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Endangered Species Research 35:125 Vol. 35: 125–139, 2018 ENDANGERED SPECIES RESEARCH Published March 15 https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00878 Endang Species Res OPENPEN ACCESSCCESS Representation and protection of threatened biodiversity by the largest Spanish regional network of protected areas David Rodríguez-Rodríguez1,2,*, Javier Martínez-Vega1 1Institute of Economy, Geography and Demography, Spanish National Research Council (IEGD-CSIC), Associated unit GEOLAB, 28037 Madrid, Spain 2Andalucía Tech, European Topic Centre, University of Malaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain ABSTRACT: The main global strategy to stop biodiversity loss is the designation of protected areas (PAs). Spain is a highly biodiverse country. It has one of the world's greatest terrestrial PA coverages. However, the status of its biodiversity is delicate as a result of serious pressures, and some important areas for biodiversity are outside PAs. We used official census data to spatially assess how 71 habitats of community interest (HCIs), 126 regionally threatened flora, fauna and fungi species and subspecies (RTSs), and 33 globally threatened species or subspecies (GTSs) are represented in a network of 404 PAs in Andalusia, a region rich in biodiversity in southern Spain. We also assessed the legal and managerial protection afforded to these threatened habitats and species by those PAs. The Andalusian PA network expands across one-third of the region’s terri- tory and includes the threatened species’ richest areas. However, it only covers 57% of the area of occupancy of RTSs, 81% of the regional area of occupancy of GTSs, and 53% of the extent of HCIs. Over 61% of the regional PA network area is assigned more than 1 PA designation category, although cumulative legal protection is marginally related to RTS richness and unrelated to GTS richness. RTSs and especially GTSs occupy the most relative area in Ramsar sites (i.e. wetlands of international importance), although these are of relatively minor importance for threatened habi- tats. Wetlands and agricultural areas are the broad ecosystem types showing the greatest numbers of RTSs and GTSs. Seven GTSs were not included in the Andalusian Register of Threatened Spe- cies. One hundred and eleven unprotected Areas of High Importance for Threatened Species (AHITSs) and one Area of High Importance for Threatened Biodiversity (AHITB) were identified. Those species and sites are good candidates for a targeted expansion of legal protection of bio - diversity in the region. KEY WORDS: Endangered species · Endangered habitats · Land use-land cover · Gap analysis · Reserves · Andalusia INTRODUCTION change and the introduction of alien invasive species (Gaston et al. 2008, Butchart et al. 2010, WWF 2016). Biodiversity is defined as the variability among liv- The main global strategy to stop global biodiversity ing organisms, including diversity within species, be - loss is the designation of protected areas (PAs) (Dud- tween species and of ecosystems (CBD 1992). Global ley 2008, Gaston et al. 2008). In the European Union biodiversity is seriously declining due to human (EU), the Habitats Directive (EEC 1992) created a activities which result in habitat destruction, frag- wide ecological network of PAs to protect sensitive mentation and pollution, direct persecution, climate species and habitats in Europe: the Natura 2000 net- © The authors 2018. Open Access under Creative Commons by *Corresponding author: [email protected] Attribution Licence. Use, distribution and reproduction are un - restricted. Authors and original publication must be credited. Publisher: Inter-Research · www.int-res.com 126 Endang Species Res 35: 125–139, 2018 work. It distinguishes 2 types of PAs: Sites of Com- the EU (Andalusian Government 2016a). However, munity Importance (SCIs)/Special Areas of Conser- most regional PA designations occurred in the late vation (SACs), for the conservation of natural and 1980s on the basis of limited ecological knowledge, semi-natural habitats and wild species of flora and when Andalusia was transferred the administrative fauna, except bird species; and Special Protection competencies for designation and management of Areas (SPAs), for the conservation of wild bird spe- PAs and passed its own law on PAs (Andalusian Gov- cies, according to the EU Birds Directive (EEC 1979). ernment 1989). Yet the first PA in the region was des- The Natura 2000 network includes >27 000 sites that ignated as early as 1969 (i.e. Doñana National Park). span across 18% of the terrestrial territory of the EU Since those days, PA designation criteria and ecolog- (EC 2016). Despite the continuous growth in PA cov- ical knowledge have evolved (Múgica et al. 2002), erage worldwide, concerns are expressed that impor- making it advisable to assess whether the regional tant areas for biodiversity are not included in PA net- PA network has grown in an ecologically consistent works, that PA effectiveness evaluations still need to manner and is currently fit for the purpose of con- be generalised (Juffe-Bignoli et al. 2014, Bhola et al. serving threatened biodiversity, as national and 2016) and that protection afforded to existing PAs international regulations require (Spanish Govern- might not be sufficient to avert biodiversity loss ment 2007, CBD 2010). (Craigie et al. 2010, Laurance et al. 2012). Therefore, this study seeks to (1) spatially assess Spain is a highly biodiverse country in the Euro- whether threatened biodiversity, including species, pean context (Múgica et al. 2010). It is located in the subspecies and habitats, is adequately represented Mediterranean basin, one of the global biodiversity in the regional PA network; (2) ascertain the regional hotspots critical for biodiversity conservation (Myers distribution of threatened biodiversity by broad eco- et al. 2000). Moreover, southeastern Spain is consid- system types; (3) estimate the legal and managerial ered one of the top 10 fine-scale biodiversity hotspots protection afforded to threatened biodiversity; and around the Mediterranean basin in terms of plant (4) spatially analyse whether areas rich in threatened species richness and endemicity (Médail & Quézel biodiversity exist outside current PAs, with a view to 1999). Accordingly, Spain's terrestrial PA network proposing sustainable territorial planning and man- covers more than 27% of its land and freshwater ter- agement recommendations. ritory (Múgica et al. 2014), largely exceeding inter- national PA coverage targets at 17% by 2020 (CBD 2010). However, the status of Spanish biodiversity, METHODS especially of coastal biodiversity, is delicate, mainly due to extensive habitat destruction and degradation Study area in recent decades (Estévez et al. 2016), and important areas for biodiversity are outside PAs (Muñoz- Andalusia is the second biggest autonomous Rodríguez et al. 2016, Zamora-Marín et al. 2016). In region in Spain, covering >87 000 km2, or 17% of the addition, restoration plans for threatened species are country’s territory. It is entirely in the Mediterranean scarce and not always implemented (Jiménez 2012). biogeographical region (EEA 2012), where nearly Finally, regular, systematic and comprehensive eval- half of the species and more than half of the habitats uation of the effectiveness of the country’s PAs is re- included in the Habitats Directive are found (Barredo stricted to the National Park network (Rodríguez- et al. 2016), and where habitat conversion exceeds Rodríguez et al. 2015a) and the periodic (though of habitat protection by a ratio of 8:1 (Hoekstra et al. improvable completeness and accuracy) reporting on 2005). the status of species and habitats under Habitats Andalusia was chosen for this study for being a bio- Directive obligations (EEC 1992). diversity-rich region subject to numerous threats Spain is a highly decentralised country, with 17 (Andalusian Government 2014, 2015). It also has the regional governments. The Spanish government is most comprehensive, consistent and updated official responsible for making and passing basic legislation repository of data on biodiversity of conservation on nature conservation that all the regions must importance of all the Spanish regions. Moreover, in abide by. However, most nature conservation poli- 2013 almost 19% of Andalusian territory was cov- cies, including the legal protection and management ered by regional PA designation categories, reaching of species and PAs, are regional competencies in 30% if Natura 2000 sites were included, making it Spain. The Andalusian network of PAs is the broad- the largest regional PA network in Spain in absolute est and most numerous sub-national PA network in terms (Múgica et al. 2014; our Fig. 1). Finally, biodi- Rodríguez-Rodríguez & Martínez-Vega: Protection of threatened biodiversity in Spain 127 Endangered, Endangered, or Vulnerable (globally threatened species or GTSs) were selected for our analysis of threatened species (IUCN 2017). Regional registers of threatened species are official lists that must abide by the Spanish Register of Threatened Species (Spanish Government 2007, 2011), which classifies species according to their de - gree of threat at the country scale based on specific scientific criteria on population trends, areas of occu- pancy, or population viability analyses (Spanish Gov- ernment 2017). Regional registers must include the species in the Spanish Register that inhabit the region of concern with at least the same threat cate- gory as in the Spanish Register or higher, as assessed at the regional scale. The inclusion
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