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Space and Planetary Environment Criteria Guidelines for Use in Space Vehicle Development, 1 9 8 2 Revision Volume 1

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Space and Planetary Environment Criteria Guidelines for Use in Space Vehicle Development, 1 9 8 2 Revision Volume 1 NASA Technicd Memorandum 8 2 4 7 8 Space and Planetary Environment Criteria Guidelines for Use in Space Vehicle Development, 1 9 8 2 Revision Volume 1 Robert E. Smith ar~dGeorge S. West, Compilers George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Marshall Space Flight Center, Alabama National Aeronautics and Space Administration Sclentlfice and Technical lealormation 'Branch TABLE OF CONTENTS Page viii SECTIOP; 1. THE SUN ............................................ .......... 1.1 Introduction ....................... .. ............. ....a* 1.2 Brief Qualitative Description ............................. 1.3 Physical Properties .................................... .. 1.4 Solar Emanations - Descriptive .......................... 1.4.1 The Nature of the Sun's Output .................. 1.4.2 The Solar Cycle ................................... 1.4.3 Variation in the Sun's Output ................... .. 1.5 Solar Electromagnetic Radiation ........................... 1.5.1 Measurements of the Solar Constant ............... 1.5.2 Short-Term Fluctuations in the Solar Constant . .: . 1.5.3 The Solar Spectral Irradiance ..................... 1.6 Solar Plasma Emission .................................... 1.6.1 Properties of the Mean $olar Wind ................. 1.6.2 The Solar Wind and the Interplanetary Magnetic Field ............................................. 1.6.3 High-speed Streams ............................... 1.6.4 Coronal Transients ....................... .. .. .. ... 1.6.5 Spatial Variation of Solar Wind Properties ......... 1.6.6 Variation of the Solar Wind During the Solar Cycle ....................................... 1.7 High-Energy Particles in the Heliosphere ................. 1.7.1 High-Energy Particles from the Sun ............... 1.7.2 Influence of Solar Activity on Energetic Particle Fluxes ................................... REFERENCES ........................................; ........ SECTION 2. TERRESTRIAL SPACE (THE BARTH) .................... ..... 2.1 Introduction ............................................. 2.2 General Discussion ................................... .... 2.3 The Solid Earth and Its Gravity ......................... 2.3.1 The Eart hls Gravitational Field .................... 2.3.2 An Approximate Geopot ential Field ................ 2.4 Neutral Atmosphere and Winds ........................... 2.4.1 Neutral Atmosphere Structure ................... .. 2.4.2 Neutral Atmosphere : Chemical Composition ......... iii TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Page 2.4.3 Neutral Atmosphere : Temperature ................. 2.4.4 Neutral Atmosphere : . Density Variations ........... 2.4.5 Neutral Atmosphere : 2. 500 to 65.00 0.km Altitude . 2.4.6 Winds in the Neutral Atmosphere ....'. ............. 2.5 Sunlight and Earthshine ................................. 2.6 Meteoroids ............................................... 2.7 Plasma and Electromagnetic Fields ........................ 2.7.1 Magnetic Field .................................... 2.7.2 Electric Field ..................................... 2.8 Charged Particles ......................................... 2.8.1 Low Energy Plasma - fonosphere ................. 2.8.2 Energetic Particles ................................ 2.8.3 Cosmic Radiation ..................... ............ 2.8.4 -Galactic Cosmic Rays .......................... .... 2.8.5 Solar Cosmic Rays ................................ 2.9 Spacecraft Charging ..................................... REFERENCES ................................................. SECTION 3. THE MOON ................................................... 3.1 Introduction ............................................. 3.2 Dynamic Properties ...................................... 3.2.1 Comments ......................................... 3.3 Physical Data ............................................ 3.3.1 Mass. Figure. and Other Physical Properties ...... 3.3 2 Gravity Field ..................................... 3.3.3 Magnetic Field .................................... 3.4 Interior ................................................... 3.4.1 Structure ......................................... 3.4.2 The Core ...................................... 3.4.3 The Mantle ....................................... 3.4.4 The Crust ........................................ 3.5 Surface ofthe Moon ..................................... Surface Morphology ............................... Detailed Lunar Surface Mapping ................... Statistics of Lunar Surface Features .............. Chemistry of Lunar Surface ....................... Lunar Soil Particle Size Distribution ............... Mechanical Properties of Lunar Surface Material .... Electrical Properties of Lunar Surface Material ..... Optical Properties of the Lunar Surface ........... Temperatures of the Lunar Surface ............... TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Page 3.6 Atmosphere ........................................eee... 3.6.1 Composition ............................. ... ....... 3.6.2 Sources of the Atmosphere ........................ 3. 7 Magnetosphere ........................................... 3.8 Space Environment ......................... .-............. 3.8.1 Radiant Energy Fluxes ............................ 3.8.2 Charged Particle Flux ....................... ., .... 3.8.3 Meteoroids ........................................ 3.9 Supplementary Material ................................... 3.9.1 Origin of the Moon ................................ 3.9.2 Where Do We Go From Here ..................... .. 3.9.3 Chronology of Lunar Exploration .................. REFEREN CES ................................................. SECTION 4. MERCURY .................................................... 4.1 Introduction ............................................. 4.2 Dynamic Properties .................................... .. 4.2.1 Comments ................................... .. .... 4.3 Physical Data ............................................ 4.3.1 Mass. Figure. and Other Physical Properties ...... 4.3.2 Comments .................... .. .... .. ....... .. .... 4.3.3 Mapping .......................................... 4.3.4 Gravity Field ............................. ........ 4.3.5 Magnetic Field .................................... 4.4 Interior .................................................. 4.4.1 Core ......,............ .... ....... ................ 4.4.2 Mantle and Crust ................................. 4.5 Surface ................................................... 4.5.1 The Mariner 10 Imaging Experiments .............. 4.5.2 Surface Morphology ............................... 4.6 Atmosphere .......................................... .... 4.6.1 Pressure .......................................... 4.6.2 Composition ....................... ... ....... .. .... 4.6.3 Origin ........................................e. *. 4.7 Ionosphere ............................................... 4.8 Magnetosphere ...........................................\C 4.9 Space in the Vicinity of Mercury - Fields and Fluxes .... REFERENCES .......................... .. ..................... TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Page SECTION 5. VENUS ....................................................... 5.1 Introduction ...........................................me 5.1.1 General References ............................... 5.2 Dynamic Properties ....................................... 5.2.1 Comments ......................................... 5.3 Physical Data .................... ...... ................ 5.3.1 Comments ......................................... 5.3.2 Gravity Field ..................................... 5.3.3 Magnetic Field .................................... 5.3.4 Mapping of the Planet ............................. 5.4 Interior .................................................. 5.4.1 Core .............................................. 5.4.2 Crust and Mantle ................................. 5.5 Surface Properties ....................................... 5.5.1 Surface Morphology ............................... 5.5.2 Surface Characteristics ........................... 5.5.3 Chemical Composition - Mineralogy ................ 5.5.4 Physical Properties ................................ 5.6 Atmosphere .............................................. 5.6.1 Lower Atmosphere ................................ 5.6.2 The Middle Atmosphere ........................... 5.6.3 The Upper Atmosphere .......a.e.................. 5.6.4 Radiative Properties of the Venus Atmosphere ..... 5.7 Ionosphere .............................................a. 5.7.1 Ionospheric Ions - Temperature and Total Densities ......................................... 5.7.2 Ions - Composition ............................... 5.7.3 Ionospheric Electrons ............................. 5.7.4 Ionospheric Variability ............................ 5.8 Magnetosphere ........................................... 5.9 Prospects For The Future .............a.e................ REFERENCES ................................................. SECTION 6. MARS ......................................................... 6.1 Introduction ............................................. 6.2 Dynamic Properties ...................................... 6.2.1 Comments ......................................... TABLE OF CONTENTS (Concluded) Page 6.3 Physical Data ..................... .............s.ao.....a 6.3.1 Mass. Figure. and Other Physical Properties ...... 6.3.2 Earth-Mars Configurations ..................... .. 6.3.3 Mapping ................................... ....... 6.3.4 Gravity Field ....................
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