DOCSLIB.ORG

Effects of Human Activities on the Hydrology And

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Effects of Human Activities on the Hydrology And EFFECTS OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES ON THE HYDROLOGY AND ECOLOGY OF CHASSA DAMBO IN SINDA AREA, EASTERN PROVINCE, ZAMBIA by Khadija Mvula A dissertation submitted to the University of Zambia in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Science in Geography University of Zambia Lusaka 2015 DECLARATION I, Khadija Mvula, declare that this dissertation represents my own work and that it has not been submitted for a degree, diploma or other qualification at this or any other University. Name: __________________________________________ Signature: _______________________________________ Date: ___________________________________________ ii COPYRIGHT All rights reserved. No part of this dissertation may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means; electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission in writing from the Author or the University of Zambia. (C) Khadija Mvula 2015 iii APPROVAL iv ABSTRACT Dambos are depressions that are waterlogged and grass covered and these are surrounded by savanna woodland. In Zambia, there is no clear legislation on the protection, conservation and management of wetlands including dambos. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the physical characteristics of Chassa dambo in Sinda, Eastern Province of Zambia and assess how these characteristics have been affected by human activities for the purpose of finding a lasting solution. The objectives were to: (i) describe the physical characteristics of Chassa dambo in terms of geomorphology, morphology, soils, hydrology, ecology and vegetation cover; (ii) determine the uses of Chassa dambo and the agricultural activities in the area; (iii) assess the effects of human activities on the geomorphology, morphology, soils, hydrology, ecology and vegetation cover of Chassa dambo; and (iv) to assess ways for sustainable use of Chassa dambo. On methodology, primary data was collected through direct observation through section sampling in one metre depth pits for analysis of physical and chemical characteristics in order to determine fertility and sedimentation areas. Structured and Semi-structured interviews were administered to different stakeholders and local community members. A total of 80 heads of households (8.8%) out of 905 households were sampled. Secondary sources of data included maps and use of Google Satellite imagery for assessment of physical features of the dambo. Analysis of data revealed that Chassa dambo catchment had been cleared to pave way for commercial farming, subsistence farming and settlements. The dambo had been dammed for storage of water for irrigation and canalised for the purpose of diverting water to the dams and draining the middle and central parts of the dambo. Heavy machinery was used in commercial farming leading to soil compaction. Overall, the field evidence showed that physical characteristics of Chassa dambo have been adversely affected by human activities. Hydrologically, the dambo has deteriorated due to reduced soil moisture and increased overland flow attributed to tree and grass clearing and burning of vegetation. The ecology of the dambo revealed adverse effects of these activities which have affected the natural dambo ecosystem. The chemical analysis of the dambo soils showed an accumulation of nutrients in the lower dambo and the organic carbon being below the critical value thus, indicating degradation of the soil properties. It is concluded that human activities have affected the morphology, ecology and hydrology of Chassa dambo which suggest the need for legislation for the protection and sustainable use of dambos for the benefit of local communities. v DEDICATION To my children; Tukuza, Tackson Emmanuel, Mphaso, Chikondi and Daliso Chisomo vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Writing this piece of work would not have been possible without the guidance and tolerance of my supervisors; the lecturers and other members of staff in the Department of Geography and Environmental Studies and; people from various institutions that assisted me with materials. I owe the indelible tutorship to Dr. Henry Sichingabula, my supervisor, and Mr. Gear Kajoba, co-supervisor, who ably supervised my work. My profound gratitude also goes to Mr. Brian Gondwe and Ms Mutinta Malambo of Mount Makulu Research Station for their assistance. Lastly, I would like to thank my husband, Mr. Jimmy M. Sakala for his encouragement and support throughout the period of my study. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION......................................................................................................... ii COPYRIGHT............................................................................................................. iii APPROVAL FORM................................................................................................... iv ABSTRACT................................................................................................................. v DEDICATION............................................................................................................. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS........................................................................................ vii TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................ viii LIST OF TABLES...................................................................................................... xiii LIST OF FIGURES.................................................................................................... xiv LIST OF APPENDICES............................................................................................. xvi ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS.................................................................. xvii 1.0 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION....................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Theoretical basis............................................................................................ 1 1.3 Statement of the Research Problem.............................................................. 3 1.4 Aim of the Study........................................................................................... 4 1.5 Research Objectives...................................................................................... 4 1.6 Research Questions....................................................................................... 5 1.7 Significance of the Study.............................................................................. 5 1.8 Organisation of the Dissertation.................................................................... 6 2.0 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW.......................................... 7 2.1 Introduction................................................................................................... 7 viii 2.2 Defining Wetlands and Dambos................................................................... 7 2.2.1 Definition of wetlands................................................................................... 7 2.2.2 Definition of Dambos.................................................................................... 8 2.3 Distribution of Dambos in Zambia............................................................... 9 2.4 Classification of Dambos.............................................................................. 9 2.5 Dambo Geomorphology................................................................................ 13 2.6 Dambo Morphology...................................................................................... 13 2.7 Dambos Soils................................................................................................ 14 2.8 Hydrology of Dambos................................................................................... 15 2.9 Ecology of Dambos....................................................................................... 17 2.10 Vegetation Cover in Dambos........................................................................ 18 2.11 Socio-economic Uses of Dambos................................................................. 18 2.12 Degradation of Dambos................................................................................ 20 2.13 Use of Pesticides on Dambo Wetlands......................................................... 23 2.14 Wetland Conservation and Sustainable Management................................... 24 2.15 Policy Framework in Zambia........................................................................ 24 3.0 CHAPTER THREE: STUDY AREA........................................................ 26 3.1 Introduction................................................................................................... 26 3.2 Location......................................................................................................... 26 3.3 Physical Characteristics of the Study Area................................................... 27 3.3.1 Climate.......................................................................................................... 28 3.3.2 Geomorphology............................................................................................. 29 3.3.3 Morphology................................................................................................... 29 3.3.4 Soils..............................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Biodiversity in Sub-Saharan Africa and Its Islands Conservation, Management and Sustainable Use
    Biodiversity in Sub-Saharan Africa and its Islands Conservation, Management and Sustainable Use Occasional Papers of the IUCN Species Survival Commission No. 6 IUCN - The World Conservation Union IUCN Species Survival Commission Role of the SSC The Species Survival Commission (SSC) is IUCN's primary source of the 4. To provide advice, information, and expertise to the Secretariat of the scientific and technical information required for the maintenance of biologi- Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna cal diversity through the conservation of endangered and vulnerable species and Flora (CITES) and other international agreements affecting conser- of fauna and flora, whilst recommending and promoting measures for their vation of species or biological diversity. conservation, and for the management of other species of conservation con- cern. Its objective is to mobilize action to prevent the extinction of species, 5. To carry out specific tasks on behalf of the Union, including: sub-species and discrete populations of fauna and flora, thereby not only maintaining biological diversity but improving the status of endangered and • coordination of a programme of activities for the conservation of bio- vulnerable species. logical diversity within the framework of the IUCN Conservation Programme. Objectives of the SSC • promotion of the maintenance of biological diversity by monitoring 1. To participate in the further development, promotion and implementation the status of species and populations of conservation concern. of the World Conservation Strategy; to advise on the development of IUCN's Conservation Programme; to support the implementation of the • development and review of conservation action plans and priorities Programme' and to assist in the development, screening, and monitoring for species and their populations.
    [Show full text]
  • Annotated Bibliography
    ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPY OF SELECTED PUBLICATIONS RELATED TO HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS OF WET MEADOW RESTORATION IN THE SIERRA NEVADA DRAFT VERSION 1.5 Revised August 19, 2011 Barry Hill, Hydrologist, USDA Forest Service Pacific Southwest Region ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Introduction Meadow restoration has many potential benefits, including improved water quality, streamflow regimen, flood attenuation, aquatic and terrestrial habitats, aesthetics, and forage production, and reduction of forest fuels. Although most of these benefits enjoy wide public support, the effects of restoration on downstream surface flows remain controversial owing to the temporary retention and increased evapotranspiration of water in restored meadow aquifers. Restoration of eroded wet meadows in the Sierra Nevada is a goal of the USDA Forest Service Pacific Southwest Region. The National Environmental Policy Act requires that the “best available science” be used to assess potential effects of proposed restoration projects on National Forests. This bibliography summarizes selected references that may be useful for analyzing the effects of proposed meadow restoration projects on downstream baseflows. It is intended to aid National Forest hydrologists on interdisciplinary teams charged with analyzing effects of alternative approaches to meadow restoration, and to provide background information for our ongoing meadow hydrology assessment in the Sierra Nevada. This bibliography is divided into 9 major topics (A to I). Each major topic has a short introductory paragraph. Titles within each topic are listed alphabetically by author and numbered sequentially for ease of reference. For each publication, I have provided a web link and a brief summary of results relevant to effects of restoration on streamflow. Publications are listed under only a single major topic, but may have relevance for others as well.
    [Show full text]
  • Factors That Affect Abundance and Distribution of Submerged and // Floating Macrophytes in Lake Naivasha, Kenya
    FACTORS THAT AFFECT ABUNDANCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF SUBMERGED AND // FLOATING MACROPHYTES IN LAKE NAIVASHA, KENYA Ngari, A. N. (B.Sc. Hons.) * A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for degree of Master of Science in the University of Nairobi. Department of Botany, Faculty of Science. Nairobi-Kenya 2005 University of NAIROBI Library f o 0524687 1 Plate 1. A photograph of shoreline of Lake Naivasha with principal emergent vegetation, the Giant sedge (Cyperus papyrus L.), floating macrophyte, water hyacinth [Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms] and associated vegetation and aquatic birds at the background. (Photograph by the author-April 2003.) ii Declaration I, Ngari, A. N., do here declare that this is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other institution. All sources of information have been acknowledged by means of reference. -fa /{K Ngari, A. N. Date This thesis has been submitted with our approval as the University supervisors: 1. Prof. J. I. Kinyamario, Department of Botany, Signature: 2. Prof. M. J. Ntiba, Department Signature: Date: '•v,1,:.! \.~2 < c > 3. Prof. K. M. Mavuti, Department of Zoology, Signature Date:...... ... \.r in Dedication To Ngari (dad), Liberata (mum) and Runji (uncle). Acknowledgements I wish to thank my supervisors Prof. J. I. Kinyamario, Prof. M. J. Ntiba and Prof. K. M. Mavuti for giving me vital guidance throughout the study. My study at the University of Nairobi and this research were supported by the kind courtesy of VLIR-IUC-UoN programme for which I am greatly indebted. Special thanks go to the Director of Fisheries, Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development for giving me permission to work in Lake Naivasha.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Structure and Function of African Floodplains"
    AaMTS/FARA Library File Publication 'Structure and Function of African Floodplains" MsJ. Gaudet Opited from: .Il of the East Africa Natural History Society and National Museum 82, No. 199 Xch 1992). .1' PAA -QA -P JOURNAL OF THE EAST AFRICA NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY AND NATIONAL MUSEUM March 1992 Volume 82 No 199 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF AFRICAN FLOODPLAINS JOHN J. GAUDET* United States Agency for International Development, ABSTRACT In Africa, floodplains often cover enormous aueas. They represent aformidable dry season refuge for the indigenous flora and fauna, but at the same time they have a large potentil for the intensive, highly productive agricuture and hydropower production so desperately needed in Africa. The main topographic features ofthe larger floodplains are reviewed in this paper, along with ageneral insight irno water relations, nutrient dynamics, productivity, species distribution and changes in vegetation induced by present management practice. The question israised of whether floodplains will survive in the face of development, and acall is made for alternative management strategies. INTRODUCTION The.inland water habitats of Africa make up about 450,000 kin' of the contiaent (Table I). These habitats include seasonally inundated wetlands, such as swamp fore:;, peatland, mangrove swamp, inland herbaceous swamp and floodplain, as well as permanent wator habitats. The habitat of most concern ti us bete is the floodplain, which is any region along the course of a river where large -seasonal variation in rainfall results in overbank flooding into the surrounding plains. Some of these flooded plains are enormous and are equal in size to the world's larges lakes (rables I & 2).
    [Show full text]
  • Biodiversity Assessment for Three Mpika Wetlands of the Sab Project
    BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT FOR THREE MPIKA WETLANDS OF THE SAB PROJECT A study commissioned by Wetland Action Conducted by Moses A. Nyirenda (BSc, MSc), October 2008 The SAB project is a demonstration project of the Wetlands and Poverty Reduction Project of Wetlands International and it is carried out with financial support from Wetlands International under its Wetlands and Poverty Reduction Project financed by the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs (DGIS). ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many people have assisted in this work. In particular I would like to thank Mr. Sam Simwinga and Humphrey Munyenyembe who participated in the risky work with long walks in the three dambos as we collected GPS coordinates using the first principles in land survey. The project staff, Jonas Sampa and Ernest Cheepa, deserve my thanks as well. I am particularly thankful to the Community Development Facilitators in the three dambos who participated in the field work. My many thanks go to the community members, the users of the dambos , who freely took time off from their busy schedules to share their history, experiences and knowledge with the study team for two consecutive days in each of the dambos. Their information was so valuable in compiling this report. Lastly, I would like to thank the University of Zambia, Biology Department for the identification of some of the grass species. Moses Amos Nyirenda October 2008 1 Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Global Status of Mires and Peatlands
    Methods (last updated 27-01-2004) The IMCG Global Peatland Database is still in a preliminary phase of development. Many of the available sources have not yet been included, various correction options have not yet been applied to the data, and summarizing conclusions have not yet been drawn. In presenting the present incomplete data we hope to stimulate further inventory and increase awareness of the global peatland resource. 1 Definitions “It remains only to point out that without a precise definition of the concept of peatland any useful peatland statistics cannot be collected and that all cartographic exercises and statistical studies of the area and distribution of peatland carried out without such definition (as well as all concludions based on these) must be handled with appropriate care.” C.A. Weber 1902/2002. International peatland terminology is acknowledged to be in a state of confusion (Joosten & Clarke 2002). The same terms are used for expressing totally different concepts. To give some examples: • Shrier (1985) uses the term “mire” as an equivalent to “peat resources” or “peat deposits”, whereas e.g. Rydin et al. (1999) define “mires” as “wetlands with a vegetation which usually forms peat”. Consequently Rydin et al (1999) exclude, for example, all alder swamp forests from their “mire” concept, even if the soil is peat, and inspite of the fact that some alder forests do show extremely high peat accumulation rates (Barthelmes 2001). • The Russian word “boloto” is actually a geographical term that characterizes a specific landscape with specific vegetation, humidity, and soil processes. “Torfjannyje boloto” can be equalled with a “boloto on a peatland”, independent of whether the prevalent vegetation can produce peat or not.
    [Show full text]
  • Better Management Practices Manual for Smallholders Farming Tilapia in Pond-Based Systems in Zambia
    Photo credit: Chosa Mweemba/WorldFish credit: Photo Better management practices manual for smallholders farming tilapia in pond-based systems in Zambia Led by Funded by Better management practices manual for smallholders farming tilapia in pond-based systems in Zambia Authors Kyra Hoevenaars MSc1 and Jonas Wiza Ng’ambi PhD2 Authors’ Affiliations 1 AquaBioTech Group, Naggar Street, Targa Gap, Mosta, Malta 2 ECOFISH, Plot No. 4322, Ngwerere Road (off Great North Road) Lusaka, Zambia Citation This publication should be cited as: Hoevenaars K and Ng’ambi JW. 2019. Better management practices manual for smallholders farming tilapia in pond-based systems in Zambia. Penang, Malaysia: CGIAR Research Program on Fish Agri-Food Systems. Manual: FISH-2019-07. Acknowledgments The authors would like to express their sincere thanks to the WorldFish team for their assistance and support during the development of this training manual: Dr. Steve Cole, Tabitha Mulilo, Mercy Sichone, Chrispin Chikani, Dr. Mary Lundeba and Henry Kanyembo. We would also like to acknowledge the contribution of Dr. Libakeni Nabiwa from Musika. We wish to thank stakeholders who took time to attend the feedback workshop in Kasama: Gondwe Haggai, Biggie Mbao, Nelson Siwale, Daka Precious from the Depart of Fisheries, Godfrey Sichalwe (Mpende Fisheries), Mulenga Felix (Kamuco Cooperative), Ketani Phiri (Skretting Zambia), Richard Mulenga (Mulemwa agro), Minamba Ronald (Mulemwa agro), Ndala Shanda (Kasama farmer), Natasha Mhende (Musika), Jephthah Chanda (Musika), Chisi M. Victor (Musika) and Rodney Pandala (Horizon Aquaculture). The production of this manual was made possible through funding from the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (Norad) under the Aquaculture Technical Vocational and Entrepreneurship project, whose implementation is being led by WorldFish in partnership with Musika, Natural Resource Development College and Blueplanet.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 4 Understanding Dambos: a Farmer Perspective Towards Sustainable Crop Production
    University of Pretoria etd 82 CHAPTER 4 UNDERSTANDING DAMBOS: A FARMER PERSPECTIVE TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE CROP PRODUCTION 4.1 Background The preceding chapter demonstrated the importance of Dambos as key environmental resource areas that act as socio-economic safety-nets for bridging the hunger gap and providing food at household level. On account of this, they need to be exploited in a sustainable manner. Dambo study reviews have established these environments as being complex in nature and requiring multidisciplinary research to understand them better. This chapter analyzes farmers'experience and synthesizes them with empirical findings of this study in order to make the understanding from a single qualitative perspective. Dambo land use, folklore and myths are discussed from a scientific standpoint. Variations of water table depths in the upper grassland, seepage, transition, lower grassland and central Dambo zones, were monitored as described in Section 2.4. The water movement, storage and fate in the various Dambo zones was understood by analyzing the collected data which was treated against the prevailing precipitation and evapotranspiration as collected from the weather station to produce Figure 10. A socio-economic survey was conducted using a Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) involving a sample of some farmers cultivating Dambos for crop production (see Section 2.2). Using the hydrological results, coupled with farmer practices and constraint analysis, crop calendars were developed and recommendations made for best practices. University of Pretoria etd 83 4.2 Results and Discussion 4.2.1 Precipitation and Dambo Hydrology From farmers' perspectives of long-term use of Dambos, they have well understood Dambo hydrology.
    [Show full text]
  • Vegetation Structure and Effects of Human Use of the Dambos Ecosystem in Northern Mozambique
    Global Ecology and Conservation 20 (2019) e00704 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Global Ecology and Conservation journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/gecco Original Research Article Vegetation structure and effects of human use of the dambos ecosystem in northern Mozambique * Aires Afonso Mbanze a, b, c, , Amade Mario Martins d, Rui Rivaes e, Ana I. Ribeiro-Barros b, Natasha Sofia Ribeiro f a Universidade Lúrio, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences (FCA), Sanga University Campus, Niassa Province, Mozambique b Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Plant Stress & Biodiversity Lab, Tapada da Ajuda, P.O.Box, 1349-017, Lisbon, Portugal c Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Nova School of Business and Economics, Campus de Carcavelos, Rua da Holanda 1. P.O.Box 2775-405, Lisbon, Portugal d Technical Institute of Ecotourism Armando Emílio Guebuza, Marrupa District, Niassa Province, Mozambique e Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), Forest Research Centre (CEF), Tapada da Ajuda, P.O.Box, 1349-017, Lisbon, Portugal f Eduardo Mondlane University, Faculty of Agronomy and Forest Engineering, Av. J. Nyerere 3453/Campus Universitario Principal, Maputo, Mozambique article info abstract Article history: The Niassa National Reserve (NNR) is the most extensive conservation area in Mozambique Received 12 May 2019 and the third largest in Africa, encompassing 42,000 km2 of endemic miombo vegetation. Received in revised form 27 June 2019 Dambos wetlands occur within the wooded grassland and grassland vegetation of NNR Accepted 3 July 2019 and provide a wide range of Ecosystem Services (ES), including life support for animal species, regulation of water flow and prevention of soil erosion.
    [Show full text]
  • MALAWI: MIOMBO MAGIC August 9-26, 2019 ©2018
    MALAWI: MIOMBO MAGIC August 9-26, 2019 ©2018 This little-known country is emerging as one of the birding and wildlife gems of the amazing African continent. Best known for the great lake that dominates the east of the country, Malawi, with its low population and relatively large areas of varied habitats, ensures a spectacular list of many African birds difficult to see in more familiar African tourist destinations like South Africa, Uganda and Tanzania. Combined with some amazing conservation efforts and the development of superb accommodations and national park infrastructure the tourists are starting to arrive in numbers. It is a good opportunity to visit before this well-kept secret becomes widely known. On this tour we will visit the montane Nyika National Park, the lush lowlands of Liwonde National Park, Lake Malawi itself in the region of Chintheche and both the Viphya Plateau and Zomba Massif. All of these locations offer different habitats from the famously bird rich Miombo and Mopane woodlands, cloud forest, stunning wetlands, floodplains and excellent rolling grasslands. Birding is outstanding and we expect a list of between 350-400 species including several Southern Rift endemics. Some of the special birds we will be searching for include Denham’s Bustard, Dickinson’s Kestrel, Boehm’s Bee-eater, Schalow’s Turaco, Pel’s Fishing-owl, Usambara Nightjar, Blue Swallow, White-winged Babbling-Starling, Malawi Batis, Yellow-throated Apalis, Scarlet-tufted Sunbird, Locust Finch and Red-throated Twinspot to mention a few. Beyond the birds we can expect to see a good cross-section of mammals: African Elephant, Crayshaw’s Zebra, Eland, Roan and Sable Antelope, Waterbuck, Bushbuck, Red and Grey Duiker, Lichtenstein’s Hartebeest, Cape Malawi: Miombo Magic, Page 2 Buffalo, Hippopotamus, Yellow Baboon, Samango Monkey, Bushbaby, Spotted Hyaena, Serval and leopard are all possible.
    [Show full text]
  • Wetland Management in Malawi As a Focal Point for Ecologically Sound Agriculture
    Wetland management in Malawi as a focal point for ecologically sound agriculture ILEIA Newsletter Vol. 12 No. 2 p. 9 Wetland management in Malawi as a focal point for ecologically sound agriculture Reg Noble Some farmers in Malawi (Central−Southern Africa) are beginning to manage their wet lands in ways which are improving the ecological sustainability of their farms and ultimately their economic viability. The case studies presented in this article illustrate how farmers have designed their own integrated pond−crop systems for converting marginal wet lands into ecologically sound and highly productive land units. Malawian farmers, like many in Africa, appear to be facing a bleak future in terms of ensuring the ecological and economic viability of their farms. Escalating population growth and its attendant land pressure problems are forcing farmers to abandon "traditional" practices of land management which previously helped to maintain their natural resource base. In Malawi, almost 80% of its estimated 9.7 million people are small holder farmers and 78% of this group have land holdings of less than a hectare (NSO 1996). Trying to sustain the food supply from such small farms has resulted in rapid soil degradation and depletion of natural resources. Consequently since 1992, the government has had to supplement farm production by dispersing food staples such as maize to the most needy rural communities. However, food handouts can only ever be a short−term solution. More innovative and longer−term strategies are urgently needed to help farming communities sustain their food security. In response to these problems, some Malawian farmers, with the help of government and international agencies, have already started developing new ways of managing their land resources to counteract their ecological degradation.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Dry Season Biomass Burning in the Dambo and Miombo of Zambia
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1997 Early dry season biomass burning in the dambo and miombo of Zambia Erica Ann. Hoffa The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Hoffa, Erica Ann., "Early dry season biomass burning in the dambo and miombo of Zambia" (1997). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 6588. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/6588 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Maureen and Mike MANSFIELD LIBRARY The University ofIVIONTANA Permission is granted by the author to reproduce tliis material in its entirety, provided that this material is used for scholarly purposes and is properly cited in published works and reports. ** Please check "Yes" or "No" and provide signature ** Yes, I grant permission No, I do not grant permission Author’s Si mature/ J Date ^ / / \ Any copying for commercial purposes or financial gain may be undertaken only with the author's explicit consent. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. EARLY DRY SEASON BIOMASS BURNING IN THE DAMBO AND MIOMBO OF ZAMBIA by Erica Ann Hoffa B.S.
    [Show full text]