Introduction to Engine Valvetrains List of Chapters

Chapter 1 Introduction and 2.3.5 Variable Valve Chapter 3 Valvetrain Components Overview of Engines Actuation by Cam 3.1 Overview 1.1 Engine Fundamentals Phasing and Variable 3.2 Valves 1.1.1 Definition of an Engine Lift 3.2.1 Valve Nomenclature 1.1.2 Types of Internal 2.3.6 Variable Valve and Construction Combustion Engines Actuation by Varying 3.2.2 Valve Operating 1.1.3 Typical Internal the Rocker Ratio Characteristics Combustion Engine 2.4 Variable Valve Actuation— 3.2.3 Valve Design Structure Camless System 3.2.4 Valve Materials 1.2 Principles of the Four-Stroke 2.4.1 Electromagnetic Valve 3.3 Cams Combustion Cycle Actuation 3.3.1 Cam Nomenclature and 1.2.1 Spark Ignition Engines 2.4.2 Electrohydraulic Valve Design Considerations 1.2.2 Compression Ignition Actuation 3.3.2 Cam Profile Engines 2.4.3 Comparison of Characteristics 1.3 Two-Stroke Engines Various Variable Valve 3.3.3 Cam Profile Design 1.4 Engine Displacement and Actuation Systems 3.3.4 Considerations in Cam Compression Ratio 2.5 Engine Brake and Valvetrains Profile Determination 1.5 Engine Performance 2.6 Types of Valvetrain 3.3.5 Lightweight Cam Design 1.5.1 Torque 2.6.1 Type I Valvetrain— 3.3.6 Cam Lobe Surface 1.5.2 Horsepower Direct Acting, Finishes and Tolerances 1.6 Internal Combustion Engine Overhead Cam 3.3.7 Cam Materials Efficiency 2.6.2 Type II Valvetrain—End- 3.4 Valvetrain Lash Compensators 1.6.1 Mechanical Efficiency Pivot Rocker Arm, 3.4.1 Lash and Mechanical 1.6.2 Thermal Efficiency Overhead Cam Lash Adjusters 1.6.3 Engine Volumetric 2.6.3 Type III Valvetrain— 3.4.2 Hydraulic Lash Efficiency Center-Pivot Rocker Compensators 1.7 References Arm, Overhead Cam 3.4.3 Hydraulic Lash 2.6.4 Type IV Valvetrain— Compensation Center-Pivot Rocker Mechanism Chapter 2 Valvetrain Systems Arm, Overhead Cam 3.4.4 Hydraulic Lifter Design 2.1 Overview of Valvetrain Systems 2.6.5 Type V Valvetrain— Considerations 2.2 Valve Actuation Center-Pivot Rocker 3.4.5 Dimensions, 2.2.1 Valve Lift and Duration Arm, Overhead Valve Tolerances, and 2.2.2 Valve Timing and 2.6.6 Ranking of Various Surface Finishes Overlap Valvetrains 3.4.6 Materials and Stresses 2.2.3 Effect of Valve Timing 2.7 Valvetrain System Design 3.5 Seat Inserts on Performance and 2.7.1 Valvetrain Selection 3.5.1 Nomenclature Emissions 2.7.2 Valvetrain System 3.5.2 Insert Design 2.2.4 Valvetrain System Timing Mechanics—Kinematics Considerations 2.3 Variable Valve Actuation— Analysis 3.5.3 Insert Materials Cam Driven 2.7.3 Valvetrain System 3.5.4 Insert Material 2.3.1 Overview of Variable Dynamics Analysis Properties Valve Timing 2.8 References 3.5.5 Wear Resistance 2.3.2 Variable Valve Timing 3.5.6 Machinability by Camshaft Phasing 3.5.7 Corrosion Resistance 2.3.3 Variable Valve Lift by Cam Profile Switching 3.6 Valve Guides 2.3.4 Variable Valve Lift by 3.6.1 Valve Guide Types and Lost Motion Nomenclature 3.6.2 Valve Guide Design 3.6.3 Guide Materials 3.6.4 Guide Material Properties Introduction to Engine Valvetrains

3.7 Rocker Arms Chapter 4 Valvetrain Testing Chapter 5 Valvetrain Tribology 3.7.1 Rocker Arm 4.1 Introduction 5.1 Introduction to Tribology Configurations 4.2 Materials and Testing 5.1.1 Valvetrain Tribology 3.7.2 Design Guidelines 4.2.1 Material Behavior Overview 3.7.3 Rocker Arm Materials 4.2.2 Mechanical Tensile 5.1.2 Surface Topography 3.7.4 Variable Actuation Testing and Contact Rocker Arms 4.2.3 Hardness Testing Mechanics 3.8 Valve Springs 4.2.4 Fracture Toughness 5.1.3 Friction 3.8.1 Introduction Testing 5.1.4 Wear 3.8.2 Design Considerations 4.2.5 Fatigue Testing 5.1.5 Lubrication and 3.8.3 Spring Performance 4.2.6 Friction Testing Lubricants 3.8.4 Valve Spring Materials 4.2.7 Wear Testing 5.2 Engine Lubrication and 3.9 Valve Stem Seals 4.2.8 Corrosion Testing Lubricants 3.9.1 Introduction 4.3 Valvetrain Component Bench 5.2.1 Engine Lubrication 3.9.2 Design Considerations Testing 5.2.2 Engine Lubricants 3.9.3 Seal Materials 4.3.1 Component Testing 5.2.3 Synthetic Engine Base 3.10 Keys Overview Oil and Additives 3.10.1 Single-Bead Keys 4.3.2 Cam and Follower 5.2.4 Lubricant-Related 3.10.2 Multiple-Bead Keys Wear Testing Engine Malfunctions 3.10.3 Dimensions and 4.3.3 Valve Seat and Insert 5.3 Valvetrain Friction Loss or Tolerances Wear Testing Energy Consumption 3.10.4 Key Materials 4.3.4 Valve Stem and Guide 5.3.1 Overview 3.11 Retainers Wear Testing 5.3.2 Speed Effects 3.11.1 One-Piece Retainers 4.3.5 Flow Testing 5.3.3 Effects of Valvetrain 3.11.2 Two-Piece Retainers 4.3.6 Hydraulic Lifter Leak- Type 3.11.3 Dimensions and Down Testing 5.3.4 Temperature Effects Tolerances 4.3.7 Thermal Shock Testing 5.3.5 Spring Load Effects 3.11.4 Retainer Materials 4.3.8 Stem Seal Oil Metering 5.3.6 Rolling Element Effects 3.12 Other Components Testing 5.3.7 Lubricant Type Effects 3.12.1 Valve Rotators 4.3.9 Strain Gage Testing 5.3.8 Oil Flow Rate Effects 3.12.2 Pushrods 4.4 Nondestructive Testing 5.4 Valvetrain Wear 3.12.3 Valve Bridges 4.4.1 Overview of 5.4.1 Introduction 3.12.4 Crosshead Rocker Nondestructive Testing 5.4.2 Cam and Follower Arms 4.4.2 X-Ray Inspection Interface 3.13 References 4.4.3 Ultrasonic Inspection 5.4.3 Valve Seat and Seat 4.4.4 Liquid Penetrant Insert Interface Inspection 5.4.4 Valve Stem and Guide 4.4.5 Magnetic Particle Interface Inspection 5.4.5 Valve Tip Wear 4.4.6 Eddy Current Inspection 4.5 Engine Testing 4.5.1 Valvetrain System Testing Overview 4.5.2 Valvetrain Dynamic Testing 4.5.3 Lash Measurement 4.5.4 Valve Temperature Measurement 4.5.5 Valvetrain Friction Measurement 4.6 References Introduction to Engine Valvetrains

5.5 Valvetrain Lubrication Chapter 6 Valvetrain Failure 6.3 Cam Failures 5.5.1 Film Thickness Analysis 6.4 Lifter Failures 5.5.2 Stress Effects 6.1 General Failure Analysis 6.5 Insert Failures 5.5.3 Viscosity Effects Practice 6.6 Guide Failures 5.5.4 Anti-Wear Additive 6.1.1 Background 6.7 Spring Failures Effects Information 6.8 Stem Seal Failures 5.5.5 Temperature Effects 6.1.2 Preliminary 6.9 Rocker Arm Failures 5.5.6 Engine Oil Degradation Examination 6.10 Retainer Failures 5.5.7 Soot and Carbon 6.1.3 Macroscopic 6.11 Key Failures Effects Examination and 6.12 References 5.5.8 Lubricant and Material Analysis Reactions 6.1.4 Metrology Index 5.6 Surface Engineering of Measurement About the Author Valvetrain Components 6.1.5 Microscopic 5.6.1 Overview Examination and 5.6.2 Selective Surface Analysis Hardening 6.1.6 Scanning Electron 5.6.3 Diffusion Surface Microscopy and Energy Hardening Dispersive X-Ray 5.6.4 Thin Film Coatings Spectrometry Analysis 5.6.5 Thick Film Coatings 6.1.7 Mechanical Testing 5.6.6 Other Surface and Simulation Testing Treatments 6.1.8 Determination of 5.7 References Failure Mechanisms 6.1.9 Root Cause of Failure 6.1.10 Writing the Failure Analysis Report 6.2 Valve Failures 6.2.1 Overview 6.2.2 Valve Face Failures 6.2.3 Valve Seat Failures 6.2.4 Valve Fillet Failures 6.2.5 Stem-Fillet Blend Area Failures 6.2.6 Stem Failures 6.2.7 Keeper Groove Failures 6.2.8 Tip Failures