Earth Resources NASA SP-7041 (33) a Continuing April 1982 NASA Bibliography with Indexes
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Peer Review Draft Synthesis and Assessment Product 4.2 Thresholds
1 Peer Review Draft 2 Synthesis and Assessment Product 4.2 3 Thresholds of Change in Ecosystems 4 Authors: Daniel B. Fagre (lead author), Colleen W. Charles, Craig 5 D. Allen, Charles Birkeland, F. Stuart Chapin, III, Peter M. 6 Groffman, Glenn R. Guntenspergen, Alan K. Knapp, A. David 7 McGuire, Patrick J. Mulholland, Debra P.C. Peters, Daniel D. 8 Roby, and George Sugihara 9 Contributing authors: Brandon T. Bestelmeyer, Julio L. 10 Betancourt, Jeffrey E. Herrick, and Douglas S. Kenney 11 U.S. Climate Change Science Program 12 Draft 5.0 SAP 4.2 9/26/2008 1 1 Table of Contents 2 Executive Summary............................................................................................................ 5 3 Introduction................................................................................................................... 5 4 Definitions.....................................................................................................................5 5 Development of Threshold Concepts............................................................................ 6 6 Principles of Thresholds ............................................................................................... 7 7 Case Studies.................................................................................................................. 8 8 Potential Management Responses............................................................................... 10 9 Recommendations...................................................................................................... -
March 21–25, 2016
FORTY-SEVENTH LUNAR AND PLANETARY SCIENCE CONFERENCE PROGRAM OF TECHNICAL SESSIONS MARCH 21–25, 2016 The Woodlands Waterway Marriott Hotel and Convention Center The Woodlands, Texas INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT Universities Space Research Association Lunar and Planetary Institute National Aeronautics and Space Administration CONFERENCE CO-CHAIRS Stephen Mackwell, Lunar and Planetary Institute Eileen Stansbery, NASA Johnson Space Center PROGRAM COMMITTEE CHAIRS David Draper, NASA Johnson Space Center Walter Kiefer, Lunar and Planetary Institute PROGRAM COMMITTEE P. Doug Archer, NASA Johnson Space Center Nicolas LeCorvec, Lunar and Planetary Institute Katherine Bermingham, University of Maryland Yo Matsubara, Smithsonian Institute Janice Bishop, SETI and NASA Ames Research Center Francis McCubbin, NASA Johnson Space Center Jeremy Boyce, University of California, Los Angeles Andrew Needham, Carnegie Institution of Washington Lisa Danielson, NASA Johnson Space Center Lan-Anh Nguyen, NASA Johnson Space Center Deepak Dhingra, University of Idaho Paul Niles, NASA Johnson Space Center Stephen Elardo, Carnegie Institution of Washington Dorothy Oehler, NASA Johnson Space Center Marc Fries, NASA Johnson Space Center D. Alex Patthoff, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Cyrena Goodrich, Lunar and Planetary Institute Elizabeth Rampe, Aerodyne Industries, Jacobs JETS at John Gruener, NASA Johnson Space Center NASA Johnson Space Center Justin Hagerty, U.S. Geological Survey Carol Raymond, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Lindsay Hays, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Paul Schenk, -
GSA TODAY • Radon in Water, P
Vol. 8, No. 11 November 1998 INSIDE • Field Guide Editor, p. 5 GSA TODAY • Radon in Water, p. 10 • Women Geoscientists, p. 12 A Publication of the Geological Society of America • 1999 Annual Meeting, p. 31 Gas Hydrates: Greenhouse Nightmare? Energy Panacea or Pipe Dream? Bilal U. Haq, National Science Foundation, Division of Ocean Science, Arlington, VA 22230 ABSTRACT Recent interest in methane hydrates has resulted from the recognition that they may play important roles in the global carbon cycle and rapid climate change through emissions of methane from marine sediments and permafrost into the atmosphere, and in causing mass failure of sediments and structural changes on the continental slope. Their presumed large volumes are also consid- ered to be a potential source for future exploitation of methane as a resource. Natural gas hydrates occur widely on continental slope and rise, stabilized in place by high hydrostatic pressure and frigid bottom-temperature condi- tions. Change in these conditions, Figure 1. This seismic profile, over the landward side of Blake Ridge, crosses a salt diapir; the profile has either through lowering of sea level or been processed to show reflection strength. The prominent bottom simulating reflector (BSR) swings increase in bottom-water temperature, upward over the diapir because of the higher conductivity of the salt. Note the very strong reflections of may trigger the following sequence of gas accumulations below the gas-hydrate stability zone and the “blanking” of energy above it. Bright events: dissociation of the hydrate at its Spots along near-vertical faults above the diapir represent conduits for gas venting. -
Origin of the Solar System
Creation Myths The rise of the monotheistic religions changed this view. When one of the gods got a higher Old Myths status than others (who in some cases became Speculation about the origin and evolution of demons or devils), he continued to increase in the earth and the celestial bodies is probably as prestige and power until he became the Supreme old as human thinking. During the millennia that Lord, the undisputed ruler of the whole world. are covered by the history of science, philosphy, Then it was not enough for him to create the world and religion we can distinguish three types of ap in the sense of organizing a preexisting chaos; he proach to this problem. had to create it all from nothing (ex nihilo) by The first is the "theocratic-myth" approach, pronouncing a magic word or by his will power. according to which the evolution of the world was This is the meaning of "creation" when we use it governed by gods who once upon a time created today, but it is a relatively new concept. It was it. However, we must remember that the meaning generally accepted in Christianity in the second of "creation" has changed. The earliest meaning century A.D. but the Genesis description of the of this term seems to have been that the gods Creation seems to have either meaning. The crea brought order into a preexisting chaos. The world tion ex nihilo was not generally accepted by the was "ungenerated and indestructible"-as Aris philosophical-scientific community until the syn totle puts it-and the gods were part of this world thesis by St. -
South Pole-Aitken Basin
Feasibility Assessment of All Science Concepts within South Pole-Aitken Basin INTRODUCTION While most of the NRC 2007 Science Concepts can be investigated across the Moon, this chapter will focus on specifically how they can be addressed in the South Pole-Aitken Basin (SPA). SPA is potentially the largest impact crater in the Solar System (Stuart-Alexander, 1978), and covers most of the central southern farside (see Fig. 8.1). SPA is both topographically and compositionally distinct from the rest of the Moon, as well as potentially being the oldest identifiable structure on the surface (e.g., Jolliff et al., 2003). Determining the age of SPA was explicitly cited by the National Research Council (2007) as their second priority out of 35 goals. A major finding of our study is that nearly all science goals can be addressed within SPA. As the lunar south pole has many engineering advantages over other locations (e.g., areas with enhanced illumination and little temperature variation, hydrogen deposits), it has been proposed as a site for a future human lunar outpost. If this were to be the case, SPA would be the closest major geologic feature, and thus the primary target for long-distance traverses from the outpost. Clark et al. (2008) described four long traverses from the center of SPA going to Olivine Hill (Pieters et al., 2001), Oppenheimer Basin, Mare Ingenii, and Schrödinger Basin, with a stop at the South Pole. This chapter will identify other potential sites for future exploration across SPA, highlighting sites with both great scientific potential and proximity to the lunar South Pole. -
Space and Planetary Environment Criteria Guidelines for Use in Space Vehicle Development, 1 9 8 2 Revision Volume 1
NASA Technicd Memorandum 8 2 4 7 8 Space and Planetary Environment Criteria Guidelines for Use in Space Vehicle Development, 1 9 8 2 Revision Volume 1 Robert E. Smith ar~dGeorge S. West, Compilers George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Marshall Space Flight Center, Alabama National Aeronautics and Space Administration Sclentlfice and Technical lealormation 'Branch TABLE OF CONTENTS Page viii SECTIOP; 1. THE SUN ............................................ .......... 1.1 Introduction ....................... .. ............. ....a* 1.2 Brief Qualitative Description ............................. 1.3 Physical Properties .................................... .. 1.4 Solar Emanations - Descriptive .......................... 1.4.1 The Nature of the Sun's Output .................. 1.4.2 The Solar Cycle ................................... 1.4.3 Variation in the Sun's Output ................... .. 1.5 Solar Electromagnetic Radiation ........................... 1.5.1 Measurements of the Solar Constant ............... 1.5.2 Short-Term Fluctuations in the Solar Constant . .: . 1.5.3 The Solar Spectral Irradiance ..................... 1.6 Solar Plasma Emission .................................... 1.6.1 Properties of the Mean $olar Wind ................. 1.6.2 The Solar Wind and the Interplanetary Magnetic Field ............................................. 1.6.3 High-speed Streams ............................... 1.6.4 Coronal Transients ....................... .. .. .. ... 1.6.5 Spatial Variation of Solar Wind Properties ......... 1.6.6 Variation of the -
Research and Development Related to the Nevada Nuclear Waste Storage Investigations
LA-11443-PR LA_-H443-PR Progress Report Research and Development Related to the Nevada Nuclear Waste Storage Investigations October 1-December 31,1984 Compiled by K. W. Thomas DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United Sutes Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsi- bility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Refer- ence herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recom- mendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily stale or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. tfi / - 11 I iLos Alamos National Laboratory )Los Alamos.New Mexico 87545 Contents ABSTRACT 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2 I. INTRODUCTION 13 II. GEOCHEMISTRY 13 A. Groundwater Chemistry 13 B. Natural Isotope Chemistry 14 C. Hydrothermal Geochemistry 15 Effect of Silica Activity on the Temperature Stability of Clinoptilolite .... 16 D. Solubility Determinations 18 1. Important Radionuclides for Solubility and Sorption 18 2. Actinide Chemistry in Near-Neutral Solutions 20 3. Effect of Radiolysis on the Pu(VI)-Pu(V)-Pu(IV)-Colloid System .... 20 4. Complex Formation Between Am(III) and Carbonate 22 E. Sorption and Precipitation 23 1. -
Ages of Large Lunar Impact Craters and Implications for Bombardment During the Moon’S Middle Age ⇑ Michelle R
Icarus 225 (2013) 325–341 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Icarus journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/icarus Ages of large lunar impact craters and implications for bombardment during the Moon’s middle age ⇑ Michelle R. Kirchoff , Clark R. Chapman, Simone Marchi, Kristen M. Curtis, Brian Enke, William F. Bottke Southwest Research Institute, 1050 Walnut Street, Suite 300, Boulder, CO 80302, United States article info abstract Article history: Standard lunar chronologies, based on combining lunar sample radiometric ages with impact crater den- Received 20 October 2012 sities of inferred associated units, have lately been questioned about the robustness of their interpreta- Revised 28 February 2013 tions of the temporal dependance of the lunar impact flux. In particular, there has been increasing focus Accepted 10 March 2013 on the ‘‘middle age’’ of lunar bombardment, from the end of the Late Heavy Bombardment (3.8 Ga) until Available online 1 April 2013 comparatively recent times (1 Ga). To gain a better understanding of impact flux in this time period, we determined and analyzed the cratering ages of selected terrains on the Moon. We required distinct ter- Keywords: rains with random locations and areas large enough to achieve good statistics for the small, superposed Moon, Surface crater size–frequency distributions to be compiled. Therefore, we selected 40 lunar craters with diameter Cratering Impact processes 90 km and determined the model ages of their floors by measuring the density of superposed craters using the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Wide Angle Camera mosaic. Absolute model ages were computed using the Model Production Function of Marchi et al. -
Annual Report 2014
1 Front cover: In 2014 CEED scientists published CEED is dedicated to research of a new model for absolute plate motion that re- fundamental importance to the constructs continents in longitude in such a way understanding of our planet, that that large igneous provinces and kimberlites are embraces the dynamics of the positioned above the edges of two stable thermo- chemical piles (Tuzo and Jason) in the deepest plates, the origin of large scale mantle (Torsvik et al., 2014). We show a 410 Ma volcanism, the evolution of climates reconstruction where kimberlites (red star) in and the abrupt demise of life forms. North America (part of Laurussia) are sourced by a plume from Jason whilst Siberian kimber- This ambitious venture will lites are sourced from the northern margin of Tu- hopefully result in a new model zo. To that new continental reconstruction model, that explains how mantle processes Mat Domeier further integrated geological ob- servations and plate tectonic fundamentals and interact with plate tectonics and built the first real plate tectonic model for the trigger massive volcanism and late Paleozoic (Domeier & Torsvik, 2014). As associated environmental and depicted in this 410 Ma reconstruction, that mod- el includes explicitly delineated and meticulously climate changes throughout Earth managed plate boundaries, which allows the full history. spatio-temporal definition of tectonic plates, in- cluding those floored by oceanic lithosphere. This is a significant and radical departure from the conventional approach of pre- Cretaceous palaeogeographic modeling, which continues to functionally operate under the framework of continental drift. Below: From the formal opening of CEED on October 21st 2014. -
Science Concept 3: Key Planetary
Science Concept 6: The Moon is an Accessible Laboratory for Studying the Impact Process on Planetary Scales Science Concept 6: The Moon is an accessible laboratory for studying the impact process on planetary scales Science Goals: a. Characterize the existence and extent of melt sheet differentiation. b. Determine the structure of multi-ring impact basins. c. Quantify the effects of planetary characteristics (composition, density, impact velocities) on crater formation and morphology. d. Measure the extent of lateral and vertical mixing of local and ejecta material. INTRODUCTION Impact cratering is a fundamental geological process which is ubiquitous throughout the Solar System. Impacts have been linked with the formation of bodies (e.g. the Moon; Hartmann and Davis, 1975), terrestrial mass extinctions (e.g. the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary extinction; Alvarez et al., 1980), and even proposed as a transfer mechanism for life between planetary bodies (Chyba et al., 1994). However, the importance of impacts and impact cratering has only been realized within the last 50 or so years. Here we briefly introduce the topic of impact cratering. The main crater types and their features are outlined as well as their formation mechanisms. Scaling laws, which attempt to link impacts at a variety of scales, are also introduced. Finally, we note the lack of extraterrestrial crater samples and how Science Concept 6 addresses this. Crater Types There are three distinct crater types: simple craters, complex craters, and multi-ring basins (Fig. 6.1). The type of crater produced in an impact is dependent upon the size, density, and speed of the impactor, as well as the strength and gravitational field of the target. -
Radioactivity and X-Rays
Radioactivity and X-rays Applications and health effects by Thormod Henriksen Preface The present book is an update and extension of three previous books from groups of scientists at the University of Oslo. The books are: I. Radioaktivitet – Stråling – Helse Written by; Thormod Henriksen, Finn Ingebretsen, Anders Storruste and Erling Stranden. Universitetsforlaget AS 1987 ISBN 82-00-03339-2 I would like to thank my coauthors for all discussions and for all the data used in this book. The book was released only a few months after the Chernobyl accident. II. Stråling og Helse Written by Thormod Henriksen, Finn Ingebretsen, Anders Storruste, Terje Strand, Tove Svendby and Per Wethe. Institute of Physics, University of Oslo 1993 and 1995 ISBN 82-992073-2-0 This book was an update of the book above. It has been used in several courses at The University of Oslo. Furthermore, the book was again up- dated in 1998 and published on the Internet. The address is: www.afl.hitos.no/mfysikk/rad/straling_innh.htm III. Radiation and Health Written by Thormod Henriksen and H. David Maillie Taylor & Francis 2003 ISBN 0-415-27162-2 This English written book was mainly a translation from the books above. I would like to take this opportunity to thank David for all help with the translation. The three books concentrated to a large extent on the basic properties of ionizing radiation. Efforts were made to describe the background ra- diation as well as the release of radioactivity from reactor accidents and fallout from nuclear explosions in the atmosphere. These subjects were of high interest in the aftermath of the Chernobyl accident. -
Science-Rich Mission Sites Within South Pole-Aitken Basin, Part 1: Antoniadi Crater
41st Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2010) 2467.pdf SCIENCE-RICH MISSION SITES WITHIN SOUTH POLE-AITKEN BASIN, PART 1: ANTONIADI CRATER. A. L. Fagan1, M. E. Ennis2, J. N. Pogue3, S. Porter4, J. F. Snape5, C. R. Neal6, and D. A. Kring7; 1Department of Civil Engineering and Geological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA [email protected]; 2Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA [email protected]; 3Earth and Planetary Sciences Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA [email protected]; 4School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA [email protected]; 5Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, UK [email protected]; 6 De- partment of Civil Engineering and Geological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA [email protected]; 7 Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, TX, USA [email protected]. Introduction: NASA is evaluating lunar surface -Study the lunar interior at the deepest point of the architectures that involve sortie and outpost-based ex- Moon by examining possible exposed lower ploration within the South Pole-Aitken (SPA) Basin crust and upper mantle material (Concept 2) [e.g., 1]. To assist with that evaluation, our team stud- -Examine the diversity of crustal rocks: Th-rich, ied the geology of the SPA Basin to locate mission Orthopyroxene-rich, noritic, FeO-rich, mare, sites that best address the nation’s highest lunar sci- and impact melt (Concept 3) ence priorities (NRC 2007, [2]). Our study reveals that -Quantify variability in origin, composition, and crew can begin to address most science objectives age of farside and nearside lunar basalts (Con- within the SPA Basin, which is the oldest (>4 Ga) and cept 5) largest (~2500 km diameter) impact basin on the Moon -Examine the melt sheet to determine the existence and is both topographically and compositionally dis- and extent of differentiation, as well as investi- tinct from the rest of the lunar surface.