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Comparison of Sediment Deposition in Reservoirs of Four Kansas Watersheds David P

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Comparison of Sediment Deposition in Reservoirs of Four Kansas Watersheds David P Comparison of Sediment Deposition in Reservoirs of Four Kansas Watersheds David P. Mau and Victoria G. Christensen Reservoirs are a vital source of water Kansas in 1995. Nine supply, provide recreational opportunities, reservoir studies have been support diverse aquatic habitat, and carried out in cooperation provide flood protection throughout with the Bureau of Kansas. Understanding agricultural, Reclamation, the city of industrial, and urban effects on reservoirs Wichita, Johnson County is important not only for maintaining Unified Wastewater acceptable water quality in the reservoirs Districts, the Kansas but also for preventing adverse Department of Health and environmental effects. Excessive sediment Environment, and (or) the can alter the aesthetic qualities of Kansas Water Office. These reservoirs and affect their water quality studies were supported in and useful life. part by the Kansas State Water Plan Fund and Introduction evaluated sediment deposition along with Figure 1. Bottom-sediment cores were collected with a gravity Reservoir sediment studies are selected chemical corer mounted on a pontoon boat. The corer is lowered to a important because of the effect that constituents in sediment designated distance above the sediment and allowed to free sediment accumulation has on the quality cores (fig. 1) from fall to penetrate through the entire thickness of reservoir of water and useful life of the reservoir. reservoirs located in bottom sediment. Sediment deposition can affect benthic various climatic, organisms and alter the dynamics of the topographic, and geologic landscape annual precipitation ranges from about aquatic food chain. Reservoir sediment regions throughout Kansas and southern 24 inches at Webster Reservoir in north- studies also are important in relation to Nebraska. Selected results from four of central Kansas to about 41 inches at watershed characteristics. For example, the reservoirs studied are summarized in Hillsdale Lake (as measured 5 miles south large volumes of sediment coming into this fact sheet Webster Reservoir, at Paola in east-central Kansas) (National reservoirs from agricultural areas can Cheney Reservoir, Tuttle Creek Lake, and Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, transport and deposit certain agricultural Hillsdale Lake (fig. 2). The four reservoirs 1998). Contributing-drainage areas of the chemicals (such as phosphorus from were sampled between October 1, 1995, reservoirs also differed, ranging from fertilizer applications and some pesticides and September 30, 1999. 144 square miles for Hillsdale Lake to used in crop production) that are adsorbed 9,600 square miles for Tuttle Creek Lake. to fine sediment particles (Juracek, 1997; This fact sheet describes: Land use in the Webster Reservoir Pope, 1998). Subsequently, these watershed is primarily cropland chemicals may be re-released into the Total volume and rate of sediment (57 percent) and pastureland (37 percent) water column and affect the drinking-water deposition in each of the four (Bureau of Reclamation, 1984, p. 9). The supply. reservoirs since impoundment; topography is flat to gently rolling, with In the past, evaluations of sediment narrow, shallow valleys and low relief. deposition in reservoirs have consisted of Possible causes for differences in total Despite their relatively high potential for statistical analyses of historical data from volume and rate of sediment deposition erosion, soils in the Webster watershed are sediment stations on tributaries flowing and the effects on water-storage quite productive for small grain crops into the reservoirs and mapping of the capacity and useful life of the (Bureau of Reclamation, 1984, p. 6). reservoir bottom (bathymetric surveys). reservoir; and The Cheney Reservoir watershed is However, some reservoir watersheds in located in parts of five south-central Kansas either lack or have an inadequate A baseline of sediment volume and Kansas counties. Land use is primarily data base to use a statistical approach. mass with which results of future agricultural, with about 52 percent of the Some data from surveys at selected cross reservoir studies can be compared. watershed consisting of cropland and the sections (rangelines) prior to dam closure balance (48 percent) consisting of are available for reservoirs in Kansas pastureland, forest cover, or small urban completed by the U.S. Army Corps of Reservoir and Watershed areas. The topography is flat to gently Engineers (USAGE) or the U.S. Characteristics rolling. Department of the Interior's Bureau of Tuttle Creek Lake has the largest Reclamation (BOR). Reservoir and watershed character­ contributing-drainage area and surface The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) istics vary among the four reservoirs area of the four reservoirs. Approximately began studying reservoir sedimentation in (table 1). For example, long-term, mean 75 percent of the contributing-drainage U.S. Department of the Interior USGS Fact Sheet 102-00 U.S. Geological Survey August 2000 ^ Webster Reservoir (1956--98) ^ \ I TMle Creek Lake (1962-99) 000,000 m .-^ '. -V120.00( 2,000,000 js 1, 800,000 33 > 1.800,000 s > £100,000 y " . 100,00( Total sediment -1, 600,000 -5. S. ..deposition 1,600,000 -|.c g 80,000 1, 400,000 g = ./ \ | 80,00() - 1,400,000 | = 1. 200,000 | s 1,200,000 J a 1. 60,000 1,000,000 S | .^ ^. § 60.00C - 1,000,000 S | o 30,000 | £ '\ X ' Mean annual 800.000 | ^ -an annual ' s^ ./"'^ "\ | 40,00( sediment yield 1 40-000 diment yield 6 30,000 1 °- \ 600,000 | = "o -jn nnn Total sedimer t \ 4 30,000 || - 400,000 i| g 20'000 deposition \ 1 V^ NEBRASKA _j 1 20,oo( . \ ^ 2 30,000 S | 200,000 i i | 0 £ L_dbn 1 0 Lovewell \ KANSAS S 1 ( _J _______ 0 Kirwin Reservoir \ ^ ^X^ Reservoir '"* x /*! 1 ^v^^ "" Waconda .- /{' 1 ._.-^^ Perry S -; Lake ^^i 1 Milford} "' ffi 1 Lake jope 11 t£ ^ 1 Wilson Lake .. Clinton /*^ Council Pomona Lake '**>,£ Cedar Bluff Grove Lake Reservoir Lake Kanopolis ... ._ * /Pabla Lake Marion Melvern L ~ Cheney Reservoir (196 5-98) ^^ B Hillsdale Lake (1981-96) 2,000,000 g ^^^-^^^^ Jr 1/U.UUU i t.000,000 | 1, 800,000 3J=T Mean annual - 1, 00,000 33 > 1 100,000 1,600,000 j~£ ^^~7>~----^_^ ""'~'l'-v ^ "100,000 sediment yield 1,f 00.000 'I- S. 1,400,000 IJ! I./ 00,000 | = .0 80,000 . TT^''^..^-^^1^ g" 80,000 1,200,000 | £ 1,2 00,000 | £ | 60,000 VIean annual 1,000,000 j» | | 60,000 1,( 00,000 ^ | ~° s ediment yield - 800,000 | £ 8C 0,000 | ^ I 40,000 600,000 S £ I 40,000 .i Total sedim E 6C 0,000 1 j| 400,000 || "S 20,000 deposition | 20,000 Total sediment - 4t 0,000 |1 200,000 Si. deposition 2C 0,000 S I. ,£ 0 - 0 - L*s\l Lrtl>irtl lv-/l^i Boundary of contributing-drainage area Figure 2. Volume of sediment deposited in four Kansas reservoirs and mean annual sediment yield from contributing-drainage areas vary as a result of differences in watershed precipitation, land use. topography, and geology. area is located in southeast Nebraska and compare the original pre-reservoir difference in elevations between the two the remainder in northeast Kansas. About rangeline data to the most recent periods is primarily the result of sediment 72 percent of the drainage area is bathymetric data. deposition. Storm runoff transports large cropland, about 16 percent is pastureland, The total volume and rate of sediment amounts of sediment into reservoirs 10 percent is woodland, and the remainder deposition in all four reservoirs were causing temporal variability in the rates of is urban areas. The topography varies determined by a comparison of the recent sediment deposition. Because bathymetric from smooth plains in the Nebraska (1995-99) reservoir bottom elevation to surveys have been done infrequently section of the watershed to areas of greater the elevation prior to impoundment. The throughout the life of the four reservoirs, it local relief in the Kansas section of the watershed (Pope, 1995, p. 4). Table 1. Comparison of reservoir and watershed characteristics for Webster Reservoir, Cheney The Hillsdale Lake watershed is Reservoir, Tuttle Creek Lake, and Hillsdale Lake located in parts of four northeast Kansas counties. Eighty-five percent of the land is [<, less than] cropland and pastureland, and the Land use2 Original Long-term remaining 15 percent is used for feedlots Contributing- conservation Percentage Percentage mean annual and urban and residential development. Reservoir Date of drainage area pool storage of basin in of basin in precipitation3 Gently rolling uplands, with hilly areas or lake impoundment (square miles) (acre-feet) pastureland cropland (inches) along the streams, characterize the Webster 1956 1,150 72,000 37 57 24 topography. Cheney 1965 933 152,000 <48 52 27 Methods Tuttle 1962 9,600 425,000 16 72 32 Creek Bathymetric surveys were done at each reservoir along existing rangelines Hillsdale 1981 144 68,000 50 35 41 established by either the USAGE or the Conservation pool storage data for Webster Reservoir from Ferrari {1997), for Cheney Reservoir from Putnam and BOR. Global positioning system (GPS) others (1999), for Tuttle Creek Lake from U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (written commun., 1999) and for Hillsdale Lake technology was used to record the from Juracek (1997). geographic location of the boat on the 2 Land-use percentages from Nebraska Natural Resources Commission (1983), Bureau of Reclamation (1984), reservoir, and a fathometer system was Kansas Geological Survey (1993), Kansas Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Agriculture (1997), and used to determine the depth to the top of Putnam (1997). the sediment. The data were digitally 3 Long-term mean annual precipitation is based on 1961-90 data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric recorded and stored on a computer where Administration (1998). additional processing was done to 100 \ 1 1 was not feasible to calculate annual this fact sheet showed 90 - - volumes and rates of sediment deposition.
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