
  • Tomasz Morus
    1 W IEŻY BABEL □ o JĘZYKA. KOSMITÓW MARIAN JURKOWSKI ■* 0 JĘZYKACH SZTUCZNYCH UNIWERSALNYCH 1 MIĘDZYNARODOWYCH O ES o ej KRAJOWA AGENCJA WYDAWNICZA BIAŁYSTOK 1986 Opracowanie graficzne TADEUSZ GAJL R ysunki ELŻBIETA MAGNER R edaktor ELŻBIETA LAGUNIONEK HALINA SANIEWSKA Redaktor techniczny JA N PU SK O BOGDAN RAJEWSKI K orekta ZESPÓL © Copyright by Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza Białystok 1986 VW YJEMY W CZASACH NIEZWYKŁEGO OŻYWIENIA j kontaktów między mieszkańcami wszystkich krajów naszej Planety. Tysiące międzynarodowych spotkań, zjazdów konferencji, sympozjów oraz innych imprez o charakterze politycznym, gospodarczym, kulturalnym, naukowym czy sportowym, miliony publi­ kacji w setkach języków, coraz gwałtowniejszy rozwój komunikacji, międzynarodowej wymiany handlowej i turystyki — wszystkie te czyn­ niki spowodowały, że świat nasz zmalał. Coraz bardziej odczuwamy brak uniwersalnego, międzynarodowego języka, wspólnego dla wszystkich mie­ szkańców Ziemi, języka, który pozwoliłby jeszcze bardziej zacieśnić więzi między narodami, języka, który by ludzi łączył, a nie dzielił. J u ż Platon powiedział, że bogowie najbardziej uszczęśliwiliby ludz­ kość, gdyby obdarowali ją jednym wspólnym językiem. Taki wspólny, uniwersalny język istniał już zresztą — według biblijnej legendy — aż do czasów budowy Wieży Babel, kiedy to Jahwe ukarał pychę ludzką, mieszając wszystkie języki. Od tego niemal momentu datują się próby stworzenia ponownie języka ogólnoświatowego. Prób takich były setki w historii ludzkości, niestety większość z nich jest albo zupełnie niezna­ na, albo po prostu nieudana. O jednym z najciekawszych projektów ta­ kiego języka pisał znany polski językoznawca i jednocześnie gorący zwo* lennik języka uniwersalnego, prof. Zenon Klemensiewicz: „Wśród do­ tychczasowych prób powołania do bytu sztucznego języka międzynaro­ dow ego — a było ich kilkaset — stanowi esperanto zdobycz najbardziej 6 udaną i najpowszechniej stosowaną.
    [Show full text]
  • Resource Directory
    Language | Technology | Business RESOURCE ANNUAL DIRECTORY EDITORIAL ANNUAL INDEX 2006 What buyers and suppliers of language services want SURVEY 0011 RResourceesource DirectoryDirectory RD07RD07 LW1091LW1091 1 11/10/07/10/07 22:32:20:32:20 PMPM 002-032-03 aadsds RRD.inddD.indd 2 11/10/07/10/07 22:36:15:36:15 PMPM Why Buy GMS Software? Software as a Service (SaaS) is revolutionizing other industries. Localization is next. Welcome to Freeway! With no server or desktop software to purchase and instant Where will Freeway take you? connections to leading CMS solutions, companies of all sizes are already accelerating their translation projects on Freeway. www.GetOnTheFreeway.com Don’t pay for yesterday’s technology. Access the latest tools for Free. FAST • CONNECTED • FREE 002-032-03 aadsds RRD.inddD.indd 3 11/10/07/10/07 22:35:59:35:59 PMPM GEPP AZ0044 Lemoine LLemoineemoine indd RD.inddRD.in 2dd 4 22 11 200611/10/07/10/0 12:00:147 22:36:49:36:4 Uhr9 PMPM About the MultiLingual 2007 Resource Directory and Editorial Index 2006 any readers tell us that they keep their back issues of MultiLingual for reference. And throughout the year, they look for resources — the people, products and services they need to connect with in the language industry. Every year in the language industry is a busy and fast-changing one. The year Up Front M2006 saw many moves, mergers and acquisitions as well as the introduction of new technolo- gies and new uses for “traditional” tools. Using this resource directory and index, you can easily locate language-industry companies as well as information published in the pages of MultiLingual during 2006.
    [Show full text]
  • The Essential Scholarly Literature in Interlinguistics and Esperantology
    Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems 13(2), 200-215, 2015 HOW NOT TO REINVENT THE WHEEL … THE ESSENTIAL SCHOLARLY LITERATURE IN INTERLINGUISTICS AND ESPERANTOLOGY Detlev Blanke* Gesellschaft für Interlinguistik Berlin, Germany DOI: 10.7906/indecs.13.2.2 Received: 18 June 2014. Regular article Accepted: 26 June 2014. ABSTRACT Studies of interlinguistics written in ethnic languages – particularly research on planned languages – are often insufficiently grounded in the essential scholarly literature. English-language studies frequently fail to consider scholarly literature in German, Russian, French, and other languages. An important part of this specialized literature is written in planned languages (particularly Esperanto) and all too frequently remains unknown. For lack of knowledge of actual planned-language praxis, misunderstandings arise, for example on the relations between a language and a language project, a language and a language community, language and culture, expressibility in planned languages, and so on. For scientifically valid studies, specialized materials written in planned languages (approximately 95 % of them in Esperanto) are essential. This article provides an overview of the principal accessible sources of scholarly literature on interlinguistics and Esperantology and, inter alia, gives information on specialized libraries and archives, bibliographies, major monographs, anthologies, conferences and conference proceedings, university studies and dissertations, periodicals, internet materials, and handbooks
    [Show full text]
  • On Tone and Morphophonology of the Akan Reduplication Construction
    Alan Reed Libert & Christo Moskovsky 27 Journal of Universal Language 16-2 September 2015, 27-62 Terms for Bodies of Water in A Posteriori and Mixed Artificial Languages Alan Reed Libert & Christo Moskovsky University of Newcastle, Australia Abstract In this paper we look at words for bodies of water (e.g., words for ‘lake’ and ‘river’) in a large number of a posteriori and mixed artificial languages. After presenting the data and briefly discussing some of them, we analyze some aspects of them, including which meanings seem to be more basic than others. For example, words meaning ‘river’ appear to be unmarked with respect to words meaning similar, but smaller, bodies of water (e.g., ‘brook’), since some artificial languages derive the latter from the former, but no languages in our sample derive the latter from the former. This sort of analysis can be applied to other semantic fields in artificial languages. Keywords: a posteriori languages, mixed languages, lexicon Alan Reed Libert School of Humanities & Social Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia Phone: 61-2-49215117; Email: [email protected] Christo Moskovsky School of Humanities & Social Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia Phone: 61-2-49215163; Email: [email protected] Received August 11, 2015; Revised September 22, 2015; Accepted Septermber 25, 2015 28 Terms for Bodies of Water in A Posteriori and Mixed Artificial Languages 1. Introduction1 Looking at specific areas of the vocabulary of artificial languages (henceforth ALs) can give one an idea of the nature of such languages, at least with respect to the lexicon and perhaps also concerning derivational morphology.
    [Show full text]
  • A Dictionary of the Grebo Language in Two Parts
    º *** º º - Z "ºsº.º.º.º. - . —" * * * - -- - A .* .D I C T I O N A R Y #} \ - of the º G R E B O L A N G U A G E Hº - - 2 - - TWO PARTS, - | W - - - - - º PRINTED AT The PREss, of THE A. B. C. F. Missl ON, -- FAIR HoPE, cAPE PALMAS, º West Afrtic A. º: 1839. --- ººº-ºº: - fºxocº " *~ Excist:< - II i. CLE: Cº-Prº -º L. : "Aſ & DEC 30 '40 * ~ IN ("Q9.) U CTION In settling the Orthºgraphy ºf the Grebo language, a sc rious difficulty has been eacou;tered, in tº e great diversity cf pronuncia ion which prevails. In relati u to a very large pro portion of the words ºf the language it would be a didicult, iſ not an impractica's!e task, to find any two individuals in the same community, who wºuld pronºurce the same w a d in pre cisely the same way; and what is still inore reinar', a 'le, the saine individual would not be likely to pronounce the same word in the same way on two different occasions. This diversity in pronunciation arises in part from the contunta'le nature of a large number of their consonant sounds, and partly, from the want of a written standard. And to this latter cause, may be : atti ibuted the great number of dialects which are to be met with in Africa. In every separate cornmunity there is a tende:icy to the formation of a new dialect; and these dialects will c ºn ti:lue to multiply until they are restrained by the introducti, n of written systeins.
    [Show full text]
  • Sentations for Low Resource Neural Machine Translation
    Under review as a conference paper at ICLR 2020 EXPLOITING GENERAL PURPOSE SEQUENCE REPRE- SENTATIONS FOR LOW RESOURCE NEURAL MACHINE TRANSLATION Anonymous authors Paper under double-blind review ABSTRACT In this paper, we propose a Neural Machine Translation with General Purpose Sequence Representations (NMTwGSR) system for low-resource machine trans- lation. The proposed system does not have explicit encoder as is the case for gen- eral encoder-decoder based NMT systems, instead, it exploits readily avail- able pre-trained sequence representations. The decoder as well takes the input from the masked BERT model and train further to learn encoder-decoder attentions be- tween source and target language. The proposed system with the general-purpose sequence representations is more practical in low resource settings. Especially, if there are no auxiliary high-resource language pairs or monolingual data available to pre-train the NMT system. We evaluate the proposed NMT system on four low-resource language pairs (Ro-En, Fi-En, Tr-En, Lv-En) and empirical results show that our approach is efficient in handling the low resource translation task. For instance, on the Ro-En parallel corpus, our system attains 5.68 BLEU points improvement compared to the competitive NMT system which does not exploit these sequence representations in low a resource environment (one percent of the full corpus). 1 INTRODUCTION Neural Machine Translation (NMT) has achieved near human-performance on several language pairs with the help of abundant parallel training data (Wu et al., 2016; Hassan et al., 2018). However, it is difficult to gather such large-scale parallel data for all the language pairs.
    [Show full text]
  • Romania in the World. Contacts and Reception (Full PDF)
    © Cover picture: Paul Nanu (2006) © Department of Romanian Language and Culture http://www.utu.fi/fi/yksikot/hum/yksikot/romania/Sivut/home.aspx University of Turku Finland This publication is in copyright. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form without permission in writing from the Department of Romanian Language (University of Turku). Contact: [email protected] ISBN: 978-951-29-5670-8 DEPARTMENT OF ROMANIAN LANGUAGE AND CULTURE UNIVERSITY OF TURKU FINLAND ROMANIA IN THE WORLD CONTACTS AND RECEPTION Paul NANU (Ed.) TURKU 2014 Table of contents Editor’s foreword .............................................................................................................................. 7 Alexandra Crăciun Romania: Sketches for a Brand Identity ............................................................................................ 9 I. European Cultural Interferences Georgeta Orian Romanian Presences in the Spanish Literary Landscape after World War II. The Case of Romanian Writer Vintilã Horia and the Journal „Destin” (Madrid) ................................................................. 19 Laura Bădescu Strategies to Promote Romanian Culture. Diplomats as Writers in Lusitanian Space .................... 29 Gabriela Chiciudean Pavel Dan and Cesare Pavese – Two Literary Destinies ................................................................. 41 Florin Oprescu The Anxiety of Cultural Influence. The Exponential Case of Benjamin Fondane .......................... 57 Andra Bruciu-Cozlean Filimon’s
    [Show full text]
  • Loanword Syllable Adaptation in Persian: an Optimality-Theoretic Account
    Amir Ghorbanpour, Aliyeh K. Z. Kambuziya, Mohammad Dabir-Moghaddam & Ferdows Agha-Golzadeh 95 Journal of Universal Language 20-2. September 2019, 95-127 DOI 10.22425/jul.2019.20.2.95 eISSN 2508-5344 Loanword Syllable Adaptation in Persian: An Optimality-Theoretic Account Amir Ghorbanpour*, Aliyeh K. Z. Kambuziya*, Mohammad Dabir-Moghaddam** & Ferdows Agha-Golzadeh* Tarbiat Modares University*, Allameh Tabataba'i University**, Iran * This paper is taken from the first author’s Ph.D. dissertation. Amir Ghorbanpour Ph.D. Graduate, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Email: [email protected] Aliyeh K. Z. Kambuziya Associate Professor, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Email: [email protected] Mohammad Dabir-Moghaddam Professor, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran Email: [email protected] Ferdows Agha-Golzadeh Professor, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Email: [email protected] Received 5 July, 2019; Revised 2 September, 2019; Accepted 16 September, 2019 Copyright © 2019 Language Research Institute, Sejong University Journal of Universal Language is an Open Access Journal. All articles are distributed online under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 96 Loanword Syllable Adaptation in Persian: An Optimality-Theoretic Account Abstract The present paper examines the process of loanword syllable adaptation in tetrasyllabic words in Persian, within an Optimality- theoretic framework. In Persian, consonant clusters are avoided in onset position. As a result, the loanwords borrowed from other languages which have complex onsets, when introduced into Persian, are adapted to fit the syllable structure of the target language.
    [Show full text]