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Home , Acrotelm, Blanket bog, Dambo, Paludification, Tuttle Creek Lake, Wetlands Reserve Program

Index

numbers in bold signify photographs, charts and other illustrations numbers in italics signify tables

AAC paraglider 42 Alaska Department of Fish and see All American Canal small-format aerial Game 354 aapa 15, 364 photography (SFAP) 42, Alaskan bar-tailed godwit Abernethy Pearl 204 43, 44 (Limosa lapponica baueri) Aborigines, Australian 213 ultralights 42 352 acequia (irrigation system) 213, aerobic (defi nition) 364 albedo 136, 148, 148, 153, 154, 214, 364 aerobic zone 78–79, 175, 155, 181, 364 acid 8, 177, 183–184, 189, 178, 179, 180, 189 Alberta, Canada 20, 48, 62, 299, 364 see also 318, 320–321 acrotelm 180, 364 Afghanistan 193 alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) adaptive management 235, 236, African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) 241 237, 239–240, 250, 364 275 Alexandria, Egypt 3 Adjusted Normalized Difference African crocodile (Crocodylus algarrobo 162 Wetness Index (ANDWI) niloticus) 108 alkali bulrush (Scirpus 328 African fi sh eagle (Haliaeetus maritimus) 95 adventitious roots 86 vocifer) 108, 124 All American Canal, United States Aedes aegypti (mosquito) 110, African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) 209, Plate 11-14 111, Plate 7-6 275 Alliance, Nebraska 182 86, 105, 364 African Humid Period 171 allogenic change 13, 30, 135, aerial photography 30, 31, 32, African lion (Panthera leo) 276 154–155, 364 35, 41, 42, 43 agricultural tiling Altithermal 168, 173, 344–345, airplane 33 see tiling 364 balloon 42, 43, 44 agriculture, conversion see also Holocene thermal blimp 42, 43, 44 COPYRIGHTEDto 73, 75, 79, 172, MATERIAL 177, maximum color-infrared imagery 36, 37, 190, 287 aluminium 177, 185 41, 270, 271, Plates 3-8, Akoya pearl (Pinctada fucata) Amazon Ditch, United States 15-2 204, 205, 205, Plate 11-11 304 digital orthophoto quadrangle Alamosa NWR, Colorado 347 Amazon River, Brazil 11, (DOQ) 41 Alam Pedja, Estonia 330 210 kite 42, 43, 44 Alaska 6, 102, 125, 143, 154, Amazonia, Brazil 11, 18, 200, panchromatic aerial 196, 336, 351–354, 351, 210, 210, 213 photography 39, 40, 41, 353, 357, Plates 17-28, amber 157, 160–163, 161, 162, 41, 182, 234, 292, 311 17-30 163, 173, 364

Wetland Environments: A Global Perspective, First Edition. James Sandusky Aber, Firooza Pavri, and Susan Ward Aber. © 2012 James Sandusky Aber, Firooza Pavri, and Susan Ward Aber. Published 2012 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 402 INDEX

American alligator (Alligator anhinga (Anhinga anhinga) Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes mississippiensis) 113, 117, 122–123, 124, 133 albopictus) 131 284 Anopheles mosquito 110, 111 aspen 342, 342, 345, 347 American avocet (Recurvirostra 263–264 Atchafalaya, Louisiana 144, 196, americana) 118, 120 Antarctic Treaty 263 285, Plate 8-13 American beaver (Castor penguin nesting sites 171, 172 Atlantic period 166, 331, 365 canadensis) 126, 129 Victoria Land 172 see also Blytt-Sernander see also beaver dam; beaver Antioch, Nebraska 318 Audubon Society 309 lodge; beaver meadow; Appalachian Australia 262–264 beaver Mountains 158, 184, 287 Aborigines 213 American bullfrog (Rana states 9 amber 162 catesbeiana) 114, 130, apple snail (Pomacea paludosa) amphibian extinction 115 Plates 7-12, 7-13 125 coal deposits 158 American coot (Fulica aquaculture 55, 193–194, 199, coverage 270 americana) 121, 122 203–204, 203, 204, 264, pearl production 205 American crocodile (Crocodylus 273, 365 wetland losses 9 acutus) 117, 117, 284 see also extractive industries; wetland rehabilitation 229 American shad (Alosa pearl farming see also Cairns; Coral Sea; sapidissima) 241 aquatic civilizations 9, 13 Great Barrier Reef; American sycamore (Platanus 61–62, 365 Murray-Darling Basin; New occidentalis) 101 Arabia 148, 316, Plate 8-20 South Wales; Northern American white pelican Aral Sea 198, 199, Plate 11-6B Territories; Queensland; (Pelecanus araucarian trees (Araucariaceae) Shark Bay; Victoria erythrorhynchos) 123, 124 162 autogenic American white waterlily Arbor Day Foundation 102 change 13, 30, 135–136, 152, (Nymphaea odorata) 95, Arbuckle Mountains, Oklahoma 154–155 97 70 defi nition 13 amphibians 53, 54, 113–115, Archaea bacteria 179 Aztecs 190 114, 133, 193, 242 Archean Eon 156 see also American bullfrog; Arctic 350–357, 351, 353, 356 Baca NWR, Colorado 347 frogs; toads; salamander Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Baffi n Bay, Texas 291, 293 amphibious plants 98–99, 364 351, 352, Plate 17-28 bagno 15 Amu Darya river 198, 199, Plate Arctic Coastal Plain, Alaska 351– Bahamas 19, 39, 140, 156, Plate 11-6B 353, 351, 352 2-5A anadromous (fi sh) 241, 354, Arctic fox (Alopex lagopus) 352, Baikal Highlands, Russia 354 364–365 355 Baker Creek, Colorado 82 see also chinook salmon; chum Arctic tern (Sterna paradisaea) bald cypress (Taxodium salmon; coho salmon 352 distichum) 283 anaerobic Ardill, Saskatchewan 321 bald eagle (Haliaeetus defi nition 365 Argentina 207, 279 leucocephalus) 125, 125, soil conditions 18–19, 24, Arkansas River 4, 253, 299, 300– 233 28–29, 72–73, 78–79, 82, 312, 301, 302, 303, Plates balloon (use in aerial 86, 138, 175, 178 16-4, 16-6 photography) 42, 43, anaerobic glycolysis 105, 365 see also saltcedar, biocontrol of 44 anaerobiosis 78, 84 Army Corps of Engineers (ACE) Baltic Coast Province 331, Anastasia Formation, Everglades 11, 16, 56, 66, 132, 233, 330, 335 282 241, 254 Baltic Ice Lake 331 Andernach, Germany 3 arrowhead (Sagittaria sp.) 93, Baltic Peatlands Improvement Andersson, Gunnar 164 94, 97 Society, Estonia 332 Andes Mountains, Venezuela 3, arsenic 177–178, 189 Baltic Sea 16, 141, 163, 164, 197, 336–340, 337, 338, 339, ash 27, Plate 2-25B 259, 299, 329 340, 341, Plate 17-4 Asia, South Bangkok, Bight of Angola 265, 274, 276, 298 see South Asia see Bight of Bangkok INDEX 403

Bangladesh 8, 190, 198, 264, birch 27, Plate 2-25B defi nition 365 270, 271 bird migration raised 329, 331, 332, 335, 370, see also Sundarbans see migration, birds Plate 6-30 Bangladesh Wildlife Act 273 bird watching 6, 107, 211, 314 study of 30–57 barnyardgrass (Echinochloa see also ecosystem services; transition to 136–139 muricata) 99 ecotourism vegetation 89–105 barrier island 143, 195, 286, 287, birds, wetland 117–125, 119, see also Baltic Coast Bog 291, 295, 298 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, Province; Estonia; mire Batchelder’s Landing, 125 Bogotá, Colombia 340 Massachusetts 104 see also bird watching; Bois-des-Bel, Quebec, Canada Bay of Bengal 269, 269, 270 shorebirds; waterfowl 242 see also Sundarbans bison 170, 312 Bolivia 27, 265–267, 277, 278, 15, 24, 365 bitter panicum (Panicum 298, Plate 15-9 BBS amarum) 291–292 see also Pantanal see North American Breeding bitter salt 349, 355 boloto 15 Bird Survey Bitterfeld amber 162–163 bolson 365 Beaufort Sea 351 black bear (Ursus americanus) Botswana beaver 289 Boteti River 274–275 see American beaver; Eurasian black mangrove (Avicennia Makgadikgadi 265, 266, 275 beaver germinans) 87, 92 Okavango River/Delta 1, 2, 11, beaver dam 127, 128, 129, 130, black swan (Cygnus atratus) 12, 21, 108, 128, 191, 193, 343, 346 122, 123 211, 210, 252, 264–265, beaver lodge 128, 344 black-lipped pearl (Pinctada 265 beaver meadow 126, 129 margaritifera) 204, 205, bottomland 285, 365 beaver mire 343–344, 344, 346, 206, Plate 11-11 Boundary Glacier, Alberta, 347, 347 see also pearl farming Canada 48 beel 198, 365 black-necked stilt (Himantopus BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris) 4, mexicanus) 118, 119 (2010) 9, 289, 291 107, 210, 273 bladderwort (Utricularia sp.) Brachiopods 69, 82 Bengal, Bay of 96–97, 98, 283 Brahmaputra River 195, 269, see Bay of Bengal Blanca Peak, Colorado 342 269, 270, 273, 297 Bering Sea 193, 353 see also Sundarbans Bermuda 140 see bog, blanket Brandis, Dietrich 220 , 68 blimp (use in aerial Brazil Big Brutus, Kansas 183 photography) 42, 43, 44 Amazon River 11, 210 Big Cypress National Preserve, blister sedge (Carex vesicaria) Amazonia 11, 18, 200, 210, Florida 281, 283 343 210, 213 Big Muddy Lake, Saskatchewan, BLM Baía de Marajó, Belém 11 Canada 323 see Bureau of Land Cáceres 207 Big Pine Key, Florida 83 Management Manaus 80, 210 Big Salt , Kansas 233, 235 Blood Creek, Kansas 310, 312 National Institute 266 Bight of Bangkok 76 Blue Lake, Utah 18 Brazos Santiago Pass, Texas 296 billabong 15, 365 Blue-Bear Lakes, Colorado 98, Breton NWR, Louisiana 285, 289, biocontrol 342, 344, 345, 347 291 case study: saltcedar, Arkansas blunt spike rush (Eleocharis brine fl ies 61, 317, Plate 4-6 River valley, USA 305–309, obtusa) 93 brine shrimp 61, 120, Plate 4-6 306, 307, 308 Blytt-Sernander 164, 365 British Columbia, Canada 141 defi nition 365 365 British East 220 loss xii, xiii bog 1, 5, 15, 25 British Trust for Ornithology biofuels 203, 279 blanket 26, 26, 29, 81, 81, 89, (BTO) 55 biogeography 135, 155 138, 365 Bronze Age biosphere 12, 72, 82, 156, 175, bodies 166, 167, 365 bog fi nds, Denmark 166–167, 176, 365 change and 150–152 167, 188 404 INDEX

bromine 200 Canon Beach, Oregon 24 Challenger II light sport aircraft brook crest (Cardamine Cañon City, Colorado 301 33 cordifolia) 61 canvasback (Aythya valisineria) Chandeleur Islands, Louisiana Brooks Range, Alaska 351 121, 122, Plate 7-26 285, 286, 291 Brown coal Cape Fear Formation 162 Chaplin Lake, Saskatchewan, see lignite Cape Hatteras, North Carolina Canada 323 Bruguiera 272 144, 147, 147 Charadriidae 118 Brundtland Commission, Report capybara (Hydrochaeris chemical elements 221, 358 hydrochaeris) 278 see elements (chemical) Bryales 331 carbamate insecticide 111 Chesapeake Bay 141, 197 Buccaneer State Park, Mississippi carbon (C) , Kansas 5

290 carbon dioxide (CO2) bird habitat 211, 226, 309 Buenos Aires 207 (atmospheric) xiii, 3 case study 309–312, 310, 311, buffalo 193, 275 carbonic acid 69 312, 314, 315 bulrush (Scirpus sp.) 94–95, 95, sequestration 194–195, 215, cattail control 104, 154 275, 321, 331, 349, 350, 261–262, 269, 297 restoration of 233, 234 (see Plate 17-26 storage 155, 179, 179, 181, also case study) Bureau of Land Management 194, 215 satellite views Plates 3-8, (BLM) (USA) 56, 213, 352, carbon cycle xii, xiii, 3–4, 13, 16-20, 16-21 354 150, 155, 179–181, 194 soil profi le 73 Bureau of the Census (USA) 56 period 157, 173 chikungunya 11 buttonbush (Cephalanthus Caribbean Sea 112, 113, 140, China 184, 187, 202–204, 204, occidentalis) 21, 91, 92, 279, 309 205, 224–225 101, Plate 6-14 caribou/reindeer (Rangifer chinampa 190, 366 tarandus) 352, 355, chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus cactus 339 357 tshawytscha) 193, Cactus Hills, Saskatchewan, carnivorous plants 90 354 Canada 319, 320, 323, carotenoid pigments 317, 350, Chukchi Sea 143, 351 Plate 16-29 Plates 4-6, 17-26 chum salmon (Oncorhynchus caddisfl y (Limnephilus sp.) 109, carp (Cyprinus carpio) 233 keta) 354 162 366 chytrid fungus cadmium 196, 246 Casamance River, Senegal 92 (Batrachochytrium Cairns, Australia 112, Plate 7-7 Caspian Sea 131, 171, 252, Plate dendrobatidis) 115, calcium carbonate 69 14-1 133 California 25, 44, 82, 102, 117, castoreum 126 see also amphibians 127, 209, Plate 11-14 catotelm 180, 366 cinnamon teal (Anas cyanoptera) Caminada Bay, Louisiana 290 see also anaerobic soil 121, 121, Plate 7-25 Canada goose (Branta conditions cirque 336, 343 canadensis) 122, 123 cattail (Typha domingensis, sp.) clams 108, 293 Canadian Federal Policy on 94, 96, 293 classifi cation, wetland 255 cattail hybrid (Typha glauca) 94, see wetland classifi cation canal-and-lock system 242 225 Clean Water Act (USA) 213, 233, canals, effect on wetlands 8, 9, cattail infestation, control of 104, 253, 254 60–61, 208 105, 127, 225, 311 Clear Lake, Nebraska 170 see also All American Canal; cattle raising 199, 200, 213, 214, coal 150, 157–160, 173, 182, Erie Canal; Forth and 224, 226, 279, 298, 300, 187, 258, 260, 366 Clyde Canal; Miami Canal; 315, 317 see also coal mining; fossil Rio Grande Canal; Union Cenozoic era 157, 159–160, 163, fuels; lignite Canal; Welland Canal 173 coal mining 158, 160, 183–184, Cancún agreement 187 Center for Biological Diversity 187 Canning River, Alaska 351, Plate 309 coastal erosion 20, 144, 195, 17-28 Cereopsis goose (Cereopsis 279 canoe 18 novaehollandiae) 122 see also shore migration INDEX 405

Coastal Maine National Wildlife Convention on Wetlands of crane 4, 5, 193, 210, 233, 309, Refuge International Importance 347, 349, 354 see Rachel Carson National especially as Waterfowl crabs 108, 197, 293 Wildlife Refuge Habitat crayfi sh 108, 116, 116 coho salmon (Oncorhynchus see Cree 200 kisutch) 354 coontail, hornwort Crestwynd, Saskatchewan, Cold War 260 (Ceratophyllum demersum) Canada 41 collared lemming (Dicrostonyx 22, 97, 99 Cretaceous 150, 157, 158–159, torquatus) 355 copal 161 159, 173 colonialism 190, 220, 229 Copenhagen, Denmark 46, 185, crops Colorado Wildlife Habitat Stamp 187 see agriculture 347 copper 105, 196, 245 cryosphere 366 Colorado mining 184 Cuba 270 River 11–14, 40, 63, 209, Plate coral reefs 4, 17, 22, 84, 108, Cuchara, Colorado 20, 98, Plate 3-14 111–113, 112, 133, 150, 2-10 see also Arkansas River; 195, 207 Cuchara River 301 Cuchara; Culebra; Russell Coral Sea, Australia 112, 112, Cucharas Creek, Colorado 128, Lakes; Sangre de Cristo Plate 7-7 342, 342, 344, 347 Mountains; San Luis Coral Triangle 207 Cucharas Pass 101 Valley; Southern Colorado cordgrass (Spartina sp.) 191, Culbertson, Montana 49 case study 191, 324, 325, 324, 326, Culebra color-infrared imagery (in aerial 327 Creek, (Colorado 213, 214, 347 photography) 36, 37, 41, Cordillera de Mérida, Venezuela Peak, Colorado 343 270, 271, Plates 3-8, 336, 338 Range, Colorado 82, 227, 301, 15-2 Cordova Pass, Colorado 150 357, case study 341–345, see also aerial photography coring 51, 52, 53, 141 341, 342, 343, 345, 347 Commerce, Oklahoma 49, 246, see also Geoprobe; ice Culex mosquito 110 247, 249, Plate 13-9 coring cumbungi 366 common bladderwort cormorant 117, 122, 124, 133 cypress 20 (Utricularia vulgaris) corn 73, 207, 279 common cattail (T. latifolia) 20, corn belt (U.S.), wetland losses dabbling/dabbler duck 121, 121, 94, 101, 235, 249, 311, 9, 9 Plate 7-25 316, 320 Corpus Christi, Texas 291 200, 366 common green darner dragonfl y cost–benefi t analysis 215, 222, damselfl ies (Zygoptera) 107, 109, (Anax junius) 110, Plate 366 110, Plate 7-5 7-5 coteau 366 Darcy’s Law 62 common plantain (Plantago see also Missouri Coteau Dartmoor, England 81 major) 99 cotton 73, 198, 287 Dauphin Island, Alabama 291 common reed (Phragmites cottongrass (Eriophorum DDT 111 australis)101, 103, 104, angustifolium) 343, 346, Dead Sea 200 324, 326 352 Deception Creek, Kansas 311 Commonwealth of Independent cottongrass mire 345, 346 Del Norte, Colorado 349 States 257, 260–262 cottonwood (Populus deltoides) deltas conifers 159, 160, 258, 332 101, 307, 309 defi nition 366 Conneaut Marsh, Pennsylvania Cottonwood River, Kansas 66, glaciomarine 143 22, 96, 104, 169, Plates 131 human use of 9, 195 6-21, 6-34 Cottonwood-Steverson Wildlife see also Amazonia; Amu Darya; Connecticut 9, 9 Management Area, Colorado River; Ganges Conservation movement, thought Nebraska 318 River/Delta; Lena River; 218–220 cowhorn orchid (Cyrtopodium Mississippi ; Continental Divide (North punctatum) 284 Okavango River/Delta; America) 300 cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccos) Sundarbans; Volga River continental shelf 22, 81 101 Delta 406 INDEX

Denali National Park, Alaska 354 drumlins 27,137, Plates 2-25B, Egypt 3, 27, 190, 198 Dené 200 8-1 see also Nile River dengue, dengue hemorrhagic Dry Lake, Kansas 19, 60, 80, Egyptian lotus (Nymphaea fever 110, 111, Plate 7-6 305, 305, 306, 363, Plates caerulea) 21 denitrifi cation 177 4-3, 5-11, 16-10 elements (chemical), wetland see also nitrogen duck 107, 117, 120–121, 121 69–71, 78, 84, 175, 187, Denmark see also dabbling duck; diving 189 Bovbjerg, Jylland 46 duck; Elbląg Canal, Poland 209 Copenhagen 185, 187 “duck factory” 319 elephant (Loxodonta africana) Fegge, Limfjord 59 “duck potato” 93 265, 266, 275 Kong Asger’s høj, Møn 166 “duck stamps” elephant seal (Mirounga Lindholm, Langerak 168 see Migratory Bird Hunting angustirostris) 44, 127 Marmor Broen 185 and Conservation elm 27, Plate 2-25B Mårup Kirke, Skallerup Strand Stamp Emajõgi, Estonia 329, 330 145, 146, Plate 8-14 10, 107, 222, Emerson, Ralph Waldo 218 Mosegård Museum, Århus 167 312 Emporia, Kansas 55, 66, 87 Ramme Dige 188 Ducks Unlimited Canada 255, Emporia State University, Kansas Ristinge Klint 71, Plate 4-23 323 55 Roskilde 167, 168 duckweed (Lemnaceae) 22, Endla mire complex, Estonia 25, Roskilde Fjord, Sjælland, 167 94–95, 97 27, 258, 332–335, 332, Silkeborg Museum, 167 Dust Bowl 305 334, 335 Skagen Peninsula, 144, 146 Environment Canada 11 Skaggerak Sea, 146 eagle environmental processes, Skærbæk, Jylland, 52 see bald eagle; fi sh eagle boundaries of xiii Stevns Klint, 147, 159 East African rift system 274 Environmental Protection Agency Trundholm Mose, Sjælland, East Baltic Bog Province 331, see U.S. Environmental Denmark 167 335 Protection Agency Vensyssel, Jylland, Denmark East Devils Lake, North Dakota Eocene Sea 162 145, Plate 8-14 151, 153, Plate 8-28 Eocene Florissant Formation 157 Viking Ship Museum, Roskilde, eastern forktail damselfl y EPA Denmark 168 (Ischnura verticalis) Plate see U.S. Environmental Department of Agriculture, U.S. 7-5 Protection Agency see U.S. Department of eastern indigo snake Erie Canal, United States 208 Agriculture (Drymarchon corais) 284 see also New York State Barge Des Moines River 66 eastern river cooter (Pseudemys Canal Desulphovibrio bacteria 178 concinna) 116 Erie Lake Deûle canalisée, Lambersart, economic services, wetland 190, see Lake Erie France 132 199–208 Estonia Devils Lake, North Dakota 151, see also ecosystem functions; Alam Pedja 330 151, 152, 153, Plate 8-28 ecosystem services; Emajõgi 329, 330 dhap 190, 366 extractive industries; Endla mire complex 25, 27, diamond exploration 8, 184 mining 258, 332–335, 332, 334, diatom 82 ecosystem functions (wetlands) 335 Dirt Hills, Saskatchewan, Canada 6, 194, 215, 216 Kaasikjärve 334 319, 320 ecosystem services (wetlands) 4, Kanamatsi 334 Discovery space shuttle 33 6, 27, 56, 191–195, 191, Linnusaare 25, 334 diversion, water 211, 215, 216, 230, 237 Männikjärve Bog 25, 27, 139, see water diversion ecotourism 11, 12, 210, 366 151, 332, 332, 334, 335, diving duck 121, 122, Plate 7-26 Ecuador 339, 340, 357 Plate 3-10 dolostone 69, 70, 79, 320 see also páramo Mardimäe 334 Dominican Republic 117, 162 Eemian 140, 141, 366 Matsalu nature protection area dragonfl y (Anisoptera) 109, 110, see also Sangamon 259 Plate 7-5 egret 117, 119, 278, 284 Meenikunno bog complex 140 INDEX 407

Narva 186 Everglades, Florida Finnish Peatland Society 12 Nigula Bog 17, 27, 32, 35, case study 281–285, 282, 283, First Dark Age 171 Plate 2-2A 298 fi sheries 1 Piirissaar 331, 330 fl amingos 121 effects of pollution on 197 Põltsamaa River 332, 334 human impact on 284–285 in Central Asia 198 Punaraba 334 in 92, 268 land ownership and 213 Rannu Soo 202 map 281 Plum Island, Massachusetts 326 Rummallika 334 Ramsar grading 252 wetland management and 226 Sinijärv lake 332, 334 recreation 209 Fish and Wildlife Service (U.S.) Tartu 137, 140, 202, 258, restoration 233 see U.S. Fish and Wildlife 259, 334, Plate 8-1 satellite images 280, 281, Service Teosaare Bog 138 Plate 15-10 fi sh eagle Tolkuse Bog 330 snail kite 125, 125 see African fi sh eagle Tooma Experimental Station see also Everglades National fjords 24, 24, 141, 142, 142 332 Park; Florida Keys fl amingo (Phoenicopteridae, Ulila 258 Everglades mink (Mustela vison) Phoenicopterus chilensis) Väinameri Sea 36, 331 284 120, 121 Valgesoo Bog 138, 259 Everglades National Park, Florida Flat Ridge Wind Farm, Kansas Vooremaa drumlin fi eld 138, 213, 282, 284 188 Plate 8-1 Everglades saw grass (Cladium , Kansas 105, 152, Vormsi 16, 36, 331 jamaicense) 177 Plates 5-3, 6-37 Võrtsjärv 3 extractive industries 27, 199–204, fl ood cycle 9, 13, 17, 193 Estonian oil shale 184–186, 186, 202, 203, 204, 217 fl oodplains 1, 4, 24, 39 189 see also ecosystem functions; conversion 196, 198, 200, estuarine wetlands 22, 24, 23, ecosystem services; 224 24, 58, 59, 240, 328 fi sheries; hunting; mining; defi nition 367 pearl production restoring 240–241 defi nition 366 extinction rates xiii, 268 see also individual case in hydroseral succession 136 studies Euphrates River 233, 243, 244 fadama 200, 366 fl oods Eurasian beaver (Castor fi ber) Fafard et Frères, Québec, Canada biochemical adaptations to 126 229 88–89, 87, 105 Eurasian elk Falkirk Wheel, Scotland 210 control 6, 65, 66, 195, 196, see moose , Kansas 290 198 Eurasian water milfoil Fallon, Nevada 89 damage caused by 64–65, (Myriophyllum spicatum) Federal Policy on Wetland 65 96, 103–104 Conservation human contribution to 66–68, European mink (Mustela see Canadian Federal Policy on 70, 194, 195 lutreola) 130 Wetland Conservation impact of bridges on 66 European Union (EU) 1, 5, 15, 26, 28, 29, 367 Mississippi (1993) 66–67, 67, Birds Directive 256, 257 Fennoscandia 164–167, 165, 68, 196 Habitat Directive 256, 257 166, 167, 168, 352 Poland (1997) 65, 65 Water Framework Directive fern 158, 159 wetlands role in mitigating 1, 256, 257 see also mosquito fern 6, 27, 66, 191, 191, 196, eustatic sea-level change Ferruginous hawk (Buteo regalis) 211, 215, 216, 242, 269 141–143, 147 114 Florida Bay Plate 5-18 see also eustasy, glacial; fertilizer 79, 186 Florida Everglades sea-level change runoffs from 134, 177, 194, see Everglades, Florida eustasy, glacial 139–141, 140, 279, 285, 320 Florida Keys 15, 84, 87, 112, 141, 142–143 tax (U.S.) 228, 320 112, Plate 7-8 see also sea-level change Finland, Gulf of 16, 328 Florida panther (Puma concolor evaporite 19, 19, 366 Finney Wildlife Area, Kansas 64, coryi) 129–130, 131, evapotranspiration 366 Plate 3-17 283 408 INDEX

fl y ash (effect on ) 184, 186, Ganges River/Delta 195, 264, golden- and silver-lipped pearl 189, 257 269, 269, 270, 271, 272– (Pinctada maxima) 204, Food Security Act (U.S.) 273, 274, 297, Plate 15-2 205, 205 ( provision) Garden City, Kansas 300–301, golpatta (Nypa fruticans) 273 245 303, Plate 16-6 Gondwana 156, 158, 367 fool’s gold 178–179 gas, natural goose 121–122, 259 Fort Hays State University, see natural gas Gould , Maine (pollen Kansas gastropods 82 chart) 170 Fort Leavenworth, Kansas 42, gator holes 117 GPR Plate 3-17 gaur (Bos gaurus) 273 see ground-penetrating radar Forth and Clyde Canal, Scotland geographic information system GPS 210 (GIS) 30, 46, 48, 57 see global positioning system fossil(s) Geoprobe 52, 55 Graham’s crayfi sh snake (Regina dinosaur 159 germanium 246 grahamii) 116 macrofossils 25, 26, 29, 156 Germany Grand Isle, Louisiana 287, 290 microfossils 25, 29, 156 Bitterfeld amber 162–163 granite 72, 73, 81,82 stromatolites 156, 157, 173, Jossa River, Mernes 129 grass carp 105 370 National Federal Conservation Grauballe Man, Denmark 167 fossil fuels 1, 11, 177, 177, Act 256–257 gray mangrove (Avicennia 181–184, 183, 185–189, National Strategy on Biological marina) 88, 197, 215, 367 Diversity 257 272, 272 see also carbon cycle; coal; Rhine River 3 grazing, livestock 1, 8, 200, 224, Estonian oil shale; GFAJ-1 bacterium 177–178 226, 233 Industrial Revolution; gharials (Gavialidae) 116–117 Great Barrier Reef, Australia 112, lignite; natural gas; oil giant river otter (Pteronura 112, Plate 7-7 foxtail barley (Hordeum brasiliensis) 278 Great Bend, Kansas 310, 312 jubatum) 99, 100 giant waterlily (Victoria great blue heron (Ardea frailejón (Espeletiinae) 340, 340, amazonica) 95, 98 herodias) 123, 117, 119 357 giant wild pine (Tillandsia great bulrush (Scirpus validus) 95 frailejón grande (Coespeletia utriculata) 284 great diving beetle (Dytiscus moritziana) 340 Gillette, Wyoming 182 marginalis) 109, 109 frailejón pequeño (Espeletia giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) great egret (Ardea alba) 284 schultzii) 340 275, 276 Great Grimpen Mire 1 Frederick Lake, Saskatchewan, GIS Great Lakes, 9, Canada 84, 89, 322–323, see geographic information 131–132, 141, 168 322, Plate 16-33 system Great Plains, North America 120, French Polynesia (pearl glacial eustasy 151, 170, 182, 207, production in) 205, 205 see eustasy, glacial 299–323, 332 see also pearl farming glaciation Great Sand Dunes National Park fresh-water pearl (Hyriopsis Greenland Ice Sheet 139, 140 and Preserve, Colorado cumingii, Cristaria Laurentide Ice Sheet 167 347, 348, Plate 17-20 plicata, Megalonaias Lake Agassiz 168, 368 Great Sand Hills, Saskatchewan, nervosa Margaritifera Pinedale Glaciation 342 Canada 300 margaritifera) 204–205, proglacial lakes 167–168, 169, grebe 117, 354 206 173, 319–320, 320 green ash (Fraxinus see also pearl farming West Antarctic Ice Sheet 140 pennsylvanica) 86, 101 frogs 114, 115, 130, 158 Wisconsin Glaciation 169, 181 green moss 346 see also amphibians see also moraine greenhouse Glauber’s salt (mirabilite) 320 effect 152, 153, 155, 181, 183, gallium 246 global positioning system (GPS) 186–189 Galveston, Texas 144, 284 46, 238 see also carbon cycle, carbon Gammaproteobacteria 178 Glossopteris fauna157, 158, 367 dioxide, climate change, Gangamopteris 158 Gobi Desert 6 methane, nitrous oxide INDEX 409

gases 6, 13, 27, 81, 136, 148, hippopotamus (Hippopotamus hydraulic civilizations 9, 13–14, 150, 152, 154, 155, amphibius) 2 198 172–173, 177, 180–181, hoars 198, 367 hydraulic conductivity (k) 62–63, 186–189 hooded pitcher plant (Sarracenia 367 Greenland minor) 90 hydraulic gradient 63, 70 fjords 24 Hoisington, Kansas 310, 312, hydrograph 367 Hvalsey church 149 313, 234 hydrologic cycle 58, 59, 70 Ice Age 165 Holly, Colorado 309 hydroperiod 58, 59–60, 61, 63, Ice Sheet 139, 140–141 Holmes, Sherlock 1 70, 175, 241, 367 Inuit 18, 149 Holocene thermal maximum hydrophytes 16, 20, 86, 367 Uunartoq springs 69 (HTM) 173, 367 see also vegetation, wetland Viking settlement in 149, in Antarctica 171 hydroseral succession 136–139, 166–167 in Nordics 164, 167 137, 138, 139 greylag goose 259 in North America 168–171, hydrosphere 12, 72, 175, 176, Grossmoor 30 169, 169 (see also 367 ground-penetrating radar (GPR) Altithermal) Hymenaea protera, verrucosa, H. 52–53 in Tropics 171 sp. 162 Guam 112 Holocene wetlands 25, 163–172, Hypsithermal see Altithermal ibis gulf croton (Croton punctatus) 165, 173–174, 180–181 17, 117, 120, 120, 278, 292 horn (glacial feature) 337, 284, 347 Gulf of Mexico 339 see Mexico, Gulf of horsetail (Equisetum hyemale, E. Ice Age, Little gulls 118 sp.) 20, 91, 91 see Little Ice Age gymnosperms 158, 162 HTM ice coring 139, 171, 173, 351 Gwich’in 352 see Holocene thermal Iceland maximum in 26 Halloween pennant dragonfl y Hudson Bay, Canada 141, 200 Tjórsa River 19 (Celithemis eponina) human activity, impact Vikings 167 284 see ecosystem functions; Ikonos satellite 42, 42, 234 halophytes 88, 324, 367 ecosystem services; Illinois 9, 9, 66, 161 see also vegetation, wetland extractive industries; image interpretation Halstead, Kansas 68 hunting; mining; wetland ground sample distance (GSD) Hamilton Quarry, Kansas 157 ecosystems, human use of 32, 33 hardiness, plant Hungary 225 multispectral imagery 42 see plant hardiness hunting, in wetlands 4, 5, 6, 11, multitemporal imagery 311– Hawaii 112 107, 134, 199, 200 312, 313, 314, Plate 16-20 hay 200, 202, 301, 317 alligators 117 National Imagery Head of Passes, Louisiana 285, colonial management of 220 Interpretability Rating 287 ducks 253 Scale (NIIRS) 34, 35 heavy metals see metals, heavy fur-bearing animals 126, 128– spatial resolution 32 (GSD), helium 68, 69 129, 134 37–38, 40, 40 (of thematic herbicides (and wetlands) 105, revenues from 211 mapper) 41, 42, 52–53, 57, 134, 227, 279 Huron, Lake 234, 304 (high spatial heron 117–118, 119, 120, 133, see Lake Huron resolution) 278 hurricane(s) 280, 281 IMCG herpetology 113–114 classifi cation of 280, 280 see International Mire Hidrovia Project, South America Andrew 282 Conservation Group 207, 279 Isabel 147 impala (Aepyceros melampus) High Plains, North America 4, Katrina 195, 280, 282, 289, 275 46, 47, 60, 188, 254, 299– 290, 291 Imperial Valley, California 209, 300, 315, Plates 3-23, 4-3 Rita 289, 290 Plate 11-14 High Plains aquifer 301, 315 San Felipe 284 Independence Formation Himalaya(s) 8, 336 Wilma 280, 282 (Kansas) 163 410 INDEX

India invasive species jelinite 161 agricultural output 203, 204 animal 131–132, 132, 133, Jordan 200 coal mining 184 193, 224, 368 in Cretaceous plant 102–105, 104, 105, 106, Kahola Creek/Lake, Kansas 88, Dal Lake, Srinagar 190 224 92, 93, 113 fi shing in 200, 201, 228 Iowa 9, 9, 300, 318 Kaktovik Inupiat Corporate Forest Department 220 IPCC Lands, Alaska 35, Plate Indian Forest Act (1878) see Intergovernmental Panel on 17–28 273 Climate Change Kalahari Desert 6, 265, 274, 275, Jharkali 265 Iraq 298 Keoladeo National Park, Ma’dan 243 Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia Rajasthan 193, 210, 213 Mesopotamian 6–7, 148 Kerala 195 243, 244, 245 kame 143 mangroves in 195, 197, 201, Saddam Hussein 243 219 215, 265, 270, 272 Ireland 3, 75 Kansas Wetland Education Center Ministry of Environment and Irian Jaya 336 311, 312 264 iron (Fe) Kansas-Colorado Arkansas River Mithi River 197 bog iron ore 70–71 Compact 300 Mughals 190 ferric 10, 36, 69, 70, 71, 73, Karelia, Russia 80, 263, Plate Mumbai 111, 197, 215 78, 80 5–12 National Wetland Inventory ferrous 69, 70, 78 karst 263, 368 264 in soil 19–20 Kattegat Sea, Denmark 145, 146, Project Tiger 273 Iron Age 166, 188 Plate 8–14 Revenue Department 264 irrigation Kauri pine (Agathis australis) Sundarban Tiger Reserve 4, 8, Alberta, Canada 62 162 265, 271 Aral Sea region 198 kavir 367 Taj Mahal, Agra 190 Arkansas River valley 300, Kaw Point, Kansas 219 Indian Javan rhinoceros 302, 303, 304 kayak 17, 18 (Rhinoceros sondaicus China 224–225 Kazakhstan 198, 260 inermis) 273 Colorado River 63 keelboat 219 Indiana 9, 9 defi nition 367 Kemp’s Ridley sea turtle Indonesia ecosystem service 6 (Lepidochelys kempii) 295, aquaculture output 204 effects on mosquito 111 297, 297 Bali agreement 187 effects on wetlands 1, 4, 63, Key Largo 84, 140 coral in 112 172, 195, 198, 208 Kilimanjaro 171 Kalimantan 153, 203 Mesopotamian Marshes 243 kingfi sher 278 Mega- Project 153 páramo 340 Kissimmee River, Florida pearl production 205, 205–207 San Luis Valley 347, 349 240–241 peat fi res 153, 203 Saskatchewan, Canada 258 kite aerial photography 43 Indus River 1, 27 see also acequia Kivalina, Alaska 143 Industrial Revolution 8–9, 149, Israel 200 Kodiak, Alaska 125 172, 174, 181 Italy (Venice) 143 Kofi Annan 358 Intergovernmental Panel on kudu antelope (Tragelaphus Climate Change (IPCC) jabiru (Jabiru mycteria) 278 strepsiceros) 275 350 jaguar (Panthera onca) 4, 210, Kuskokwim River, Alaska 354 International Mire Conservation 289 Kuwait 153 Group (IMCG) 12 Jamaica swamp saw grass Kyrgyzstan 198 International Peat Congress 12 (Cladium jamaicense) 283 International Peat Society (IPS) James Bay, Canada 200 lacustrine wetlands 23, 24, 25 12 Japan see also individual lakes Intracoastal Waterway 8, 293, Kyoto climate agreement 187 Lago Enriquillo, Dominican 295 pearl production 204, 205, Republic 117 Iñupiat 351, 351, Plate 17-28 205–206 lagoon 22, 35, 368 INDEX 411

Laguna Atascosa NWR, Texas leafy vanilla orchid (Vanilla Loxahatchee NWR, Florida 124, 117, 118, 293, 295, 296, phaeantha) 284 285 Plate 7–18A least bittern (Ixobrychus exilis) Luck Lake, Saskatchewan, Laguna Madre, Texas 118, 268, 119, 309 Canada 38, 39, 255, 256, 281, 291–297, 295, 296 least sandpiper (Calidris Plates 3–9, 3–12 La Junta, Colorado 302, Plate minutilla) 117 16–4 leatherleaf (Chamaedaphne Macedonia 124 Lake Chad 171 calyculata) 331 macrofossils 25, 26, 29, 156 Lake Diefenbaker, Saskatchewan, lechwe (Kobus leche) 275 magnesium 177, 200 Canada 255 Lena Delta Nature Reserve, magnesium carbonate 69 Lake Erie 5, 83, 131–132, 169, Russia 355 Maine 208, Plate 1–9 Lena River, Russia 336, 354–357, case study: coastal wetlands Lake Huron 132 356, Plate 17–31 323–325, 325 Lake McKinney, Kansas 303, Leopold, Aldo 218 lobster fi shery 228 304, Plate 16–4 lesser duckweed (Lemna minor) tourism 328 Lake Meredith, Colorado 302, 97 wetland losses 9, 9 303, Plate 16–4 lesser snow goose (Anser see also Rachel Carson NWR; Lake Michigan 141, 156 caerulescens) 121–122, Presumpscot River; Wells Lake Mono, California 177 123 National Estuarine Lake Okeechobee, Florida 125, levee 8, 9, 66, 68, 68, 223, 235, Research Reserve 241, 281, 281, 284, 298, 242, 256, 284, 285 Makgadikgadi, Botswana 265, Plate 15–13 Lewis and Clark expedition 218, 266, 275 see also Florida Everglades 219 malaria 11, 110–111, 133 Lake Oro, Saskatchewan, Canada lichen 26 Malaysia 319, 321 lignite 19, 150, 159, 160 Badjao tribe 205 Lake of the Rivers, Saskatchewan, lily (Nuphar and Nymphaes sp.) pearl production 205, Canada 319, 321 22, 283 206–207 Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana lithosphere xii 175, 176, 368 Maldive Islands 84, 113, 143 144, Plate 8–13 Little Arkansas River, Kansas mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) 10, Lake St. Clair 131 68 121, 121, Plate 7–25 Lake Tahoe, California, Nevada Little Ice Age 149, 165, 170, 171, Mandarin duck (Aix galericulata) 25 171, 173, 361, 368 107, 121, 122, Plate 17–27 Lake Titicaca, South America 171 Little River, Massachusetts 325, mangal lakes, proglacial 325 see mangrove see proglacial lakes Littorina Sea 332, 368 manganese 78, 84, 86, 187, 189 Lakeside, Nebraska 61, Plate 4–6 live oak (Quercus virginiana) mangrove/mangal Lakin, Kansas 300–301, 303, 101 8, 22, 59, 283, 298 304, Plate 16–6 livestock grazing trees 20, 86, 87, 87, 88, 91–92, landfi ll, management of 228, see grazing, livestock 92, 159, 195, 195, 197, 360 lodge, beaver 215, 243, 264, 270, 272 Landsat satellite 40, 40, 42 see beaver lodge see also Everglades; Laptev Sea, Russia 354, 355 longear sunfi sh (Lepomis Sundarbans lapwing 118 megalotis) 113, Plate 7–9 Manhattan, Kansas 68 Larix 161 Long Term Ecological Research Manitoba, Canada 154, 163–164, Latendresse, John and Chessy (LTER) 326 168 206 lotus (Nelumbonaceae) 159 Männikjärve Bog, Estonia 25, 27, Latvia 333 Louisiana 139, 151, 332, 332, 334, Laudholm, Massachusetts 325 hurricanes in 280, 280 335, Plate 3–10 Laudholm Trust 325 hypoxic zone 177, 178 Mansfi eld Channel, United States Laurasia 158, 158, 368 marshes 195 292, 293 La Veta, Colorado 301 wetlands, extent of 285 maple (Acer sp.) 27, Plate 2–25B lead 8, 248 see also marine wetlands 5, 5, 23, 29, 58, mining 8, 184, 246, 246, 248 delta 63, 81, 108, 150, 155 412 INDEX

marsh deer (Blastocerus Michigan, Lake defi nition 5, 15, 25, 368, dichotomus) 278 see Lake Michigan drainage 360 Maryland 9, 9 microfossils 25, 29, 156 Estonian restoration 257–258, Massachusetts microbes 329–333, 332, 335, 335 see New England; Rowley Archaea 179 hydrochemistry 69 River; Little River; Parker Desulphovibrio bacteria 178 plant adaption 86, 139 River; Gammaproteobacteria 178 pothole 345 Maunder minimum 149, 368 GFAJ-1 177–178 protection and 257 Mayan lowlands 190 Nitrobacter 177 research 52 Mekong River 1, 195 Nitrosomonas 177 storage capacity 58 Middle Ages 144 Thiobacillus 178 Mise, Tatsuhei 205 see also Little Ice Age; Micronesia 112 Mississippi River medieval climatic microorganisms deglaciation, effects on 168 optimum; Vikings see microbes eustasy, isostasy in 142–143 Medano Creek, Colorado 348 Middle Loup River, Nebraska 61, fi sheries 197 Medieval climatic optimum 149, 97 fl oods (1993) 66–68, 67, 68, 166–168, 171, 368 Midwestern arrowhead (2011) 196 mercury 128, 196, 245 (Sagittaria brevirostra) 94 restoration projects 233 368 migration transportation on 207, 207 Mérida, Venezuela 338, 339, 341 birds 4, 11, 193, 309–310, 314– zebra mussels in 132 Mesa del Caballos, Venezuela 316, 317, 323, 327, 333, Mississippi River delta 144, 178, 339 347, 352 195, 279, 280 Mesopotamian Marshes, Iraq 6–7, fi sh 278 case study 285–291, 286, 287, 243, 244, 245 plants 52, 53, 102, 166 288, 289, 290, 298 mesotrophic conditions 79, 85, shore 144, 274, 139, 155 Mississippi River pigtoe clam 368 see also coastal erosion (Pleurobema mesquite 349, 350 Migratory Bird Hunting and beadleianum) 206 metal(s) Conservation Stamp (duck Missouri 9, 9, Plate 4-16 heavy 125, 134, 185, 196, 197 stamp) 10, 10, 14, 253, see also Mississippi River delta; toxic 196, 245, 246, 247 253, 366 Missouri River meteorological measurement Migratory Bird Treaty Act 10, Missouri Coteau (North America) 49 253 299, 318–323, 319, 320, methane (CH4) 3, 68, 81, 86, 148, Mikimoto, K. 205 321, 322, Plate 16-29 149–150, 151–152, 172, mining Missouri River 42, 49, 66, 67, 179, 180, 195, 263, 255 coral 113 168, 219, 300 see also greenhouse gases gold 184 mitigation, wetland 234, 235, Métis 200 lead and zinc 8 254, 255, 257, 269, 368, Mexico 102, 190 peat 258, 199, 202–203, 202 232, 232 amber in 162 pollution from 8, 246–248, molluscicides 132 mangrove coverage 270 246, Plate 13-9 Mobile Bay, Alabama 144, 291, Sea of Cortez 207 reclamation 248 Plate 8-13 turtle conservation 297 salt 68 monkey puzzle (Araucaria Yucatán Peninsula 279, 280, see also coal mining araucana) 162 Plate 15–10 mink 125, 127–129, 130 monsoon 270, 272, 346, 368 Mexico, Gulf of 2, 9, 142, 144, Minnesota 9, 115, 151, 168, 300 Montana 49, 300 178, 197, 268, 279–297, mirabilite (Glauber’s salt) 320 Monte Vista, Colorado 347, 280, 298, Plates 8–13, mire 349 10–14, 15–10 beaver 343–344, 344, 346, Monte Vista NWR, Colorado Miami Canal, United States 282, 347, 347 347 284, Plate 15–13 boreal 31 moor 15, 368 Miami, Florida 383, Plate 15–13 classifi cation 30, 31 moose (Alces alces) 125, 126 Miami limestone (oolite) 140, climate infl uence on 150 Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, 281–282 cottongrass 345, 346 Canada 319, 323 INDEX 413

mopane (mopani) narrow-leaved cattail (Typha New England (Colophospermum angustifolia) 22, 86, 87, case study, coastal wetlands mopane) 275 94, 324 323–328, 325, 327, 333 moraine 181, 226, 337 National Federal Conservation wetland vegetation 103, 191 Blue-Bear Lakes 342, 344, 347 Act (Germany) 256–257 see also Maine; Culebra Range 342, 345, 357 National Forest Service (U.S.) Massachusetts; New defi nition 368 152 Hampshire; Plum Island Trinchero Creek Valley 344 National Marine Fisheries Service Ecosystem; Vermont see also glaciation 56 New Hampshire 9, 9 moral suasion 227 National Oceanographic and New Jersey 9, 161 Morganza, Louisiana 196 Atmospheric New Mexico 299, 300, 310, 341, morning-glory (Ipomoea sp.) 291 Administration (NOAA) 347 Moscow 153–154 325 New Orleans, Louisiana 144, mose 15 National Park Service (NPS) 178, 286, Plates 8-13, 10-4 mosquito fern (Azolla cristata, A. 213 New South Wales, Australia 262 sp.) 89, 114, 312, Plate National Strategy on Biological New York 9, 208, 208, Plate 7-12 Diversity (Germany) 11-13 mosquitos 109, 110–111, 110, 257 New York State Barge Canal, 130, 133, 159, 162, 223– National Water Initiative, United States 208, 208 224, Plate 7-6 Australia 263 New Zealand moss ( cuspidatum, S. National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) amphibian extinction in 115 rubellum, S. warnstorfi i, S. system 10, 219, 253, 295 Resource Management Act fuscum, S. sp.) 80, 100, natural gas 181, 262 (1991) 263 330, Plates 5-12, 6-30 Natural Resources Conservation rope rush in 69 mother-of-pearl 205, 206, 206, Service (NRCS) 11, 56, Snares Island group 124 Plate 11-11 228, 233, 238 World Heritage Mt Maxwell, Colorado 343 Nature Conservancy, The (U.S.) Site 124 muck 19, 73, 76, 79, 79, 84, 85, 10–11, 107, 222, 233, 310 wetland losses 9, 9 368 see also Cheyenne Bottoms wetlands governance 263 mud sedge (Carex limosa) 343, Nature Conservancy of Canada Nigeria 200, 270 346 323 Niger River/Delta 1, 252 mugger crocodile (Crocodylus navigation, effect on wetlands Nigula Bog, Estonia 17, 27, 32, palustris) 273 195, 198, 208, 223, 224, 35, Plate 2-2A Muir, John 218 253, 253 Nile multi-level approach (to wetland NAWMP crocodile management) 30 see North American Waterfowl see African crocodile Munsell Color 49, 50, 76, 368, Management Plan delta 3, 193 Plate 3-28 Nebraska Sand Hills 61, 130, River 2, 3, 193 Murray-Darling Basin, Australia 170, 299, 300, 314–318, Niobrara River, Nebraska 25 9, 263 314, 317, 317, Plates 4-6, Nishikawa, Tokichi 205 − 5, 15, 368 16-24 nitrate(s) (NO3 ) 177, 196 musk ox (Ovibos moschatus) Nene goose (Branta see also nitrogen − 352, 352 sandvicensis) 122 Nitrite (NO2 ) 177 muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) 93, Neoglaciation (climate phase) see also nitrogen 94, 97, 105, 125, 127, 128, 164, 166, 168, 171, 171, Nitrobacter 177 130 173, 368 nitrogen (N) xii, xiii, 175, 177, mussels 108 Neolithic 8, 166, 166, 188 194 see also zebra mussel Neosho Wildlife Area, Kansas nitrogen cycle xiii, 186, 187, 189, 130, 225 194 nacre 205, 206, 368 Ness, Outer Hebrides 202 nitrous oxide (NOx) 177, 177, see also pearl farming Netherlands 242 187 Namibia 265–266, 274, 276, 298 Nevada 25, 87, 89, 95, 308 see also greenhouse gases Närke, Sweden 164 New Brunswick, Canada 242 Nitrosomonas 177 414 INDEX

No Net Loss policy 234 Okefenokee Swamp, Georgia 90, panne (pan) 324, 324, 328, 369 Norfolk Island pine (Araucaria 97, 113 Pantanal caiman (Caiman heterophylla) 162 Oklahoma 8, 70, 246–247, 246, yacare) 278 normalized difference vegetation 247, 248, 249, 300, Plates Pantanal jaguar (Panthera onca index (NDVI) 36 13-9, 13-12 palustris) 278 North American Breeding Bird Old Wives Lake, Saskatchewan, Pantanal Regional Environmental Survey (BBS) 54 Canada 99, 320, 320, 322, Program 202 North American Waterfowl 323, Plates 6-29, 16-29, Pantanal wetlands, South Management Plan 16–33 America 63, 191, 210, 226, (NAWMP) 228, 321–333, Oldman River, Alberta, Canada 252, 264, 265, 268, 276– 333 62 280, 276, 278, 298, Plate North Carolina 144, 304 oligotrophic wetlands 27, 79, 80, 15-9 North Dakota 318 89, 180, 368, Plates 5-12, pântano 15, 369 see also Devils Lake 10-7 see also Pantanal wetlands North Sea coast 46, 141, 144, wetlands 26, 29, papyrus (Cyperus papyrus) 89, 145, 163, Plates 8-14, 9-9 157, 330, 369 275 North Slope, Alaska 336, 351, Ontario, Canada 168, 208, Plate Paraguay 351 11-13 see Pantanal wetlands; northern harrier (Circus cyaneus) organophosphate insecticide 111 Paraguay River 124 osprey (Pandion haliaetus) 124 Paraguay River 63, 207, 265, 266, Northern Territories, Australia otter 125, 128, 134, 278 277, 279, 298 262 oxbow 369 páramo 3, 338, 339–340, 340, northern water milfoil ozone depletion xiii 357, 369, Plate 17-4 (Myriophyllum sibiricum) Páramo de Piedras Blancas, 96, 98 Pacifi c Grove, California 82 Venezuela 340 northern white-cedar (Thuja Padre Island National Seashore Parker River, Massachusetts 327, occidentalis) 86 2, 291, 293, 297 327, Plate 16-40 Norway Padre Island, Texas 1, 2, 36, Parque Nacional Sierra Nevada, Bolstadfjord 142 119, 279, 281 Venezuela 339, 339 crustal uplift 143 case study 291–297, 292, 293, Pass A Loutre Wildlife Eidslandet 143 294, 296, 297 Management Area 286 fjords 141–143 painted turtle (Chrysemys picta) Pass á Loutre, Mississippi 285, Jostedalsbreen 361 115–116, 116, Plate 7-15 286, 287, 289 Skansen Bog, Askøy Island 51 pakihi 369 passage grave 166 Nova Scotia, Canada 94, 168 Palau islands 113 peanut 73 nutria (Myocastor coypus) paleosols 20, 75, 369, Plate 5-3 pearl farming 2, 191, 199, 204– 131–132 Paleozoic coal 157–158 207, 206, 205, 217, Plate Nymphaeaceae 95, 97, 98, 159 see also coal 11-11 Palliser Triangle, Canada 320 pearl mussel (Margaritifera oak (Quercus sp.) 101, 101, palma pita (Yucca treculeana) margaritifera) 164, 102 296 204–205 , oases 15, 158, 369 see also fresh-water pearl obligate vegetation 100, 100, paludifi cation 136, 138, 155, 369 pearl production 101, 106, 159, 173, 368 palustrine wetlands 23, 24, 25, see pearl farming see also wetland vegetation 29, 369 Pearl River, Mississippi 8 Ohio see also bog; mire; peatland; peat moss (Sphagnum sp.) 92 River 168, 285 playa; mudfl at; marsh; salt peat 3, 6, 19, 20 wetland losses 9, 9 pan mining 258, 199, 202–203, oil-palm industry 203, 214 palynology 51, 369 202 Okavango River/Delta 1, 2, 11, Pamir Mountains 198 see also peatland 12, 21, 108, 128, 191, 193, Panama, Farallon 323 peatland 24–27, 26 210, 211, 252, 264–265, 156, 157, 158, 159, 173, Peipsi, Lake 265 369 see Peipsi–Pihkva INDEX 415

Peipsi-Pihkva lakes 328, 329, plants, wetland potassium-halide salts 305 330, 330 see vegetation, wetland pothole mire 345 pelican 117, 122, 123–124, 124, 285 Prairie Pothole region, North 133, 291 playas 15, 20, 21, 24,46, 47, 229, America 9, 41, 120, 255, Pelican Island NWR, Florida 219 300, 301, 333, 369 318, 323, 361 penguin 124, 134, 171 Pleistocene wetlands 163–174, Presque Isle, Pennsylvania 5, 83, pepperwort (Marsilea vestita) 99 369 Plate 1-9 Permanent Water Commission on glaciation and 181, 189, 329, Presumpscot River, Maine the Okavango (OKACOM) 331, 340, 342, 342 241–242 265 plover 118, 309 proglacial lakes 167–168, 169, 158, 173 Plum Island Ecosystem (PIE) 173, 319–320, 320 pesticides 326–328 prop (stilt) roots 86, 87, 92, 195, pollution from 125, 134, 279 Plum Island, Massachusetts 191, 195, 272, 283, 369 taxes 228 192, 335 prop (stilt) roots 86, 87, 92, 195, Peter the Great 220 pneumatophores 86, 87, 92, 105, 195, 272, 283, 370 Philippines 272, 272, 369 Prudhoe Bay, Alaska 352 pearl production in 205, 205 (Carolina Bay) 15, 301, Pueblo, Colorado 302, 308 Mt Pinatubo 148 304, 304, 369 puna peatland 370 phosphorus 175, 177, 178, 186, Point Piedras, California 44, 127 pyrethroids 111 187, 189, 194, 225, 245 polar bear (Ursus maritimus) pyrites 178–179, 178 phosphorus cycle xii, xiii 127, 352 phreatophytes 307, 369 pollen Queen Charlotte Sound, Canada Picher, Oklahoma 8, 246, 247, analysis 51, 164, 270 141 247, Plate 13-9 diagrams 153, 170 Queensland, Australia 262 pickerel weed (Pontederia microfossils 25 see also Cairns cordata) 22, 94, 96, Plate see also palynology Quelccaya ice cap, Peru 171 6-21 pollution Quivira NWR, Kansas 115, 119, Pico Águila, Venezuela 339, abatement 225, 227–228, 120, 211, 224, 233, 235, 340 361–362 312 Pico Bolívar, Venezuela 338 in amphibious extinctions 115 Pihkva atmospheric 184–185, 187, raba 15 see Peipsi-Pihkva lakes 257, 258 rabbitbrush 308 Piirissaar (Estonia) 330, 330 chemical 12, 13, 188, 204 Rachel Carson NWR, Maine xii, Pinchot, Gifford 219, 220 control (ecosystem service) 6, 78, 325, 359, Plate 1 pine (Pinus sp.) 99, 102, 161, 191 radiolarians 82 184, 330 see also fertilizer; heavy Pinedale Glaciation 342 metals; herbicides; mining see bog, raised pink smartweed 349 Põltsamaa River (Estonia) 332, Ramsar Convention 10, 11, 14, piracema fi sh migration 278, 279 334 15, 192, 251, 370 pirogue 17, 219 Polynesia 112 Site Information Service (RSIS) pitcher plant 90, 163 Pompano Beach, Florida 282, 11, 192 Pityoxylon 161 Plate 15-13 wetland defi nition 5, 15, 28, plains gartersnake (Thamnophis pondweed (Potamogeton sp.) 95, 56 radix) 114, Plate 7-13 97 raptors 122–123, 124, 125, 133 plains zebra pond skater rattlesnake 115 see zebra see water strider Raupo swamp 370 plant hardiness zones 101–102, Port Bienville, Mississippi 8 red admiral butterfl y (Vanessa 102, 106 Port Isabella, Texas 291 atalanta) 92, Plate 6-14 Culebra range 344 Post, Lennart von 164 red beds 20, 20, 156, Plate 2-10 defi nition 369 postage stamp(s) 5 red-eared slider (Trachemys Gulf of Mexico 279 potassium 69, 80, 84, 175, 178, scripta) 115, 116 San Luis Valley 345 187, 189 redhead duck (Aythya USA 103 potassium chloride 365 americana) 121 416 INDEX

Red Hills, Kansas 39, Plate 3-11 riverine wetlands 23, 24, 25, 29, Sadlerochit Mountains, Alaska red mangrove (Rhizophora 193 351, Plate 17-28 mangle, R. apiculata) 86, Rock Island, Illinois 207 sagebrush 342 87, 92, 195, 283 rock ptarmigan 352 Sahara desert 6, 17 red maple (Acer rubrum) 101 Rocky Ford, Colorado 302, Plate Saint Louis, Missouri 66 Red River 151, 195, 300 16-4 salada 305, 370 red samphire (saltwort) Roosevelt, Theodore 219 salamander 114, 158 (Salacornia rubra) 38, 88, roseate spoonbill (Ajaia ajaja) see also amphibians 89, Plates 3-9, 6-8 284 salar 370 Red Sea 112 Roskilde (Denmark) 167, 168 salina 305, 370 redoximorphic rotifers 61, 317, Plate 4-6 salmon defi nition 370 Rowley River, Massachusetts 17, see Atlantic salmon; chinook features 73, 78, 82 60, 328, 328, Plate 16-41A salmon; chum salmon; iron accumulation 80, Plate Royal Gorge, Colorado 301 coho salmon 5-11 royal palm (Roystonea regia) 284 xii, 17, 23, 59, 223, red-shouldered hawk (Buteo Rudorff, Ernst 219–220 335 lineatus) 124 Russell Lakes State Wildlife Area, see also Everglades; Plum reedmace swamp 370 Colorado 19, 45, 63, 348, Island Ecosystem; Quivira reedswamp 370 350, Plate 17-26 NWR; Rachel Carson Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada Russia(n) National Wildlife Refuge; 88, 97, 100, 321 Baikal Highlands 354 Rowley River; Wells reindeer Karelia, Russia 80, 263, Plate Reserve see caribou 5-12 salt production 68, 199, remote sensing (in wetland Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia 200, 266, 317–318, research) 31–45, 54, 57, 148 320 363 Mt Kliuchevskoi, Russia 148 salt sacaton grass 308 see also aerial photography; Laptev Sea, Russia 354, 355 saltcedar (Tamarix sp.) 88, 89, satellite imagery Lena Delta Nature Reserve, 303 replacement cost 215, 216 Russia 355 biocontrol of, upper Arkansas see also cost–benefi t analysis Lena River, Russia 336, 354– River valley, USA 305–309, resin (in amber formation) 157, 357, 356, Plate 17-31 307, 308 160–161, 173 Moscow 153–154 Saltcedar Biological Control restoration 231–249 Siberia 196, 261–262, 356, Consortium (SBCC) 307, defi nition 233 Plate 17-31 309 ecology 232 Tiksi, Russia 355 saltcedar leaf beetle (Diorhabda Rex, North Carolina 304 Tula, Russia 263 “elongata,” D. carinulata) rhea (Rhea americana) Ural Mountains, Russia 158 307–309, 308 278–279 Ust-Lensky Zapovednik, Russia saltgrass (Distichlis spicata) Rhine river 3 355 324 rhinoceros, white Volga River, Russia 252, 252, saltmeadow cordgrass see white rhino Plate 14-1 see cordgrass rice cultivation 20, 73, 76, 111, Yakutsk, Sakha Republic, saltmeadow rush (Juncus 172, 202, 204, 272 Russia 354 gerardii) 324 Riehl, Wilhelm Heinrich 219 Yantarny, Kaliningrad, Russia saltwort rift system, East Africa 163 see red samphire see East African rift system Yenisei River, Russia 261 San Isabel National Forest, Riga, Gulf of 328 Colorado 129 Rio Grande 307, 341, 345, Saami people 352 San Juan Mountains, Colorado 346–347, 349 sabkha 15, 22, 72, 370 341, 349 Rio Grande Canal, United States saddle-billed stork San Luis, Colorado 213, 349 (Ephippiorhynchus 214 Ristinge Klint (Denmark) 71, senegalensis) 267, Plate San Luis Lake, Colorado 347, Plate 4-23 14-20 348, Plate 17-20 INDEX 417

San Luis Valley, Colorado 19, Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) 184, Sierra Nevada Mountains 25 336, 341, 342 330 Skagen Peninsula (Denmark) case study 345–350, 348, 349, sea level change 136, 139–147, 144, 146 357, Plate 17-20 140, 141, 142, 143, 145, Skaggerak Sea 146 see also Russell Lakes State 146, 147, 155, 156, 163, Skansen Bog, Askøy Island Wildlife Area 173, 286–287 (Norway) 51 sand seas 316, 370 see also eustasy skunk-cabbage (Symplocarpus sanderling (Calidris alba) 323, sea mink (Neovison macrodon) foetidus) 101, 101 323 128–129 slash pine (Pinus elliottii) 99 sandhill crane 347 sea oats (Uniola paniculata) slate 81 sandpiper 117, 118 292, 294 slimstem reedgrass sandstone 20, 81, 341, 342, 342, sea purslane (Sesuvium (Calamagrostis stricta) Plate 2-10 portulacastrum) 291 343, 344 Sangamon 140–141, 141, 370 sedge (Carex aquatilis) 343, 345 15, 24, 370 see also Eemian sedge meadow 244, 370 Slovakia 257 Sangre de Cristo Mountains sediment Hornád River 225 (Colorado) 19, 20, 45, 61, bioclastic 81–82, 83, 85 Lomnicky (mountain) 261, 82, 91, 214, 227, 301, burial 135, 173, 157, 159 337 341, 341, 348, 349, 350 carbonate 19, 83, 140, 150, Stará Lesná 261 see also Cucharas, Cuchara 150, 179, 279, 282, Plate Strané pod Tatrami 337 Sarus crane (Grus antigone) 211 2-5A Tatra Mountains 259, 261, Saskatchewan Watershed clastic 81, 85, 279 337 Authority, Canada 323 gravel 81, 144, 195 small-format aerial photography satellite imagery grus 73 (SFAP) 42, 43, 44 Advanced Very High loess 72, 301, Plate 5-3 smooth cordgrass Resolution Radiometer rock fl our 17, 19 see cordgrass (AVHRR) 47 sand 59, 74, 81, 83 snail 108, 125, 282, 293 Earth Resources Technology silt 59, 60, 74, 81, 237 snail kite (Rostrhamus sociabilis) Satellite 32 till 6, 72, 75 125, 125, 133, 284 see also Landsat turbidity 17, 35, 60, 88 snake (Squamata) 116 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Senegal 92 Snares crested penguin (Eudyptes Plus (ETM+) 40 serpulid worm 293–294 robustus) 124 Ikonos 42, 42, 234 shadow price 215 snipe 118 Moderate Resolution Imaging see also cost–benefi t analysis snowy egret (Egretta thula) Spectroradiometer Shark Bay, Australia 156, 157 119 (MODIS) 37, 40, 243, 277, Shark River, Florida 281 snowy owl (Nyctea scandiaca) 278, Plate 15-9 shoalgrass (Halodule wrightii) 353, 355 Multi-angle Imaging 293 Society for Ecological Restoration SpectroRadiometer (MISR) shorebirds 4, 11, 117–118, 119, International 231 329 133, 370 Society of Wetland Scientists Multi-spectral Scanner (MSS) shrimp 108, 201, 204 (SWS) 12 40, 338 shrimp aquaculture 204, 264, soda ash Landsat 40, 40, 42 270, 293 see sodium carbonate Landsat Data Continuity (LDC) Siberia 196, 261–262, 356, Plate sodium 69 Mission 17-31 carbonate 266 SeaWIFS 280, Plate 15-10 Siberian crane (Grus chloride 84 Thematic Mapper (TM) 40, 40 leucogeranus) 193 sulfate 84, 320 Saville-Kent, William 205 Siberian lemming (Lemmus sodium-halide salts 305 scarlet ibis (Eudocimus ruber) sibiricus) 355 , wetland 17, 120 Sieperda Polder, Netherlands 242 characteristics 18–20 Scheldt River, Netherlands 242 Sierra de Perijá, Colombia 338 classifi cation 73, 74, 75, Scolopacidae 118 Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, 76–78, 77, 79, 84 Scotland 184, 202, 204, 210 Colombia 338 acrotelm 180, 364 418 INDEX

soils, wetland (cont’d) stilt roots Tennessee River 285 Aqualf 76, 84; Aquents 76; see prop roots see also Mississippi Delta Aquepts 76; Aquolls 76, Stone Age Texas 279, 299, 333, Plate 15-10 84; Aquox 76; Aquods, amber jewelry 160, 173 during Holocene thermal Aquults peat fossils 26 maximum 168 hydric 19, 28, 72–73, 76–85, storage capacity, wetland 58, 70, hurricanes in 280, 280, 280 78, 79, 367, Plate 5-11 197–198 plant hardiness 102 see also acrotelm; catotelm stork 267, 278, 284, Plate 14-20 playas in 300 soil temperature logger 12 Sub-Atlantic period 54, 166 Rio Grande water compact Sonneratia 272 Sub-boreal period 54, 166 347 South Asia 111, 198 succinite 162 saltcedar biocontrol 307 see also India; Sundarbans; see also amber see also Laguna Atascosa Thailand Sudan 193 NWR; Laguna Madre; South Carolina 129 Sugar City, Colorado 303 Padre Island South Dakota 168, 314 sugarcane 73 Texas gopher tortoise (Gopherus South Florida Water Management Sumerians 190 berlandieri) 296 District 285 Sun Chariot (Solvognen) 167 Texas prickly pear (Opuntia South Padre Island, Texas 36, Sundarban Biosphere Reserve engelmannii) 296 279, 296 see Sundarbans terrestrialization 136, 155, 331, South Saskatchewan River, Sundarbans 4, 8, 195, 268, 269– 335, 370 Canada 255 274, 269, 270, 271, 271, Thailand southwestern willow fl ycatcher 272, 297, Plate 15-2 aquaculture production 204 (Empidonax traillii Sundari (Heritiera fomes) 270 Bight of Bangkok 76 extimus) 309 suo 15 mangrove losses 264 Soviet Union 198, 257, 262 Suo journal 12 pearl production 205 see also Commonwealth of swamp cypress (Taxodium Songkhram River 202 Independent States distichum) 87, 101 Thalassia 83 soybean cultivation 73, 279, 287 Swamp Land Acts (U.S.) 253 Thematic Mapper 40, 40, 355 Spanish dagger 296 swan 117, 121, 122, 123 Thoreau, Henry David 218 Spanish moss 283 sweetgale (Myrica gale) 331 Thiobacillus 178 Spartina alternifl ora, S. patens SWS Tibet Plateau 336 191, 191, 324, 324, 325, see Society of Wetland Tien Shan Mountains 198 326 Scientists Tierra del Fuego, Argentina 12, spatterdock (Nuphar luteum) 22 Syr Darya river 198, 199, Plate 336 spike rush (Eleocharis sp.) 93, 11-6B Tigris River 233, 243, 244 93, 235 Syria 243 Tigris–Euphrates valley 233, 243, spiny softshell turtle (Apalone 244 spiniferus)115 Tajikistan 198 Tiksi, Russia 355 spoonbill 278, 284 takir 370 tiling 223, 223, 225 spreading rope rush (Empodisma tamarack 163 Tishomingo, Oklahoma 93 minus) 69 Tanana River, Alaska 253 toads 114 spruce (Picea sp.) 101, 163, 170, Tar Creek, Oklahoma 246, Plate see also amphibians 263, 343, 345, 346 13-9 Tolland Man 167 Squaw Creek NWR, Missouri 94, Tarli (Sardinella melanur) 201 Tooma Experimental Station, 119 Tartu (Estonia) 137, 140, 202, Estonia 334 St. Lawrence, Canada 168 258, 259, 334, Plate 8-1 tourbière 15 Stafford Act 281 Tatra Mountains 259, 261, 337 transient electromagnetic (TEM) stem hypertrophy (trunk taxes (to encourage wetland method 52 buttress) 87 preservation) 228–229 travertine 69 Steverson Lake, Nebraska 318 tea 204 treatment wetland 234, 244–246, Stevns Klint (Denmark) 147, teal 117, 121, 121, Plate 7-25 250, 370 159 Tectonic tree snail (Liguus fasciatus) Stillwater NWR, Nevada 87, 95 Tennessee 206, 285 282 INDEX 419

Treece, Kansas 247, 247, 248 role in wetland management shoreline plants 20, 21, 29, Trinchera Peak, Colorado 342, 11 82, 90–92, 91, 97, 105–106 343, 344 waterfowl management 228 submerged plants 21, 22, 29, Trinchero Creek, Colorado 61, wetland classifi cation 22, 23, 87–88, 88, 91, 96–97, 98, 344 24 99, 196–197 Triploid white amur 105 wetland defi nition 15–18 see also halophytes; tropical wetlands wetland plant categories 99, hydrophytes see wetlands, tropical 100 vegetation zones 21, 22, 23, 27, Trundholm Mose, Sjælland wetland restoration defi nition 29, 38, 90, 91, 97–99, 99, (Denmark) 167 233 100, 105–106 trunk buttress wet soil classifi cation 76–77 Venezuela see stem hypertrophy Ural Mountains, Russia 158 Cordillera de Mérida 336, 338 tsunamis 113 Uruguay 279 Mérida 338, 339, 341 tufa 69, 70 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers see Mesa del Caballos 339 Tufted bulrush (Trichophorum Army Corps of Engineers Páramo de Piedras Blancas cespitosum) 331 U.S. Bureau of Land Management 340 Tula, Russia 263 (BLM) 56, 213, 352, 354 Parque Nacional Sierra Nevada Tule Lake, California 117 U.S. Department of Agriculture 339, 339 165, 191, 263, 336, 341, 56, 245 Pico Águila 339, 340 351, 354–355, 357, 370 plant hardiness zones 102 Pico Bolívar 338 Turkey 243 U.S. Environmental Protection Río Chama 338, 339 Turkmenistan 198 Agency (EPA) 11, 16, 56, see also Andes Mountains, turlough 371 222, 233, 238, 245–246, páramo Turner Falls, Oklahoma 22, 70, 254–255 Vensyssel, Jylland, Denmark 145, 99 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service see Plate 8-14 Turtle (Testudines) 115–116 United States Fish and Vermont 9, 9 Tuttle Creek Lake, Kansas 68 Wildlife Service vernal pond 371 U.S. National Insurance Victoria, Australia 262, 9 Uganda 193 Program 291 Viking Ship Museum, Roskilde, Ukraine 162–163, 260 U.S. Geological Survey 64 Denmark 168 uniformitarianism 156, 371 Ust-Lensky Zapovednik, Russia Vikings 166–167, 149, 168 Union Canal, Scotland 210 355 Vilayati babul (Prosopis julifl ora) United Kingdom Utah 308, 18 213 Countryside Stewardship Uzbekistan 198 Virginia 304 Scheme 229 vlei 371 Water Act 257 Väinameri Sea (Estonia) 36, 331 vloer 371 Wildlife and Countryside Act Valentine National Wildlife Volga River, Russia 252, 252, 257 Refuge (NWR), Nebraska Plate 14-1 Wildfl ower & Wetlands Trust, 170 UK 257 Valgesoo bog (Estonia) 138, 259 wad 15, 371 United Nations Vancouver Island, Canada 141 Wager Bay, Canada 127 Millennium Ecosystem vàrzea 200, 371 Wascana Creek, Regina, Canada Assessment 358–359 vegetation index 36, 371 88, 97, 100 UNESCO Biosphere Reserve vegetation, wetland 20–22, Walnut Creek, Kansas 311 266 86–106 water cycle 59 UNESCO World Heritage Site emergent plants 11, 15–16, 20, see also hydrologic cycle 273 21, 21, 29, 36, 87, 91, 93, water diversion United States Fish and Wildlife 94, 95, 97, 98, 106, 364, in Aral Sea 198, 199, 199, 361, Service 371, Plates 2-12, 17-26 Plate 11-6B data dissemination 51 fl oating plants 20–21, 21, 91, High Plains, USA 4 duck stamp 253 94–96, 95, 97, 106 Mesopotamian Marshes management of Arctic wetlands hardiness see plant hardiness 245 352 zones Ganges 273 420 INDEX

watercress (Rorippa nasturium- Wembury Bay, Plymouth, tropical 6, 9, 13, 17, 59, 80, aquaticum) 21, Plate 2-12 England 141 98, 171, 173, 191, 297 water-hemlock (Cicuta maculata) West Antarctic Ice Sheet 140 see also coral reefs; 86 West Indian mahogany mangroves; Mexico, Gulf waterlily (Swietenia mahagoni) of; Okavango; Pantanal; American white 95, 97 284 Sundarbans giant 95, 98 West Mineral, Kansas 183 Wetlands and Wildlife National see also Nymphaeaceae West Nile virus 110, 110, 301, Scenic Byway, Kansas water smartweed (Polygonum 317, Plate 7-6 211, 312 amphibium) 99 West Virginia 9, 9 11 water strider (Gerridae, Gerris western massasauga (Sistrurus remigis) 109, 109 catenatus tergeminus) (WRP) 228, 254, 371 water table 116 wheat 4, 47 defi nition 371 whirligig beetles (Gyrinidae) 1–9 effect on carbon cycle 179, Arkansas River valley 300, white ibis (Eudocimus albus) 180 302 284 effect of ditching on 223–224 Culebra Creek valley 214 white-faced ibis (Plegadis chihi) effect of human extraction on Culebra Range 342, 344 347 63, 64 defi nition 15–16, 371 white-fronted goose (Anser effect on wetland storage hay production 200 albifrons) 121–122 capacity 197–198 Missouri Coteau 318, 319 white mangrove (Laguncularia in hydroseral succession 136, Nebraska Sand Hills 315, racemosa) 92 138 316–317 white rhino (Ceratotherium raising, in wetland restoration Okavango 266, Plate 14-20 simum simum) 210 241, 242 Wet Mountains, Colorado 341 whooping crane (Grus in wetland defi nition 16 wet prairie 371 americana) 4, 5, 233, 309, water willow (Justicia wetland ecosystems, human use 349 americana) 93, 93 of 190 Wildfl ower & Wetlands Trust, UK waterfowl 117–125, 118, 119, see also ecosystem services 257 120, 121, 121, 122, 123, wetland loss 8–9, 9 Wildfowl & Wetland Trust (UK) 124 Australia 9 11 defi nition of 371 Canada 9 wild goose (Anser anser) 259 impact of wetland conversion China 9 willow (Salix sp.) 88, 101, 307, on 75 Europe 9 308, 309, 343 importance of wetlands to 4, Mississippi Delta 288, 288 Willow Bunch Lake, 11, 212 Philippine mangrove swamps Saskatchewan, Canada incentives for habitat 9 323 improvement 228 USA, northeastern states 9 Wilson’s phalarope 347 preservation of habitat 253 wetland mitigation see mitigation, wind power 187 wetland mitigation and 235 wetland wind farms 188, 229 see also “duck stamps”; WetlandCare Australia 11 Wisconsin Glaciation 169, 181 North American wetlands wood duck (Aix sponsa) 121 Waterfowls Management classifi cation 22–24, 23, 24 wood stork (Mycteria Plan; Ramsar Convention; defi nition 15 americana) 284 Wegener, Alfred 157 estuarine see estuarine worms 108 Weir-Pittsburg coal bed, Kansas wetlands wrack 195 158 lacustrine see lacustrine Wrangell-St. Elias National Park, Welland Canal, Canada 208, wetlands Alaska 354 Plate 11-13 marine see marine wetlands Wyoming 161, 182 Wells National Estuarine palustrine see palustrine Research Reserve (NERR), wetlands Yakutsk, Sakha Republic, Russia Maine 325, 325, 326, 335 riverine see riverine wetlands 354 INDEX 421

Yantarny, Kaliningrad, Russia Yukon Delta NWR, Alaska 353, zebra longwing (Heliconius 163 354, Plate 17-30 charitonius) 284 yellow water-crowfoot Yukon River/Delta 353–354, 353, zebra mussel (Dreissena (ranunculus fl abellaris) 357, Plate 17-30 polymorpha) 132, 132, 98–99 Yup’ik 352, 354 133, 208 Younger Dryas glaciation phase Zimbabwe 200, 264 143, 171 zakaznik 262 zinc 196 Yucatán Peninsula 279, 280, zapovednik 262 mining 8, 184, 246, 246, Plate 15-10 zebra (Equus burchelli) 128 248