Instituto De Pesquisas Jardim Botânico Do Rio De Janeiro Escola Nacional De Botânica Tropical Mestrado Profissional Em Biodiversidade Em Unidades De Conservação

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Instituto De Pesquisas Jardim Botânico Do Rio De Janeiro Escola Nacional De Botânica Tropical Mestrado Profissional Em Biodiversidade Em Unidades De Conservação Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro Escola Nacional de Botânica Tropical Mestrado Profissional em Biodiversidade em Unidades de Conservação Fatores potencialmente limitantes da distribuição de uma palmeira restrita a região da Serra dos Órgãos, RJ. Gabriela Akemi Macedo Oda Rio de Janeiro 2014 Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro Escola Nacional de Botânica Tropical Mestrado Profissional em Biodiversidade em Unidades de Conservação Fatores potencialmente limitantes da distribuição de uma palmeira restrita a região da Serra dos Órgãos, RJ. Gabriela Akemi Macedo Oda Trabalho de Conclusão apresentado ao Programa de Mestrado Profissional em Biodiversidade em Unidades de Conservação da Escola Nacional de Botânica Tropical, Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, como parte dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do título de Mestre em Biodiversidade em Unidades de Conservação. Orientador(es): Prof. Dra. Rita de Cássia Quitete Portela e Prof. Dra. Marinez Ferreira de Siqueira Rio de Janeiro 2014 ii Oda, Gabriela Akemi Macedo. O23f Fatores potencialmente limitantes da distribuição de uma palmeira restrita a região da Serra dos Órgãos, RJ. / Gabriela Akemi Macedo Oda. – Rio de Janeiro, 2014. 15, 91 f.: il. 28cm. Trabalho de conclusão (Mestrado Profissional em Biodiversidade em Unidades de Conservação) – Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro / Escola Nacional de Botânica Tropical, 2014. Orientadora: Rita de Cássia Quitete Portela. Bibliografia. 1. Palmae. 2. Lytocaryum weddellianum. 3. Semente. 4. Germinação. 5. Modelagem de distribuição I. Título. II. Escola Nacional de Botânica Tropical. CDD 584.5 iii Fatores potencialmente limitantes da distribuição de uma palmeira restrita a região da Serra dos Órgãos, RJ. Gabriela Akemi Macedo Oda Trabalho de Conclusão apresentado ao Programa de Mestrado Profissional em Biodiversidade em Unidades de Conservação da Escola Nacional de Botânica Tropical, Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, como parte dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do título de Mestre em Biodiversidade em Unidades de Conservação. Aprovado por: Prof. Dra. Rita de Cássia Quitete Portela (Orientador) _________________ Prof. Dra. Alexandra Pires Fernandez ______________________________ Prof. Dr. Leandro Freitas________________________________________ Em 14 / 04 / 2014 Rio de Janeiro 2014 iv ____________________________________________________________Agradecimento O desenvolvimento de uma dissertação requer muito mais do que dedicação individual, a importância de cada pessoa ao longo desse processo é imensurável, tanto aquelas que contribuíram para a minha formação pessoal e acadêmica quanto aquelas que participaram de formas pontuais mais não menos importantes. Às minhas orientadoras Prof. Dra. Rita Portela e Prof. Dra. Marinez Siqueira pela confiança depositada em mim, pelo incentivo, paciência e dedicação ao longo dessa jornada. Aos professores que contribuíram para minha formação acadêmica e me auxiliaram ao longo de todo desenvolvimento deste trabalho Prof. Dr. Eduardo Arcoverde e Dra. Maria Isabel Braz. À Prof. Dra. Carol Baskin, a Prof. Dra. Sueli Gomes e a Prof. Dra. Denise Klein pelo auxilio com a anatomia do fruto; à Prof. Dra. Daniela Rodrigues e ao Dr. Bruno Medeiro pela ajuda com a identificação do predador de sementes, à Prof. Dra. Dulce Mantuano pela ajuda com o experimentos de viabilidade, ao Prof. Dr. Leandro Freitas e à Prof. Dra. Alexandra Pires pelas considerações iniciais na elaboração do projeto e à esta última ainda, pela sugestões na fase da pré-banca. Agradeço ainda a todos os outros pesquisadores que em algum momento me ajudaram com conversas enriquecedoras. Às sempre amigas Ana Paula, Aline Machado, Daniele Carvalho, Maria Isabel Sigiliano e Ligia Iwamoto por compreenderem minha ausência e me ajudarem a manter a calma, estarem presentes nos momentos de alegria e tristeza e por compartilharem as conquistas. Aos amigos pelo incentivo, sugestões, e apoio, em especial ao André Zaú, Wallace Beiroz, Daniel Tavares, Hélio Beiroz, esses dois últimos agradeço também pelo suporte com o software ArcGIS. Aos colegas da Pós-graduação, que mesmo com a distância proporcionaram conversas enriquecedoras e muitos momentos de descontração. Ao Laboratório de Ecologia vegetal da UFRJ, por fornecer toda a estrutura necessária para o desenvolvimento no meu trabalho, além de um ambiente agradável promovido por todos os integrantes. Um agradecimento especial àqueles que me ajudaram nos experimentos de v laboratório, saídas de campo ou ainda sugestões para o meu trabalho: Aline Souza, Sara Colmenares, Gabriel Rodrigues, Amanda Santos e Luiza Cosme. Ao Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade, especialmente em nome de Cecilia Cronemberger por me ajudar a encontrar novos pontos de L. weddellianum no Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos. Ao Instituto Estadual do Ambiente, especialmente em nome de Alcides Pissinatti e a Sônia, pelo auxílio logístico e estrutural nas saídas de campo realizadas na Estação Ecológica do Paraíso. À Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçu, em nome do Jorge, Nicolas e Raquel pelo auxílio logístico e estrutural nos trabalhos de campo realizados nesta região. Além de conhecimentos relevantes sobre a espécie aqui estudada. Aos auxiliares de campo, Rildo, Marcelo e Pheterson pela proteção, dedicação e amizade sem a qual, não seria possível o desenvolvimento deste trabalho. Ao corpo docente e administrativo do Instituto jardim botânico do Rio de Janeiro e ao Programa de Pós-graduação do Mestrado profissional pela infraestrutura acadêmica e pelo apoio do Prof. Dr. Bruno Kurts e Maria Fernanda. Aos apoios financeiros da FAPERJ (APQ1), CNPq (Universal) e da ONG Idea wild pelo fornecimento de equipamentos. Sobretudo, agradeço à minha família, em especial ao meu pai Akeshi, minha mãe Leila, meu irmão Rubens, meus sobrinhos Pedro e Lorena, meu tio avô Moacir e ao meu avô Marcos (in memoriam) por fazerem parte do que eu sou e por sempre apoiarem minhas escolhas. Muito Obrigada! vi __________________________________________________________________Resumo Padrões espaciais de diversidade e distribuição de espécies são fundamentais para a ecologia e podem ser limitados por diversos fatores bióticos e abióticos, em especial na fase inicial de desenvolvimento da planta. Espécies com hábitos restritos e ocorrendo em populações pequenas são mais vulneráveis a extinção, e pequenas alterações no clima podem trazer consequências irreversíveis para as espécies. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo conhecer aspectos ecológicos das fases iniciais de Lytocaryum weddellianum (H.Wendl.) Tol. (Arecaceae), palmeira endêmica da Mata Atlântica e restrita a região da Serra dos Órgãos, contribuindo assim para o delineamento de estratégias de conservação eficazes. Para tanto, foram realizados (1) experimentos de germinação e vigor da plântula ex situ (2) experimentos de transplante de plântula e semeadura in situ e (3) modelagem de distribuição da espécie. A germinação foi semelhante entre as populações, entretanto diferente entre os tratamentos, fornecendo informações relevantes quanto ao uso de técnicas para acelerar o processo germinativo. Os resultados do vigor sugerem uma possível interferência do efeito maternal, relacionado ao estado de conservação da área de estudo. Os experimentos desenvolvidos no campo e a modelagem de distribuição de espécie foram relevante e complementares, mostrando que as populações podem apresentar diferentes fatores potencialmente limitantes para a sua distribuição. Na ESEC Paraíso existe uma limitação relacionada a fatores edáficos, confirmada pela ausência de adequabilidade ambiental da região de não ocorrência da espécie, enquanto que na REGUA, fatores ambientais não estudados ou fatores bióticos, parecem ser mais importantes. Foram também caracterizados e identificados ambientes mais propícios para ocorrência e reintrodução de L. weddellianum, como proposta de manejo. Palavras-chave: germinação, vigor da plântula, estabelecimento inicial, predação de sementes, modelagem de distribuição de espécies. vii _________________________________________________________________Abstract Spatial patterns of diversity and distribution of species are fundamental to ecology and may be limited by various biotic and abiotic factors, especially in the initial phase of development of the plant. Species with restricted habits and which occur in small populations are more vulnerable to extinction, and small changes in climate can bring irreversible consequences for the species. In this sense, the present study aimed to identify the ecological aspects of the initial stages of Lytocaryum weddellianum (H.Wendl.) Tol. (Arecaceae), endemic palm of the Atlantic Forest and restricted to the Serra dos Órgãos region, contributing in this way for designing effective conservation’ strategies. Thereby, were conducted (1) ex situ experiments of germination and seedling vigor (2) in situ experiments of sowing and transplantation of seedling (3) species’ distribution modeling. The germination was similar among populations, however different between treatments, providing relevant information regarding to the use of techniques to accelerate the germination process. The results of vigor’s experiment suggest a possible interference of maternal effect, related to the conservation status of the study area. The experiments conducted in the field and species’ distribution modeling were relevant and complementary, showing that
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