Freedom of Association

with regard to Political Parties and Civil Society in the Middle East, North Africa, and the Gulf: A literature review

By

Mona Marshy, PhD [email protected] (613) 236-1571

For

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) 250 Albert Street Ottawa, ON K1G 3H9

April 2005

1

Table of Contents

2

I. Introduction 3

II. Freedom of association – A review of the literature

Democratization: 60 Minutes

1 4

5

Definition and legal framework of the right to freedom of association:

2 6

- - 7

3 What is the state of the right to freedom of association in the Arab world?

3 8

per se 4

4 9

Assessing the efficacy of civil societies: informal 10

khubz 11

12

lead under the right conditions 13

diwaniyyas 14

vice versa . Diwaniyyas 15

Table 1: Civil Society Trajectory

Oman, Libya, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, the UAE Diwaniyyas,

Kuwait, Bahrain

Tunisia

Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Yemen - -

Morocco, Lebanon, Palestinian Territories - - 16

17

Links between civil society, political parties, and democratization:

18

Political parties in the Middle East and North Africa: 19

WafdDusturNeo-DusturIstiqlal zu’ama’ 20

21

luttes de clans 22

Political participation in Gulf states: 23

Islamic movements and democratization: 24

25

5 6 26

Arab Human Development Report 2004 27

Islamic NGOs:

28

What role for youth?

29

Threads in the literature: Arab Human Development Report 2004 30

31

III. Recommendations

Linking civil society and democratization to wider and underlying problems:

• •

Building dialogue: • • Fostering legal protection: • • 32

Political parties and political party-systems: • • • - - - Islamist movements:

• • • 33

Youth:

• • • •

APPENDIX A: Middle East regional and international organizations working on issues of freedom of association, drawn from the literature reviewed NGOs Source Projects General Info NGOs Source Projects General Info 35

Organization Source Projects General Info Purpose 36

37

38

39

40

Program Activities:

Civil Society:

Good Governance/Transparency: 41

Organization Source Projects General Info NGO Source Projects General Info 42

International Donors 43

44

APPENDIX B: Regional Overview of Political and Governmental Mechanisms 45

majles 46

47

majles) 48

49

APPENDIX C – Country Profiles ALGERIA département d’outremer 51

52

fatwa hijab 53

54

BAHRAIN, KUWAIT, and QATAR Bahrain 55

The Arab Gulf States Steps Toward Political Participation majlis. 56

Routine majlis al-shura

7 8 57

Routine Abuse, Routine Denial: Civil Rights and the Political Crisis in Bahrain Routine 58

quda quda quads Social Source General Info stratification 59

60

EGYPT infitah 61

62

63

Waqf 64

65

infitah 66

67

68

Legislation Source General Info 69

70

shari’a 71

IRAN

72

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electorate president cabinet majlisparliament 73

Guardian Council Assembly of Experts Supreme Leader armed forces, judiciary Expediency Council 74

maslaha

75

hejab Women in Iran: Gender Politics in the Islamic in Iran: Emerging Voices in the Women’s Movement

9 Women, Islam, and the State Middle East Journal 76

bonyads waqf 77

shuras 78

79

International Agencies in Iran 80

IRAQ 81

82

YEMEN 83

ta’awuns 84

References

Middle East Studies Association Bulletin, 38

Middle East Review of International Affairs

Constitutions in a Nonconstitutional World: Arab Basic Laws and the Prospects for Accountable GovernmentComparative Politics

International Political Science Review

Real Civil Societes: Dilemmas of Institutionalization

Middle East Policy, 7

Civil Society in the Middle East, Volume One,

International Journal of Middle East Studies

Women’s Human Rights net The rule of Law in the Arab World: Courts in Egypt and the Gulf

Political Liberalization and Democratization in the Arab World, Volume 2: Comparative Experiences

Political Liberalization and Democratization in the Arab World, Volume 1: Theoretical Perspectives 85

Political Liberalization and Democratization in the Arab World, Volume 1: Theoretical Perspectives

Middle East Report Civil Society in Yemen: The Political Economy of Activisim in Modern Arabia ta’awuns Political Liberalization and Democratization in the Arab World, Volume 2: Comparative Experiences

Political Liberalization and Democratization in the Arab World, Volume 1: Theoretical Perspectives

Comparative Political Studies, 37

Civil Society in the Arab World: Laying the Foundations of Indigenous Democracy

Policy Review

Democratization, 11 86

Civil Society in the Middle East, Volume Two,

Christian Science Monitor

Dangerous Alliances: Media, Civil Society, and Democratization in North Africa

Conditions of Liberty, Civil Society and its Rivals

Journal of Democracy

Arab Studies Quarterly, 19

Middle Eastern Studies, 37

Third World Quarterly, 21 87

Journal of Social, Political & Economic Studies, 19

Third World Quarterly

International Journal of Middle East Studies, 28

Carnegie Papers Journal of Democracy

Middle East Journal

Archives Europeennes De Sociologie, 42 88

Egyptian Politics: The Dynamics of Authoritarian Rule

Journal of International Affairs, 57

Middle East Policy,

Political Liberalization and Democratization in the Arab World, Volume 2: Comparative Experiences

Comparative Politics

Political Parties and Political Development

International Journal of Middle East Studies, 33

Muslim World, 94

Civil Society in the Middle East, Volume Two,

Middle East Report

A Political Economy of the Middle East: State, Class, and Economic Development 89

Middle East Report

Civil Society in the Middle East, Volume Two,

International Journal of Middle East Studies,

Critique: Critical Middle Eastern Studies, 13

New York Times, 152

Convergence

Foreign Affairs

Avenues of Participation: Family, Networks, and Politics in Urban Quarters of Cairo

New Statesman, 134

Political Parties of the Middle East and North Africa

Muslim World, 86 90

Arab Human Development Report 2004: Towards Freedom in the Arab World

Arab Human Development Report 2003: Building a Knowledge Society

World Press Review, 50

Islamist Mobilization in Turkey: A Study in Vernacular Politics.

Third World Quarterly,

91

References in appendices, and further sources from a literature search of IDRC databases (abstracts generated by RefWorks):

Third World Quarterly, 18

Index on Censorship, 26

Peace & Conflict, 5

Transnational Associations, 50

Critique,

Human Rights Quarterly, 23 92

Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 9 Arab Mass Media: Newspapers, Radio, and Television in Arab Politics

Women's International Network News, 26

Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, 22

Bahrain country report on human rights practices for 1997

News for You, 50

Middle East Reporter Weekly, 75

New York Times, 154 93

Mediterranean Quarterly, 11

Christian Science Monitor, 93

Third World Quarterly,

International Journal of Middle East Studies, 33

Wall Street Journal - Eastern Edition, 236

Letter From Algeria,

Foreign Policy,

Human Rights Quarterly, 16 94

Middle East Report, 20

International Journal of Middle East Studies, 32

Turkish Studies, 3

Turkish Studies, 3

Comparative Politics

The Rule of Law in the Middle East and the Islamic World: Human rights and the Judicial Process

Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, 22

Chronicle of Higher Education, 46 95

Mediterranean Politics, 6

Journal of International Affairs, 57

International Journal of Middle East Studies, 33 `

Journal of International Affairs, 57

International Journal of Middle East Studies, 27

European Journal of Women's Studies, 12 Women in Iran: Gender Politics in the Islamic RepublicWomen in Iran: Emerging Voices in the Women's Movement

MIDDLE EAST INTERNATIONAL,

Middle East Journal, 57 96

Journal of Democracy, 14

International Sociology, 6

Middle Eastern Studies, 35

Humanities

New York Times, 145

Christian Science Monitor, 88

Third World Quarterly, 18 97

New York Times, 154

Journal of International Affairs, 57

Gender Politics in Sudan: Islamism, Socialism and the State International Journal of Middle East Studies, 30

Journal of International Affairs, 57

Women of Jordan: Islam, Labor and the Law H-Net Reviews in the Humanities & Social Sciences,

American Political Science Review, 91 `` `

Middle East Report, 26

Journal of Black Studies, 20

Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 27 98

Democratization, 9

Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, 24

Identities, 9

Women in Action,

Turkish Studies, 3

Turkish Studies, 3

Journal of International Affairs, 57 99

Middle Eastern Studies, 30

Middle East Reporter Weekly, 71

Anthropology Today, 16

Dilemmas of Democracy and Political Partisan Sectarian Societies: The Case of the Progressive Socialist Party of ebanon, 1949-1996 International Journal of Middle East Studies, 31

MIDDLE EAST STUDIES ASSOCIATION BULLETIN, 32

Contemporary Marxism,

Middle East Journal, 48

Women in Kuwait The Politics of Gender.

Middle East Journal, 47 `

Turkish Studies, 3 100

Journal of Democracy, 13

Journal of International Affairs, 57

Power versus choice: Human rights and parliamentary elections in the Islamic republic of Iran

Civil Society, Democracy and the Muslim World Civil Society in Yemen: The Political Economy of Activism in Modern Arabia British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies,

Washington Report on Middle East Affairs

MESA Bulletin

Arab Studies Quarterly, 12

Iran: Power Versus Choice: Human Rifhts and Parliamentary Elections in the Islamic Republic of Iran 101

NPQ: New Perspectives Quarterly, 10 `

Women's International Network News, 29

Social Research,

Off our Backs, 34

Times Higher Education Supplement,

MIDDLE EAST STUDIES ASSOCIATION BULLETIN, 32

Feminist Review, 102

Muslim World, 95

civil society

Turkish Studies, 3

Comparative Political Studies, 27

Arab Studies Quarterly, 15

Civil Society in the Middle East, Volume Two 103

Islamic Fundamentalism, Feminism, and Gender Inequality in Iran Under Khomeini

Current History, 103

State Formation in Palestine: Viability and Governance during a Social Transformation

British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 24

Iranian Studies, 38

MIDDLE EAST STUDIES ASSOCIATION BULLETIN, 36

Turkish Studies, 3

Political Liberalization and Democratization in the Arab World 104

Political Liberalization and Democratization in the Arab World, Volume 2: Comparative Experiences

Off our Backs, 34

Middle East,

Middle East,

Critical Sociology, 31

Wall Street Journal - Eastern Edition, 244 105

Wall Street Journal - Eastern Edition, 244

Race & Class, 46

Middle East Journal, 57

Middle East Journal, 57

International Journal of Human Rights, 7

Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 30 106

`

Feminist Review,

Convergence, 33

Christian Science Monitor, 89

Démocratie et movement associatifs en Algérie

Middle East Policy, 5

Civil Society, Democracy and the Muslim World.

Journal of International Affairs, 57 107

Comparative Studies in Society & History, 47

Middle East Journal

Middle East Policy, 11

The Arab Gulf states: Steps toward political participation; foreword by majid khadduri

Human Rights Quarterly, 19

Feminist Review, 108

Foreign Affairs, 74 `

Middle East Journal, 39

Reproductive Health Matters, 8

Lancet, 356

Turkish Studies, 3

MIDDLE EAST STUDIES ASSOCIATION BULLETIN, 32

Humanist, 64

New York Times, 154

American Journal of Political Science

Women's Studies Quarterly, 31 109

Gender & Development, 11

JOURNAL OF DEVELOPING SOCIETIES, 8

International Journal of Middle East Studies, 26

International Journal of Middle East Studies, 26

New York Times, 152

Women in Iran: Emerging Voices in the Women’s Movement

Women in Iran: Gender Politics in the Islamic Republic

Feminist Studies, 23

Women's Studies International Forum, 26 110

Law & Society Review, 36

Law & Society Review, 36

Women in Arab society: Work patterns and gender relations in Egypt, jordan and sudan

Feminist Review, 111

Journal of International Affairs, 57

Journal of International Affairs, 57

International Journal of Middle East Studies, 28 `

British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 31

ABA Journal, 90

Routine abuse, routine denial: Civil rights and the political crisis in Bahrain 112

Journal of Palestine Studies, 31

World Politics, 49

International Journal of Human Rights, 8

International Journal of Middle East Studies, 33

Current History, 99

Middle East Journal, 49 ``

Middle East Journal, 49 113

Development and Socioeconomic Progress

Wall Street Journal - Eastern Edition, 238

Social Research, 69

Social Research, 69

Social Research, 69

New Statesman

Middle East, 114

MIDDLE EAST STUDIES ASSOCIATION BULLETIN, 38

Arabica, 52

Middle East Policy, 8

Women's International Network News, 22 `

New York Times, 154

Journal of Democracy

H-Net Reviews in the Humanities & Social Sciences, 115

World Today, 61

Off our Backs, 24

Turkish Studies, 3

New York Times, 153