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Political Parties in Conflict-Prone Societies

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Political Parties in Conflict-Prone Societies United Nations University Press is the publishing arm of the United Nations University. UNU Press publishes scholarly and policy-oriented books and periodicals on the issues facing the United Nations and its peoples and member states, with particular emphasis upon international, regional and trans-boundary policies. The United Nations University was established as a subsidiary organ of the United Nations by General Assembly resolution 2951 (XXVII) of 11 December 1972. It functions as an international community of scholars engaged in research, postgraduate training and the dissemination of knowledge to address the pressing global problems of human survival, development and welfare that are the concern of the United Nations and its agencies. Its activities are devoted to advancing knowledge for human security and development and are focused on issues of peace and governance and environment and sustainable development. The Univer- sity operates through a worldwide network of research and training centres and programmes, and its planning and coordinating centre in Tokyo. Political Parties in Conflict-Prone Societies Political Parties in Conflict-Prone Societies: Regulation, Engineering and Democratic Development Edited by Benjamin Reilly and Per Nordlund United Nations a University Press TOKYO u NEW YORK u PARIS 6 Centre for Democratic Institutions (CDI), International Institute for Democ- racy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA), and United Nations University (UNU), 2008 The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not nec- essarily reflect the views of the Centre for Democratic Institutions (CDI), Inter- national Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA), or United Nations University (UNU). United Nations University Press United Nations University, 53-70, Jingumae 5-chome, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8925, Japan Tel: þ81-3-3499-2811 Fax: þ81-3-3406-7345 E-mail: [email protected] general enquiries: [email protected] http://www.unu.edu United Nations University Office at the United Nations, New York 2 United Nations Plaza, Room DC2-2062, New York, NY 10017, USA Tel: þ1-212-963-6387 Fax: þ1-212-371-9454 E-mail: [email protected] United Nations University Press is the publishing division of the United Nations University. Cover design by Mea Rhee Cover photograph by Jocelyn Carlin/Panos Pictures Printed in Hong Kong ISBN 978-92-808-1157-5 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Political parties in conflict-prone societies : regulation, engineering and democratic development / edited by Benjamin Reilly and Per Nordlund. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-9280811575 (pbk.) 1. Political parties—Developing countries. I. Reilly, Ben. II. Nordlund, Per. JF60.P6425 2008 324.20917204—dc22 2008023990 Contents Figuresandtables..................................................... vii Contributors........................................................... ix Acknowledgements . ............................. xii Part I: Introduction ................................................... 1 1 Introduction . ............................. 3 Benjamin Reilly 2 Party regulation and constitutionalization: A comparative overview ........................................................... 25 Ingrid van Biezen 3 Comparative strategies of politicalpartyregulation............. 48 Matthijs Bogaards Part II: Regional experiences ........................................ 67 4 Political engineering and party regulation in Southeast Asia . 69 Allen Hicken 5 Regulating minority parties in Central and South-Eastern Europe ............................................................. 95 Florian Bieber v vi CONTENTS 6 Political parties in conflict-prone societies in Latin America . 126 Matthias Cato´n and Fernando Tuesta Soldevilla 7 Party regulation in Central and Eastern Europe and Latin America: The effect on minority representation and the propensity for conflict ............................................. 158 Jo´hanna Kristı´nBirnir 8 Party regulation and political engineering in Papua New GuineaandthePacificislands.................................... 182 Henry Okole 9 Party regulations, nation-building and party systems in southernandeastAfrica ......................................... 201 Denis K. Kadima Part III: Thematic perspectives ...................................... 221 10 Party regulation and democratization: Challenges for further research............................................................ 223 Iain McMenamin 11 Party regulation in conflict-prone societies: More dangers than opportunities? . ................................................... 242 Vicky Randall 12 International support for political party development in war- tornsocieties ...................................................... 261 Krishna Kumar and Jeroen de Zeeuw 13 Conclusion ........................................................ 286 Per Nordlund Index .................................................................. 306 Figures and tables Figures 2.1 The body of party law . ....................................... 30 4.1 Changeinvolatilityovertime ................................. 82 10.1 The standard model of parties and democratization . 225 Tables 2.1 Legal frameworks of party financing in liberal and electoral democracies .................................................... 35 2.2 The constitutional regulation of political parties in liberal democracies .................................................... 38 3.1 A briefmenuofchoice ........................................ 51 4.1 Ethnicandreligiousdiversity.................................. 71 4.2 Democracy in Southeast Asia . ................................ 72 4.3 Aggregative tendencies in Southeast Asia . .................. 77 4.4 Lowerchamberelectoralvolatility............................ 80 5.1 Majorities and minorities in Central and South-Eastern Europe.......................................................... 98 5.2 Electoral systems in Central and Eastern Europe, 2007 . 104 5.3 Minority participation in governments in Central and South-EasternEurope ......................................... 115 6.1 Developmentanddemocracyindicators...................... 127 6.2 Overview of the political systems in Latin America . 130 6.3 Legalrequirementsfortherecognitionofparties............ 136 vii viii FIGURES AND TABLES 6.4 Legal references to the participation of indigenous populations . .................................................. 145 6.5 Regulationofinternaldemocracy............................. 146 6.6 Mechanisms for choosing candidates, authorities and minority representation in the electoral processes of Andean countries . ........................................... 150 6.7 Choosing presidential candidates in the Andean region ..... 151 7.1 Somecommonballotaccessrequirements.................... 159 7.2 Ethnic diversity in Central and East European countries that did not experience significant sustained ethnic conflict priortothemostrecentdemocratization..................... 166 7.3 Ethnic diversity in Latin American countries that did not experience significant sustained ethnic conflict prior to the mostrecentdemocratization .................................. 167 7.4 Some principal party formation rules in Central and EasternEurope ................................................ 169 7.5 Party formation requirements in Central and Eastern EuropeandtheRoma......................................... 171 9.1 Aspectsofpartyformationregulations ....................... 208 10.1 Partyregulationsandpartycharacteristics ................... 228 10.2 Interactionofelectoralsystemsandpartyregulation........ 232 10.3 Distanceandpartyregulation................................. 234 Contributors Benjamin Reilly is Director of the author of International IDEA’s 2007 Centre for Democratic Institutions report Political Parties in Africa: and Professor of Political Science in Challenges for Sustained Multiparty the Crawford School of Economics Democracy.Heiscurrentlythe and Government at the Australian Senior Programme Manager for National University. He is the International IDEA’s initiative on author of six books and over 60 Research and Dialogue with journal articles and book chapters Political Parties. on issues of democratization, constitutional reform, party politics, Florian Bieber is a Lecturer in East electoral system design and conflict European Politics at the University management, and he has advised of Kent, UK, specializing in inter- many governments and international ethnic relations, institutional design organizations on these subjects. and former Yugoslavia. Hislatestbookisastudyof democratization and political reform Ingrid van Biezen is Reader in in the Asia-Pacific region, Comparative Politics at the Democracy and Diversity: Political University of Birmingham, UK, Engineering in the Asia-Pacific and is the author of Political Parties (Oxford University Press, 2006). in New Democracies (Palgrave Per Nordlund holds a PhD in political Macmillan, 2003) as well as various science from Uppsala University in articles on political finance, party Sweden. His previous work has organization and party membership been on democratization and local in journals including Party Politics, democracy in Africa and he is a co- the European Journal of Political ix x CONTRIBUTORS Research and West European Denis K. Kadima is the Executive Politics. Director of EISA (formerly Electoral Institute of Southern Jo´hannaKristı´nBirniris an Assistant Africa). Since joining EISA in Professor
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