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Foreign Correspondents in Francoist Spain

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Foreign Correspondents in Francoist Spain Foreign correspondents in Francoist Spain (1945-1975) Tobias Reckling This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of Portsmouth. March 2016 1 Abstract This thesis will examine the foreign press corps in Francoist Spain from 1945 until 1975. After the end of the Second World War, the Franco regime was internationally isolated as a result of its ties with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. However, the dictatorship returned to the international stage during the 1950s and managed to survive on the margins of the Cold War world order until the death of Franco in 1975. Throughout these 30 years and while never loosening its dictatorial control over Spain, the Franco regime continuously tried to improve its international position and image beyond mere toleration. Foreign correspondents were working at the centre of this balancing act. Against this backdrop, this thesis has two central aims. First, it will examine the regime’s policy towards the foreign press. The thesis will show that the Francoist authorities never fully accepted the foreign press corps’ work within Spain and tried to exercise control over the foreign press corps until the end of the regime. Throughout the regime’s internal and external development, however, the Francoist authorities adapted the means they employed. At the same time, conflicting interests and strategies within the Franco regime shaped its policy towards the foreign press. This thesis will further show that conflicts with correspondents partially had their roots in the importance of the foreign press, distributed within Spain, for the Spanish public in general and the political opposition in particular. Second, this thesis will examine the foreign press corps itself. The presence of correspondents in Spain reflected the international media interest and the Franco regime’s changing international perception. As this thesis will further show, the composition of the foreign press corps also reflected the right-wing dictatorship’s ideological orientation and changing foreign relations. Through the examination of the foreign press corps, this thesis will break new ground in the understanding of the Franco regime. It will do so based on archival research in Spain, Germany, France, and Great Britain as well as interviews with former correspondents. The thesis applies a mixed-method approach, combining concepts and methods from historical research and the social sciences. As such, it will also contribute from a methodological perspective to current research on foreign correspondence. 2 Contents Introduction 13 Literature Review 16 Concepts, approaches, and methods 24 Structure 35 Sources 35 1. Administering the foreign press in Francoist Spain 39 From the Civil War to the end of the Second World War 39 International isolation, 1945-1951 46 The Ministry of Information and Tourism, 1951-1962 54 The decay of the regime, 1969-1975 70 Conclusions 76 2. Representing Foreign Correspondents in FrancoistSpain: Organizations of Journalists 79 The Agrupación de Corresponsales de Prensa Extranjera 79 The Asociación de Corresponsales de la Prensa Iberoamericana 85 Towards a Club Internacional de Prensa 89 Conclusions 102 3. Foreign correspondents in Francoist Spain 105 Foreign Correspondents in Franco’s Spain 1945-1975: An Overview 106 US correspondents in Francoist Spain 114 European correspondents 121 Special relations: Latin America and the Arab world 135 Correspondents from Eastern Europe, Cuba and China 142 Conclusions 149 4. Inside the community of foreign correspondents 151 Accreditation times, employment status and career paths 152 Nationality and gender 167 Working conditions: Reporting from Francoist Spain 181 Conclusion 195 5. Reading the foreign news: The foreign press and the Franco regime 197 International Broadcasters 197 Distribution of and access to foreign print media 204 Foreign press and the Spanish opposition 210 Control of the foreign press by the Franco regime 225 Conclusion 231 3 6. Foreign correspondents and the Franco regime: between control and persuasions 233 From international isolation to the ministry of Manuel Fraga 234 Manuel Fraga and the Ministry of Information and Tourism, 1962-1969 249 The late Franco regime and the foreign press, 1969-1975 266 Conclusions 275 Conclusions 279 Bibliography 290 Unpublished sources and interviews 290 Published Sources 292 Literature 296 4 Declaration Whilst registered as a candidate for the above degree, I have not been registered for any other research award. The results and conclusions embodied in this thesis are the work of the named candidate and have not been submitted for any other academic award. 5 List of Abbreviations Agence France-Presse AFP Archivo Central del Ministerio de la Presidencia, Madrid ACMP Archivo del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores y de Cooperación, Madrid AMAE Archivo Fundación Nacional Franciosco Franco, Madrid AFNFF Archivo General de la Administración AGA Archivo General del Ministerio del Interior, Madrid AGMI Asociación de Corresponsales de la Prensa Iberoamericana ACPI Agrupación de Corresponsales de Prensa Extranjera ACPE Associated Press AP BBC Written Archive BBC WA Boletín Oficial del Estado BOE Bundesarchiv (Koblenz) BA Centre des Archives Diplomatiques (Nantes) CADN Club Internacional de Prensa CIP Comisiones Obreras CC.OO Deutsche Presse-Agentur dpa Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas CSIC DG for the Dirección General de Prensa (Directorate General for the Press) Press European Communities EC European Economic Community EEC Industriegewerkschaft Metall IG Metall Ministerio de Información y Turismo MIT National Archives, London NA Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei NSDAP New York Public Library, Manuscripts and Archives Division NYPL MAD 6 Oficina de Información Diplomática OID Partido Comunista de España PCE Partido Socialista Interior PSI Partido Socialista Obrero Español PSOE Partido Socialista Popular PSP Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amtes PAAA Radiotelevisione Italiana RAI Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands SPD Unión General de Trabajadores UGT United Nations UN United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNESCO United Press UP United Press Interntional UPI Vicesecretaría de Educación Popular VSEP Zweites Deutsche Fernsehen ZDF 7 Figures Figure 1: Foreign Correspondents in Spain, 1955-75 ..............................................................107 Figure 2: Media with correspondents in Spain and correspondents accredited per media, 1955-75 .........................................................................................................................................108 Figure 3: Foreign Media in Spain 1955-75: Geographical Regions........................................113 Figure 4: European Correspondents in Spain, 1955-75 ..........................................................123 Figure 5: Latin American Correspondents in Spain, 1955-75 ................................................137 Figure 6: Accreditation times of correspondents in Spain 1955-75 ...........................................154 Figure 7: Accreditation timesof full-time correspondents, 1955-75 .......................................155 Figure 8: Accreditation times of part-time correspondents, 1955-75 .....................................155 Figure 9: Distribution of foreign press in Spain in 1965 (by type) .........................................205 Figure 10: Distribution of foreign Press in Spain in 1965 (by print run) ..............................206 Figure 11: Foreign print media not authorized for sale in Spain in 1968 ..............................228 Figure 12: Foreign print media not authorized for sale in Spain, October 1975 ..................230 8 Acknowledgements This thesis would never have been realised without the support I received. Above all, I have to thank my supervisor Wolfram Kaiser for his guidance, support, and patience. His steadfast commitment to my project was crucial for the completion of this thesis. Among the researchers who have commented on this research project its early stages, I am particular thankful to Hartmut Kaelble, Juan Carlos Pereira Castañares, and Oliver Rathkolb. They not only provided valuable comments, but also invited me to stay as a visiting PhD student at their institutions. Jean-Pierre Dedieu introduced me to his database for historical studies, which became very useful for this thesis. I also thank the archivists, in particular at the Archivo del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores y de Cooperación and the Archivo General de la Administración, for their extremely helpful assistance. I am grateful to the former correspondents who have shared, sometimes for hours and repeatedly, their experience in Francoist Spain with me. The accounts of their life and working conditions under the Franco regime were of crucial importance for this thesis. I thank my parents, my grandmother and my brother for their encouragement and support. I thank my friends and above all Tim for bringing me back to a life outside of this thesis from time to time. My greatest debt, however, is to Agathe for her patience and support throughout the work on this thesis and for being there in good and in difficult times. Finally, I am also thankful for the funding I received from the Centre for European and International Studies Research, University of Portsmouth, the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, the German Academic Exchange Service, the German Historical Society,
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