INDEX
abundances, 62 density, 244 accelerometer, 200 leading hemisphere, 245 accretion, 27, 52, 300 amino acid, 354 disk, 23, 29, 30, 52, 219 Amirani flow field, 309 efficiency, 52 ammonia, 22, 44, 59, 60, 63, 64, 73, 74, 79, 82, 86, 89, 91, 110, gas, 30, 31 117, 136, 137, 173, 291, 297, 299, 300 isolation mass, 28 abundance, 107 oligarchic growth, 28 depletion, 71 rapid, 29 ice, 68, 90-92, 100 rate, 27, 30 mixing ratio, 123 runaway, 28 photolysis, 72, 97 slow, 29 solid, 86 acetylene, 67, 129, 131, 132, 138 ammonia cloud, 71, 80, 82 Achilles, 264 ammonia hydrate, 297 Adastea, 673 ammonium hydrosulfide, 68, 72, 79, 83, 86, 89, 91, 100 adiabat ammonium hydrosulfide cloud, 79 dry, 116 ammonium salt, 67 moist, 116 amorphous ice, 7 4 adiabatic cooling, 80 Ampere's law, 540 adiabatic invariant, 622 Ananke, 265, 268 adiabatic mirroring, 651 angular momentum, 23, 27-29, 31, 122, 655 Adlinda, 417-419 Anshar Sulcus, 367, 374-376 Adrastea, 237, 241, 243, 244, 246, 247, 249, 254, 256, 258, 498, anticyclone, 114 671 Antilochus, 27 4 aeronomy, 190, 214 approach movies, 106 aerosol, 60, 67, 82, 83, 87, 91, 98, 109, 111, 463 aqueous alteration, 268 absorption, 149 Arbela Sulcus, 368, 376, 377 carbonaceous, 97 argon, 20, 26, 37, 74 density, 82 Ariel, 122 extinction, 95 arsenic, 67 formation, 98 arsine, 66, 67, 136 loading, 143 Asgard, 417-419 mixing ratio, 95 Asgard Basin, 401, 402 production, 151 asteroid, 451 SL9, 150 differentiated, 268 Agenor Linea, 337 main belt, 263, 271 airglow, 384 asthenosphere, 286 albedo, 91 asthenospheric flow, 366 bolometric, 402 geometric, 247, 402 astrobiology, 339 single scattering, 91, 99 Astypalaea Linea, 337 Alfven characteristic, 546, 550 atmosphere Alfven conductance, 477, 543, 545 composition, 59 Alfven speed, 174, 178, 541, 653 window, 60, 86 Alfvenwave, 520,521,531,539,542,544-546,554,600,650,653 Atmospheric Structure Instruments, 61, 185, 200 Alfvenwing, 520,523,525,530,539,541-543,545-547,549,550, aurora, 97, 139, 175, 185, 530, 595, 613, 617, 639 554 appearance, 646 Alfvenic current, 466, 653 dawn storm, 654 alkali, 465, 469, 474, 475, 497, 501, 502 main oval, 640, 641, 643-647, 649, 650, 653-657, 659-661, 664 alkali halide, 299 northern, 663 alkali metal, 44, 51 particles, 142 alkanes, 139 polar, 660, 661, 665 Allan deviation, 284 auroral allene, 134 chemistry, 142 Alpha Leo, 196 curtain, 646 aluminum, 293 decameter emission, 650 Amalthea, 237, 241-246, 249, 252, 256-258, 498, 596, 599, 671, electron 673, 675, 681, 682, 684 electrojet, 206, 213, 643
707 708 Index auroral (cont.) Callisto, 23, 29, 30, 248, 284, 294, 354, 355, 363, 367, 380, 383, emission, 131, 635, 642, 652, 661, 662 385, 388-390, 397, 428, 486, 488, 491, 503, 530, 584, 651 energy, 210, 213, 214 atmosphere, 471, 476, 477 enhancement, 196 core, 420 flare, 630 crater, 408, 410, 414, 436, 453 footprint, 97, 109, 650 crater chain, 272 haze, 142 dark hemisphere, 4 77 heating, 213 differentiation, 398 hot spot, 146, 196 dust, 236 ionosphere, 649 erosion, 410 kilometric radiation, 554, 641 exosphere, 400 oval, 96, 146, 205, 211-213, 475, 609 footprint, 653 particles, 97 gravity, 285 precipitation, 96, 598 gravity field, 420 region, 136 induced magnetic field, 420 spot, 571 interior, 281, 420, 421 storm, 648 ionosphere, 401 tail, 571 knob, 410-412, 417, 419, 420 zone, 191, 205 leading hemisphere, 400, 402 precipitation, 212 lithosphere, 415, 419, 420 Australian Telescope Compact Array, 177 north pole, 414 Automedon, 274 ocean, 282, 295 Avogadro's number, 81 pit, 409, 412 radar signature, 403 back scattering, 95 surface, 295, 333 Baldur Patera, 318 surface age, 272 ballistic plume, 163 trailing hemisphere, 400-402, 531 banana cloud, 567 Caloris Basin, 417, 418 band, 106 carbon, 21, 37, 59, 69, 72, 74, 354, 402, 489, 491, 495 band model, 461 carbon dioxide, 67, 136, 332, 385, 400, 476, 501, 502 banded structure, 106 carbon monoxide, 67, 135, 141, 142, 169, 300 barge, 105, 114 carbonaceous chondrite, 286, 293, 332, 352, 354, 398, 399 oscillation, 114 carbonate, 331 baroclinic, 109, 116 Carme, 265 barotropic, 109, 116 Cassini, 67, 79, 96, 151, 241, 246, 631, 663, 684, 685 beaming curve, 679, 682 catenae, 398, 438, 448 Beer's law, 90, 461, 462 Centaur, 263, 268, 271, 449 belt, 64, 83, 86, 89, 91, 100, 105, 110, 115, 118 central dome, 438 lightning, 120 central magnetosphere, 253 benzene, 67, 97, 135, 141, 143 central meridian longitude, 679 abundance, 141 centrifugal force, 282, 284 Bessel function, 609 Chaac Volcano, 463 beta turbulence, 106, 120 Chaac-Camaxtli region, 309 Bingham rheology, 407 Chandra, 207 biology, 486 Chandra observatory, 193 Biot-Savart 's law, 550 Chandra X-ray Observatory, 663 Birkeland current, 175, 213, 476, 646, 655 Chandra X-ray telescope, 644 bolide, 167 chaos, 271, 276, 390 bow shock, 523 charged particle, 245 Bran Crater, 429 charged particle precipitation, 97 branching ratio, 496 Chiron, 449 bremsstrahlung, 192, 644, 663, 683 chlorine, 67, 465, 469, 497 brick-red color, 112 chondrite, 286, 293 Bright Polar Region, 194, 663 chromophore, 68, 75, 82, 83, 93, 100 broadband kilometric emission, 640 chute deployment, 200 bromine, 67 circular variable filter, 193 brown dwarf, 35, 44, 47, 54 circumplanetary disk, 27, 30, 52 brown spot, 105 circumstellar disk, 24 Brownian coagulation, 98 clathrate, 21, 25, 74 bulls-eye pattern, 488 clay, 333, 398 buoyancy force, 45 cloud, 79, 84 buoyancy wave, 200 coalescence, 80 Burr Crater, 418 composition, 79 Buto Facula, 383, 410, 432 condensation, 80 Byblus Sulcus, 367, 373, 374, 378 microphysics, 80 sedimentation, 80 c22, 282, 283, 285, 286, 288, 295 tenuous, 85 Callanish, 344, 437, 442 cloud chamber, 92 Index 709 cloud model, 65 current sheet, 489, 595, 599, 604, 606, 613, 646, 648, 649, 655, cloud sounding, 82 656, 658, 659, 664 cloud tracking, 109 cyclone, 114 clouds, 79 cyclonic feature, 113 cold plasma, 519, 621 cyclotron cold-core feature, 109 emission, 678 collisional broadening, 458 frequency, 679 comet, 21, 74, 141, 142, 172, 263, 513, 537 radiation, 175 capture, 273 close encounter, 449 Dardanus Sulcus, 377 impact, 159 dark floor deposit, 388 influx, 60, 73, 137 Dark Polar Region, 194, 661, 662 Jupiter family, 141, 270, 277 dayglow, 131 nucleus, 271 Dazhbog Patera, 317 oxygen flux, 273 debris apron, 409, 412 sampling, 31 Debye length, 539 short period, 271 decametric radiation, 175, 520, 521, 538, 539, 544, 554, 578, 597, cometary impactor, 404 617, 626, 640, 671 cometary nucleus, 421 decimetric emission, 176, 242 Composite Infrared Spectrometer, 174 deep convection, 72 condensate, 117 deep probe, 31 condensate cloud, 71 Deep Space Network, 281 condensation, 60, 86, 87, 117 deep troposphere, 7 4 conductance, 517 deep water cloud, 100 conductivity deep winds, 54 deformation radius, 117, 120 Birkeland, 515 Deimos, 244, 246 Hall, 515 density wave, 585 Pedersen, 515 deuterated hydrogen, 63 conservative scatterer, 87 deuterium, 22, 24, 35, 39, 69, 188 contraction, 37, 52 experiment, 39 convection, 36, 44, 54, 73, 107, 117, 121 diacetylene, 67, 134, 140 critical, 28 diapir, 336, 341, 391, 486 magnetospheric, 620, 625 differential rotation, 45, 50 moist, 80, 86, 118, 121 differentially rotating cylinder, 109, 121 convective adjustment, 120 diglycine, 354 convective overturn, 298 Diomedes, 27 4 cool plasma, 656 dipole tilt, 36 Copernicus, 187 dissipation factor, 307 core, 20, 22, 26, 29, 35, 44, 46, 47, 50-53, 60 dissociative recombination, 202 erosion, 53 Doh Crater, 414, 415 Coriolis force, 45, 111, 206, 213, 284 dome crater, 414 corotation enforcement current, 609, 614 Doppler tracking, 284 correlated-k technique, 82 Doppler wind experiment, 73, 121 cosmic ray, 519 dosage unit, 490 Couette-Taylor flow, 29 double diffusion, 45 Coupled Thermosphere-Ionosphere Model, downdraft, 86, 123 212 downwelling, 86, 123 crater, 342 drag anomalous dome, 430 gas, 25, 268-270 central dome, 430 ion-neutral frictional, 647 central pit, 429 plasma, 253, 258, 265 complex, 429 Poynting-Robertson, 253, 259, 265 morphology, 427, 428 Dungey cycle, 665 pedestal, 439 dust, 60, 66, 141, 161, 166, 168, 172, 175, 177, 178, 219, 220, 242, rate, 451 246, 253, 254, 404, 683, 685 simple, 429 Axel-Danielson, 93 size distribution, 442 Callisto, 236 crater chain, 160, 272 chemical composition, 221 Cretaceous-Tertiary impact, 166 comet, 271 cryovolcanic eruption, 337 detection, 232 cryovolcanism, 417, 419, 421 detector, 219, 221, 270 CSHELL, 196 dynamics, 235, 236 Culaan Patera, 308 ejection, 229 Curie point, 292 electromagnetic interaction, 222 current Europa, 235, 236 Birkeland, 565, 570, 571, 613 flux, 225 Pedersen, 570 force, 227, 236 710 Index
dust (cont.) electron density, 518 Ganymede, 234 diurnal variation, 204 impact rate, 222 electron precipitation, 202, 204, 205 interplanetary, 224 Elsasser number, 49 Io, 224, 235, 236 Elsasser variable, 545 mass distribution, 232 Emakong Patera, 314, 316, 318 periodic phenomenon, 220 empirical orthogonal function, 86 plasma interaction, 220 en echelon fault, 376 ring, 235 Enceladus, 237 satellite, 233, 236, 237 energetic neutral atoms, 633 Shoemaker-Levy 9, 236 energetic particle, 610, 617 sink, 236 Energetic Particle Instrument, 677 source, 225, 232, 235 Enkidu Crater, 430 speed, 226 Ennomos, 275 stream, 223-225, 230 epsomite, 497 trajectory, 230 equation of state, 39, 54 dynamo, 37, 49, 54, 289, 295, 301, 522, 593, 598, 645 equatorial band, 82 equatorial plasmasheet, 193, 649 Earth, 49, 87, 97, 105, 114, 122, 148, 151, 185, 196, 209, 283, equatorial region 295, 299, 313, 317, 354, 367, 404, 530, 554, 593, 639, 665, emission, 187 671 equatorial subrotation, 122 Archean crust, 288 equatorial superrotation, 122 atmosphere, 166, 500 equatorial zone, 86, 107 aurora, 646, 648 equilibrium statistical theory, 123 auroral oval, 4 76 Erech Sulcus, 376 Basin and Range, 374 Erichthonius crater, 376 clouds, 46 ethane, 67, 129, 131, 138, 139 core, 49 mole fraction, 133 dynamo, 295 ethylene, 67, 134, 137, 139 inner magnetosphere, 673 Euler potential, 604 ionosphere, 617, 661 Europa, 23, 29, 243, 284, 321, 329, 363, 366, 377, 383, 384, 386, magnetic field, 49, 514 388-390,397,398,402,404,428,485,488,489,496,497,514, magnetopause, 528, 530, 609 522, 527, 538, 651, 654 magnetosphere, 513, 519, 530, 605, 606, 613, 635, 648 atmosphere, 4 71-4 74, 486 middle, 623 band, 333, 337 magnetotail, 609 chaos region, 340 mantle, 348 chaos terrain, 331 Mauna Loa, 318 core, 347 Nioon, 299,300,307,329,386,402,408,411,427,429,441,444, crater, 342, 435, 436, 444 485, 514, 515, 537 crust, 489 ocean, 45, 109, 115, 117, 349 dome, 339, 340 plasma, 617 dust, 235, 236 radiation belt, 612, 672, 681, 683 exosphere, 332 salt wall, 336 flyby, 330 seawater, 289 footprint, 521, 553, 645, 653, 655 subsurface biosphere, 354, 355 gravity, 285 tropics, 117 ice shell, 282, 289, 335, 341, 349, 350, 354 volcanic eruption, 467 interior, 281, 288, 347 eastward jet, 121 internal heat, 329 eclipse, 93 ionosphere, 348, 473 eclipse cooling, 331, 402 leading hemisphere, 398, 489 eclipse spectroscopy, 465 lineament, 329, 346 eddy, 114 mantle, 341, 348, 349 momentum flux, 114 moment of inertia, 330, 347 eddy diffusion, 98, 469 mottled terrain, 333, 339 eddy diffusion coefficient, 137, 138, 149, 200, 205 ocean, 282,290,298,331,335,341,348,349,354,355,391,442, eddy mixing, 72, 97, 143, 174 475, 486, 492 Edfu Facula, 433 orbiter, 291 eigenoscillation, 585 plain, 333, 337, 341 Einstein observatory, 192 polar cap, 332 ejecta deposit, 427 polar region, 333 Ekman number, 45 radiolysis, 485 Elara, 264 ridge, 333, 335, 345, 347 electrojet, 647 salt, 330, 356 electrojet wind, 196 surface, 290, 330 electrolyte, 297 surface age, 330, 342 electron cyclotron frequency, 530 tidal bulge, 346 Index 711
trailing hemisphere, 346, 487, 489, 490, 502 ionosphere, 530 trough, 333, 337 leading hemisphere, 386, 398 wake, 474 lithosphere, 374, 377, 381 warm ice, 335, 341 magnetic field, 291, 295, 301, 363, 380, 381, 389, 401, 502, 514, eutectic, 286, 287, 352, 353 654 exobase, 191 magnetosphere, 291, 475, 488, 524, 528, 530, 531 exosphere, 457 mantle, 389 exospheric temperature, 207, 208, 211 north polar hood, 371 expanding ring, 117 ocean, 282, 363, 384, 390, 391 extrasolar planet, 30, 38, 47, 54 palimpsest, 433 extreme ultraviolet, 185 patera, 378 Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer, 160, 576 polar cap, 379, 387, 515, 530 pole, 363 Faint Object Camera, 645 surface, 333 Faraday's induction equation, 540 surface age, 272 feeding zone, 25, 29 trailing hemisphere, 386, 398, 502, 503 Fermi acceleration, 556 gardening, 500 ferromagnet, 292 Gaspra, 246 filamentary turbulence, 114 geocoronal emission, 187 fissure eruption, 335 geostrophic balance, 109 fluorescence, 186, 189 geostrophic flow, 36 fluorine, 67 germane, 66, 67, 136 flux transfer event, 663 Gilgamesh, 429, 434, 446, 450, 452 flux tube, 178, 531, 539, 552, 554, 571, 610, 611, 621, 640, 646, Gish-Bar Patera, 314, 316, 319 650, 652, 653, 664 Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph, 133, 191 Fokker-Planck diffusion equation, 683 gossamer ring, 242 footprint GPMS, 22 double, 653 graben, 373, 374, 415, 417, 420 formaldehyde, 141, 495 graphite, 301, 348 formation, 25, 269, 270 gravitational field, 19, 31, 35, 36, 54 forward scattering, 95 data, 36 fractal dimension, 98 external, 50 free oscillation, 38 gravitational focusing, 491 frost, 400, 404, 411, 461, 463, 469, 471, 652 gravitational harmonics future mission, 31 even, 50 odd, 50, 51 Gaea Crater, 244-246 gravity wave, 115, 117, 144, 167, 168, 200, 204 Galileo, 61, 68, 79, 119, 161, 282, 289, 301, 330, 364, 457, 466, dissipation, 208 487, 537, 547, 631, 682 energy flux, 208 dust detector, 257 heating, 208, 211, 214 radio occultation, 198 Great Red Spot, 68, 72, 82, 86, 87, 91, 93, 100, 105, 111, 161 Galileo Probe, 20, 21, 37, 38, 47, 54, 60-62, 67, 72, 80, 82, 83, 91, change, 109 108, 115, 117, 121, 123, 168, 185, 200, 273, 672, 676, 684 oscillation, 112, 122, 123 entry site, 147 gyroradius, 487, 521, 524, 525 Galileo Regio, 365-367, 371, 375 gamma ray, 489 Hj, 643, 653 Ganymed~ 23, 29, 243, 284, 293, 294, 321, 344, 349, 354, 355, habitability, 355 363, 397, 398, 400, 402, 428, 486, 489, 502, 514, 519, 522, halide, 67 538, 651, 654 Hall conductance, 477, 544 accretion, 368 Hall current, 515, 665 atmosphere, 457, 471, 475, 502 halo, 93, 246 bright grooved terrain, 369, 370, 373, 390 halo bloom, 247, 251 bright smooth terrain, 371 halogen, 67 core, 295, 363, 389 Hapke parameter, 387 crater, 410, 430, 452 Hapke photometric model, 385 crater chain, 272 Harpagia Sulcus, 374, 377, 378, 380, 381 crust, 366 haze, 79, 87, 89, 93, 108 dark ray crater, 381 blue absorbing, 112 dark terrain, 365-368, 376, 383, 404, 408 opacity, 86 differentiation, 375, 390 troposphere, 82 dust, 234 heat flux, 38 equatorial region, 379 heavy elements, 42, 46, 47, 52, 53, 60, 69 footprint, 521, 553, 645, 653, 655, 661 enrichment, 60, 7 4 furrow system, 365 equation of state, 42 gravity, 285 water, 42 ice shell, 282, 389 hectometric radiation, 521, 640 interior, 281, 291 Heimdall, 418 712 Index
Hektor, 274 hydrogen sulfide, 59, 67, 71, 79, 136 helium, 19, 20, 22, 31, 35, 44, 69, 74, 130, 201 hydrologic cycle, 105 abundance, 21, 41, 46, 59, 62, 144 hydrostatic equilibrium, 285 abundance detector, 61 hydrothermal system, 391 differentiation, 31 hydrothermal vent, 354 droplet, 37, 38, 41, 43, 45, 51, 71, 72 hydroxide, 312 droplets, 20 Hyperion, 237 equation of state, 41, 47 hypervelocity impactor, 258 immiscibility, 22 mass mixing ratio, 37, 47 Iapetus, 237 mixing ratio, 46 ice phase, 390 mole fraction, 22, 37, 70 Ida, 245 Saturn, 41 ignimbrite, 318 Henyey Greenstein, 92, 95 Imaging Photopolarimeter, 91 heterodyne spectroscopy, 458 Imaging Science Subsystem, 61, 83 Hi'iaka Patera, 314, 319 impact feature high thermospheric temperatures, 185 Orientale class, 433 high-,6 magnetosphere, 648 Valhalla class, 435 Hill corotation radius, 611 impulsive pulsation, 625 Hill radius, 29, 2.56, 619 induced magnetic dipole, 477 Hill region, 664 influx rate, 151 Hill sphere, 27, 29, 264, 265, 269, 465, 684 Infrared Interferometric Spectrometer, 61, 106, 130, 311, 388 Himalia, 264, 265, 268, 269 Infrared Space Observatory, 60, 90, 403 homopause, 131, 137, 138, 144, 192, 196, 201, 203, 211, 642-644 Infrared Telescope Facility, 146, 160, 193, 553 Honl-London factors, 191 inner magnetosphere, 242, 538, 593, 595, 634, 649, 651, 671, 673, Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope, 188, 642, 643 676 horst ridge, 373 inner radiation zone, 672 hot plasma, 604, 624, 626, 655 insolation, 122 hot spot, 61, 64, 65, 67, 75, 86, 89, 107, 116, 123 instability bias, 71 barotropic, 121 spectra, 64 centrifugal interchange, 582 wave, 123 cyclotron maser, 555, 640, 642 Hough mode, 122 disk, 26, 30 Hubble Space Telescope, 60, 106, 159, 242, 246, 312, 331, 457, 464, drift mirror, 625 487, 552, 630, 645 gas, 29 Hugoniot, 39 Jeans, 25, 26 humidity, 118 Kelvin-Helmholtz, 162 hurricane, 109 maser, 626 hydrated mineral, 331 nucleated, 26, 30 hydrated salt mineral, 332 Rayleigh-Taylor, 162, 165, 581, 621 hydrazine, 72, 84, 90, 93, 95, 97, 98 salt finger, 45 ice, 100 static, 117 hydrocarbon, 67, 72, 134, 642-644 Toomre, 25 absorption, 192, 197 turbulent, 29 catalytic recombination, 203 interior cooling rate, 148 contraction, 35 disappearance, 144 internal heat flux, 115, 118 emission, 196 internal heat source, 121 photochemistry, 138 International Ultraviolet Explorer, 160, 331, 642 reactions, 201 interplanetary hydrodynamic collapse, 270 magnetic field, 605, 631, 648, 663, 664 hydrogen, 19-21, 31, 35, 44, 59, 130, 312 meteoroid, 242, 245 abundance, 24 micrometeoroid, 253 atomic, 130, 139, 140, 188, 203, 211, 312 interstellar auroral zone, 205 cloud, 21 detection, 62 grains, 25 emission, 194 ice grain, 385 equation of state, 39, 40, 4 7 medium, 24 metallic, 20, 39, 41, 46, 47, 49, 69 inverse cascade, 106, 120, 123 mole fraction, 63 Io, 23, 29, 122, 211, 242, 243, 307, 329, 331, 332, 344, 349, 355, molecular, 39, 47, 82, 201, 493, 643 384,390,397,408,486,498,514,520,521,525,545,561,579, ortho, 73 593, 619, 646, 653 para, 73, 86, 110, 111, 120 airglow, 654 spectrum, 59, 80, 82 atmosphere, 457, 461, 463, 466, 469, 561, 564, 576 transition, 40, 41, 46, 47, 163 aurora, 464, 552 transition region, 39 core, 284, 286 hydrogen cyanide, 73 corona, 464, 465 hydrogen peroxide, 499 Dazhbog, 224 Index 713
dust, 235, 236 plasma, 259 dust production, 224 tail, 531 electric current, 538 iron, 23, 74, 286, 289 exobase, 468 exosphere, 464, 561 Jacobi constant, 254 flux tub~ 553,556,651 Janus Volcano, 463 footprint, 193, 538, 539, 544, 553, 555, 556, 571, 640, 644-646, jerks 652-655 geomagnetic, 49 gravity, 284 jet stream, 105 heat flow, 286, 288, 320, 321 Joule heating, 213, 468, 648 interior, 281 jovian heat engine, 114 internal heat, 467 jovian ionosphere model, 212 ionosphere, 466, 468, 538, 543, 548 Jupiter Karei, 224 ring, 241 lack of craters, 318 Jupiter family comet, 448 lava flow fields, 313 Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter, 421 leading hemisphere, 461, 466, 467, 469 Jupiter Orbital Insertion, 284 lithosphere, 288, 312, 320-322 mantle, 286 Kanehekili Volcano, 463 mass loss, 538, 562, 567 Kappa distribution, 573 mesopause, 468 Karman vortex street, 114 moment of inertia, 282, 286 Keck Telescope, 160, 246, 252, 471 mountain, 288, 310, 319 Kida vortex, 106, 122 neutral cloud, 526, 562, 566 kiloRayleigh unit, 642 North Pole, 224 Kittu crater, 382 orbit, 38 komatiitic lava, 288 orbital drift, 243 kronian magnetosphere, 593 plasma, 525, 537, 543, 639 krypton, 20, 26, 37, 74 plasma torus, 193 Kuiper Belt, 219, 263 plume, 224 Kuiper Belt Object, 268, 269, 275, 450 polar magnetic field, 551 polar region, 494 Lagrangian point pole, 651 L1, 269 sodium cloud, 498, 514, 561 L4, 269, 273, 276 surface, 458 L5, 269, 273, 276 Surt, 224 Lakhmu Fossae, 365, 366 Thor, 224 Lambertian reflector, 87 tidal heating, 307 landslide, 319, 408, 421 tide, 286, 522 Laplace resonance, 243, 294, 295, 344, 349, 351, 390 torus, 175, 176,311,457,458,464,465,469,473,489, 537, 538, large dark oval, 96, 100 540,545,548,553,562,563,585,608,611,624,640,648,650, latent heat, 46, 117, 120 658, 663, 673 latitude, 106 trailing hemisphere, 460, 461, 466, 469 lava lake, 312, 315, 316 Tvashtar, 224 Legendre expansion, 282 volcanic models, 467 Legendre polynomial, 36, 282, 514 volcanism, 219 lenticulae, 339 volcano prediction, 538 life, 354, 391, 527 wake, 651 lightning, 88, 118, 119, 124, 646 Io effect, 544, 554 discharge, 93 iodine, 67 limb brightening, 193 ion limb darkening, 83, 91, 188 capture, 229 lineament, 413, 415 chemistry, 98 linear polarization cyclotron wave, 517, 526 negative, 92 drag, 209 liquid water, 354, 355, 417, 420, 522 drift velocity, 569 lithosphere, 286, 310 pickup, 524 little red spot, 113 wind, 196 local thermodynamic equilibrium, 185, 194, 204, 458 ion-neutral frictional drag, 647 breakdown, 144, 148 ionosphere, 174, 175, 185, 254, 458, 465, 521, 541, 595, 640, 643, quasi-thermal, 194 653, 655, 659 Lofn, 429, 433, 450 current, 211 Lofn feature, 410, 414, 415, 420 ionospheric Loki, 287, 471 conductance, 477, 581 Loki Patera, 310, 316, 458, 463 conductivity, 605 Loki region, 466 cut-off, 640 Lorentz force, 45, 228, 231, 236, 253, 541 electron density, 652 Lorentz resonance, 252, 254-257, 259 peak, 199, 203 loss cone, 651, 655, 663, 681 714 Index
Love number, 38, 282, 283, 286 mass pickup, 522 low frequency electromagnetic wave, 611 mass wasting, 319, 320, 335, 367, 378, 385, 400, 405, 421, 433 luminosity, 52, 53 massif, 418 lunar regolith, 386 massif ring, 438 lunar surface, 411 Maxwell time, 287 Lyctos, 245 Maxwell's stress tensor, 542 Lyman alpha, 130, 186, 197, 384, 462, 463, 466, 472, 475, 642, 655 Melkart Crater, 430 bulge, 186, 187, 206 Memphis Facula, 433, 439, 440 variation, 187 Mercury, 397, 417, 418, 429, 593 Lyman Rydberg series lines, 186 magnetosphere, 528 meridional circulation, 149 NiacCullagh's formula, 281 mesopause, 207 Iviach number, 513 mesosphere, 203 Alfven, 519, 539 metallic silver cloud, 72 fast, 539 meteor shower, 161 sonic, 539 meteorite, 22, 24, 60, 73 magnesium, 293, 497 impact, 332 magnesium sulfate, 331 leaching, 332 magnetic dip equator, 206 meteorite gardening, 486 magnetic dipole, 36 meteoroid, 142 magnetic equator, 675, 680 ablation, 142 magnetic field, 53, 54, 289, 537 bombardment, 498 dip angle, 204 methane, 22, 44, 59, 62, 63, 67, 71, 72, 74, 79, 89, 97, 106, 129, Earth, 37 130, 137, 169, 173, 300 external, 36 abundance, 131 interplanetary, 221 column density, 192 Neptune, 37 cycle, 138 Saturn, 37 destruction, 96 secular variation, 37 fluorescence, 214 solar wind, 221 homopause, 131, 137, 139, 141, 142 tilt, 230 mole fraction, 81, 130 toroidal, 37 photochemistry, 72, 150 Uranus, 37 photolysis, 139 magnetic mirror force, 562 spectrum, 80 magnetic moments, 36 stability, 138 magnetic pole, 648 methane band, 246 magnetic pressure, 518 methanogenesis, 354 magnetic reconnection, 613 methanol, 297, 495 magnetic susceptibility, 292 Methis, 671 magnetite, 292, 294, 300, 399 methyl radical, 67, 134, 139 magnetodisc, 601 methyl-methyl recombination, 139 magnetohydrodynamic wave, 516, 520, 523, 596 magnetometer, 645 methylacetylene, 67, 72, 134, 140 magnetopause, 593, 606, 627, 631, 632, 655, 663, 664 Metis, 237, 241-244, 247, 248, 254, 256, 258, 498, 671, 673 current system, 609 leading hemisphere, 245 magnetosheath, 528, 610, 633 micrometeorite, 4 75 magnetosphere, 97, 162, 174, 179, 191, 241, 516, 561, 580, 593, micrometeoroid, 142, 249, 501 617, 639, 642, 649, 671 micrometeoroid impact, 491 inner, 595 middle magnetosphere, 518, 564, 572, 595, 605, 619, 628, 648, 655, joint observation, 631 656, 660, 661, 664, 671 middle, 211 Mie scattering, 91, 248 magnetospheric Mie sphere, 248 cavity, 523 Mie theory, 91 lobe, 632 Mimas, 243, 440 plasma, 513 Miranda, 243 substorm, 530, 629 mirror mode wave, 525, 633 magnetospheric-ionospheric coupling, 213 mixing length theory, 44, 45 magnetotail, 576, 595, 609-611, 620, 623, 627, 628 moist adiabat, 38 Ivlalik Volcano, 463 moist convection, 124 Malkmus intensity distribution, 461 moment of inertia, 281, 282, 293 mantle, 293 monomer, 95 1\.!Jarius Regio, 372, 373, 375-377, 383 Morvran Crater, 437 Mars, 124, 283, 289, 354, 408, 439 mote, 253 moment of inertia, 283 mottled appearance, 108 polar etched pit, 409 multi-probe mission, 75 mass, 27, 36, 60 multi-probes, 124 critical, 27 multiple scattering, 82 mass loading, 176, 467, 515, 519, 524, 540, 542, 551, 557, 650, 653 Mysia Sulci, 368 Index 715
Naiad, 243 influx, 141 naphthalene, 98 molecular, 4 72 National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 175 stratospheric, 142 Near Infrared Mapping Spectrometer, 61, 86, 246, 310, 330, 364, ozone, 96, 493, 495 398, 486 near-Earth comet, 450 palimpsest, 364, 380, 381, 398, 413, 419, 421, 427, 432, 439, 440, nebula 443 Hayashi, 26 Palomar telescope, 161 Nefertum crater, 376 Pan Crater, 245 neon, 20, 25, 35, 37, 43, 71, 74 Parker spiral, 606 Nephelometer, 61, 82, 83, 91, 92 particle precipitation, 201 Neptune, 36, 52, 67, 69, 71, 105, 120, 122, 185, 210, 640 energetic, 207, 211 satellite, 269 Pasiphae, 265, 269, 270 Net Flux Radiometer, 61, 83, 89, 92 patera, 313, 319 neutral cloud, 311, 564 Patroclus, 274 neutrally stratified, 116 Pedersen Newtonian radiative damping, 111 conductance, 477, 544, 546, 571 Nicholson Regia, 367, 368, 376-378, 380 conductivity, 213, 653, 658 nickel, 295 current, 515, 656, 658, 659, 665 Ninsum Crater, 430 resistance, 544 Nippur Sulcus, 372 conductivity, 177, 568 nitrogen, 21, 26, 31, 37, 59, 66, 69, 74, 354 pedestal ejecta, 440 noble gas, 20, 71, 74 pediment, 404 non-auroral ionosphere, 202, 203 Pele, 466 non-local thermodynamic equilibrium, 468 hot spot, 316 non-Maxwellian electron distribution, 577 Patera, 310, 462, 463 non-thermal emission, 186 plume, 311, 312, 462-464, 467, 471 nonspherical ice crystal, 92 Pele-type plume, 317 nonsynchronous rotation, 346, 390 penepalimpsest, 380, 381, 410, 430, 431, 440 North Equatorial Belt, 86, 89, 100, 107 peridotite, 287 north pole, 608, 642 permanent bulge, 350 North Temperate Belt, 109, 115 Perrine Regia, 438 northern aurora, 196 phase function, 91 northern auroral hot spot, 137 phenanthrene, 98 northern auroral polar region, 196 PhilusSulcus, 371,372,373,377 Northern Equatorial Belt, 144 Phobos, 244 northern polar hood, 82 Phoebe, 237, 269 NOVA Laser, 39 Pholus, 449 nucleation, 98 phosphin~ 66, 68, 7~ 73, 136, 137 nucleation model, 60 phosphorus, 3~ 66, 68, 73, 107, 354 Nun Sulci, 376, 377 Photo-Polarimeter Radiometer, 61 photochemistry, 129, 151 occultation, 196 photoclinometry, 372 geometrical optics approximation, 198 photoelectron, 228 multi-path propagation, 198 photoionization, 538 radio, 185, 198 photolysis, 312, 463, 469, 471, 485, 495 stellar, 185 branching ratios, 139 ocean, 299 quantum yields, 138 octahedra, 92, 93 Photopolarimeter, 61 offset tilted dipole, 212 Photopolarimeter Radiometer, 92, 310, 331, 364, 388, 398 Ohm's law, 540 photosynthesis, 354, 355 olivine, 286 phyllosilicate, 268, 398, 399 Oort Cloud, 25, 52, 263, 275 pickup, 473 opposition effect, 385, 388, 402 proton, 578 opposition surge, 244 ion, 519, 526 optical depth, 87, 110 Pioneer,60, 79,91,93, 143,241,281,329,457,466,538,640,672, orbital eccentricity, 351 675 orbtter, 5~ 51, 54, 12~ 151, 391 Planck function, 145 organics, 73 Planetary Data System, 180, 330 Orientale Basin, 433 planetary migration, 276 origin, 19 planetary wave, 91 Osiris region, 383 planetesimal, 74, 219 outer convective zone, 22 growth, 31 outer magnetosphere, 572, 595, 660, 661, 671 migration, 30 oxygen, 31, 59, 69, 74, 141, 354, 364, 384, 489, 493, 495, 499, 502, planetocentric latitude, 106 515, 526, 530, 561, 563, 564, 579, 655, 656 plantographic latitude, 106 abundance, 23, 31, 37, 47, 54, 64, 71, 168 plasma, 464, 537, 541, 545, 617 atomic, 463, 464 bombardment, 486 716 Index plasma (cont.) Ra, 466 corotation, 97 Ra Patera, 318 drag, 253, 254 radar signature, 389 flow, 203, 645, 658 Radau relationship, 283 hot, 540 radiation belt, 174, 178, 598, 619, 671, 678, 682 injection, 623 radiative cooling, 144, 149 interchange, 621 raqiative equilibrium calculation, 148 pickup, 645 radiative recombination, 202, 203 temperature, 199, 524 radiative relaxation time, 148 torus, 648 radiative zone, 122 vertical, 203 radio occultation, 143 wave, 517, 548, 566 Radio Science Subsystem, 144 Plasma Wave Spectrometer, 584 radiogenic heating, 290, 294, 298 plasmasheet, 196, 518, 619, 627, 630, 632 racliolysis, 312, 384, 385, 485, 497, 502 co-rotation, 211 radiolytic disruption, 332 equatorial, 211 radiolytic product, 311 plasmoid, 664 radius, 29 plastic rheology, 421 rainbow, 91 plume, 89, 108, 117 Raman scattering, 133 Pele class, 460, 468 rampart ejecta, 439 stealth, 460, 462 Rankine-Hugoniot, 39 plume atmosphere, 458 Rayleigh polar drag, 111 auroral region, 67 number, 299 optical depth, 81 cap, 108, 205, 211 scattering, 60, 72, 80, 99, 133, 186 emission, 646 reconnection, 648, 663, 664 flare, 644, 646, 662 regolith, 387 hood, 95 relative humidity, 64, 65 precession, 283 relativistic electron, 679, 682, 685 region, 86 resonant charge variations, 253 stratospheric haze, 100 resputtering, 473 vortex, 96, 97 retrograde jet, 148 polyacetylene, 72 Reynolds number, 29, 45 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, 97, 142 magnetic, 49 polymerization, 463 rheological weakness, 287 post-eclipse image, 462 ribbon-like feature, 114 potassium, 44, 457, 465, 497, 501, 567 Riemann invariant, 545 potential energy, 37 ring, 73, 141, 246 potential temperature, 110 dust, 246-248, 252, 673 Poynting-Robertson drag, 236, 248, 253, 254, 265 dusty, 241 Prancltl number, 45 formation, 255 Pratt isostasy, 288 gossamer, 220, 235, 237, 242, 243, 246, 252, 254, 256, 257, 260, precipitating electron, 191, 205, 211 671, 673, 684 precipitating particle, 196, 642, 648, 655 halo, 237, 246, 250, 252, 254, 259, 671 precipitation, 80 main, 237, 246, 247, 254, 256, 258, 671 principal component analysis, 93 mass, 242, 248 Prometheus thickness, 247, 251 hot spot, 311 ring shepherd, 498 Patera, 309 ring-moon, 241 plume, 463 Rising Auroral Oval, 194 Prometheus-type plume, 316, 317 ROSAT, 160, 175, 192, 193 propan~ 67, 72, 134, 140 Rossby number, 45 propylene, 140 Rossby wave, 91, 96, 116, 120 proto planet Rosseland opacity, 43, 44 migration, 28 rotation protoplanetary disk, 19, 24, 25, 263 deep, 36 protoplanetary nebula, 27, 270 differential, 36 protosolar nebula, 52, 59, 60, 69 rigid, 36 Pwyll, 344 solid body, 50, 51 pyrene, 98 rotation period, 36 pyroclastics, 321 rotational equilibrium, 281 pyrthotite, 348 rotational response parameter, 283 rubble pile, 244 quadrapole emission, 196 quadrupole moment, 281 salt, 291,297,299,348,463,465,469,486,491,494,495,499,501 quasi-thermal equilibrium, 193 SAO 78505, 197 quasiquadrennial oscillation, 115, 144, 147 satellite, 23, 24, 73, 141 Index 717
atmosphere, 457 abundance, 60 color, 268 cycle, 186 core, 282 fluorescence, 204 crater, 427 insolation, 189 footprint, 646, 647 ionization, 203 formation, 28, 30, 31, 52 maximum, 188 gravitational field, 23, 281 minimum, 188 irregular, 263, 265, 270 nebula, 22, 23, 74 lander, 30 photon, 201 leading hemisphere, 486 pressure, 649 ocean, 344 wind, 514,519,593,595, 598,605,608,610,617,625,633,642, perturbation, 265 646, 648, 649, 661, 663, 681 prograde, 268 solar-wind pressure, 196 retrograde, 268 Solid State Imager, 61, 86, 651 surface age, 448 Solid State Imaging, 330, 364, 398 temporary, 263, 264 solid-state convection, 339 three-layer model, 281, 283, 296 solid-state greenhouse model, 331 tide, 38, 51, 122 soot, 142 trailing hemisphere, 486, 513 sounding rockets, 185 Trojan, 263, 270 South Equatorial Belt, 89, 91, 107 two-layer model, 281, 296 south polar vortex, 174 Saturn, 36, 46, 47, 52, 53, 67, 69, 105, 122, 140, 142, 160, 185, south pole, 642 210, 440, 610, 619 South Tropical Zone, 91 A Ring, 250 southern aurora, 196 aurora, 654 southern auroral region, 193 chemistry, 30 southern polar hood, 82 F Ring, 248, 250 Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph, 645 helium, 41 space weathering, 485 ring, 241, 258 spectrum satellite, 269 hard, 191 water, 141 soft, 191 seasons, 115 spherical harmonics, 36, 282 selenide, 67 sputtering, 253, 254, 332, 367, 410, 458, 465, 469, 472, 473, 486, serpentine, 399 489, 491, 492, 515, 519, 566, 567, 583, 598 Setting Auroral Oval, 194 stability shield volcano, 313 marginal, 121 shock, 178, 179, 514 static, 144 interplanetary, 649 stability criterion shock wave, 169, 171 Arnol'd's second, 121 Shoemaker-Levy 9, 52, 67, 73, 106, 117, 121, 141, 145, 150, 270- barotropic, 120, 121 272, 438, 645, 681 stable compositional gradient, 46 capture, 160 star dust, 167, 171, 236 formation, 19 fragments, 160 type, 19 HSTrin& 162,164,167,168,179 young, 52 impact site, 164, 167, 169, 178 static stability, 118 light curve, 161, 162, 165, 166, 169 statistical mechanics, 123 McGregor's ring, 164, 166, 167 stealth plume, 317 plume, 163-165, 171 stellar occultation, 143, 146 silane, 66 stratification silicate, 25, 28, 73, 171, 172 stable, 44 cloud, 67 stratocone, 313 lava, 307 stratosphere, 62, 72, 82, 87, 129, 151, 166-168, 173 mantle, 281, 289 energy balance, 149 single scattering albedo, 87, 89, 385 variability, 136, 146 Sinope, 270 stratospheric circulation, 148 Sippar Sulcus, 378, 379 strike slip, 335, 345, 373, 376, 377, 414 slope failure, 315 sub-Alfvenic interaction, 4 73 small convective event, 107 subduction, 486 small crater degradation, 411 sublimation, 457 small oval, 113 subnebula, 294, 352 snowline, 25, 74 subsidence, 149 sodium, 44, 457, 464, 465, 486, 491, 497, 498, 501, 526, 538, 564, subsolidus convection, 290 583 substorm, 673 sodium cloud, 4 7 4 subsurface ocean, 296, 297 sodium D line, 561 subsurface probe, 355 sodium sulfide, 494 sulfate, 331, 348, 465, 495, 496 solar sulfate hydrate, 499 718 Index
sulfate salt, 299 tidal sulfide, 494 bore, 168 sulfinic acid, 494 bulge, 390 sulfur, 37, 59, 68, 71, 73, 74, 107, 117, 171, 172, 174, 249, 286, dissipation, 38, 349 289,293,307,311,312,317,331,332,352,354,384,400,402, equilibrium, 281 457,463,464,487,489,491,494,498-502,515,526,538,561, flexing, 344 563, 564, 566, 579, 655, 656 he~in~ 29~ 298, 349, 351, 352, 390 sulfur chain, 498 response, 51, 122 sulfur dioxide, 286, 322, 332, 400, 458, 461, 466, 515, 537, Titan, 29-31, 122, 397, 531 651 thermosphere, 207 sulfur flow, 318 Tohil Mons, 315, 316, 319, 320 sulfur lake, 316 torus, 518, 561, 567, 568, 571, 622, 642 sulfur monoxide, 463 cold, 574, 600, 612 sulfur trioxide, 498 composition, 577 sulfuric acid, 331, 495, 497, 500 mass, 585 sulphide, 67 ribbon, 563, 575, 576 Sun, 59, 122, 197 ultraviolet spectrum, 577 composition, 60 warm, 598 helium, 69 tri-axial ellipsoid, 283 superrotation, 122 triclinic red phosphorus, 72 supersaturation, 80 triple band, 501 supersonic wind, 639 Triton, 122, 269 synchronous rotation, 283 1\·ojan, 263, 270, 271, 273, 450, 451 synchrotron emission, 675 binary, 274 synchrotron radiation, 176, 177, 178, 179, 672-674, 677, 678, 679, Neptune, 264 682, 685 tropopause, 111, 149 System IV longitude, 585 troposphere, 20, 38, 82, 87 Tupan Patera, 308 tail lobe, 665 Tupan Volcano, 463 Taliesin Crater, 437 turbulence, 67, 109, 121, 167, 349 Taylor-Proudman theorem, 45, 109 barotropic, 122 tectonics supersonic, 206 extensional, 337 turbulent Tegid Crater, 437 convection, 38 teleconvection, 121 eddy, 122 temperature profile, 144 viscosity, 24, 29 stratospheric, 145 Tvashtar Catena, 309 terrestrial Tycho Crater, 430 bolide, 162 Tyre, 344, 437, 442 themosphere, 207 plate tectonics, 337 ultralow frequency, 557 rift zone, 363, 374 ultraviolet absorber, 96 rock glacier, 407 ultraviolet flare, 645 sea ice, 337, 491 Ultraviolet Spectrometer, 61, 310, 331, 364 Tethys, 243 ultraviolet swirl region, 662 tetrahedra, 90, 92, 93 Ulysses, 160, 175, 655, 682 Tharsis, 283 United Kingdom Infrared Telescope, 194 Thebe, 237, 241-244, 246, 252, 256-258, 498, 671, updraft, 118 673 upper atmosphere, 185, 677 leading hemisphere, 245 cooling, 206 Themisto, 265 heating, 206 theory of figures, 36, 283 upwelling, 171 thermal plasma, 602 Uranus, 36, 52, 69, 71, 105, 122, 185, 210, 440, 640 thermal wind satellite, 269 equation, 109 Uruk Sulcus, 365, 370, 372-377 shear, 111 Utgard, 418 thermally indirect circulation, 110 thermochemical equilibrium models, 79 Valhalla Basin, 13, 402, 413, 414, 416-420, 435 thermocline, 122 Vasyliunas cycle, 665 thermosphere, 185, 188 Viking, 283 heating, 209 Voyage~ 61, 79, 160, 241, 246, 282, 329, 368, 457, 518, 538, 640, Thermospheric General Circulation Model, 206, 212 642 thermostat, 115 Venus, 122, 289, 409, 500, 513 tholin, 165, 402 Very Large Array, 403, 684 Thrasymedes, 274 viscoelastic heating, 349 three-body recombination, 203 viscosity thunderstorm, 87, 113 molecular, 166 Tiamat Sulcus, 377 viscous relaxation, 438 Index 719
Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer, 246, 399 mesoscale, 117 volcanic plume, 316 plasma, 551 volcanism, 307 waveguide, 168 balsaltic, 353 Werner band, 190 geyser, 317 westward jet, 121 icy, 367, 373, 375, 376, 378 whistler mode, 179, 527, 530, 673 Pillanian, 314 whistler wings, 682 Promethean, 313 White Oval, 107, 113 volume mixing ratio, 62 merge, 113 vorticity White Tropical Oval, 112 absolute, 121 Wide Field and Planetary Camera, 645 potential, 121 X-ray, 174, 175, 178, 179, 185, 192, 207, 489, 494, 626, 633, 644, warm ice, 378 645, 663 warm-core feature, 109 non-auroral, 192, 210 water, 23, 25, 35, 43, 44, 59, 74, 79, 88, 91, 136, 167, 169, 312, solar, 193 367 emission, 97 abundance, 21, 25, 29, 38, 47, 54, 117, 124 xeno-corona, 465 external source, 73 xenon, 20, 26, 37, 74 frost, 471 Xibalba Sulcus, 379 mixing ratio, 123 molecule, 371, 402, 490, 492 ying-yang structure, 194 photolysis, 142 water cloud, 71, 82, 85, 86, 89, 119, 171 Zamama, 314, 463 water frost, 379 zodiacal light, 219 water ice, 68, 100, 124, 332, 383, 398, 399, 403, 473, 499 zonal flow, 50 band, 268 zonal jet, 106, 122 decomposition, 486 zonal wind, 50, 89, 91, 110, 116, 147, 167, 179, 212 rheology, 290, 299 change, 109 superplastic rheology, 374 eastward bias, 122 water vapor, 60, 62-64, 75, 118, 120, 135, 367 shear, 73 abundance, 64, 72, 87 stability, 121 map, 65 zone, 64, 73, 83, 91, 93, 100, 105, 106, 110, 118 stratosphere, 66 zone of formation, 25 wave, 106, 115, 148 Zu Fossae, 365 Printed in the United States 11111111 II 11111111111111 124314LV00001B/3-8/A 9 780521 03545