Annual Report 2014

Home , Amici (crater), Birkeland (lunar crater)

Front cover: In 2014 CEED scientists published CEED is dedicated to research of a new model for absolute plate motion that re- fundamental importance to the constructs continents in longitude in such a way understanding of our planet, that that large igneous provinces and kimberlites are embraces the dynamics of the positioned above the edges of two stable thermochemical piles (Tuzo and Jason) in the deepest plates, the origin of large scale mantle (Torsvik et al., 2014). We show a 410 Ma volcanism, the evolution of climates reconstruction where kimberlites (red star) in and the abrupt demise of life forms. North America (part of Laurussia) are sourced by a plume from Jason whilst Siberian kimber- This ambitious venture will lites are sourced from the northern margin of Tu- hopefully result in a new model zo. To that new continental reconstruction model, that explains how mantle processes Mat Domeier further integrated geological observations and plate tectonic fundamentals and interact with plate tectonics and built the first real plate tectonic model for the trigger massive volcanism and late Paleozoic (Domeier & Torsvik, 2014). As associated environmental and depicted in this 410 Ma reconstruction, that model includes explicitly delineated and meticulously climate changes throughout Earth managed plate boundaries, which allows the full history. spatio-temporal definition of tectonic plates, including those floored by oceanic lithosphere. This is a significant and radical departure from the conventional approach of pre- Cretaceous palaeogeographic modeling, which continues to functionally operate under the framework of continental drift. Below: From the formal opening of CEED on October 21st 2014. Back cover from the top: 1: Spatter cone and associated lava flows at the Holuhraun eruption, Iceland, 2014. 2: Field work in the Sarek national park, summer 2014. 3: From the CEED Oslo rift field trip to Sletter-Jeløy-Biløy.

PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: ACHIEVEMENTS IN 2014

Develop an Earth model that explains 72 publications i international journals, how mantle processes drive plate tecto- including two in Earth-Science Reviews, nics and trigger massive volcanism and four in Geology and four in Science - UNIV ERSI associated environmental and climate PNAS - Nature changes throughout Earth history Around 100 media- and popular science

contributions, including the book “Isfritt. SECONDARY OBJECTIVES: Populærvitenskap som angår deg” edited (1) Build a consistent global plate tecto- by Henrik Svensen. Dougal Jerram has numerous TV participations, and Reidar nic model for the past 1100 Ma Trønnes as an expert during news pre- (2) Explore how palaeogeography and sentations of volcanic eruptions in Ice- True Polar Wander have influenced the land. long-term climate system The start (Phase-I) of the Ivar Giæver (3) Develop models that link surface vol- Geomagnetic Laboratory. canism with processes in the deepest mantle 8 seminars and workshops arranged by (4) Develop models that link subduction CEED processes in arcs and collision orogens with the mantle (5) Understand the role of voluminous intrusive and extrusive volcanism on global climate changes and extinctions in Earth history (6) Develop models for mantle structure, composition and material properties (7) Understand similarities and differences between the Earth and the other terrestrial planets (8) Develop tools and databases that in- tegrate plate reconstructions with geodynamic and climate modelling

Table of contents

Objectives & Achievments …………………………. 3 Organization ……………...………………………… 5 Accumulated Nature, PNAS and Science articles…... 6 Director`s comments……………...…..………….…. 7 Scientific results, Deep Earth…………...... …. 12 Scientific results, Dynamic Earth………….…. 16 Scientific results, Earth Modeling…………… 22 Scientific results, Earth Crises……………… 24 Scientific results, Earth and Beyond………... 28 Scientific results, Earth Laboratory 32 Media highlights………………………………....…. 34 Appendices…………………………………...…...... 36

organization

Advisory Board: Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics was officially opened March 1st 2013. Our research includes the dynamics of Rob van der Voo (Head, tectonic plates and Earth history, convection in the mantle, Univ. of Michigan) structure of the deep Earth and the origin of plumes, surface Dave Bercovici (Yale) ages and impact cratering on other planets, the origin of large scale volcanism, rapidly changing climates, and the abrupt de- Karin Sigloch (Oxford) mise of life forms. Linda Elkins-Tanton, To ensure that our scientific vision is effectively met, 2014 ac- (Arizona State University) tivities have been carried out within six research themes: Mike Gurnis (CalTech) Deep Earth (Team leader R. Trønnes), Dynamic Earth (Carmen Gaina), Earth Modelling (A. Bull-Aller), Earth Mioara Mandea (CNES, Crises (H.H. Svensen, Earth and Beyond (S. Werner), Earth Paris) Laboratory (P. Doubrovine) Dietmar Muller (Sydney University) Sierd Cloetingh (Utrecht University

CEED staff CEED funding

29 Professors/Adjunct Professors/Research As- sociates 12 Postdocs 10 PhD students 3 Tech.Admin. staff members 9 Master students 1 Professor Emerta

In total: 54 paid staff members from 15 countries

Accumulated CEED Nature, PNAS and Science articles Articles 1. Conrad, C.P., Steinberger, B., Torsvik, T.H. 2013. Stability of active mantle upwelling revealed by net characteristics of plate tectonics. Nature, 498, 479- 482. 2. Conrad, C.P., Steinberger, B., Torsvik, T.H. 2013. Nature , 503.(E4) – Reply. 3. Torsvik, T.H., Amundsen, H., Hartz, E.H., Corfu, F., Kusznir, N., Gaina, C., Du- brovin, P., Steinberger, B., Ashwal, L.D., Jamtveit, B. 2013. A Precambrian microcontinent in the Indian Ocean. Nature Geoscience, 6, 223- 227. 4. Hasenclever, J., Theissen-Krah, S., Rüpke, L.H., Morgan, J.P., Iyer, K.H., Petersen, S., Devey, C.W. 2014. Hybrid shallow on-axis and deep off-axis hydrothermal circulation at fast-spreading ridges. Nature, 508, 508-512. 5. Torsvik, T.H., Van Der Voo, R., Doubrovine, P.V., Burke, K., Steinberger, B., Ash- wal, L.D., Trønnes, R.G., Webb, S.J., Bull, A.L. 2014. Deep mantle structure as a reference frame for movements in and on the Earth. Proceedings of the National Acade- my of Sciences of the United States of America, 111, 8735-8740. 6. Van Der Meer, D.G.; Zeebe, R.E.; Van Hinsbergen, D.; Sluijs, A.; Spakman, W., Tors- vik, T.H. 2014. Plate tectonic controls on atmospheric CO2 levels since the Triassic. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America, 111, 4380-4385. 7. Werner, S.C., Ody, A., Poulet, F. 2014. The source crater of martian shergottite meteorites. Science, 343, 1343-1346.

News and Views 1. Buiter, S. 2014. How plumes help to break plates. Nature, 513, 36-37.

Figure (left): To- pography and bathymetry of the Afar Region. From Buiter, S. 2014. How plumes help to break plates. Na- ture, 513, 36-37. 6

Director`s comments

2014 was a very dynamic year for CEED and curiosity-driven research elucidating the origin of meteorites from other planets and the links between the Earth’s atmosphere- lithosphere and deep Earth processes was reported in many significant journal articles. Compared with our start-up year (2013) we increased the number of publications by more than 50% — but more importantly — CEED published four articles in the prestigious Na- ture, PNAS and Science magazines. The Science paper — The source crater of martian shergottite meteorites (Werner et al.) — received media attention world-wide, and although meteorites from Mars have been known for several decades, the authors were for the first time able to identify the exact source crater for shergottites, the largest group of Martian meteorites. The source region (Mojave) was impacted about 3 million years ago by a medium-size body and ejected rock fragments ended their long space journey at the Earth’s surface a few thousand years ago. CEEDs 10-year mission is to develop an Earth model that explains how mantle processes drive/interact with plate tectonics, and trigger massive volcanism and associated environmental and climate changes throughout Earth history. The Earth’s lower mantle is dominated by two antipodal large low shear-wave velocity provinces (LLSVPs) beneath Af- rica (Tuzo) and the Pa- cific (Jason). These dominate the elevated regions of the residual geoid, and a driving CEED hypothesis is that their margins (plume generation zones, PGZs) are the principal source regions for many hotspots and most large igneous provinces (LIPs) and kimberlites (the diamond elevators). We further hypothesise that the Earth has been in a stable degree-2 mode since the Pangea supercontinent formed about 320 million years ago. Stability of Tu- zo and Jason before Pangea is difficult to test with plate reconstructions because the paleogeography, the longitudinal positions of continents, and estimates of true polar wander (rotation of the Earth’s lithosphere and mantle with respect to the spin axis) have been uncertain. However, in 2014 we demonstrated for the first time that a geologically reasonable model that reconstructs continents in longitude in such a way that LIPs and kimberlites are 7

Director`s comments positioned above the PGZs at the times of their formation can be successfully defined for the entire Phanerozoic. Our reconstructions (see front page picture) comply with known geological and tectonic constraints (opening and closure of oceans, mountain building, and more), and the model requires that Tuzo and Jason remain nearly stationary. Our methods pave the only way for building real plate tectonic models for the Paleozoic and perhaps back to 1.1 billion years ago when the Rodinia supercontinent formed. This is one of the major goals in the Dynamic Earth group and applications of the CEED plate model will be important for extending numerical simulations of mantle convection (e.g. Bull et al.) back to Precambrian times. In a series of 2014 papers, CEED scientists explored all the aspects of a “Wilson Cycle” from rifting/passive margin development (e.g., Clark et al., Fossen et al.), crustal subsidence and ocean opening, subduction initiation and ocean closure, and lastly continent- continent collision (e.g., Corfu et al., Andersen et al.). Continental break-up may be guided by pre-existing rheological heterogeneities due to repeated weakening of continental margins through previous ‘Wilson Cycles’. In the North Atlantic realm, prolonged post- Caledonian extension and sedimentary basin formation exploited lithospheric heterogeneities inherited from a previous ‘Wilson Cycle’, but Early Eocene break-up (about 54 million years ago) chose locations and directions unrelated to the previous evolution. Final break- up, however, occurred shortly after a massive episode of volcanism and LIP formation as in many examples world-wide (Buiter & Torsvik, 2013), including the Central Atlantic and the South Atlantic where peak LIP activity preceded break-up by a few million years. A news and views article on how plumes can help to break plates was published by Buiter (Nature). Long-term climate changes are related to rather slow geological processes such as plate tectonics (including continent-ocean distribution, mountain building, subduction, topogra-

Director`s comments phy, weathering and more), true polar wander, and dynamic topography. Higher sea-level, temperatures and atmospheric CO2 are the signatures of Greenhouse climate (warm and hu- mid conditions), which has dominated the climate history for the past 540 million years (see figure to the left), but our ability to date rocks and the rate of change of geological processes/climate changes in the deep past is severely limited (often millions of years of uncertain- ty). In 2014, CEED scientists and collaborators explored a whole range of paleoclimate aspects (e.g., Kürschner et al., Sukumaran et al., Xu et al.), including the effects of Pliocene uplift on cooling in the Arctic-Atlantic gateway (Knies et al.), Antarctic ice sheet and southern hemisphere climate (Justino et al.), plate tectonic controls (subduction) on atmospheric CO2 levels (van der Meer et al. PNAS), Paleozoic ice sheet initiation (Lowry et al.), and the role of solid-Earth processes in preconditioning Greenland’s glaciation since the Pliocene (Steinberger et al.). The solid-Earth processes include deep mantle processes (Iceland plume providing elevation), plate tectonics (continental drift moving Greenland north), and true polar wander moving Greenland even further north; this paper led to news articles in both Nature and Science. The CEED vision is to develop an Earth model — not only integrating plate tectonics and mantle dynamics — but also the ancient environmental and climatic evolution. LIP interaction with upper crustal rocks may have huge environmental implications and the resulting contact metamorphic degassing via hydrothermal vent complexes was originally propo- sed by key CEED scientists (Svensen et al., Nature 2004) as a mechanism for rapid greenhouse gas release. LIPs provide a direct link between plume generating processes in the deepest mantle and the atmosphere/biosphere, and we are currently exploring the Siberian Traps, the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province, the Emeishan LIP (South China), Karoo (South Africa), the North Atlantic Igneous Province (Breivik et al.), Kalkarindjii LIP (Australia), the Parena-Etendeka LIP in Namibia, and the High Arctic LIP (Senger et al., Gaina et al.).

FIGURE (LEFT): PHANEROZOIC TIME SCALE, MAJOR GLOBAL EVENTS RECORDED BY EARTH’S SURFACE AND VARIATIONS IN SEA-LEVEL, CO2 AND TEMPERATURE (A) Magnetic polarity [KRS=Kiaman Reverse Superchron; CNS=Cretaceous Normal Su- perchron], (B) Extinction events (5 major; impact scenario commonly invoked to explain the Cretaceous-Palaeogene event), (C) LIP events, (D) Target LIPs & boundary event focus at CEED shown as large solid red circles [EXT=Extinction; GW=Global Warming; OAE=Oceanic Anoxic Event; PETM=Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum]. Subsidiary targets indicated with smaller red circles, (E) Icehouse (cold) vs. Greenhouse (hot) conditions, (F) Sea-level variations, (G) CO2 (modelled), (H) Mean temperature anomalies (proxies). LIPs: KA=Kalkarindji, YK=Yakutsk, SC=Skagerrak, ST=Siberian Traps, CP=Central Atlantic Magmatic Province; KR=Karoo; PE=Parena-Etendeka; DT=Deccan Traps; GI=North Atlantic Igneous Province (NAIP); AF=Afar (source: CEED application 2012; Torsvik & Cocks, book in progress). 9

Director`s comments

In addition to the general Centre of Excellence funding from the Research Council Norway (RCN) we receive funding from the European Research Council [ERC; one Advanced grant (Torsvik) and one ERC Starting grant (Mazzini)], additional funding from RCN (including two ERC finalist consolation grants awarded to Svensen and Werner) and the petroleum industry (Det Norske, VNG, Lundin and ENI). Industry projects include PressIce (Medvedev), GPlates (Torsvik), coring the Permian-Triassic boundary Svalbard (Kürschner/Planke), and CHRONOS (Stein & Hannah), which is our largest industry project. Of domestic news, CEED moved in July to newly renovated quarters (ZEB-building) and the official opening of the new building was in October 2014. In 2013 CEED was awarded

Director`s comments funds to establish a new national geomagnetic laboratory: the Ivar Giæver Geomagnetic Laboratory. This RCN Research Infrastructure is now also operational in the ZEB building but we are still waiting for delivery of a 2G superconducting magnetometer. Pavel Doubrovine is heading the laboratory and we have therefore added a sixth thematic group to CEED (Earth Laboratory). The other groups are Deep Earth (Materials, structure and dynamics, headed by Reidar Trønnes), Dynamic Earth (Plate motions and Earth history, Carmen Gaina), Earth Crises (LIPs, mass extinctions and environmental changes, Henrik Svensen), Earth and Beyond (Comparative Planetology, Stephanie Werner) and Earth Modelling (Numerical models of Earth dynamics, Abigail Bull-Aller). CEED is truly inter- disciplinary and combines geology, physics, mathematics, chemistry, palaeo-climatology, palaeontology, tectonics, palaeomagnetism, geodynamics, seismology, mineral physics, planetology, computational and atmospheric sciences. Numerical modeling is a prime tool for studying models of Earth evolution and dynamics (Chertova et al., Duretz et al., Ghazi- an & Buiter, Hillebrand et al., Rolf et al., Schmalholz et al., Shephard et al., Thieulot et al.). Insights into the age and origin of heterogeneities at the core-mantle boundary (Tuzo and Jason) are obtained by both computational mineral physics (Ab-initio calculations, Chris Mohn) and high-pressure experimentation. Experimental studies — using laser- heated diamond anvil cell equipment — are primarily carried out by PhD student Marzena Baron at the University of Bristol. A new professorship in Mantle Dynamics was advertised in 2014, which considerable will strengthen our research in linking surface and deep Earth processes. Our distinguished board — chaired by Professor Rob Van der Voo (Ann Arbor) — was extended by two new members, Professors Dave Bercovici (Yale University) and Karin Sigloch (University of Oxford). In 2014 our famed chairman was awarded the Petrus Peregrinus Medal from the European Geosciences Union.

1. Team Deep Earth: Materials, structure and dynamics

Experimental studies of melting relations on compositions in The aim of our Earth simple 2- to 3-component systems and natural basalt and peri- materials research is to dotite, using laser-heated diamond anvil cell (LH-DAC) gain insights into the equipment at the University of Bristol, are performed in paral- phase relations and lel with first principles molecular dynamics (FPMD) simula- physiochemical properties tions of melting in the CMS-system. The dual approach will of lower mantle minerals provide fundamental constraints on the lower mantle melting. and melts. Along with other recent contributions, it will increase our understanding of the processes and consequences of early magma ocean solidification and extensive deep melting in hot, plumes during the Hadean (before 4 billion years ago).

Another FPMD-project is aimed at the partitioning of ferrous and ferric iron components between the dominant minerals bridgmanite and post-bridgmanite in the lowermost mantle. The Fe2+ incorporation in these minerals occurs by simple divalent Fe-Mg substitution at the large A-site, whereas Fe3+ substitution in the A-site must be charge balanced by coupled substitution of Al3+ for Si4+ in the small B-site. These theoretical investigations have pro- vided a wealth of interesting partitioning data, as well as bulk and shear moduli and thermal conductivity.

To improve the interpretation of the noble gas isotope systematics in oceanic and continental basalts, we perform FPMD-simulations of the diffusion of He and Ne in major mantle minerals. This work is partly linked to ongoing projects where we analyse the global geochemical array of mid-ocean ridge basalts, as well as projects focussed on the geochemistry of basalts from Iceland and the NE Atlantic and the Arctic. Although projects related to deep Earth dynamics are described elsewhere in the annual report, three highlights are briefly mentioned here: Torsvik et al. (2014) presented an updated and extended reference frame for plate movements throughout the Paleozoic, based on semi-stationary LLSVPs and deep-rooted plume activity. A few months later, Steinberger et al. (2014) suggested a model for how northern hemisphere glaciation could be initiated in Greenland, based on the combined effects in the last 62 Ma of Iceland plume pulses, plate motion and true polar wander that elevated and moved Greenland to higher latitudes. A multifaceted data set, involving seismic tomography, gravimetry and geochemistry of High Arctic LIP basalts, have led Grace Shepard and collaborators to suggest the presence of a

Figure 1.1 (right). Approximate phase relations at 24 and 60 GPa in the MS-system (based on de Koker et al., 2013), demonstrating that the chosen bulk compositions produce at least 60 % eutectic melt. Right p-T-diagram: Melting curves for four different eutectic compositions which are shown by different colours in the inset CMS triangular diagram for a pressure of 60 GPa. The eutectic compositions vary slightly with pressure. Two starting compositions were used for the bm-silica eutectic in the MS-system. Abbreviations: L: liquid, pc: periclase, bm: bridgmanite, cpv: Ca-perovskite, stish: stishovite, β -stish: modified stishovite with CaCl2-structure. 12 sinking slab of oceanic lithosphere at 1000-1600 km depth under Greenland. The slab can be linked to the South Anuyi subduction at about 160 Ma and the subsequent HALIP magmatism and opening of the Amerasia Basin.

Lower mantle melting (M.A. Baron, O.L. Lord, M.J. Walter, C.E. Mohn, R.G. Trønnes)

The development of a new method for producing metal-encapsulated (Re, Mo, W) sample discs of glass, immersed in a medium for thermal insulation and pressure transmission (MgO, KCl, Ar), has been challenging, and is still ongoing. In parallel, we perform a study of the eutectic melting temperatures in the systems CMS and MS (CaO, MgO, SiO2) in the pressure range of the lower mantle, using sample powders mixed with laser absorber (W). Although the exact eutectic compositions are unconstrained, we use compositions that produce more than 60 % eutectic melts (Figure 1.1). The eutectic temperature is recorded by gradually increasing laser power until reaching a temperature plateau, resulting from melt- aided segregation of the W-powder, thereby reducing the laser-absorption in the sample. With this technique, we have investigated eutectic temperatures involving the following liquidus mineral assemblages, corresponding to model peridotite and basalt compositions:

1. MS-system: bm + pc and bm + silica (bm, pc: bridgmanite, periclase) 2. CMS-system: bm + pc + Ca-perovskite and bm + silica + Ca-perovskite

Figure 1.1.shows the melting curves for the eutectic compositions, which vary slightly through the lower mantle pressure range. The melting curves for the magnesian (peridotitic) model eutectics in the MS-system have steeper Clapeyron slopes The (dT/dp = ∆V/∆S) at pressures below 50-60 GPa and more curvature compared to the melting curves

1. Deep Earth of the silica-rich (basaltic) compositions. This indicates that the silica-rich melt has higher bulk modulus, resulting in a ∆V of melting that decreases little with increasing pressure. As expected, the CMS-system melting curve are located at lower temperature than the corresponding MS-system curve, although the difference is very small for the silica-rich eutectic compositions. Our experimental results are broadly consistent with the recent results of Liebske and Frost (2012) and de Koker et al. (2013) in the MS-system.

A new metal-sputtering method and devise for coating sample glass discs is currently being tested, in order to determine the liquidus minerals and thereby the composition of the eutectics as a function of pressure in the MS- and CMS-systems. Complementary FPMD computations have also been started. The method will first be tested on the congruent melting of Ca-perovskite (CaSiO3), before we will try to constrain the primary liquidus phases for a number of strategically chosen compositions in the CMS-system at various pressures.

Phase relations and mineral physics of bridgmanite and post- bridgmanite (C.E. Mohn, R.T. Trønnes)

Our FPMD-investigations to determine the iron partitioning between bridgmanite (bm) and post-bridgmanite (pbm) in the two separate systems MgSiO3-FeSiO3 (MS-FS) and MgSiO3- FeAlO3 (MS-FA) indicate that FS and FA partition strongly in opposite directions, to pbm and bm, respectively. The results are in broad agreement with published experimental data, which until recently appeared to be largely contradictory. If the LLSVPs represent dense and stable thermochemical piles with high Fe/Mg-ratio and sizeable layers of pbm, they are most likely dominated by Fe-rich peridotite with low Al-content, rather than recycled basalt. Additional data on the mineral physics, especially bulk and shear moduli and thermal conductivity, contribute to improved seismic and dynamic models of the lowermost mantle.

Diffusion of 3He, 4He and Ne in bridgmanite (K.R. Eigenmann, C.E. Mohn, R.G. Trønnes, N.L. Allan)

The MSc-project of Katharina Eigenmann involves FPMD-simulations to investigate the diffusion rates of the lightest noble gases in MgSiO3-dominated bridgmanite. The aim is to obtain diffusion rates for 3He, 4He and bulk Ne to constrain interpretations of noble gas isotope signatures of oceanic and continental basalts. The primordial or solar-like signals recorded in some of the most primitive olivine tholeiites and picrites erupted in large igneous provinces and above deep-rooted mantle plumes might be explained by long diffusion length scales for He and Ne in the early part of Earth's history. The source of primordial He and Ne may be either undifferentiated material which has escaped extensive processing via melting and crystallization and possibly also the outer core. Secondary reservoirs with low U and Th concentrations which could easily preserve low 4He/3He and 21Ne/22Ne ratios might be refractory domains generated by extensive Hadean melt-depletion. The viability and effectiveness of this type of reservoir depend on the diffusion rate and solubility of the noble gases, primarily in bridgmanite. Our MD-computations simulate He and Ne incorpo- 14

ration and diffusion, either as random interstitial atoms in a defect-free MgSiO3-lattice, or as He and Ne atoms incorporated in and jumping between O-vacancies in a MgSiO3-lattice with a small proportion of a MgAlO2.5-component.

Global geochemistry of mid-ocean ridge basalts (H. Drescher, R.G. Trønnes, C. Gaina)

Hermann Drescher completed his MSc thesis in September and is currently expanding and refining the results for publication. The large-scale chemical provincialism between Atlan- tic, Indian Ocean and Pacific asthenosphere domains and the intermediate- to small-scale variations within these areas are related to the history of plate tectonics and convective dynamics. We focus especially on the diversity and distribution of basalts with DUPAL- or EM1-like components and their alternative origins as deeply recycled pelagic sediments versus asthenospheric entrainment of material from the lower continental crust and/or subcontinental lithospheric mantle.

Geochemistry of NE Atlantic and Arctic basalts (R.G. Trønnes, V. Debaille, M. Erambert, F.M. Stuart, T. Waight)

Multi-element isotope analyses of primitive basalts from the Icelandic flank zones and Jan Mayen, along with published data from the Icelandic rift zones, the NE Atlantic and Arctic spreading ridges and the Quaternary to Holocene Spitsbergen volcanoes, have given unique constraints on the distribution and relative importance of mantle sources in the entire NE Atlantic and Arctic. The area north of Iceland is strongly influenced by asthenosphere entrainment of subcontinental lithosphere, whereas deep Iceland plume material with en- trained recycled oceanic crust dominates in SW Iceland and along the Reykjanes Ridge. In the broad context of this project, we are also publishing a model for contamination of magmas in the Eastern Flank Zone by deeply buried fragments of continental crust under SE Iceland (Torsvik et al., accepted for publication).

References de Koker N., Karki B.B,. Stixrude L., 2013. Thermodynamics of the MgO–SiO2 liquid system in Earth’s lowermost mantle from first principles. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 361, 58–63.

Liebske, C., Frost ,D.J., 2012. Melting phase relations in the MgO–MgSiO3 system between16 and 26 GPa: Implications for melting in Earth’s deep interior. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 345–348, 159– 170. Steinberger, B., Spakman, W., Japsen, P., Torsvik, T.H. 2014 (Printed version in 2015). The key role of global solid-Earth processes in preconditioning Greenland’s glaciation since the Pliocene. Terra Nova, 10.1111/ter.12133. Torsvik, T.H., Van der Voo ,R., Doubrovine, P.V., Bruke, K., Steinberger, B,, Ashwal, L.D., Trønnes, R,G., Webb, S.J., Bull, A.L. 2014. Deep mantle structure as a reference frame for movements in and on the Earth. Proc Nat Acad Sci 111, 8735-8740.

2. Team Dynamic Earth: Plate motions and Earth history

The research topics Mid-ocean ridge hybrid hydrothermal activity has been success- undertaken by the fully modelled by Hasenclever, Theissen-Krah et al. (Nature); a Dynamic Earth global database of magnetic anomaly identifications that is vital to members and their the determination of oceanic crust age has been assembled and ma- collaborators in the de publicly available (Seton et al., G cubed) and an analysis of 2014 publications continental break-up and mantle plumes shed light on the causality tackled both regional between them (Buiter and Torsvik, Gondwana Research). Advan- and global problems ces in theoretical and numerical modelling that analyzed the role of that illustrate tectonic overpressure with depth were discussed by Schmalholz, different stages of the Medvedev et al. (GJI) and the effects of lithosphere buckling on Wilson Cycle which subsidence and hydrocarbon maturation by Gac et al. (EPSL). Pa- is this group’s leoclimate and hydrocarbon migration ages and pathways can be research framework. unveiled using the Re-Os geochemistry and new results using this technique were presented by Stein et al. and Hannah et al. in a series of extended abstracts for the Society of Petroleum Engineers (International Petroleum Technology Conference 2014) and by Xu et al. (P-cubed). As in the previous year, work on the Caledonides, Norwegian passive margins, Barents Sea and the North Atlantic-Arctic is central to our team with 45% of the 2014 papers focussed on these topics (see Appendix for complete list of papers).

The overarching theme chosen for in-depth stories in this report is the Caledonian tectonic history viewed from new geological and geophysical data collected by CEED scientists in 2014.

Figure 2.1 (right). Top: Reconstructed cross-section (see line in map) of the south Scandi- navian Caldonides. Notice the melange unit (purple) below large crystalline nappes (red). Below: Schematic reconstruction of after hyperextension, showing microcontinent/ continental slivers and deep basins with exhumed mantle and the same section with sequence of closure and thrusting events related to the Caledonian orogeny.

The study of passive Magma-poor and magma-rich segments along margins, oceanic the pre-Caledonian continental margin of Balitca basins and ancient subduction zones and The remnants of the late Proterozoic to early Palaeozoic pre- collisional regions is Caledonian passive margin of Baltica is exposed in nappes in the central to CEED Caledonides in Scandinavian along a distance of almost 1900 km. activities. Several In the SW Caledonides (Figure 2.1), large Proterozoic crystalline field trips have been nappes including the Jotun and Lindås Nappes are structurally un- made in 2014 to the derlain by a regional melange unit characterised by the abundant SW Norway and one presence of solitary mantle periodotites (Andersen et al. 2012). trip to Sweden to The exhumed mantle was juxtaposed with slivers of crystalline collect new data basement, and both crust and mantle were covered by mostly fine- along the grained deep marine sediments. The dominantly fine-grained deep- Caledonides and the basin black-shale sedimentation was however, interrupted by local ancient Baltica fan-type influxes of coarser-grained sediments derived from both passive margin. re-sedimentation of continental deposits as well as from exposed and hydrated mantle peridotites. Local occurrences of ultramafic CEED team: Torgeir detrital deposits along the length of the melange basin must have B. Andersen, formed adjacent to erosional highs. Fernando Corfu, Jan Inge Faleide, Sverre These ‘exotic’ sedimentary rocks formed prior to the early Caledo- Planke, Mansour M. nian shortening deformation and metamorphism which affected Abdelmalak, these basins before the final continental collision. U/Pb single zir- Johannes Jakob, con dating of mafic slivers in these basins (Corfu et al., work in Manar Alsaif, Anders progress) have shown that these are Proterozoic, hence the early, S. Enger, Øystein syn-extensional history of the melange basins was characterised by Kjeldberg. surprisingly little magmatic activity. The melange rocks were, however, truncated by subduction-related magmas in the lower External Ordovician as shown by recent U/Pb single zircon TIMMS dating collaborator: of gabbro-pegmatite (487±1 Ma) and deformed granitoids (476±1 Christian Tegner Ma) (Jakob et al., work in progress). Our work suggests that the Univ. Århus, southern segment of the passive margin of Baltica was very wi- Denmark de, magma-poor and hyper-extended, and that it had continen-

2. Dynamic Earth tal slivers or micro-continents separated by deep basins with transitional crust in- which mantle lithosphere was exhumed and partly exposed. We also suggest that hyperextension may also have exhumed mantle in parts of the central and northernmost parts of the pre-Caledonian passive margin of Baltica.

The geology of pre-Caledonian passive margin of Baltic in southern Scandinavia is in strong contrast to the geology of nappes at intermediate structural level in the central Scan- dinavian Caledonides. These include the Särv and the Seve nappe complexes previously in- terpreted as parts of the distal pre-Caledonian passive margin of Baltica (Andreasson et al. 1998). These nappes continue as thin slivers below the outboard terranes above the Western

Figure 2.2. Map and seismic cross-section showing present-day magma-rich passive margin along the Vøring marginal high from Abdelmahak et al. (work in progress). Lower images show the dyke-wall-rock relationships in the Sarek and Pårte mountains (N Swe- den). Note the lozenge-shape of the sedimentary country rock fragments with sub-vertical sedimentary layering, formed by 2 genera- tions of dykes (lower left). The 2 pictures to the right show the spectacular dyke systems (now tilted and subhorizontal) in the Pårte mountains. Hight of the cliff faces are ap- proximately 250 to 300 m.

Gneiss Region. A prominent feature of these nappes is the abundant presence of mafic igneous material, mostly as dyke-swarms, intruding continental deposits including tillites and older high-grade crystalline rocks. Dyke-complexes locally develop into near 100% sheeted dyke complexes. Work in progress demonstrates that the dyke intrusions were accompanied by large rotational faulting progressively tilting sediments and already intru- ded dykes (Figure 2.2).

High precision U/Pb dating of the mafic dykes in the northern parts of the magma-rich segment (e.g., Svenningsen 2001) shows that the dykes were emplaced between 610 and 595 million years ago. More work is required to establish that the dyke-intrusions are generally coeval also further to the north and south as suggested by the geology (Figure 2.1). Our interpretation, previous studies, and work in progress suggest that the very large vol- umes and short duration of the Ediacaran basalt magmatism associated with the formation of the passive margin of Baltica may constitute a Large Igneous Province (LIP), which was an important geodynamic element in the ‘kick-off’ of the Caledonian Wilson cycle.

Together with our colleagues from the Earth Crisis group we are working towards an in- depth understanding of passive margin evolution by studying both ancient preserved margins (like Baltica, Figure 2.3) and modern analogues (like the Norwegian margin) which ex- hibit similar structure and geology as well as the segmentation in magma-poor and rich domains. The exposed deep levels of both types of segments in the Caledonides have been subjected to orogenic deformation and metamorphism during early as well as the terminal stages of the Caledonian Wilson Cycle. However, land observations of these segments together with the geophysical data and drill-core data from the modern margin(s) are keys to understanding the Wilson-cycle initiation.

References

Andersen, T.B., Labrousse, L., Corfu, F., Osmundsen, P.T. 2012. Evidence for hyperextension along the pre- Caledonian margin of Baltica. Journal of. Geol. Soc. Lon- don, 601-612.

Svenningsen, O. 2001. Onset of seafloor spreading in the Iapetus Ocean at 608Ma: precise age of the Sarek Dyke Swarm, northern Swedish Caledonides. Precambrian Res., 110, 241–254.

Figure 2.3. Schematic reconstruction of the passive continental margin of Baltica, showing distribution of hyperextended transitional crust, dyke swarms, continental slivers and microcontinents and age of initial Caledonian deformation and metamorphism in distal top proximal parts of the margin. 19

2. Dynamic Earth

Paleozoic sutures in the Barents Sea The Palaeozoic suture resulted from the In the Early Palaeozoic, Baltica and Laurentia were separated by collision between the Iapetus Ocean, and the distance between Northern Norway and Laurentia and Baltica Eastern Svalbard (originally part of Laurentia) was more than is buried somewhere in 5000 km in the Early Ordovician (475 Ma). Iapetus closed during the Barents Sea, but its Ordovician and Silurian times but geoscientists have been strug- location is elusive. gling to find traces of the Silurian continental collision zone (e.g., A geophysical Breivik et al. 2005) because the suture is now covered by younger research cruise has sediments in the Barents Sea. Its potential continuation into the been conducted by High Arctic is also not well known and thus represents a missing CEED researchers in piece of the puzzle towards understanding the geodynamics of the the western Barents polar region. Resolving this issue requires complex geophysical Sea as part of a field experiments and numerical modeling of lithospheric defor- collaborative project mation guided by plate reconstructions. In July-August 2014 a ge- between the University ophysical campaign resulting from a collaboration of several Nor- of Bergen, the wegian and other European universities and research institutes ac- University of Oslo and quired new geophysical data in the Barents Sea in order to resolve foreign collaborators. its deep structure: ‘Barents Sea Paleozoic basement and basin configurations (BarPz)’ funded by The Research Council of Nor- way through the Petromaks program. CEED team: Alexander Minakov The Ocean Bottom Seismometer (OBS) data along two regional (cruise leader), Nina (~500 km) profiles in the western Barents Sea and one 130 km Lebedeva-Ivanova and profile in Storfjorden were acquired from the research vessel Jan Inge Faleide Håkon Mosby (Fig. 2.4). The OBS profiles should provide addi- External collaborator: tional information on the crustal architecture of Palaeozoic sedi- IFM-GEOMAR, GFZ mentary basins and the underlying basement in the western Bar- Potsdam and ETH- ents Sea. The Zurich major hypothesis to test is that the basins developed along the structural framework inherited from the Silu- rian Caledonian orogeny. At the same

Figure 2.4. Location of acquired wide- angle seismic profiles (yellow lines). 20 time the location of the Caledonian suture zone and the orientation and extent of the deformation front is ambiguous from existing data.

An array of air-guns was used to receive and record the seismic waves which travel in the crust and upper mantle down to 35 km and bring us information on elastic properties from the Earth’s interior. More than 80 4C-seismic stations (a three-component seismometer plus hydrophone) were deployed at the seafloor. All of these instruments were recovered with data recorded. In addition, measurements of the gravity and magnetic field were performed every 10 seconds to constrain the density and magnetization of the crustal blocks. Understanding the geometry of the Caledonian deformation fronts has also a large implica- tion upon the models of Palaeozoic paleo-environment in the Barents Sea. For instance, it is important to know the extent of thick Devonian strata in deep basins related to collapse and erosion of the Caledonian orogeny, as well as the existence and areal of marine conditions. The refraction data should add to our knowledge of the evolution of the Palaeozoic rifting in the Barents Sea with regards to the inherited lithosphere weakness represented by the deformation front. The Late Palaeozoic paleogeography and basin configuration have large implications for any Palaeozoic petroleum system. If the Caledonian Mountain Belt was restricted to the western Barents Sea we may have had marine conditions in the Central Ba- rents Sea already by Devonian time. Such a scenario opens for the possibility that the pro- ven Devonian source rock for the Pechora Basin (Domanik shale) extends across the eastern and into the central Barents Sea. Furthermore, a better control on the Carboniferous rift structures will improve our understanding of the late Carboniferous-Permian depositional systems and their potential source and reservoir rocks. The velocity and density models constructed using the newly acquired data will be used as structural constraints for thermo- kinematic and dynamic models of rifting. The details of the survey can be found at: https:// sites.google.com/site/barentsobs2014/

References

Breivik, A., et al. 2005. Caledonide development offshore-onshore Svalbard based on ocean bo- tom seismometer, conventional seismic, and potential field data. Tectonophysics, 401, 79-117.

Figure 2.5. From left to right: Sasha Mi- nakov, Ann-Marie Vølsch, Kjartan Magnussen, Alexey Shulgin, Øystein Ludvigsen, Kathrin Lieser, Patrick Schrøder, Jasmin Møgeltønder (Photo by Nina Lebedeva- Ivanova) 21

3. Team Earth Modeling: Numerical models of Earth Dynamics

The Earth Within the Earth Modelling team, CEED researchers develop numer- Modeling theme ical models of the Earth ranging from simple 2D axi-symmetric stud- focuses on ies to massively parallel 4D global mantle convection simulations. computational Supported by the Norwegian Metacenter for Computational Science models of (www.notur.no), team researchers work on a variety of geodynamical convection within problems that will aid in Earth evolution reconstructions. Earth's mantle. In

2014 and in close collaboration with Achievements the Dynamic Earth and Earth modeling Since joining CEED in late 2013, Ms. Fritzell has been studying sub- groups, we ducted slab material in the mantle using 4D global models of mantle investigate the convection. She will defend her Masters in Spring 2015. Her work longeveity and was presented at the GeoMod Workshop in Potsdam, Germany in evolution of deep 2014. Dr. Bull has worked in close-collaboration with members of mantle hetero- the Dynamic Earth and Palaeomagnetic lab teams to investigate the geneities and longeveity and evolution of deep mantle heterogeneities. Her work continued the was presented at three invited talks in 2014 (CIG-CGUU, Banff, Ca- development of the nada; SEDI, Tokyo, Japan; and Deep Earth Dynamics, London, Eng- open-source plate land). R.Watson has continued his development of the open-source reconstruction plate reconstruction software GPlates (www.gplates.org). software GPlates.

Case Study: Modeling palaeo-Subduction beneath the Arctic: the Mongol- Okhotsk slab (A. Bull, E. Fritzell, G. Shephard) To perform any numerical model of convection in Earth's mantle, initial internal conditions (e.g., temperature and composition), boundary conditions (e.g., the velocity fields at the surface and the core-mantle boundary), and parameters such as the mantle viscosity profile must be imposed. Such conditions and parameters are crucial for simulating mantle convec-

Figure 3.1 (right). (a) Present-day continental map showing the location of the cross- sections (pink line) in b, c and d; (b) Vertical cross section through the tomographic model (Van der Voo et al., 1999) along the line indicated in (a), showing the Mongol-Okhotsk slab (MO) penetrating to the deep mantle; (c) results from a numerical model of mantle convection initiated (at 230 Ma) with a temperature perturbation at the surface location of the Mongol-Okhotsk trench, showing a slab-like structure in the mantle at present day; (d) results from a numerical model of mantle convection which features an imposed slab stencil method showing a slab-like structure in the mantle at present day. 22 tion, however none are fully constrained, and assumptions on their values must be made. Using palaeomagnetically-derived tectonic plate motion velocities as time-dependent surface boundary conditions in numerical convection models, it is possible to simulate convective flow within Earth's mantle for periods encompassing several hundreds of Myr.

In ongoing work, the Earth Modeling team is studying the effect of the assumed initial condition on the resulting 3D flow field in simulations of global mantle convection. We are investigating whether the assumption of an initial condition affects the present-day mantle dynamical structure on a local or global scale and aim to determine the time-dependence of the effect of initial condition. We are applying this analysis to one of the most tectonically enigmatic regions of the world, the circum-Arctic; its complexity largely resultant from a long-lived history of subduction involving the opening and closure of several ocean basins. We quantitatively and qualitatively compare predicted present-day mantle structure to infer- ences from alternative seismic tomography models to determine the effect of initial conditions and regional subduction histories on numerical model results.

4. Team Earth`s Chrises: LIPs. Mass extinctions and environmental changes

In the Earth Crises We have drilled the Permian-Triassic boundary group we study on Svalbard volcanically driven effects on the climate The Permian-Triassic boundary is well studied on Svalbard, both system and the from a stratigraphic and a geochemical perspective. However, the biosphere. We study transition is weathered in outcrops and high resolution sampling Large Igneous is challenging. In 2014 we secured funding from Lundin Petro- Provinces (LIPs) and leum (drilling costs) and Store Norske (logistics) for drilling the their volcanic boundary. A locality in Deltadalen was chosen as the site for dril- products. The Earth ling (Figure 4.1). Our main aims with the project were to obtain a Crises mission is to high quality and continuous core that can form the basis for high- investigate the role of resolution geochemical and stratigraphic work. Specific details volcanism in general, about the drilling are presented: and sediment-derived gases in particular,  Two boreholes were successfully drilled in Deltadalen, Sval- on the history of life bard in August 2014 by CEED (PI: Sverre Planke). on Earth. Here we  The boreholes, DD1 and DD2, were drilled one meter apart present results from and reached 99 and 92 meters depth. The recovery was nearly four ongoing 100% and the cores are now stored at CEED (Figure 4.2). research activities:  On-site sedimentological logging by Richard Twitchett and The Permian-Triassic Valentin Zuchuat, corroborated by comparison with nearby mass extinction outcrops of the equivalent section, confirmed that the core records the lower ~85 m of the Permian-Triassic Vikinghøgda The LUSI eruption in Formation and upper meters of the underlying Kapp Starostin Indonesia Formation, and thus spans the latest Changhsingian to late In- Contact metamorphic duan. The critical Permian/Triassic boundary interval was there- gas generation and fore sampled in both cores. Tephrachronology  One of the cores was transported to Bergen and is now being XRF core scanned (Spring 2015). CT scanning is also planned.

Lusi monitoring

The spectacular LUSI mud eruption started in northeast Java the 29 of May 2006 following a 6.3 M earthquake that struck the island. Since 2006, Adriano Mazzini has worked on understanding the LUSI plumbing system and the origin of the erupted fluids. In 2013 we completed two field expeditions to LUSI, including testing of the specially designed LUSI drone (Figure 4.3).

We have developed a new prototype with longer autonomy that can be piloted using video goggles connected by telemetry directly with the drone camera. A new remote-controlled winch allowed collecting fresh samples of fluids from the crater zone. Microbial incuba- tions of the collected samples show the presence of active microbial colonies producing CH4 and CO2 as well as oxidizing CH4 and degrading hydrocarbons. Hundreds of soil flux measurements collected from the LUSI region show that a remarkable amount of CH4 and CO2 is constantly released by pools, cracks and micro fractures to the atmosphere over a 7 km2

Figure 4.1 picture to the left). The drilling rig in Deltad- alen, Svalbard, August 2014. Figure 4.2 (left side). Parts of the retrieved core. The dark shale (upper parts of the tray) is likely within the Permian-Triassic boundary interval.

4. Earth`s Chrises

Figure 4.4 right). Inter- polated CH4 flux data from Lusi, including measurements from seeps and cracks. Figure 4.3 (below). A new drone prototype has been developed to sample gases seeping from the Lusi crater region.

surface around the crater. Some of the CH4 results are shown in Figure 4.4.

CEED study of mud volcanism and gas release is ongoing in other parts of the world. We recently initiated an academic collaboration with the Kharazmi University in Teheran for the study of so far undocumented and remote mud volcano fields in the SE Caspian margin and the Makran region of Iran. We have sampled and visited these spectacular mud volcanoes twice in 2014.

Contact metamorphic gas generation

Thick sill intrusions provide heat to the surrounding sedimentary rocks for thousands of years following emplacement. The heat drives metamorphic reactions leading to devolatili- zation and generation of both water, CH4 and CO2. If the gases were released to the atmosphere, this process may lead to perturbations in the atmospheric chemistry, causing climatic changes. In order to develop this hypothesis, we have studied the contact zones around thick sills in places like the Karoo Basin (South Africa) and the Tunguska basin (Siberia). However, we wanted to understand the effects of thin sill intrusions and found a suitable interval in one of the CO2 storage cores drilled near Longyearbyen. Here are the results: A 2.28 meter thick dolerite sill and its associated contact aureole were drilled and fully co- red (the DH4 borehole). Samples spanning the contact aureole show significant thermal ef- 26 fects around the thin sill. The total organic carbon content is lowered towards the contact (from 1-2 wt.% to zero), suggesting formation of CO2 during heating. A count of the visual fractures along the DH4 borehole shows that the sill contains 8-10 fractures per meter and that fractures are concentrated below the sill (4-10 fractures per meter). The results show that the total aureole thickness is 160–195% of the sill thickness and that the sill and aureole together represent a six metre thick geochemical and mechanical perturbation in the sedimentary succession.

Tephrachronology

We have several projects related to the use of tephrachronology and the timing of LIPs and associated environmental perturbations. For instance, we study Paleocene and Eocene tephra deposits in Denmark and Svalbard, and Permian-Triassic ashes in Svalbard and Siberia. We also have a stand-alone project on Ordovician tephra deposits just prior to the late Ordo- vician mass extinction. Based on a classical locality in the Oslo Graben, we have dated the well-known Kinnekulle bentonite. Here is some background information and results: The Late Ordovician world experienced a series of huge volcanic eruptions, recorded as the big Deicke, Millbrig and Kinnekulle bentonites, together with numerous thinner beds. The Kinnekulle event can be traced across northwestern Europe. Zircons were found in both the Kinnekulle bentonite and the uppermost recorded tephra layer in the Ordovician of the Oslo Region. The tephra layers are located in the upper part of the Arnestad Formation (Sandbian) south of Oslo and gave ages of 454.52 ± 0.50 Ma (the Kinnekulle K-bentonite) and 453.91 ± 0.37 Ma (the upper Grimstorp K-bentonite). The dated tephras are separated by a 7 m thick shale succession with subordinate nodular limestone beds. High-resolution magnetic susceptibility logging in the same section shows cycles that likely represent changes in sediment supply in response to astronomical forcing. Spectral analysis shows the presence of long (400 kyr) and short (100 kyr) eccentricity bands, and obliquity components in the 30 kyr band. Precessional cycles are not detected. Based on this method, it is possible to estimate a time interval of 766 kyr between the two tephra events. This opens new possibilities for understanding the evolution of one of the world's best preserved Ordovician marine systems.

References

Svensen, H., Hammer, Ø., Corfu, F. 2015. Astronomically forced cyclicity in the Upper Ordovician and U-Pb ages of interlayered tephra, Oslo Region, Norway. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 418, 150-159. Senger, K., Planke, S., Polteau, S., Ogata, K., Svensen, H. 2014. Sill emplacement and contact metamorphism in a siliciclastic reservoir on Svalbard, Arctic Norway. Norwegian Journal of Geology, 94, 155–169. Jones, M.T, Gislason, S.R., Burton, K.W., Pearce, C.R., Mavromatis, V., Pogge von Strandmann, P.A.E., Oelkers, E.H. 2014. Quantifying the impact of riverine particulate dissolution in seawater on ocean chemistry. Earth & Planetary Science Letters, 395, 91- 100.

5. Team Earth and Beyond: Comparative Planetology

The team evaluates how similar (or Mantle Convection Models - Decipher- different) other planetary bodies ing the Gravity Spectra of Terrestrial behave. On Earth, geological Planets evidence of the accretion and the Gravity fields of the terrestrial planets and their pre- earliest evolution is almost non- diction from numerical modeling of mantle convec- existent because of volcanic, tion are used for investigating the parameters erosional and plate tectonic thatcontrol the pattern of mantle flow by changing processes that have obliterated the radial viscosity profile, and in turn, with which most of the rock record from the viscosity profile can the gravity spectrum of the plan- first half billion years. This record et of interest (here Venus) be explained (Rolf et el., is much better preserved on other 2014 a, b). Purely thermal models with only one planets and moons. Therefore, one mineral phase have difficulty to reproduce the Venus’ of the key objectives is to study the gravity spectrum, which cannot be satisfactorily geological evolutionary history of matched. This seems to be the case for models with other terrestrial bodies, specifically only radially varying viscosity, but also for those the volcanic record, which with additional lateral viscosity variations, which do manifests the thermal evolution of not significantly alter the long-wavelength compo- planets on their surfaces. The nents of the gravity field, in line with previous stud- shape of a planet and its ies. Nevertheless, these models indicate that Venus is gravitational potential field allow unlikely to have a low-viscosity upper mantle (or as- insight into the current planetary thenosphere) – in contrast to Earth. More recently, interior structure and dynamics. calculations including mineral phase transitions in Combined with the volcanic and the Venusian mantle were tested and, depending on superposed crater record, the properties of the transitions, these models seem planetary thermal evolution models to improve the match between observed and predict- can be constrained in time and ed gravity spectra significantly (Figure 5.1). Future space. research will follow this line of investigation with the

28 aim to find an appropriate set of parameters, which can then be plugged into more sophisti- cated models including aspect to Venus’ evolution, for instance its strongly episodic resur- facing events.

Crater Clock, Crater Distributions and Crater Formation The Earth & Beyond group expanded in 2014, because of the NFR grant CraterClock. The goal of this project is intimately linked to the main CEED goals. Understanding the evolution of planets in the Solar System critically depends on accurate estimates of time and rates at which geological processes occur. The Crater Clock project will develop a unique cratering chronology model and planetary time-scale for the inner solar system, which will for the first time permit studies of the earliest and most constitutive period of planetary evolution (the first 600 Ma). We will use the coherence between the isotopic geochemistry and models of planetary evolution dated with the new time scale to investigate the origin and causes of long-term signatures of terrestrial planets. Part of it is the study of cratering process, the formation of craters and the impact on the observed spatial crater size-frequency distributions. For example, continuous bombardment erases existing craters, so that the density and size-frequency distribution of craters could reach equilibrium. One focus is the investigation of the long-held hypothesis that equilibrated crater populations should uniquely hold a ˗2 cumulative size- frequency distribution. After performing careful crater counts, some ex- citing results have been archived and the significance of this study is now under investigation.

Updating the Chronology Function Curve: Correction of the Anchor Ages Cratering statistics is used to determine relative and absolute ages for planetary surfaces. Crater frequencies are correlated with isotopically-derived absolute ages of lunar samples collected at lunar landing sites. These frequency-age pairs are described by analytical func- tions, so-called cratering chronology models, which are used to establish the age of a surface by referring crater frequencies to absolute ages, for surfaces not directly linked to sample sites or other planetary bodies. The anchor-ages were determined mostly by the

Figure 5.1(left). Snapshots of the thermal field for two Venus cases in the Extended Bous- sinesq approximation including phase changes with different Clapeyron slopes as indicated in the panels. The right panel displays the calculated gravity power spectrum of these cases (red + green) as well as of an additional case with a Clapeyron slope of ±3.5 MPa/K (blue) and the observed spectrum (black). 29

5. Earth and Beyond

40Ar-39Ar and 87Rb-87Sr isotope systematics during the 1970’s. Several commonly used chronology models exist. Despite several attempts of modifications, the ages used to determine the anchor-ages, have not been updated, although the K-decay constant value, the ages of monitor samples used in the 40Ar-39Ar, and the value for the Rb-decay constant were changed. This major effort has now been performed, and an average change in anchor- ages is observed of about 5%. (Fernandes et al., 2014). Nevertheless, the actual percentage in the age correction depends on the combination of the decay constant correction and the updated age of the age-monitor used for the irradiation of the samples analysed. Thus, the correction is a case by case situation and not a general single value that can be applied to all samples. The correction of the ages determined for the Apollo samples using the 40Ar- 39Ar system lead to a decrease in flux compared to previous chronology models (Figure 5.2).

Figure 5.2. Cratering Chronology Model, original (red) and adapted to 5% modified ages, to show the effective decrease in flux. 30

Planetary system evolution and Earth-like planets In collaboration with groups at the German Aerospace Center (DLR Berlin) and the Muse- um für Naturkunde (Berlin) we have studied the concepts of habitability and aspects of the dynamical evolution of the Solar System to gain insights in the differences and similarities between Solar System evolution and exoplanetary systems. We have focused on the conditions of dynamical evolution, which allow the Earth to host life (Rauer et al., 2014; Fritz et a., 2014). The gravitational interaction of giant planets and terrestrial planets, as well as the distribution and motion of planetesimals, in the Solar System may have influenced the re- structuring of the Solar System planets, so that Earth is the only planet that incorporated all necessary materials (rock and water), and spent enough time in the “habitability zone” to develop to an inhabited planet. The cratering record of the Moon is one data set to decipher the bombardment history of the Earth Moon system with implications for the dynamical history of the Solar System. Further information on planetary system evolution will be gathered by the future space mission PLATO, searching for terrestrial planets in other star-planet systems.

References

Rolf, T., Werner, S., B. Steinberger, 2014. Preliminary mantle convection calculations with consistent structures for Earth, Mars and Venus, EGU2014-16658, Poster, EGU General Assembly, Vienna, Austria, 28.04. - 02.05. Rolf, T., Werner, S.C., B. Steinberger, 2014. Combining mantle convection modeling with gravity and topography spectra to constrain the dynamics evolution of the terrestrial planets. AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, USA, 15.12. - 19.12 (Poster). Fernandes, V.A., S. C. Werner, J.P. Fritz, 2014. Updating the lunar cratering chronology model: Correction of the anchor ages. 77th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting, Casablanca, Morocco, #5011. Rauer, H., C. Catala, and 160 co-authors including S.C. Werner, 2014. The PLATO2.0 Mission, Experimental Astronomy, 1-82. Fritz, J., B. Bitsch, E. Kührt, A. Morbidelli, C. Tornow, K. Wünnemann, V.A. Fernandes, J. L. Grenfell, H. Rauer, R. Wagner, S.C. Werner, 2014. Earth-like Habitats in Planetary Systems. Pla- netary and Space Science, 98, 254-267.

6. Earth Laboratory

Earth Laboratory is The research activities of the Earth Laboratory group are focused exploring fundamental on collecting and analyzing paleomagnetic data that can be used for testing and refining paleogeographic reconstructions, and on questions linking the exploring fundamental questions linking the generation of geo- generation of geomagnetic field within the Earth’s core with magnetic anomalies at magnetic field within the surface. A special emphasis is given to conducting targeted the Earth's core with paleomagnetic studies of the areas and time intervals where data magnetic anomalies at coverage is sparse or lacking, and expanding the paleomagnetic data base from large igneous provinces. the surface. A special

emphasis is given to In 2014 the Earth Laboratory team conducted six research projects conducting targeted that involved three CEED scientists (Domeier, Doubrovine, paleomagnetic studies Torsvik), one PhD student (Hansma) and three visiting researchers of the areas and time (Halvorsen, Lom, Ashwal). Nalan Lom (Istanbul Technical Uni- versity, Turkey) worked in collaboration with Dr. Mathew Domei- intervals where data er. Prof. Lewis Ashwal (University of Witwatersrand, South Afri- coverage is sparse or ca) performed his experiments with the assistance of Prof. Trond lacking, and expan- H. Torsvik and Elijah Aller. Erik Halvorsen (Høgskolen i Tele- ding the paleo- mark, Norway) conducted susceptibility measurements with the magnetic data base assistance of Dr. Pavel V. Doubrovine. Short summaries of the re- from large igneous search projects are given in the Table on the next page. With support from provinces. the Norwegian Research Council, and in partnership with the University of Bergen, NTNU, and the Geological Survey of Norway, CEED hosts a national research infrastructure for geomagnetism, paleomagnetism and rock magnetism, the Ivar Giæver Geomagnetic Laboratory (IGGL). The IGGL is managed by the Earth Labora- tory research team. In accordance with plans of establishing a national research infrastructure, the IGGL was moved to a newly renovated area at the ZEB building of the University of Oslo in summer 2014. All instruments and equipment, including magnetic shields, a JR-6A spinner magnetometer, thermal and alter- nating field demagnetizers, and a MFK-1 magnetic susceptibility measuring system,

Planning the new lab in the ZEB building 32

were reinstalled at the new locale. In addition to that, we have installed a new set of magnetic shields dedicated to host a 2G Superconducting Rock Magnetometer that is scheduled to arrive in April-May 2015. The MKF-1 magnetic susceptibility meter was upgraded with a high-temperature furnace, allowing measurements of bulk magnetic susceptibility from room temperature to 720 °C. The extended high-temperature capabilities allow characterization of Curie temperatures and thermally-induced alteration of magnetic carriers indica- tive of magnetic mineralogy. We have also purchased and installed a LakeShore PMC 3900 Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) equipped with a high-temperature furnace (measurements from room temperature up to 800 °C) and a low-temperature cryostat (- 263 °C to +200 °C). The PMC 3990 VSM system provides fast, accurate and fully automat- ed measurements of magnetic hysteresis properties that can be used in a wide variety of applications, including characterization of magnetic domain states, magnetic stability, anisotropy, high- and low-temperature transitions and magnetostatic interactions in geological samples and synthetic materials. This system is unique in Norway because it is the first in- strument with the capabilities of measuring magnetic hysteresis properties at cryogenic temperatures.

The new instruments significantly enhance the capabilities for conducting paleomagnetic and rock magnetic studies in a wide variety of geologic applications. With the addition of a 2G Cryogenic Rock Magnetometer, which we expect to install in the late spring-early summer 2015, the IGGL will be fully equipped, serving to the entire paleomagnetic and rock magnetic community in Norway and abroad by providing free-of-charge access to the research facilities, scientific expertise, and technical assistance.

Researcher(s) Project decription, ongoing 2014 M. Domeier Paleomagnetism of the Early Cretaceous Bunbury Basalt, Western Australia, and later Cambran basalts in NW Australia P.V. Doubrovine Anomalous inclinations of geomagnetic field over the Reunion hotspot recorded by the Late Miocene to recent basalts from the Island of Mauritius in the western Indian Ocean Nalan Lom Paleomagnetic study of Paleozoic rocks of the Istanbul Zone, Turkey (visiting), Mat Do- meier L. Ashwal , B. Paleomagnetic and magnetic fabric studies of the 1.3 Ga Kiglapait lay- O'Driscoll ered intrusion, Labrador Cananda (visiting), T.H. Torsvik, E. Halvorsen Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility in sills from the Diabasodde (visiting) suite (Early Cretaceous), Svalbard. - Located inside an area of Early Cenozoic tectonic activity Jeroen Hansma Paleomagnetism of the Oslo rift E. Aller and J. Technical assistance and help with measurements in all projects Robson-Trønnes 33

Media highlights

Research on the glaciations on the Earth (Steinberger et al., Terra Nova), lead to news articles in both Nature and Sci- ence.

Stephanie Werner and co- authors received media attention with their Science article about the Mojave source crater of martian shergottites

A new popular science book Isfritt - Populærvitenskap som angår deg (”Free of ice”) was released with Henrik Svensen as editor. He also contributed to the public with endless ap- pearances in the radio, with essays, newpaper articles, popular science presenta- tions, and blog articles. He is responsible for the CEED Blog.

Reidar Trønnes appeared repeatedly on the national TV and radio news as an expert on the rift related Bárðarbunga- Nornahraun volcanic eruption on Island. And: the Earth most abundant mineral has finally go a name: bridgemanitt, as communi- cated by Trønnes, to the society

Appendices

Teaching by CEED staff at UiO……….……………….…… 37 International cooperation at CEED………………..…….….. 37 Student projects………………………………….………...... 38 Research activities……………….………………………….. 40 Research projects & funding...……………………………… 42 Industry projects…………………………………………….. 44 Invited guest lectures at CEED………………….………….. 46 Products Scientific publications………………………….. 48 Book contributions / reports………………….… 53 In the Media 54 Abstracts (talks and posters)……………..…….. 59 List of staff, students and guests...……………………... 69

Teaching by CEED staff at UiO

Course code & name Semester ECT credit Course responsible / points assisting MNKOM3000/4000 Formidling og vitens- Spring 14 10 H. Svensen / D. Hessen kapsjournalistikk KULH4015 Naturkatastrofenes kulturhis- Autumn 14 5 K. Kverndokk / H.H. torie fra Lisboa til Fukushima Svensen GEL2130 Strukturgeologi Autumn 14 10 Bråten/Gabrielsen, T.B. Andersen

GEO4240 Seismic interpretation Spring 14 10 J.I. Faleide

GEO4270/9270 Integrated basin analysis Autumn 14 10 J.I. Faleide / and prospect evaluation M. Heeremans GEO4630/9630 Geodynamics Autumn 14 10 S. Werner / B. Stein- berger, S. Buiter

GEO4840/9840 Tectonics Spring 14 10 T.B Andersen / C. Gaina, T.H. Torsvik GEO5800/9800 10 R. Trønnes / S. Werner

(SSMN4030 - A changing Arctic Summer 15 C. Gaina / Lebedeva- School Ivanova, Shephard bold: staff with part-time or full time affiliation with CEED

International cooperation at CEED in 2014 Country Activity Person(s) involved

Australia Joint publications C. Gaina, G. Shephard France Visiting students, T.B. Andersen; J. Jakob; O. Lengune, T. Ragoon Field work Germany Visitors; Joint publi- B. Steinberger, S. Werener, V. Fernandes, M. Toohey cation(s) Indonesia Joint res. project A. Mazzini

Russia Field work; Research A. Polozov, R. Kulakov, C. Gaina, J.I. Faleide, N. Lebede- cooperation; Joint va-Ivanova, A. Minakov publication(s) South Africa Field related work; T.H. Torsvik, W. Kummeck, H. Svensen, P. Silkoset Joint publication(s) The Nether- Joint publication(s) W. Spakman lands 37

International cooperation (continuation) Turkey Visiting student N. Cebeki

UK Lab. Work; Joint pub- J. Dougal, R. Trønnes, M. Baron, T.H. Torsvik with R. lication(s) Cocks

USA Joint publication(s) H. Stein, J. Hannah, S. Gregorev, R. Markey, R. Van der Voo, K. Burke, A. Zimmerman

PhD student projects

Name Topic Internal Funding superv.

Baron, Melting relations at pressure of the Earth`s lower mantle Trønnes, UiO-IG-KD Marzena A. Mohn, Gaina

Hansma, The relationships between paleogeography, large igneous pro- Torsvik, SFF Jeroen vinces and rift basin formation during the Paleozoic Trønnes,

Jakob, Geodynamic significance of regional mélange units Gaina, UiO-IG-KD Johannes in divergent and convergent plate margins – Case studies from Andersen the Scandinavian Caledonides and the North American Cordil- lera Karyono Seismic monitoring of LUSI: A unique natural laboratory for Mazzini EU multidiciplinary studies focussed fluid flow in sedimentary basins: Silkoset, Dynamics of breccia ipes in the Karoo Basib, Petrographic, Svensen, UiO-IG-KD Petter structural and geochemical processes and the implications for Galland gas release to the Early Jurrasic

Zastrozhnov, Structure and Evolution of Mid-Norway Continental Margin Faleide, RCN Dmitry Planke, Gabrielsen

Master student projects Name Topic Internal superv. Period

Alsaif, The stratigraphy, structure and tectonic history Andersen, Corfu To Spring - Manar of the Caledonian ‘melange basin rocks’ below 15 the Jotun Nappe in Bøverdalen, Central south Norway Drescher, Global variations in the compositions of mid- Trønnes, Gaina To Sept. –14 Hermann ocean ridge basalts (MORB) and abyssal peridotites Enger, Solitary mantel peridotite bodies in Stølsheimen, Andersern, Corfu To Dec. –16 Anders S. Central south Norway

Eigenmann, Incorporation and diffusion of the noble gases in Mohn, Trønnes Katharina R. MgSiO3-perovskite under the conditions of the lowermost mantle Fritzell, Eva The Role of the Initial Condition in Numerical Aller, Gaina, Shephard to Spring-15 H. Models of the Present-day Mantle Flow Field

Odden, Guri The upper mantle beneath Svalbard: evidence Minakov, Faleide, Schweit- To Spring-16 from combined active source and array seismolo- zer (NORSAR) gy Khalil, Lithopheric structure beneath Svalbard using Re- Minakov, Gaina, Zubair ceiver Function Analysis Schweitzer (Norsar)

Kjelberg, Petrograghy, structure and metamorphism of the Andersenn, Corfu To Dec. –16 Øystein melange rocks below the Jotun nappe in Støls- heimen, Central South Norway Van den Depositional environments and mineralogical Dypvik, Andresen, Fossum Brink, Maj- characterization of the Upper Jurassic Mitole kel Formation in the Mandawa Basin, southern coas- tal Tanzania.

Research activities

Date Topic By Funding Conferences & workshops arranged by CEED 31.1. Oceans and Marine Geophysics - 50 years with Torsvik et al. SFF Carmen Gaina. DNVA, ca. 40 participants February Workshop with Museum für Naturkunde Werner et al. SFF (Berlin) about the use of the iSALE hydro- code for numerical modelling of impact crater formation. May CEED celebrates the tenth anniversary of : Trønnes 1.The discovery of the post-perovskite transition at the pressure-temperature conditions of the lowermost mantle. 2. The discovery of the spatial relations between Large igneous provinces and the Large Low Shear-wave Velocity Provinces (LLSVPs) at the core-mantle boundary. Parti- cipants from CEED 14.5. and Oslo rift meeting (26 participants) and— Torsvik et al. SFF 11.6. excursion (29 participants from CEED) 13-18.10 Nordic Supercontinents (27 participants) at Torsvik et al. EU (BPT) Haraldrudvangen, Hurdal Norway 16.10. The Delatadalen workshop—ca. 30 participants Planke RCN (industry, UiO and international).

8-10.12 Earth Crises: Iceland, volcanism, Plumes, LIP`s, Torsvik et al. SFF environmentaql & climatic changes, extinctions. Ca. 30 participants from CEED 21.10 The formal opening of CEED, with ca. 30 invited CEED SFF guests and people from CEED Labwork, workshops outside UiO Numerous Experimental work at the School of Eath Baron SFF visits Sciences, Brisol University 16-21.2 Work on tectonic map of the Arctic (TeMAR). Gaina RCN Paris 18-21.2 IPGG SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia Gaina RCN

25-26.2 IPGG SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia co- Gaina, Faleide, RCN organised by CEED Lebedeva-Ivanova, Minakov 40

Field work in Norway

April, June, Hyperextension in the Norwegian Caledonides. Andersen, Jakob, SFF August The Bergen area Manar August Svaldbard, drilling the Permo-Triassic boundary Planke Industry

29.8-31.8 Stydy of oxidation and metasomatism/ Stein, Hannah Industry hydrocarbons in Repparfjord August, The Oslo rift Hansma RCN September Field work in Europe outside Norway 20-23.5.14 The Pyrenees Andersen, Jakob, Al- SFF saif (Master student) 26.8-3.9 Kiruna Andersen, Corfu, SFF Planke Field work outside Europe 5.1-11.1 Mauritius Torsvik, Werner EU

27.3-7.4 Karoo, South Africa Svensen, Planke, Sil- SFF koset 4.8-21.9 Canada, Vancouver Island Jakob, Andersen SFF 15-25.6.14 Indonesia, Jakarta (Lusi) Mazzini EU 22.6-12.7 Novosibirsk Polozov SFF

Research projects

Red and blue columns show UiO and

SFF funding for 2014, respectively

kNOK

Industry projects

Name, funding source P.I. Funding in 2014 (kNOK) Chronos, Det Norske & Lundin Stein & Hannah 1709

GPlates, Det Norske & VNG Torsvik 800

PressIce, Det Norske Medvedev 1600

PeTrArcL, Lundin Kürschner (Planke) 1000

Post Doc Position, Vista Minakov 823

Seismological research, Norsar Gaina 22

Omnis, Petromaks Faleide 6332

Invited guest lectures at CEED

Ultraslow spreading processes observed on the Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge Dec 2, 01:15 PM - 02:00 PM, Vera Schlindwein, Alfred-Wegener Institut Exploring the Arctic Ocean with submarines and surface vessels; 20 years of work amounts to so- mething Dec 1, 01:15 PM - 02:00 PM, Bernard Coakley, Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska (Fairbanks)

Seismic structures in the deep mantle Nov 25, 01:15 PM - 02:00 PM, Christine Thomas, WU Munster Cadmium isotopes at the Permo-Triassic extinction Nov 14, 03:15 PM - 04:00 PM, Svet Georgeiv, Visiting Researcher, CEED and Colorado State University Climate impacts of two major volcanic eruptions circa 536 CE: reconstructions and simulations Nov 13, 10:15 AM - 11:00 AM, Matthew Toohey, Geomar. The Phosphorus Problem in the Origin of Life: A Role for Lightning and Meteorites in Biological Emergence? Nov 11, 01:15 PM - 02:00 PM, Matthew Pasek, The University of Florida Extreme metallurgy of the Earth's core: melting in the laser-heated diamond anvil cell Nov 7, 03:15 PM - 04:00 PM, Oliver Lord, The University of Bristol

Linking lithospheric structure, earthquakes, and plate boundaries in Africa and the Indian Ocean: Insights from surface wave tomography Oct 24, 03:15 PM - 04:00 PM, Stewart Fishwick, Uni- versity of Leicester 50 million years of climate change Oct 14, 01:15 PM - 02:00 PM, Kerim Niscancioglu, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen The RIMFAX Ground Penetrating Radar on the Mars 2020 Rover Oct 7, 01:15 PM - 02:00 PM, Svein-Erik Hamran, Forsvarets forskningsinstitutt (FFI) & University of Oslo Origin of plate tectonics and slab-induced reorganizations Sep 30, 01:15 PM - 02:00 PM, David Bercovici, Frederick William Beinecke Prof of Geophysics; Prof Mechanical Engineering Yale University Dynamic processes in the lithosphere leading to extension, rifting and basin formation Sep 26, 03:15 PM - 04:00 PM, Thomas Anderson, University of Pittsburgh Evolution of the long-wavelength, subduction-driven topography of the South Atlantic domain since 150 Ma Sep 24, 04:00 PM - 05:00 PM, Nicolas Flament, The University of Sydney Seismic Triggering of Piercement Structures Sep 23, 01:15 PM - 02:00 PM, Matteo Lupi, ETH Zurich

Relating the chemistry and structure of the deepest mantle to the geochemistry of mantle melts erupted at the surface Sep 12, 03:15 PM - 04:00 PM, Matthew Jackson, Associate Profes- sor University of California, Santa Barbara, USA Slab Assimilation in Geodynamic Models of Mantle Convection Aug 29, 03:15 PM - 04:00 PM,

Dr. Dan Bower, Staff scientist, Seismological Laboratory, Caltech, CA, USA GOCE gravity gradients: a new tool to image Earth's mantle Time and place: GOCE gravity gradients: a new tool to image Earth's mantle May 28, 12:15 PM - 01:00 PM, Isabelle Panet, Institut National de l'Information Geographique et Forestiere, Universite Paris Di- derot (France) A global surge of great earthquakes and what we are learning from them May 27, 03:15 PM - 04:00 PM, Thorne Lay, UC Santa Cruz Trends in seismological investigations of the lowermost mantle structure and dynamics Time and place: Trends in seismological investigations of the lowermost mantle structure and dynamics May 27, 12:15 PM - 01:00 PM, Thorne Lay, UC Santa Cruz

Magnetostratigraphy in the Canning Basin. Part 2: Geochronology of the Cape Fold Belt, and the timing of Gondwanide orogeny in South Africa Time and place: J. Hansma : Part 1: magnetostratigraphy in the Canning Basin. Part 2: Geochronology of the Cape Fold Belt, and the timing of Gondwanide orogeny in South Africa May 13, 12:15 PM - 01:00 PM, Jeroen Hansma, University of Western Australia. Exploring the mechanisms of magma fragmentation: insights from fine ash morphology May 8, 02:00 PM - 02:45 PM, Emma Nicholson, University of Bristol. Getting the gas out: Volatile controls on eruption style May 8, 12:15 PM - 01:00 PM, Katharine Cashman, University of Bristol. Combined updated 40Ar-39Ar lunar chronology and crater size-frequency: how spiky was the impact bombardment in the first 600 Ma? May 6, 12:15 PM - 01:00 PM, Vera Fernan- des, Natural History Museum of Berlin (Museum für Naturkunde) The Effects of Continents on the Earth's Heat Loss Apr 8, 12:15 PM - 01:00 PM, Katie Cooper, School of the Environment, Washington State University

Two-Phase Flow in the Earth's Mantle: From Subducting Slabs to Island Arcs Mar 25, 12:15 PM - 01:00 PM, Laura Alisic, Postdoctoral Research Associate, Department of Earth Sci- ences, The University of Cambridge, UK Marine Geophysics at the Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, - focusing on the evolution of the North Atlantic Mar 18, 12:15 PM - 01:00 PM, Rolf Mjelde, Depart- ment of Earth Science, Marine Geology and Geophysics, University of Bergen Paleoarchean geodynamics, sulfur cycling and habitats for early life, Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa Feb 25, 12:15 PM - 01:00 PM, Eugene Grosch, Centre for Geobiolo- gy, Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Norway Mapping Continental Margins, Micro-continents and Oceanic Plateaus from Space Feb 11, 12:15 PM - 01:00 PM, Nick Kuznir, The University of Liverpool and Badley Geodynam- ics, UK Birkeland Center for Space Science: How Earth is coupled to space Jan 28, 12:15 PM - 01:00 PM, Nikolai Østgaard, Leader of Birkeland Centre for Space Science, Prof. at Dept. of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen

Scientific publications 1. Andersen, T.B., Austrheim, H.O., Deseta, N. Silkoset, P., Ashwal, L.D. 2014. Large subduction earthquakes along the fossil Moho in Alpine Corsica. Geology, 42. 395- 398. 2. Andrault, D., Trønnes, R.G., Konôpková, Z., Morgenroth, W., Liermann, H.P., Mo- rard, G., Mezouar, M. 2014.Phase diagram and P-V-T equation of state of Al-bearing seifertite at lowermost mantle conditions. American Min., 138, 102-136. 3. Beckman, V.; Möller, C.; Söderlund, U; Corfu, F.; Pallon, Ja. Chamberlain, K. 2014.Metamorphic zircon formation at the transition from gabbro to eclogite in Troll- heimen-Surnadalen, Norwegian Caledonides. Geol. Soc. Special Publication , 390, 403 -424. 4. Breivik, A.J.; Faleide, J.I.; Mjelde, R.; Flueh, E.R.; Murai, Y. 2014. Magmatic development of the outer Vøring margin from seismic data. Journal of Geophysical Rese- arch: Solid Earth,119, 6733-6755. 5. Boschman, L.M., Van Hinsbergen, D. Torsvik, T.H., Spakman, W. Pindell, J.L. 2014. Kinematic reconstruction of the Caribbean region since the early Jurassic. Earth- Science Reviews, 138, 102-136. 6. Buiter, S. 2014. How plumes help to break plates. Nature, 513, 36-37. 7. Buiter, S., Torsvik, T.H. 2014. A review of Wilson Cycle plate margins: A role for mantle plumes in continental break-up along sutures? Gondwana Res., 26, 627-653. 8. Bull, A.L., Domeier, M., Torsvik, T.H. 2014. The effect of plate motion history on the longevity of deep mantle heterogeneities. Earth and Planet. Sci.Let. 401, 172-182. 9. Butterworth, N.; Talsma, A.; Muller, D.; Seton, M.; Bunge, H.-P.; Schuberth, B.; Shep- hard, G.; Heine, C. 2014. Geological, tomographic, kinematic and geodynamic constraints on the dynamics of sinking slabs. Journal of Geodynamics, 73, 1-13. 10. Bybee, G.M., Ashwal, L.D., Shirey, S.B., Horan, M., Mock, T., Andersen, T.B. 2014. Debating the petrogenesis of Proterozoic anorthosites - Reply to comments by Vander Auwera et al. on "Pyroxene megacrysts in Proterozoic anorthosites: Implications for tectonic setting, magma source and magmatic processes at the Moho. 2014. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 401, 381-383. 11. Bybee, G.M., Ashwal, L.D., Shirey, S.B., Horan, M., Mock, T., Andersen, T.B. 2014. Pyroxene megacrysts in Proterozoic anorthosites: Implications for tectonic setting, magme source and magmatic processes at the Moho. Earth and Planetary Science Let- ters, 389, 74-85. 12. Capistrant, P.L., Hitzman, M.W., Wood, D., Kelly, N.M., Williams, G., Zimba, M., Kuiper, Y., Jack, D., Stein, H. 2014. Geology of the enterprise hydrothermal nickel deposit, North-Western Province, Zambia. Economic Geology, 110, 9-38. 13. Chertova, M.V., Spakman, W., Geenen, T., Van Den Berg, A. Van Hinsbergen, D. 2014. Underpinning tectonic reconstructions of the western Mediterranean region with 48

dynamic slab evolution from 3-D numerical modeling. Journal of Geophysical Rese- arch - Biogeosciences, 119, 5876-5902. 14. Clark, S.A., Glørstad-Clark, E., Faleide, J.I., Schmid, D.W., Hartz, E.H., Fjeldskaar, W. 2014. Southwest Barents Sea rift basin evolution: Comparing results from back- stripping and time-forward modelling. Basin Research, 26, 550-566. 15. Corfu, F.; Andersen, T.B.; Gasser, D. 2014. The Scandinavian Caledonides: main features, conceptual advances and critical questions. Geol. Soc. Special Pub, 390, 9-43. 16. Corfu, F., Austrheim, H.O. Ganzhorn, A-C. 2014 Localized granulite and eclogite facies metamorphism at Flatraket and Kråkeneset, Western Gneiss Region: U-Pb data and tectonic implications. 2014. Geological Society Special Publication, 390, 425-442. 17. Corfu, F., Gasser, D. Chew, D. M. 2014. New perspectives on the Caledonides of Scandinavia and related areas: introduction. Geological Soc. Special Publ., 390, 1-8. 18. Corfu, F.; Heim, Ml. 2014. Geology and U–Pb geochronology of the Espedalen Com- plex, southern Norway, and its position in the Caledonian nappe systems. Geological Society Special Publication , 390, 223-239. 19. Costa, M., Mafalda C.P.; Neiva, A.M., Ribeiro; A., Maria, R.; Corfu, F. 2014. Distinct sources for syntectonic Variscan granitoids: Insights from the Aguiar da Beira region, Central Portugal. Lithos, 196-197. s. 83-98. 20. Deseta, N., Andersen, T.B., Ashwal, L.D. 2014. A weakening mechanism for intermediate-depth seismicity? Detailed petrographic and microtextural observations from blueschist facies pseudotachylytes, Cape Corse, Corsica. Tectonophys., 610, 138-149. 21. Deseta, N., Ashwal, L.D., Andersen, T.B. 2014. Initiating intermediate-depth earthquakes: Insights from a HP–LT ophiolite from Corsica. Lithos, 206-207,127-146. 22. Domeier, M., Torsvik,T.H. 2014. Plate tectonics in the late Paleozoic. Geoscience Frontiers, 5, 303-350. 23. Duretz, T., Gerya, T.V., Spakman, W. 2014. Slab detachment in laterally varying subduction zones: 3-D numerical modelling. Geophys. Res. Letters, 41.1951-1956. 24. Erdos, Z., Huismans, R.S., Van Der Beek, P., Thieulot, C. 2014. Extensional inheritance and surface processes as controlling factors of mountain belt structure. Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, 119, 9042-9061. 25. Fauconnier, J., Labrousse, L., Andersen, T.B., Beyssac, O., Duprat-Oualid, S., Ya- mato, P. 2014. Thermal structure of a major crustal shear zone, the basal thrust in the Scandinavian Caledonides. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 385,162-171. 26. Fossen, H., Gabrielsen, R., Faleide, J.I., Hurich, C.A. 2014. Crustal stretching in the Scandinavian Caledonides as revealed by deep seismic data. Geology, 42, 791-794. 27. Fritz, J.N., Bitsch, B., Kuhrt, E.K., Morbidelli, A., Tornow, C., Wunnemann, K. Fer- nandes, V.A. Grenfell, J.L., Rauer, H., Wagner, R. J., Werner, S.C. 2014.Earth-like habitats in planetary systems. Planetary and Space Science, 98, 254-267. 28. Gac, S.; Huismans, R.; Simon, N.S.; Faleide, J.I.; Podladchikov, Y.Y. 2014.

Effects of lithosphere buckling on subsidence and hydrocarbon maturation: A case- study from the ultra-deep East Barents Sea basin. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 407, 123-133. 29. Gaina, C.; Medvedev, S.; Torsvik, T.H.; Koulakov, I.Y., Werner, S.C. (2014, in Cristin in 2013). 4D Arctic: A Glimpse into the Structure and Evolution of the Arctic in the Light of New Geophysical Maps, Plate Tectonics and Tomographic Models. Sur- veys in Geophysics, 35:1095–1122. 30. Ganzhorn, A.-C., Labrousse, L., Prouteau, G.Le R., C., Vrijmoed, J.C., Andersen, T.B., Arbaret, L. 2014. Structural, petrological and chemical analysis of syn-kinematic migmatites: insights from the Western Gneiss Region, Norway. Journal of Metamorp- hic Geology, 32, 647-673. 31. Ghazian, R.K., Buiter, S. 2014.Numerical modelling of the role of salt in continental collision: An application to the southeast Zagros fold-and-thrust belt. Tectonophysics, 632, 96-110. 32. Hasenclever, J., Theissen-Krah, S., Rüpke, L.H., Morgan, J.P., Iyer, K.H., Petersen, S., Devey, C.W. 2014. Hybrid shallow on-axis and deep off-axis hydrothermal circulation at fast-spreading ridges. Nature, 508, 508-512. 33. Hillebrand, B., Thieulot, C., Geenen, T., Van Den Berg, A.P., Spakman, W. 2014. U- sing the level set method in geodynamical modeling of multi-material flows and E- arth's free surface. Solid Earth, 5, 1087-1098. 34. Jarsve, E.M., Eidvin, T., Nystuen, J.P., Faleide, J.I., Gabrielsen, R.H., Thyberg, B.I. 2014.The Oligocene succession in the Eastern North Sea: Basin development and depositional systems. Geological Magazine, 108, Vol. 4. 35. Jarsve, E.M., Maast, T.E. Gabrielsen, R., Faleide, J.I., Nystuen, J.P., Sassier, C., 2014. Seismic stratigraphic subdivision of the Triassic succession in the Central North Sea integrating seismic reflection and well data. Journal of the Geological Society, 171, 353-374. 36. Justino, F.; Marengo, J.A; Kucharski, F.; Stordal, F.; Machado, J., Prietsch; Rodri- gues, M. 2014. Influence of Antarctic ice sheet lowering on the Southern Hemisphere climate: Modeling experiments mimicking the mid-Miocene. Climate Dynamics, 42, 843-858. 37. Jones, M.T., Gislason, S.R., Burton, K.W., Pearce, C.R., Mavromatis, Vs,. Pogge von Strandmann, .P A.E., Oelkers, E.H. 2014 Quantifying the impact of riverine particulate dissolution in seawater on ocean chemistry. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 395, 91-100. 38. Kalani, M., Jahren, J., Mondol, N.H., Faleide, J.I. 2014. Compaction processes and rock properties in uplifted clay dominated units, - The Egersund Basin, Norwegian North Sea. Marine and Petr.Geol., http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2014.08.015. 39. Knies, J., Mattingsdal, R., Grøsfjeld, K., Baranwal, S., Husum, K., De Schepper, S.,

Vogt, C., Andersen, N., Matthiessen, J., Andreassen, K., Jokat, W., Nam, S.-Il., Gaina, C., Fabian, K. 2014. Effect of early Pliocene uplift on late Pliocene cooling in the Arc- tic–Atlantic gateway. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 387, 132-144. 40. Krynski, M., Wrobel, W., Mohn, C.E., Dygas, J.R., Malys, M., Krok, F., Abrahams, I. 2014. Trapping of oxide ions in δ-Bi3YO. Solid State Ionics, 264, 49-53. 41. Kvarven, T; Ebbing, J.; Mjelde, R.; Faleide, J.I.; Libak, A.; Thybo, H.; Flueh, E.R.; Murai, Y. 2014. Crustal structure across the Møre margin, mid-Norway, from wide- angle seismic and gravity data. Tectonophysics, 626. s. 21-40. 42. Kürschner, W.M., Mander, L., McElwain, J.C. 2014. A gymnosperm affinity for Ric- ciisporites tuberculatus Lundblad: Implications for vegetation and environmental reconstructions in the Late Triassic. Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvir., 94, 295-305. 43. Lowry, D.P., Poulsen, C.J., Horton, D.E., Torsvik, T.H., Pollard, D. 2014. Thresholds for Paleozoic ice sheet initiation. Geology, 42, 627-630. 44. Mohn CE; Wrobel J, Krynski M, Dygas JR, Malys M, Krok F, Abrahams I, 2014:

Trapping of oxide ions in delta-Bi3O6. Solid State Ionics, 264, 49-53. 45. Mueller, S., Veld, H., Nagy, J., Kürschner, W.M. 2014. Depositional history of the upper Triassic Kapp Toscana group on Svalbard, Norway, inferred from palynofacies analysis and organic geochemistry. Sedimentary Geology, 310, 16-29. 46. Nabatian, G; Ghaderi, M; Corfu, F.; Neubauer, F; Bernroider, M; Prokofiev, V; Honar- mand, Maryam. 2014. Geology, alteration, age, and origin of iron oxide-apatite deposits in Upper Eocene quartz monzonite, Zanjan district, NW Iran. Mineralium Deposi- ta, 49, 217-234. 47. Quinquis, M.E.T., Buiter, S. 2014. Testing the effects of basic numerical implement- tations of water migration on models of subduction dynamics. Solid Earth, 5, 537-555. 48. Rauer, H., et al., Werner, S.C., Wheatley, P.J., Zwintz, K. 2014. The PLATO 2.0 mission. Experimental Astronomy, 38, 249-330. 49. Roffeis, C.; Corfu, F. 2014. Caledonian nappes of southern Norway and their correla- tion with Sveconorwegian basement domains. Geol. Soc. Spec.P., 390, 193-221. 50. Roffeis, C.; Corfu, F. 2014. Evolution and origin of the Revsegg Nappe in the SW- Norwegian Caledonides: an allochthon with Ordovician elements. Geological Society Special Publication, 390, 525-539. 51. Rolf, T., Coltice, N., Tackley, P.J. 2014. Statistical cyclicity of the supercontinent cycle. Geophysical Research Letters, 41, 2351-2358. 52. Schmalholz, S.M., Medvedev, S., Lechmann, S., Podladchikov, Y.P. 2014. Relations- hip between tectonic overpressure, deviatoric stress, driving force, isostasy and gravitational potential energy. Geophysical Journal International, 197, 680-696. 53. Senger, K., Planke, S., Polteau, S., Ogata, K., Svensen, H. 2014. Sill emplacement and contact metamorphism in a siliciclastic reservoir on Svalbard, Arctic Norway. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift, 94, 155-169.

54. Senger, K., Tveranger, J., Ogata, K., Braathen, A., Planke, S. 2014. Late Mesozoic magmatism in Svalbard: A review. Earth-Science Reviews, 139. s. 123-144. 55. Seton, M., Whittaker, J. M., Wessel, P., Müller, R.D.,. DeMets, C., Merkouriev, S., Can- de, S., Gaina, C., Eagles, G., Granot, R., Stock, J., Wright, N., Williams, S. 2014. Com- munity infrastructure and repository for marine magnetic identifications. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, 15, 1629-1641. 56. Shafaii M.; H.; Corfu, F., Chiaradia, M.; Stern, R.J.; Ghorbani, G. 2014. Sabzevar Op- hiolite, NE Iran: Progress from embryonic oceanic lithosphere into magmatic arc constrained by new isotopic and geochemical data. Lithos, 210-211, 224-241. 57. Shephard, G.E., Flament, N., Williams, S., Seton, M., Gurnis, M., Müller, R.D. 2014. Circum-Arctic mantle structure and long-wavelength topography since the Jurassic. Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, 119, 7889-7908. 58. Souche, A. Dabrowski, M.; Andersen, T.B. 2014. Modeling thermal convection in supradetachment basins: example from western Norway. Geofluids, 14, 58-74. 59. Steinberger, B., Spakman, W., Japsen, P., Torsvik, T.H. 2014 (Printed version in 2015). The key role of global solid-Earth processes in preconditioning Greenland’s glaciation since the Pliocene. Terra Nova, 10.1111/ter.12133. 60. Sukumaran, S.; Stordal, F.; Sardeshmukh, P.D.; Compo, G.P. 2014. Pacific Walker Cir- culation variability in coupled and uncoupled climate models. Climate Dynamics, 43, 103-117. 61. Tetreault, J.L.; Buiter, S. 2014. Future accreted terranes: A compilation of island arcs, oceanic plateaus, submarine ridges, seamounts, and continental fragments. Solid Earth, 5, 1243-1275. 62. Thieulot, C., Steer, P., Huismans, R.S. 2014. Three-dimensional numerical simulations of crustal systems undergoing orogeny and subjected to surface processes. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 15, 4936-4957. 63. Torsvik, T.H., Van Der Voo, R., Doubrovine, P.V., Burke, K., Steinberger, B., Ashwal, L.D., Trønnes, R.G., Webb, S.J., Bull, A.L. 2014. Deep mantle structure as a reference frame for movements in and on the Earth. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111, 8735-8740. 64. Tripathy, G.R., Hannah, J.L., Stein, H.J., Yang, G. 2014. Re-Os age and depositional environment for black shales from the Cambrian-Ordovician boundary, Green Point, western Newfoundland. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 15, 1021-1037. 65. Van Der Meer, D.G.; Zeebe, R.E.; Van Hinsbergen, D.; Sluijs, A.; Spakman, W., Tors- vik, T.H. 2014. Plate tectonic controls on atmospheric CO2 levels since the Triassic. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America, 111, 4380-4385. 66. Van Hinsbergen, D. Vissers, R. L. M., Spakman, W. 2014. Origin and consequences of western Mediterranean subduction, rollback, and slab segmentation. Tectonics, 33, 393-

419. 67. Watton, T.J., Wright, K.A., Jerram, D.A., Brown, R.J. 2014. The petrophysical and pe- trographical properties of hyaloclastite deposits: Implications for petroleum exploration. AAPG Bulletin, 98, 449-463. 68. Werner, S.C. 2014. Moon, Mars, Mercury: Basin formation ages and implications for the maximum surface age and the migration of gaseous planets. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 400, 54-65. 69. Werner, S.C., Ody, A., Poulet, F. 2014. The source crater of martian shergottite meteorites. Science, 343, 1343-1346. 70. Xu, G., Hannah, J.L., Stein, H.J., Mørk, A., Vigran, J.O., Bingen, B., Schutt, D.L., Lundschien, B.A. 2014. Cause of Upper Triassic climate crisis revealed by Re-Os geochemistry of Boreal black shales. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 395, 222-232. 71. Yakubchuck, A., Stein, H.J., Wilde, A. 2014. Results of the pilot Re-Os dating of sulfides from the Sukhoi Log and Olympiada orogenic gold deposits, Russia. Ore Geology Reviews, 59, 21-28. 72. Zimmerman, A., Stein, H.J., Morgan, J.W., Markey, R.J., Watanabe, Y. 2014. Re-Os geochronology of the El Salvador porphyry Cu-Mo deposit, Chile: Tracking analytical improvements in accuracy and precision over the past decade. Geochimica et Cos- mochimica Acta, 131, 13-32. Corrigendum in GCA 139, 553.

Books and reports

1. Jerram, D., N. Petford 2014. Descrição de Rochas Ígneas-: Guia Geológico de Campo. (Description of Igneous Rocks : Geological Field Guide series), Bookman Publishing House, pp280. ISBN13:9788582601662/ISBN10:8582601662 2. Jerram, D., K. Goodenough, R. Butle, 2014, GSA in the Highlands and Islands. report on the Geol Soc fieldtrips to Skye/Rum and the Northwest Highlands put on as part of the GSA 125th year celebrations. Geological Society of London, Geoscientist Online July 2014. https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/Geoscientist/Archive/July-2014/GSA-in-the- Highlands-and-Islands 3. Dypvik, H. 2014. Marine impacts and their consequences, In J. Harff; M. Meschede; S. Petersen & Jörn Thiede (ed.), Encyclopedia of marine geosciences. Springer Sci- ence+Business Media B.V. ISBN 978-94-007-6237-4. Kapittel. 4. Torsvik, T.H; Doubrovine, P., Domeier, M. 2014. Continental Drift (Paleomagnetism). Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods, Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands, 1-14. ISSN 1029-1830.

In the media (Newspaper, radio, TV, Web, Blog etc) 1. Alsaif, M. Summer, sun and field work fun. The CEED Blog 2. Buiter, S. forskning.no, Vulkan åpnet havet, 8. april 2014, 3. Buiter, S.: sciencenordic.com, Volcano opened the ocean, 25 april 2014, http:// sciencenordic.com/volcano-opened-ocean 4. Buiter, S: geoforskning.no, Vulkanisme trigget havbunnsspredning, 28 mars 2014, http://www.geoforskning.no/nyheter/grunnforskning/686-vulkanisme-trigget- havbunnsspredning 5. Bull, A. Windows to the deep earth. The CEED Blog 6. Ekström, A. & Svensen, H. Så skapar vi kunskap om framtidens katastrofer. Dagens nyheter. ISSN 1101-2447. 7. Fritzell, E.H. My first encounter with a conference. The CEED Blog 8. http://www.forskning.no/artikler/2014/mars/385272 9. Jerram, D. BBC radio 5 live interview about Iceland volcano 20th August 2014 10. Jerram, D. BBC radio 5 live interview on continuing Iceland volcanic crisis 23rd Au- guat 2014 11. Jerram, D. BBC World Live TV interview about Iceland Volcanoe, 21st Auguat 2014 12. Jerram, D. Birth of a Volcano: The World Watches Iceland. Published 29 August 2014, Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/professor-dougal-jerram/iceland- volcano_b_5734778.html 13. Jerram, D. Earth Science Expert on Chanel 4 TV: The Floods That Foiled New Year: Caught on Camera, Storms and Floods Series 1 Episode 2, Thu 6 Mar 2014 14. Jerram, D. Edinburgh Welcomes Earth Scientists for the 50th Volcanic and Magmatic Studies Group Meeting! Published 3 January 2014, Huffington Post. http:// www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/professor-dougal-jerram/edinburgh-welcomes-earth- _b_4536653.html 15. Jerram, D. Geological Society of Edinburgh Invited Talk, In the Footsteps of Powell; Grand Canyon Geology by Wooden Boat. 15th January 2014 16. Jerram, D. Interview for New Scientist Magazine article: Japan eruption practically undetectable in advance. 29 September 2014. http://www.newscientist.com/article/ dn26280-japan-eruption-practically-undetectable-in-advance.html#.VNNq4i5IB-4 17. Jerram, D. Invited keynote talk on Earth Sciences in the Media, at the Kshitij 2014 technology festival IIT Kharagpur, India. 1st Feb 2014 18. Jerram, D. Invited talk, Birkbeck University London, In the Footsteps of Powell; Grand Canyon Geology by Wooden Boat. 10th October 2014 19. Jerram, D. Live TV interview for Sky news about Iceland volcano, 19th August 2014 20. Jerram, D. Live TV interview on CBBC Newsround: Wednesday 19th November 2014. http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/30115276 21. Jerram, D. NRK1, Norway TV – Operation Grand Canyon episode 1, 17th September 2014 22. Jerram, D. NRK1, Norway TV – Operation Grand Canyon episode 2, 1st October 2014 23. Jerram, D. Onscreen expert geologist for The Unexplained Files: Season 2, Episode 6: Siberian Lake Serpent and Mystery of the Bosnian Pyramid, 8 Oct. 2014 Discovery Science Channel.

24. Jerram, D. Operation Grand Canyon With Dan Snow: A geologist's record. Published Friday 03 January 2014, BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/tv/entries/ccd756c4-3321- 3907-9825-2dd3059fda92 25. Jerram, D. Radio interview about Flooding, for Pat Kenny Show, NewsTalk Radio, Dublin. &th January 2014 26. Jerram, D. Research seminar University of Edinburgh, Understanding Volcanoes. Inno- vative studies from inside crystals to 3D models. 16th January 2014 27. Jerram, D. Skirting Science Festival (inspiring girls into science) invited talk, Un- derstanding Volcanoes – Soroptimist International – Solihull & District, UK 27th June 2014 28. Jerram, D. The Biggest Earth Science Event in Europe - EGU, Vienna 2014. Published 29 April 2014, Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/professor-dougal- jerram/the-biggest-earth-science-event-in-europe---egu-vienna-2014_b_5231033.html 29. Jerram, D. TV geologist on: Operation Grand Canyon Episode 1 BBC TV, UK on 5 January 2014. (see http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p01m5p7b) 30. Jerram, D. TV Presenter on Fierce earth Episode aired on CBBC: Boiling Earth 13th of March 2014 31. Jerram, D. TV Presenter on Fierce earth Episode aired on CBBC: Sinkholes/landslides 6th March 2014 32. Jerram, D. TV Presenter on Fierce earth Episode aired on CBBC: Tides/Waves 20th March 2014 33. Jerram, D. University of Glasgow – Pint of Science Festival invited talk. In the Foot- steps of Powell; Grand Canyon Geology by Wooden Boat. 19th May 2014 34. Jerram, D. What's In a Stone? Curling a Volcano Into the Winter Olympics. Published 17 February 2014, Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/professor-dougal- jerram/winter-olympics-curling_b_4801216.html 35. Jerram, D.TV geologist on: Operation Grand Canyon Episode 2 BBC TV, UK on 12 January 2014. 36. Jones, M. CEED goes to the Arctic. The CEED Blog 37. Kürschner, W.M. Vegetation and climate change during the Triassic - Jurassic mass extinction - did good genes help plants to survive one of the biggest earth crises?. Spring lecture Series NGF, Oslo; 2014-04-03 38. Mazzini, A. Exploring the world`s oldest lake. The CEED Blog 39. Minakov, Alexander. Hunting Paleozoic suture in the Barents sea. Geophysical survey in the Barents Sea (July/August 2014) University of Bergen, University of Oslo, Nor- way IFM GEOMAR, Kiel, Germany Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway, https://sites.google.com/site/barentsobs2014/ 40. Samset, B. H. & Svensen, H. Forskning viser: Alt og ingenting. Morgenbladet. ISSN 0805-3847. 41. Stein, H.J. Oils, meteorites and metals: International Innovation 144, 101-103. 42. Stein, H.J. Oils, ores, climate crises: Pan European Networks: Science and Technology 13, 232-233. 43. Stein, H.J. Oils, meteorites and metals: International Innovation 144, 101-103. MA- GAZINE articles based on interviews 44. Stein, H.J. Oils, ores, climate crises: Pan European Networks: Science and Technology 13, 232-233. MAGAZINE articles based on interviews.

45. Svensen, H.H. Isfritt. Populærvitenskap som angår deg. Edited by H. Svensen et al., Spartacus. [book, popular science] 46. Svensen, H.H. KIHEUb CBITY bANEbKO. Kiev: Calvaria publishing house 2014.  book, popular science] 47. Svensen, H.H. Den antropocene oppvåkningen. Vagant 4/2014, side 100-111. essay 48. Svensen, H.H. Nedtelling til den ultimate fjellopplevelsen. Harvest, Mennesket & na- turen. harvest.as. essay 49. Svensen, H.H. Menneskets tidsalder. Samtiden 4/2014, side 30-35. essay 50. Svensen, H.H. og Hessen, D.O. Eksperimentet. I: Isfritt. Populærvitenskap som angår deg. Spartacus 2014, s. 9-11. essay 51. Svensen, H.H. A life of granite. Katalogen til Uddenskulptur 2014. [essay 52. Svensen, H.H. A life of granite. Frihet i antropocen. I: Ja, vi elsker frihet. Dreyer For- lag A/S. essay 53. Svensen, H.H. Mennesker bestemmer jordens utseende. Harvest 25.09.2014. essay 54. Svensen, H.H., og Ekström, A. Katastrofen, vitenskapen og oss. Morgenbladet 03.04.2014. [essay 55. Ekström A. og Svensen H.H. Så skapar vi kunskap om framtidens katastrofer. Dagens Nyheter, 02.04.2014. [essay 56. Svensen, H.H., and Samset, B.H. «Jeg skal til fremtiden» Når forfattere aksjonerer.Vinduet, 1/2014. essay 57. Samset, B.H. og Svensen, H.H. Forskning viser: Alt og ingenting. Morgenbladet 17.01.2014. opinion article 58. Svensen, H. Det urolige tiåret. Morgenbladet, 19.12.2014. popular science 59. Svensen, H. Mens vi venter på Mannen. Morgenbladet, 30.10.2014. popular science 60. Svensen, H. Vente, forske, utbrudd. Morgenbladet, 03.10.2014. popular science 61. Svensen, H. Den første olje. Morgenbladet, 29.08.2014. popular science 62. Svensen, H. Nordens Venezia. Morgenbladet, 10.07.2014. popular science 63. Svensen, H. Fjellet og flommen. Morgenbladet, 06.06.2014. popular science 64. Svensen, H. Asparges i ursuppen. Morgenbladet, 02.05.2014. popular science 65. Svensen, H. Ode til trilobitten. Morgenbladet, 21.03.2014. popular science 66. Svensen, H. Hjem til vulkanen. Morgenbladet, 14.02.2014. popular science 67. Svensen, H. Iskalde verdier. Morgenbladet, 10.01.2014. popular science 68. Svensen, H. Foredrag om Antropocen. Realistforeningen, Blindern. Torsdag 11. september 2014. popular science talk 69. Svensen, H. Samtale om antropocen-begrepet, med Audun Lindholm. Kapittelfestivalen i Stavanger. Fredag 19. september 2014. popular science talk 70. Svensen, H. Foredrag om naturkatastrofer for lærere i geofag, Fagpedagogisk dag, Blindern. Onsdag 24. september 2014. popular science talk 71. Svensen, H. Forskning og følelser. Paneldebatt med opplesning, Forskningsdagene. Fredag 26. september 2014. popular science talk 72. Svensen, H. Litteraturfestivalen i Akershus, foredrag og debatt om klimaendringer. Uken 20-25 2014. oktober, Asker og Ski. popular science talk 73. Svensen, H. Foredrag på Norsk faglitterær forenings konferanse for oversettere. Tema: Norsk natur. Søndag 2. november 2014. popular science talk

74. Svensen, H. Fracking: En teknologi med virkninger på høyde med mikrobrikken og potensiale til å forandre geopolitikken? Formiddagsmøte, Videnskapsakademiet; 2014-05-07. popular science talk 75. Svensen, H. NRK P2 Ekko. Artsutryddelser i menneskenes tid. 2014-11-19. radio 76. Svensen, H. NRK P2 Ekko. De store masseutryddelsene. Del 1: Ordovicium. 2014- 10-15. radio 77. Svensen, H. NRK P1 Nitimen. Katastrofer i fjellet og situasjonen ved Mannen. 2014- 10-28. radio 78. Svensen, H. NRK P2 Ekko. Masseutryddelsen ved perm-trias-overgangen. 2014-10- 28. radio 79. Svensen, H. NRK P2 Ekko. Om masseutryddelser, grensen mellom kritt og paleogen. 2014-11-11. radio 80. Svensen, H. Smithsonian Magazine. Ancient Earth Warmed Dramatically After a One-Two Carbon Punch. 2014-12-17. [interview] 81. Svensen, H. Morgenbladet. Noe nytt under solen. 2014-12-12. interview 82. Trønnes, R.G. 2014, 2. februar: "Landsbyer dekket av aske etter vulkanutbrudd - 50 mennesker er savnet". Bakgrunnsinformasjon om utbruddet fra Sinabung (Indonesia) til artikkelforfatter, Signe Karin Hotvedt. www.nrk.no/verden/50-savnet-etter- vulkanutbrudd-1.11513780 83. Trønnes, R.G. 2014, 25. august: Direktesendt studiosamtale om vulkanutbruddet fra Bardarbunga og om "å leve med vulkaner i nabolaget". NRK - Norgesglasset (P1) 84. Trønnes, R.G. 2014, 28. august: "Fant hav under jorden – Kan forklare hvor jordklo- dens vann kommer fra." Bakgrunnsinformasjon, intervju og redigering av artikkel som diskuterer Schmandt et al. (2014, Dehydration melting at the top of the lower mantle. Science 344, 1265-1268). VG, 28. august, side 23. 85. Trønnes, R.G. 2014, 28. august: "Millioner kubikkmeter is har smeltet". Bakgrunns- informasjon, og artikkelutarbeidelse sammen med artikkelforfatter, Marit Kolberg, www.nrk.no/verden/isbreen-smelter-pa-bardarbunga-1.11902389 86. Trønnes, R.G. 2014, 29. august: "Nytt vulkanutvbrudd nord for Vatnajøkull ". Bak- grunnsinformasjon til artikkelforfatter, Marit Kolberg. Senere omarbeidet og forkor- tet til "Island senker risikinivået". www.nrk.no/verden/island-senker-risikonivaet- 1.11904343 87. Trønnes, R.G. 2014, 29. august: 29. august, Direktesendt studiosamtale om det pågående vulkanutbruddet fra Bardarbungas NØ-lige sprekkesverm. NRK1 (fjernsyn) – NRK Nyheter, kl. 1200. 88. Trønnes, R.G. 2014, 29. august: Direktesendt studiosamtale om det pågående vulkanutbruddet fra Bardarbungas NØ-lige sprekkesverm. NRK – Nyhetslunch (P2) 89. Trønnes, R.G. 2014, 29. august: Innslag med kartvisning, intervju og opptak fra utbruddene langs Bardarbungas NØ-lige sprekkesverm. Intervju om videre utviklings -scenarier, bl.a. muligheter for utbrudd fra Askja NRK1 (fjernsyn) – Dagsrevyen 90. Trønnes, R.G. 2014, 29. august: Utdrag av studiosamtale om det pågående vulkanutbruddet fra Bardarbungas NØ-lige sprekkesverm. NRK, Dagsnytt kl. 14.00, (P1, P2 og Alltid Nyheter) 91. Trønnes, R.G. 2014, 29. august: Utdrag av studiosamtale om det pågående vulkanutbruddet fra Bardarbungas NØ-lige sprekkesverm. NRK, Nyhetsettermiddag (P2) 92. Trønnes, R.G. Celebrating-the-tenth-anniversary-for-progress-in-deep-mantle- dynamics. The CEED Blog 57

93. Trønnes, R.G., 2014: Bárðarbunga-Nornahraun-utbruddet på Island gir god innsikt i magmatransport i riftsonene. Forskning.no, http://forskning.no/blogg/reidar-tronnes/ bardarbunga-nornahraun-eruption-ongoing-demonstration-rifting-and-volcanism 94. Trønnes, R.G., 2014: Jordas mest utbredte mineral har fått navn: bridgmanitt. Forsk- ning.no, Nov. 5. http://forskning.no/blogg/reidar-g-tronnes-blogg/jordas-mest-utbredte- mineral-har-fatt-navn-bridgemanitt 95. Trønnes, R.G., 2014: Jubileum for ny innsikt i Jordas dynamikk. http://forskning.no/ content/jubileum-ny-innsikt-i-jordas-dynamikk 96. Trønnes, R.G., 2014: Pågående utbrudd gir innsikt i magmatransport. Geoforskning.no, http://geoforskning.no/nyheter/geofarer/834-pagaende-utbrudd-gir-innsikt-i- magmatransport 97. Trønnes, R.G., 2014: Sporer kontinentenes ferd 220 millioner år lenger tilbake http:// forskning.no/geofag/2014/05/sporer-kontinentenes-ferd-220-millioner-ar-lenger- tilbake 98. Trønnes, R.G., 2014: Stort vulkanutbrudd på Island gir god innsikt i magma-transport. NHM, www.nhm.uio.no/fakta/geologi/nyheter/2014/stort-vulkanutbrudd-pa-island-gir- god-innsikt.html 99. Trønnes, R.G., 2014: The Bárðarbunga-Nornahraun eruption - an ongoing demonstration of rifting and volcanism. ScienceNordic, http://sciencenordic.com/content/b% C3%A1r%C3%B0arbunga-nornahraun-eruption-ongoing-demonstration-rifting-and- volcanism 100. Trønnes, R.G., 2014: Velkommen, bridgmanitt! Geoforskning.no, http:// geoforskning.no/nyheter/grunnforskning/835-velkommen-bridgmanitt 101. Werner, S.C. Landing on a comet. The CEED Blog 102. Werner, S.C. Rocks from Mars. The CEED Blog

Talks & Conference abstracts 1. Abdelmalak, M.M., Faleide, J.I., Planke, S., Theissen-Krah, S. Zastrozhnov, D., Brei- vik, A.J., Gernigon, L., Myklebust, R. Breakup magmatism style on the North Atlantic Igneous Province: insight from Mid-Norwegian volcanic margin. EGU General As- sembly 2014, 2014-04-27-2014-05-02 2. Abdelmalak, M.M., Planke, S., Meyer, R., Faleide, J.I. Breakup Magmatism on the Vøring Margin: Insights from Sub-Basalt Imaging and Ocean Drilling Program Hole 642E. AGU Fall Meeting, 2014-12-15-2014-12-19 3. Amici, S., M. Turci, A. Iarocci, G. Romeo, F. Giulietti, A. Mazzini, G.D. Stefano, P. Benedetti, L. Spampinato, S. Giammanco. Advances in extreme environment studies: Salinelle and Lusi mud volcanoes cases. RSPSoc Annual Conference 2014, Abe- rystwyth Sept 2nd – 5th 2014.A. 4. Andersen, T.B., Deseta, N., Silkoset, P., Austrheim, H.O., Ashwal, L.D. Large Subduc- tion Earthquakes along the fossil MOHO in Alpine Corsica: what was the role of fluids? EGU2014, 2014-04-20-2014-05-02 (Talk). 5. Baig, I., Faleide, J.I., Mondol, N. H., Jahren, J. Effects of Late Cenozoic uplift and erosion on the petroleum system and reservoir properties in the Hammerfest Basin, Ba- rents Sea. Arctic Energy, 2014-06-02-2014-06-06 6. Baig, I., Faleide, J.I., Mondol, N.H., Jahren, J. Uplift/erosion estimates and uncertain- ties on the Norwegian Barents Shelf. Arctic Energy, 2014-06-02-2014-06-06 7. Barley, M.E. and Stein, H.J. The Spinifex Ridge 3.3 Ga porphyry Mo-Cu deposit is the world’s oldest in one of the first cratons: Goldschmidt Conference, June 8-13, 2014, Sacramento, CA. 8. Baron, M.A., Lord, O.T., Walter, M.J., Trønnes, R.G. Melting relations in the MgO- SiO2 and CaO-MgO-SiO2 systems at the Earth's lower mantle conditions: New meth- odological approach and preliminary results. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union. ISSN 2324-9250. 9. Biggin, A., Suttie, N., Aubert, J., Torsvik, T., Steinberger, B., Holme, R. A major palaeomagnetic field transition ~140 million years ago – evidence and implications SEDI, Shonan Village Center, Kanagawa, Japan, 2014-08-03-2014-08-08. 10. Breivik, A.J., Faleide, J.I., Mjelde, R., Murai, Y., Flueh, E R. Breakup Style and Mag- matic Underplating West of the Lofoten Islands, Norway, Based on OBS Data. AGU Fall Meeting, 2014-12-15-2014-12-19 11. Buiter, S., J. Tetreault & R.K. Ghazian: Initial models of the influence of collision- phase inheritance on continental rifting, GeoMod2014, 31 August - 5 September, Pots- dam, Germany (Talk) 12. Buiter, S.: A discussion of margin width in numerical models of rifted passive margins, EGU General Assembly, 27 April- 2 May, Vienna, Austria 13. Buiter, S.: How surface processes affect the syn-rift evolution of passive continental margins, 10th Topo-Europe workshop, 17 - 19 September, Barcelona, Spain (Talk) 14. Buiter, S.: Modelling the initiation and syn-rift evolution of passive margins, ETH Zurich, Switzerland, 21 March (Invited lecture) 15. Bull, A., Domeier, M., Torsvik, T.H. The Effect of Plate Motion History on the Lon- gevity of Deep Mantle Heterogeneities. EGU General Assembly, 2014-04-27-2014-05- 02 16. Christiansen, H.H., Elberling, B., Gilbert, G., Thiel, C., Murray, A., Buylaert, J.-P., 59

Dypvik, H., Lomstein, B., Hovgaard, J., Christensen, A., Mørkved, P.T., Reigstad, L. J., Fromreide, S., Seidenkrantz, M.-S. A detailed Holocene glacial-periglacial reconstruction based on multidisciplinary studies of a 60 m permafrost core from central Sval- bard. European Geophysical Union, 2014-04-27-2014-05-02 17. Conrad, C.P., Steinberger, B., Torsvik, T.H. Dynamic Topography and Sea Level Change Inferred from Dipole and Quadrupole Moments of Plate Tectonic Reconstruc- tions. AGU Fall Meeting, 2014-12-15-2014-12-19. 18. Conrad, C.P., Steinberger, B., Torsvik, T.H. Dynamic topography and sea level above stable antipodal mantle upwellings CIG Mantle and Lithospheric Dynamics Workshop, Banff, Canada, 2014-05-05-2014-05-07 19. Corfu, F. Challenges in the interpretation of U-Pb data for zircon in meta-anorthosite: Examples from the Scandinavian Caledonides. GAC-MAC meeting, 2014-05-21-2014- 05-23 20. Corfu, F. Tectonic setting and provenance of Neoproterozoic elements in the Scandina- vian Caledonides. Geological Society of America meeting, 10-19-0-22 21. Corfu, F. Zircon zoning and textures and their effect on U-Pb dating and interpretation of ages. Geological Society of America meeting, 2014.10.19-22 22. Costa, M.M., Neiva, A.M., Azevedo, M.R., Corfu, F. Syntectonic Variscan magmatism in the Aguiar da Beira region (Iberian Massif, Portugal). EGU 2014, 2014-04-27-2014- 05-02 23. Cristiano, L., Minakov, A., Keers, H., Meier, T. Observation and modelling of P-wave polarization for teleseismic events. EGU General Assembly 2014, 04-27 to 05-02 24. Domeier, M., Torsvik, T.H. Plate Tectonics in the Late Paleozoic. EGU General Assem- bly, 2014-04-27-2014-05-02 25. Dunkel, K.G., Drivdal, K., Austrheim, H.O., Andersen, T.B., Jamtveit, B. Faulting and Serpentinisation of Peridotites in the Leka Ophiolite. EGU, 2014-04-28. (Poster) 26. Faleide, J.I. Barents Sea crustal architecture and basin evolution. GSA 2014, 2014-10- 19-2014-10-22 27. Faleide, J.I., Breivik, A.J., Blaich, Olav A., Tsikalas, Filippos, Planke, S., Abdelmalak, M.M., Mjelde, R., Myklebust, R. Structure and degree of magmatism of North and South Atlantic rifted margins. EGU General Assembly 2014, 2014-04-27-2014-05-02 28. Faleide, J.I., Wong, P.W., Gabrielsen, R. Tsikalas, F., Blaich, O.A., Planke, S., Mykle- bust, R. Basin evolution at the SW Barents Sea margin and its conjugate off NE Green- land. Arctic Energy, 2014-06-04-2014-06-05 29. Fernandes, V.A., Werner, S.C., Fritz, J.P.Updating the Lunar Cratering Chronology Model: Correction of the Anchor Ages. LPI Contributions 1800, 5011. Casablanca, Morocco, Meteoritical Society Meeting, September 2014. 30. Fossen, H., Faleide, J.I. Post-Caledonian Normal Faulting in the Northern North Sea Region: Role of Structural Inheritance. Geometry and Growth of Normal Faults, 2014- 06-23-2014-06-25 31. Fristad, K., Svensen, H., Polozov, A.G., Planke, S. Evidencefor hydrothermal venting of sulfur-rich fluids mobilized by Siberian trap intrusives at the End-Permian. GSA 2014 Vancouver, 2014-10-20. 32. Fritzell, E.H., Bull, A.L., Shephard, G. The role of the initial condition in numerical models of the present-day mantle flow field. GeoMod conference, Potsdam, Germany. 31st August- 5th September 2014 (Poster)

33. Gabrielsen, R.H., Jarsve, E.M., Lundmark, A.M., Nystuen, J. P., Faleide, J.I. The evolution of the passive continental margin of Norway and its adjacent mainland – using the sub-Cambrian peneplain as a reference surface. 31st Nordic Geological Winter Meeting, Geologiska Föreningen Abstract Volume p.67, 2014-01-08 to 01-10 34. Gac, S., Clark, A, Minakov, A., Faleide, J.I. On the relevance of basin formation mechanisms on the maturation of source rocks: A case study from the East Barents Sea basin. Arctic Energy 2014, 2014-06-02-2014-06-05 35. Gac, S., Faleide, J.I. A tectonic model for the Central and East Barents Sea from Early Palaeozoic to Early Jurassic. Arctic Energy, 2014-06-04-2014-06-05 36. Gac, S., Faleide, J.I. Control of lithosphere structure on surface deformation in the Cen- tral Barents Sea: insights from dynamical modelling. EGU General Assembly 2014, 2014-04-27-2014-05-02 37. Gaina, C. Global Plate tectonics and Geodynamics, Institute du Physique de Globe, Pa- ris, France, April 2014 (Invited talk) 38. Gaina, C. Paleocene-Eocene tectonic plate reorganizations: a search for causes and effects, Oxford University, Oxford, UK, November 2014 (Invited talk) 39. Gaina, C. Plate tectonics in the NE Atlantic, NAGTEC Conference, GEUS, Copenha- gen, September 2014 (Invited talk) 40. Gaina, C. The Arctic Connection: Links between plate tectonics in the North Atlantic and the North Pacific regions, Institute for Petroleum Geology and Geophysics/ Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russia, February 2014 (Invited talk) 41. Gaina, C. The Center for Earth Evolution and Dynamics, Norwegian Geological Society -University of Oslo, 08 May 2014 (Invited talk) 42. Gaina, C. Towards an improved heatflow model for the Arctic region, NORSAR, April 2014 (Invited talk) 43. Gaina, C., J. LaCasce, Linking the Tectonic Evolution of the Northeast Atlantic and the Arctic: Paleobathymetry Reconstructions and Paleoceanographic Implications (Invited), PP21D-1363, AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco 14-19 Dec. 2014 44. Gassmöller, R., Dannberg, J., Steinberger, B., Sobolev, S.V. Plume generation as key to plate motion history. EGU General Assembly, 2014-04-28-2014-05-02. 45. Gassmöller, R., Hempel, S., Steinberger, B. Geodynamic models and seismic observations of the South Atlantic lower mantle GeoFrankfurt, 2014-09-21-2014-09-24. 46. Gassmöller, R., Steinberger, B.Models of mantle plumes interacting with large scale flow. SPP SAMPLE Workshop, Bremerhaven, 2014-06-03-2014-06-06. 47. Geboy, N., Tripathy, G.R., Ruppert, L.F., Eble, C.F., Blake, M., Hannah, J.L., Stein, H.J. Palynology, geochemistry and Re-Os age of the Lower-Middle Pennsylvanian stage boundary, central Appalachian basin, USA: American Geophysical Union, December 15 -19, San Francisco. Abstract V43D-4929. 48. Geissler, C., Knies, J., Nielsen, T., Gaina, C., et al., The Opening of the Arctic-Atlantic Gateway: Tectonic, Oceanographic and Climatic Dynamics-an IODP Initiative, PP21D- 1367, AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco 14-19 Dec. 2014 49. Georgiev, S.V., Horner, T.J., Stein, H.J., Hannah, J.L., Rehkämper, M. Cd isotope stratigraphy of Upper Permian shales: Goldschmidt Conference, June 8-13, 2014, Sacra- mento, CA. 50. Georgiev, S.V., Stein, H.J., Hannah, J.L., Galimberti, R.F., Nali, M., and Viscentin, C. Re-Os geochronology of oil and oil fractions – new advances: Goldschmidt Conference,

June 8-13, 2014, Sacramento, CA. 51. Grove, C, D.A. Jerram., R.J. Brown., J. Gluyas. Porosity reduction of sand under basaltic lava flows is primarily due to compaction. VMSG annual meeting Edinburgh Ja- nuary 2014, A-021. 52. Gürer, D., van Hinsbergen, D., Matenco, L., Kaymakci, N., Corfu, F. Late Cretaceous to recent tectonic evolution of the Ulukisla Basin (Southern Central Anatolia). EGU2014, 04-27-2014 to -05-02 53. Hannah, J.L., Stein, H.J. What happens when plate motions change? Re-thinking hydrocarbon expulsion and migration: abstract #1842243, AAPG meeting, Houston, April 6-9. 54. Hannah, J.L., Stein, H.J., Marolf, N., Bingen, B. Climatic instability and regional glacial advances in the late Ediacaran: American Geophysical Union, December 15-19, San Francisco. Abstract PP43C-1493. 55. Hannah, J.L., Stein, H.J., Xu, G., Galimberti, R., Nali, M. Age and composition of source rocks: new steps toward tracking hydrocarbon migration: International Petroleum Technology Conference (IPTC), Doha, Qatar, 20-22 January 2014. 56. Hannah, J.L., Stein, H.J., Xu, G., Georgiev, S.V., Frixa, A., Nali, M., Galimberti, R.F. From source to reservoir: Re-Os systematics for hydrocarbon maturation-migration, Iblean Plateau, Sicily: Goldschmidt Conference, June 8-13, 2014, Sacramento, CA. 57. Hawke, M., Meffre, S., Stein, H., Gemmell, B. Age constraints of the DeGrussa Cu-Au- Ag volcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposit and associated mineralization of the Yerrida, Bryah, and Padbury basins, western Australia: Australian Earth Sciences Convention (AESC), Newcastle, New South Wales, v. 11, p. 259-260. 58. Horner, T.J., Georgiev, S.V., Stein, H.J., Hannah, J.L., Bingen, B., Rehkämper, M. Cad- mium isotopic evidence for increasing primary productivity during the late Permian anoxia: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 46, no. 6, p. 581. 59. Iarocci, G. Romeo, A. Mazzini, G. Di Stefano, P. Benedetti. UAV: A Multidisciplinary Tool to Access Extreme Environments. WHISPERS 2014, 24-27 June, Lausanne, Swit- zerland 60. Jakob, J., Gaina, C., S.T. Johnston. A review of the tectonic evolution of the Northern Pacific and adjacent Cordilleran Orogen. EGU2014-10376. B676 (Poster),28.04-02.5. 61. Jerram, D. A., Planke, S., Svensen, H., Polozov, A. G., Widdowson, M, Wignall, P.B. Volcanoclastic eruptions at the onset of flood volcanism, contrasting examplesfrom Si- beria and Emishan Provices. GSA 2014 Vancouver, 2014-10-20 62. Jerram, D. A., Svensen, H., Planke, S., Polozov, A. G. Initiation and Impact of Siberian Traps Volcanism: What is the extent of explosive volcanism? EGU 05-01-14. 63. Jerram, D., D. Morgan, M. Pankhurst. Towards true 3D textural analysis, using your crystal mush wisely. 2014 AGU fall meeting, San Francisco, USA V43F-07 64. Jerram, D., K. Goodenough, R. Butler 2014, GSA in the Highlands and Islands. report on the Geol Soc fieldtrips to Skye/Rum and the Northwest Highlands put on as part of the GSA 125th year celebrations. Geological Society of London, Geoscientist Online July 2014. 65. Jerram, D., S. Planke, H. Svensen, A. Polozov, M Widdowson. Volcanoclastic eruptions at the onset of flood volcanism, contrasting examples from Siberia and Emishan Provin-

ces. 2014 GSA Annual Meeting in Vancouver, British Columbia 66. Jones, M.T, Gkritzalis-Popadopoulous, A, Palmer, MR, Mowlem, M Gislason, SR Daily sampling of glacial volcanic rivers as a tool for volcano monitoring. The Volcanic and Magmatic Studies Group (VMSG) Annual Meeting, Edinburgh, UK. 67. Jones, M.T. The environmental impacts of volcanic ash deposition. Munich GeoCenter, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, München, Germany, 10th October 2014 (Invited) 68. Jones, M.T. Environmental and climatic impacts of volcanic ash. EGU, 2014-05-01 69. Jones, M.T., Eliassen, G.T., Svensen, H., Jochmann, M., Friis, B., Jerram, D.A., Planke, S. Understanding volcanism at the PETM: Abundant volcanic ash layers in the Central Tertiary Basin of Spitsbergen, Svalbard. EGU 2014, 2014-05-01 70. Klitzke, P., Faleide, J.I., Sippel, J., Scheck-Wenderoth, M. Lithosphere-scale 3D density and thermal models for the Barents Sea and Kara Sea region. GSA 2014, 2014-10-19- 2014-10-22 71. Klitzke, P., Faleide, J.I., Sippel, J., Scheck-Wenderoth, M. The lithosphere-scale density and temperature configuration beneath the Barents Sea and Kara Sea region. GeoMod 2014, 2014-08-31-2014-09-05 72. Klitzke, P., Faleide, J.I., Sippel, J., Scheck-Wenderoth, M. The 3D density and temperature distribution in an intracratonic basin setting: The Barents Sea and Kara Sea Region. EGU General Assembly 2014, 2014-04-27-2014-05-02 73. Kulakov R, Lebedeva-Ivanova N., 2014. High Arctic Rock Sample Database. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs. Vol. 46, No. 6, p.658. 2014 GSA Annual Meeting in Vancouver (poster) 74. Kürschner, W.M., Mueller, S. Integrated Magneto-, Carbon isotope and quantitative palynostratigraphy of the Upper Triassic Kapp Toscana Group on Spitsbergen, Norway. 9th European Palaeobotany an Palynology Conference, 08-26 to 08-31 75. Kürschner, W.M., Mueller, S. Late Triassic (Carnian) Boreal vegetation and climate history and its relationship with the Wrangellia large igneous province. EGU General As- sembly, 2014-04-27-2014-05-02 76. Lebedeva-Ivanova, N., Minakov, A., Gaina, C., S. Kashibin, A crustal Thickness Model of the Arctic region, 2nd ECEES meeting, Istanbul, 24-29.08.2014 77. Lebedeva-Ivanova, N., Minakov, A., Gaina, C., S. Kashibin. A preliminary crustal thickness map of the Arctic Ocean. EGU2014-7989 B674 (Poster) EGU General Assembly, Vienna, Austria, 28.04-02.5.2014. 78. Lundmark, A.M., Kristoffersen, M., Thomsen, T, Gillhespy, L., Gabrielsen, R.H. Reveal- ing hidden parts of the Caledonian orogen by provenance analysis of Mesozoic sand- stones. 79. Mahajan, A., Faleide, J.I. Late Paleozoic basin architecture of SW Barents Sea using seismic facies. Arctic Energy, 2014-06-04-2014-06-05 80. Mahajan, A., Gabrielsen, R, Faleide, J.I. Structural analysis of 3D seismic for Hoop Fault Complex, SW Barents Sea. Arctic Energy, 2014-06-04-2014-06-05 81. Mazzini, A., G. Akhmanov, O. Khlystov, M. Tokarev, D.V. Korost, J. Poort, A. Fokina, D.R. Giliazetdinova, A. Yurchenko, S. Vodopyanov . Class@Baikal: the Endurance of the UNESCO Training-Through-Research Programme. AGU San Francisco 2014, CA, USA. 82. Mazzini, A., H. Svensen, C. Hensen, F.Scholz, G.Romeo, S. Hadi, A.Husein, S. Planke, Gi Akhmanov, M. Krueger, 2014.The LUSI LAB project: a platform for multidisciplinary experimental studies. EGU 2014, Vienna, Austria. 63

83. Mazzini, A., Poludetkina, E., Mehraby, B., Krueger, M., Inguaggiato, S., Etiope, G. . Mud Volcanism in the South East Caspian, Gorgon Plane, Iran. AGU San Francisco 2014, CA, USA. 84. Mazzini, A., S. Hadi, G. Etiope,, S. Inguaggiato. Tectonic Control of Piercement Struc- tures in Central Java, Indonesia. AGU San Francisco 2014, CA, USA. 85. Medvedev, S., Hartz, E.H. Evolution of topography of post-Devonian Scandinavia: Ef- fects and rates of erosion. GeoMod conference, Potsdam, Germany. 31st August- 5th September 2014 86. Medvedev, S., Hartz, E.H., Dchmid, D. Basin formation and hydrocarbon potential: the role of shear heating, tectonic pressure, differential thinning and rate of rifting. EGU General Assembly, Vienna, Austria, 28.04-02.5.2014. 87. Midtkandal, I., Faleide, J.I., Dahlberg, M.E., Dimitriou, M., Nystuen, J.P. The Lower Cretaceous strata in Svalbard and the Barents Sea, basin infill dynamics and palaeobat- hymetry. EGU General Assembly 2014, 2014-04-27-2014-05-02 88. Minakov, A., Faleide, J.I., Sakulina, T., Krupnova, N. Crustal architecture of a continental large igneous province. GeoMod 2014, 2014-08-31-2014-09-05 89. Minakov, A., Faleide, J.I., Sakulina, T., Krupnova, N. Crustal architecture of a continental large igneous province. EGU General Assembly 2014, 2014-04-27-2014-05-02 90. Miraj, M.A.F., Pascal, C., Gabrielsen, R., Faleide, J.I. Numerical modeling of main in- verted structures in the western Barents Sea. GeoMod 2014, 2014-08-31-2014-09-05 91. Mohn, C.E., Trønnes, R.G Partitioning of FeSiO3 and FeAlO3 between MgSiO3-based perovskite and post-perovskite. ppv@10, Anniversary of post-perovskite discovery, Progr. Abstr. s 36- 37 92. Mohn, C.E., Trønnes, R.G. Partitioning of iron components between Mg-perovskite and post-perovskite. Geol. Soc. London Mtg. Deep Earth Processes, Progr. Abstr. s 25 93. Mohn, C.E., Trønnes, R.G. The perovskite to post-perovskite transition: atomistic simulations of compositions on the MgSiO3-FeSiO3 and MgSiO3-FeAlO3 joins. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union. ISSN 2324-9250. 94. Mueller, S., Kürschner, W.M. Depositional Environments and (Bio-)stratigraphy of the Upper Triassic Kapp Toscana Group on Svalbard and the Barents Sea Shelf. AAPG In- ternational Conference, 2014-09-14-2014-09-17 95. Müller, R.D., Dutkiewicz, A., Seton, M., C. Gaina. How supercontinent cycles affect the vigour of oceanic hydrothermal circulation and seawater chemistry, Australian Earth Sciences Convention 2014, New Castle, NSW, Australia, 7-10.07.2014 96. Naliboff, J. & Buiter, S.: Evolution of lithospheric deformation during multi-phase extension, EGU General Assembly, 27 April- 2 May, Vienna, Austria (Talk) 97. Nasdala, L., Hofmeister, W., Häger, T., Zeug, M., Mattinson, J., Corfu, F., Wu, F.-J., Li, Q.-L., Valley, J.W., Frei, D. Zircon M127– a future reference material for U-Pb combined with Hf- and O-isotope analysis. Annual Meeting of the German Mineralogical Society, 2014-09-20-2014-09-23 98. Nikishin, A., Kazmin, Y., Glumov, I., Petrov, E., Poselov, V., Burov, E., C. Gaina. Me- sozoic and Cenozoic plate tectonics in the High Arctic: new 2D seismic data and geodynamic models. EGU2014-4850, (Oral) EGU General Assembly, Vienna, Austria, 28.04-02.5.2014.

99. O'Connor J., Steinberger B., Regelous M., Koppers A., Wijbrans J., Haase K., Stoffers P., Jokat W., Garbe-Schoenberg C.-D. Past Plate and Mantle Motion from New Ages for the Hawaiian-Emperor Seamount Chain Goldschmidt, Sacramento, 2014-06-08- 2014-06-13. 100.O'Connor, J., Steinberger B., et al. Past plate and mantle motion from new ages for the Hawaiian-Emperor Seamount Chain. EGU General Assembly, 2014-04-28-2014-05-02. 101.Planke, S., Polteau, Faleide, J.I., Svensen, H., Myklebust, R., Midtkandal, I., Corfu, F. Early Cretaceous High Arctic Magmatism and the Oceanic Anoxic Event 1a. EGU 2014, 2014-05-01 102.Planke, S., Svensen, H., Polozov, A. G., Jerram, D.A. The end-Permian environmental crisis triggered by volcanism and sediment degassing of the Tunguska basin, Siberia. GSA 2014 Vancouver, 2014-10-20 103.Polozov, A. G., Svensen, H., Planke, S., Jerram, D., Polozov, A. Phreatomagmatic Pipes of the Tunguska basin (Siberia): Improvement of End-Permian Mass Extinction Model. EGU 2014, 2014-05-01 104.Riber, L., Dypvik, H., N., Oberhardt, S., Naqvi, R., Sørlie Weathering profiles on the Utsira High, Norwegian North Sea-a comparison With onshore analogues. Nordisk Ge- ologisk Vintermøte, 2014-01-07-2014-01-10 105.Rogozhina, I., Petrunin, A.G., Vaughan, A.M.P., Kaban, M.K., Johnson, J.V., Steinber- ger, B., Rickers, F., Calov, R., Koulakov, I., Thomas, M., Mulvaney, R. Geothermal anomalies in central-northern Greenland imposed by the Iceland mantle plume passage EGU General Assembly, 2014-04-28-2014-05-02. 106.Rolf, T., Capitanio, F., P. Tackley, The evolution of surface plate velocities and its link to mantle dynamics, EGU2014-16887, Poster, EGU General Assembly, Vienna, Austria, 28.04.-02.05.2014 107.Rolf, T., P. Tackley, The evolution of surface plate velocities and its link to mantle dynamics, Oral (Invited), AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, USA, 15.12.-19.12.2014 108.Rolf, T., Steinberger, B., Werner, S.C. Preliminary mantle convection calculations with consistent viscosity structures for Earth, Mars and Venus. EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts 16, 16658. 109.Rolf, T., Werner, S., B. Steinberger, Combining mantle convection modeling with gravity and topography spectra to constrain the dynamics evolution of the terrestrial planets, Poster, AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, USA, 15.12.-19.12.2014 110.Romeo, G., A.Mazzini, I.Alessandro, G.D. Stefano, P. Benedetti. The Lusi drone: a mutidisciplinary tool to access extreme environments. EGU 2014, Vienna, Austria. 111.Sassier, C., Jarsve, E.M., Heeremans, M., Abdelmalak, M.M., Faleide, J.I., Gabrielsen, R. Salt distribution in the Norwegian-Danish Basin, Central North Sea. EGU General Assembly 2014, 2014-04-27-2014-05-02 112.Schmalholz, S.M., Podladchikov, Y.Y., Medvedev, S. Dynamics of tectonic nappes: Thrusting versus intrusion or dynamic pressure versus lithostatic pressure. EGU Gene- ral Assembly, Vienna, Austria, 28.04-02.5.2014. 113. Shephard, G.E., Bull, A.L., Gaina, C. Modelling plate kinematics, slabs and LLSVP dynamics – an example from the Arctic and northern Panthalassa. GeoMod conference, Potsdam, Germany. 31st August- 5th September 2014 (Poster)

114. Shephard, G.E., Flament, N., Seton, M., Müller, R.D. Evaluating alternative models of intra-oceanic subduction of northeastern Panthalassa since the Jurassic. EGU, Vienna 2014 (Poster) 115. Shephard,G.E, Gurnis, M., Flament, N., Mihalynuk, M, Sigloch, K., C. Gaina. Evaluating alternative models of intra-oceanic subduction of northeastern Panthalassa since the Jurassic. EGU2014-14008 (Poster), 28.04-02.5.2014. 116. Silkoset, P., Svensen, H., Planke, S. Breccia pipes in the Karoo Basin, South Africa, as conduits for metamorphic gases to the Early Jurassic atmosphere. EGU 2014, 2014-05 -01 117. Stein, H.J., Hannah, J.L. Re-Os and the utility of sulfides in hydrocarbon systems: abstract #1842198, AAPG meeting, Houston, April 6-9 . 118. Stein, H.J., Hannah, J.L. The emerging potential of Re-Os isotope geochemistry for source rocks and maturation-migration histories: International Petroleum Technology Conference (IPTC), Doha, Qatar, 20-22 January 2014, 5 pgs, 2 figs. [IPTC Paper 17693-MS] 119. Stein, H.J., Hannah, J.L. Tiny molybdenites tell diffusion tales: American Geophysical Union, December 15-19, San Francisco. Abstract V33A-4837. 120. Stein, H.J., Hannah, J.L., Pandit, M.K., Mohanty, S., Corfu, F., Zimmerman, A. Molybdenite tricks with titanite give history of the Central Indian Tectonic Zone: Geophysical Research Abstracts, v. 16 (#13209). 121. Stein, H.J., Hannah, J.L., Yang, G., Galimberti, R., Nali, M. Ordovician source rocks and Devonian oil expulsion on bolide impact at Siljan, Sweden – the Re-Os story: In- ternational Petroleum Technology Conference (IPTC), Doha, Qatar, 20-22 January 2014, 6 pgs, 4 figs. [IPTC Paper 17601-MS] 122. Stein, H.J., Zimmerman, A., Hannah, J.L., Markey, R.J. 187Re-187Os geochronometry in molybdenite: 20 years fast forward: Goldschmidt Conference, June 8-13, 2014, Sacramento, CA. 123. Stein, H.R-, Hannah, J.H., Pandit, M.K., Mohanty, S., Corfu, F., Zimmerman, A. Mo- lybdenite tricks with titanite give history of the Central Indian Tectonic Zone. EGU2014, 04-27 to 05-02 124. Steinberger, B. et al., 2014. On the relation between plate tectonics large-scale mantle flow and mantle plumes: Some recent results and many open questions GeoMod 2014, Potsdam, 2014-08-31-2014-09-05 125. Steinberger, B. Dynamic topography as a constraint to geodynamic processes GeoFrankfurt, 2014-09-21-2014-09-24. 126. Steinberger, B. Dynamic topography: A comparison between observations and models based on seismic tomography. German-Swiss Geodynamics workshop, 2014-10-05- 2014-10-08. 127. Steinberger, B. Models of lithosphere thickness and implications on dynamic topography estimates LABPAX Workshop, Hainburg, Austria, -04-24 to 04-27 128. Steinberger, B. The key role of global solid-Earth processes in the onset of Northern Hemisphere glaciations Richard J. O'Connell Symposium, Harvard University (invited presentation), 2014-09-05-2014-09-06. 129. Steinberger, B., Dannberg, J., Gaßmöller, R., Torsvik, T.H. Interaction of Tristan plume and mid-Atlantic ridge through time – implications for variations in oceanic crust thicknes GeoFrankfurt, 2014-09-21-2014-09-24. 66

130. Steinberger, B., Spakman, W., Japsen, P., Torsvik, T.H. The key role of global solid- Earth processes in the onset of Northern Hemisphere glaciations. EGU General As- sembly, 2014-04-27-2014-05-27 131. Steinberger, B., Zhao, D., Werner, S. Interior structure of the Moon - constraints from seismic tomography, gravity and topography. EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts 16, 2682. 132. Steltenpoh, M., Andresen, A., Augland, L.E., Prouty, J., Corfu, F. Implications of Lau- rentian Grenville crust in the northern Scandinavian Caledonides. EGU2014, 2014-04- 27-2014-05-02 133. Sundal, A., Hellevang, H., Miri, R., Dypvik, H., Nystuen, J.P., P. Aagaard Variations in mineralization potential for CO2 related to sedimentary facies and burial Depth-a comparative study from the North Sea. Energy Procedia. ISSN 1876-6102. 134. Svendby, A.K., Osmundsen, P.T., Andresen, A., Andersen, T.B. Deformation and sedimentation in constrictional supradetachment basins: the Kvamshesten basin, western Norway. EGU2014, 2014-04-28-2014-05-02 (Poster). 135. Svensen, H., Polozov, A. G., Planke, S. Sill-induced evaporite- and coal- metamorphism in the Tunguska Basin, Siberia, and the implications for end-Permian environmental crisis. EGU 2014, 2014-05-01 136. Tengesdal, H.C., Minakov, A., Keers, H. Hybrid ray-Born and finite difference full waveform inversion. EAGE Conference and Exhibition. 137. Thieulot, C., Glerum, A., Hillebrand, B., Schmalholz, S.M., Spakman, W., Torsvik, T.H. A two- and three-dimensional numerical modelling benchmark of slab detachment. EGU General Assembly, 14-04 to 05-02 138. Torsvik, T.H., Van der Voo, R., Burke, K., Steinberger, B., Domeier, M. Deep Mantle Structure As a Reference Frame for Absolute Plate Motions. AGU Fall Meeting, 2014- 12-15-2014-12-19 139. Tripathy, G.R., Hannah, J.L., Stein, H.J., Geboy, N.J., Ruppert, L.F., Blake, B.M. Re- Os age for marine-influenced coal: Goldschmidt Conference, June 8-13, 2014, Sacra- mento, CA. 140. Wagner, R., Schmedemann, N., Neukum, G., Werner, S.C., Ivanov, B.~A., Stephan, K., Jaumann, R., Palumbo, P.Reassessing the Crater Distributions on Ganymede and Callisto: Results from Voyager and Galileo, and an Outlook to ESA's JUICE Mission to Jupiter. Division for Planetary Sciences Meeting Abst. 46, \#418.09. 141. Wagner, R.J., Schmedemann, N., Neukum, G., Werner, S.C., Ivanov, B.A., Stephan, K., Jaumann, R., Palumbo, P. Crater Size Distributions on the Jovian Satellites Gany- mede and Callisto: Reassessment of Galileo and Voyager Images, and an Outlook to ESA's JUICE Mission. European Planetary Science Congress 2014, EPSC Abstracts, Vol. 9, id. EPSC2014-551 9, EPSC2014. 142. Werner, S. C. Basin forming projectile populations on Moon, Mars, and Mercury through time \Asteroids, Comets, Meteors, Helsinki, Finland, August 2014 143. Werner, S.C. Basin Formation and Evolutionary History of Mercury. EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts 16, 5948. 144. Werner, S.C., Ody, A., Poulet, F. Linking Shergottites to the Mojave Crater: Constraints on the Martian Crust Age. AGU San Francisco, December 2014

145. Werner, S.C., Ody, A., Poulet, F. Mojave Crater, Mars, the Shergottites' Source Crater and Chronology Models. LPI Contributions 1800, 5062. Casablanca, Morocco, Meteo- ritical Society Meeting, September 2014. 146. Werner, S.C., Ody, A., Poulet, F. The Source Crater of Martian Shergottite Meteorites.\ EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts 16, 7990. (invited) 147. Zastrozhnov, D., Faleide, J.I., Abdelmalak, M.M., Theissen-Krah, S., Planke, S. Struc- ture and tectonic development of the Vøring Basin (off-Norway): regional overview and new data. 7th GeoSymposium of Young Researchers, 09-17 to 09-19 148. Zastrozhnov, D., Faleide, J.I., Theissen-Krah, S., Abdelmalak, M.M., Planke, S. Struc- ture and tectonic evolution of the Vøring Margin. EGU 2014, 04-27 to 05-02

Professors, Associate Researchers Number: 30 Man-years: 13,7 Employment pe- Months in Name. Title Project # % pos. Nationality riod 2014 Andersen, Torgeir B. Professor 1.3.13-28.2.18 7,5 UiO-IG 75 Norway Breivik, Asbjørn Ass. Professor 15.10.14-28.2.18 1,25 UiO-IG Norway Buiter, Susanne Adjunct Professor 1.3.13-31.12.14 2 152200-420973 20 The Netherlands Corfu, Fernando Professor 1.3.13-28.2.18 2 UiO-IG 20 Switzerland Dypvik, Henning Professor 1.3.13-28.2.18 3,5 UiO-IG 35 Norway Faleide, Jan I. Professor 1.3.13-28.2.18 3,5 UiO-IG 35 Norway Gabrielsen, Roy H. Professor 1.3.13-28.2.18 3,5 UiO-IG 35 Norway Gaina, Carmen Research Prof. 1.3.13-28.2.18 10 UiO-IG 100 Romania Kürschner, Wolfram Professor 1.3.13-28.2.18 3,5 UiO-IG 35 Germany Mazzini, Adriano Research Associate 1.3.13-31.12.17 2 152290-120000 20 Italy Stordal, Frode Professor 1.3.13-28.2.18 2,5 UiO-IG 20 Norway Trønnes, Reidar Professor 1.3.13-28.2.18 7,5 UiO-NHM 75 Norway Werner, Stephanie Ass. Professor 1.3.13-30.4.17 6 UiO-IG 100 Germany Durant, Adam Research Associate 1.5.14-31.12.14 1,5 143614 20 UK Fernandes, Vera Assis Res. Assoc. 1.2.14-31.12.14 11 SFF 100 USA Hannah, Judith Professor 1.3.13-30.6.16 6 421048 50 USA Hartz, Ebbe Professor 1.3.13-28.2.16 2,4 SFF 20 Denmark Jerram, Dougal Adjunct Professor 1.3.13-28.2.16 2,4 SFF 20 UK Lebedeva-Ivanova, Nina Res. Assoc. 8.10.13-7.10.16 12 143802 100 Russia Mazzini, Adriano Research Assoc. 1.3.13-31.12.17 10 650129 80 Italy Medvedev, Sergei Research Assoc. 1.7.13-30.6.15 2,4 SFF 20 Russia Medvedev, Sergei Research Assoc. 1.7.13-30.6.16 7,6 430283 80 Mohn Chris E. Research Associate 1.6.13-31.5.16 12 SFF 100 Norway Planke, Sverre Professor 1.3.13-28.2.18 2,4 SFF 20 Norway Polozov, Alexander Ass. Professor 1.3.13-28.2.16 2,4 SFF 20 Russia Spakman, Wim Adjunct Professor 1.3.13-28.2.16 2,4 SFF 20 The Netherlands Stein, Holly Professor 1.3.13-30.6.16 6 421048 50 USA Steinberger, Bernhard Adjunct Prof. 1.3.13-30.4.16 2,4 650060 20 Germany Svensen, Henrik Research Prof. 1.7.14-31.12.15 6 143614 80 Svensen, Henrik Research Prof. 1.3.13-30.11.16 6 143614 100 Norway Toohey, Matthew Research Assoc. 1.3.14 to 31.5.14 3 SFF 100 Torsvik, Trond H. Professor 1.3.13-28.2.16 12 SFF 100 Norway PhD students Number: 10 Man-years: 5,8 Periode (from- Name Months Project # % to) Baig, Irfan 1.9.13 -31.8.14 6 430283 100 Pakistan Baron, Marzena A. 1.9.13-30.11.16 12 UiO-IG-KD 100 Poland Channel, Kevin 23.2.14-31.10.14 10 650129 100 Indonesia Hansma, Jeroen 1.8.14 -31.7.17 5 SFF 100 Australia Jakob, Johannes 15.7.13 -14.7.16 12 UiO-IG -KD 100 Germany Karyono, 1.7.14 -30.6.17 8 650129 100 Indonesia Prieur, Nils C. 11.8.14 -10.8.17 4,5 143899 100 France Silkoset, Petter 30.9.13 -12.01.14 12 UiO-IG -KD 100 Norway Tan, Pingchuan UiO-IG -KD Zastrozhnov, Dmitry 1.10.12 -30.9.15 12 143536 100 Russia 69

Post doctor fellows Number: 11 Man-years: 10,0 Employment pe- Months in Name Project # % pos. Nationality riod 2014 Abdelmalak, M. Mansour 7.5.12-30.9.15 12 143536 100 Tunisia Bull Aller, Abigail 1.10.14-30.9.17 3 SFF 100 UK Bull, Abigail Aller 1.3.13-30.9.14 9 650060 100 Domeier, Mat 7.2.12-6.8.16 12 650060 100 USA Dubrovine, Pavel 1.7.14-31.12.14 4,5 650060 50 Russia Dubrovine, Pavel 1.7.14-31.12.14 1,5 143997 50 Dubrovine, Pavel 1.8.13-30.6.14 6 650060 100 Jones, Morgan 16.9.13 -15.9.16 12 143614 100 UK Minakov, Alexander 1.10.13-30.9.16 12 Vista Russia Rolf, Tobias 1.2.14-31.2.17 11 SFF 100 Germany Shephard, Grace 16.9.13-15.9.16 10 430298 100 Australia Shephard, Grace 1.11.14-30.5.15 2 143536 Theissen-Krah, Sonja 1.3.13-30.4.14 4 143536 100 Germany Thieulot, Cedric 1.1.12-31.12.14 12 650060 100 France Watson, Robin 01.03.13-28.2.16 6,0 NGU 50 UK Xiao, Zhiyong (Beary) 8.10.14-7.10.17 2,5 143899 100 China Master students Number: 11 Employment pe- Name Main supervisor riod Alsaif, Manar Aug 13-June 15 T.B. Andersen, Fritzell, Eva H. Aug 13-June 15 A. Aller-Bull Valrygg, Daniel Anger Aug 13-June 14 R. Trønnes Drescher, Hermann Aug 13-12 Sept 14 R. Trønnes Khalil, Zubair A. Minakov Enger, Anders S. Jan-14 til Des16 T.B. Andersen Kjelberg, Øystein Jan-14 til Des-17 T.B. Andersen van den Brink, Majkel Oct 14-June 15 H. Dypvik Angkasa, Syahreza (Reza) Saidina Jan 15-Dec 17 H. Svensen Eigenmann, Katharina Regula C. Mohn Odden, Guri J.I. Faleide Technical-administrative staff Number: 0,4 Employment pe- Months in Name Project # % pos. Nationality riod 2014 Aller, Eliah 1.3.13-30.7.15 5 152200-000000 50 USA Brånå, Thomas / Grete Andersen 1.3.13 til 28.2.18 3 25 Robson-Trønnes, Jennifer 1.10.13 - 31.3.14 3 UiO-IG 100 Canada Robson-Trønnes, Jennifer 1.4.14-31.7.14 4,5 UiO-IG 50 Robson-Trønnes, Jennifer 1.4.14-31.7.14 4,5 143997 50 Gørbitz, Trine-Lise K. 1.3.13 til 28.2.18 10 SFF 100 Norway

Post doctor fellows Number: 11 Man-years: 10,0 Hour-based salary Employment pe- Months in Employment pe- Months in Name Project # % pos. Nationality Name Project # % pos. riod 2014 riod 2014 Abdelmalak, M. Mansour 7.5.12-30.9.15 12 143536 100 Tunisia Kristiansen, Jørn Lecturer 1.1.14-30.6.14 3 SFF 50 Bull Aller, Abigail 1.10.14-30.9.17 3 SFF 100 UK Saunders, Gregory. M. 11.11.14-28.2.15 143536 50-100 Bull, Abigail Aller 1.3.13-30.9.14 9 650060 100 Guest researchers at CEED Number: 10 1,0 Domeier, Mat 7.2.12-6.8.16 12 650060 100 USA Employment pe- Months in Name Perm. Resedence Dubrovine, Pavel 1.7.14-31.12.14 4,5 650060 50 Russia riod 2014 Dubrovine, Pavel 1.7.14-31.12.14 1,5 143997 50 Leanza, Hector 20.6.14 til 19.9.14 Argentina Dubrovine, Pavel 1.8.13-30.6.14 6 650060 100 Gregorev, Svetoslav 5.11.14 til 5.1.15 US Jones, Morgan 16.9.13 -15.9.16 12 143614 100 UK Krummeck, William 6-16.4 South Africa Minakov, Alexander 1.10.13-30.9.16 12 Vista Russia Cox, Robin 21-28.11.14 UK Rolf, Tobias 1.2.14-31.2.17 11 SFF 100 Germany Larsen, Bjørn T. 20 % 2,6 Norway Shephard, Grace 16.9.13-15.9.16 10 430298 100 Australia Lengune Olivier 6 May-7 July 2 Strasbourg Univ. Shephard, Grace 1.11.14-30.5.15 2 143536 Markey Richard 12.8.13-28.1.14 US Theissen-Krah, Sonja 1.3.13-30.4.14 4 143536 100 Germany Roman Kulakov 9.6.12 til 30.7.12 2 Russia Thieulot, Cedric 1.1.12-31.12.14 12 650060 100 France Cebeki, Nalan -25.7.14 1 Turkey Watson, Robin 01.03.13-28.2.16 6,0 NGU 50 UK Halvorsen, Erik 20 % 2,6 Norway Xiao, Zhiyong (Beary) 8.10.14-7.10.17 2,5 143899 100 China Stipend abroad Months 6,0 Master students Number: 11 Employment pe- Months in Name Employment period 2014 Name Main supervisor riod Marzena Baron 6 Alsaif, Manar Aug 13-June 15 T.B. Andersen, Fritzell, Eva H. Aug 13-June 15 A. Aller-Bull Red: came and grey: left CEED in 2014 Valrygg, Daniel Anger Aug 13-June 14 R. Trønnes Drescher, Hermann Aug 13-12 Sept 14 R. Trønnes Khalil, Zubair A. Minakov Enger, Anders S. Jan-14 til Des16 T.B. Andersen Kjelberg, Øystein Jan-14 til Des-17 T.B. Andersen van den Brink, Majkel Oct 14-June 15 H. Dypvik Angkasa, Syahreza (Reza) Saidina Jan 15-Dec 17 H. Svensen Eigenmann, Katharina Regula C. Mohn Odden, Guri J.I. Faleide Technical-administrative staff Number: 0,4 Employment pe- Months in Name Project # % pos. Nationality riod 2014 Aller, Eliah 1.3.13-30.7.15 5 152200-000000 50 USA Brånå, Thomas / Grete Andersen 1.3.13 til 28.2.18 3 25 Robson-Trønnes, Jennifer 1.10.13 - 31.3.14 3 UiO-IG 100 Canada Robson-Trønnes, Jennifer 1.4.14-31.7.14 4,5 UiO-IG 50 Robson-Trønnes, Jennifer 1.4.14-31.7.14 4,5 143997 50 Gørbitz, Trine-Lise K. 1.3.13 til 28.2.18 10 SFF 100 Norway

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