298 ECOLOGÍA TRÓFICA DE Manuelia (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE)

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298 ECOLOGÍA TRÓFICA DE Manuelia (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE) ECOLOGÍA TRÓFICA DE Manuelia (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE): ACTIVIDAD DE FORRAJEO Y ANÁLISIS PALINOLÓGICO Luis Flores-Prado. Instituto de Entomología, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Av. José Pedro Alessandri 774, Santiago, Chile. [email protected] Resumen. El género Manuelia presenta tres especies distribuidas en Chile central principalmente. Las hembras exhiben el patrón típico de construcción de nidos de especies solitarias, los cuales son aprovisionados con masas de alimento constituidas fundamentalmente por polen. Considerando que las tres especies nidifican en los mismos ambientes, emergen como adultos en el mismo período y forrajean sobre las mismas especies vegetales, cabe preguntarse si éstas difieren o no en sus patrones diarios de actividad de forrajeo, y si las variables abióticas están asociadas a la actividad de visitas florales. Además, dado que durante el período de aprovisionamiento del nido la oferta de recursos varía en diversidad y abundancia, es interesante determinar si M. postica, especie cuya biología es la mejor conocida, presenta un patrón oligoléctico o polilectico, y si las masas de alimento construidas en diferentes períodos varían en composición o tamaño. Nuestros resultados abren interesantes cuestionamientos respecto de los escenarios ecológicos involucrados en la diferenciación de nicho entre las especies de Manuelia. Palabras clave: abejas solitarias, nidificación, polen. Abstract. The Manuelia genus contains three species found mainly in Chile. The females exhibit a nesting pattern usual in non- social life, provisioning their nests with food masses constructed by pollen grains, mainly. The three Manuelia species nests in the same environments, emerges as adults in the same period and visits the same plant species to collect food resources. These observations lead to the following questions: do females of each species, found in the same environment during the breeding period, show differences in foraging activity patterns? Do the abiotic variables correlate with the foraging activity? In addition, during the food provisioning period the floral resources are variable in terms of diversity and abundance. In this context, the following questions will be addressed in M. postica, the more studied species: do females exhibit an oligolectic or polilectic behavior? Are food masses constructed in different periods similar in composition or size? Our findings open interesting questions on the ecological scenarios involved in the niche differentiation among Manuelia species. Key words: solitary bees, nesting, pollen. Introducción La Familia Apidae está constituida por tres subfamilias de las cuales Xylocopinae es la más basal filogenéticamente y está compuesta por cuatro tribus (Michener, 2007). La tribu Manueliini se encuentra distribuida principalmente en Chile, aunque también se ha registrado en Argentina (Daly et al., 1987) y está representada por un único género, Manuelia, que a su vez contiene tres especies: M. gayatina, M. gayi y M. postica (Sakagami y Michener, 1987). Las hembras presentan un comportamiento de nidificación característico de las especies solitarias, el cual sigue el siguiente patrón: perforación de un sustrato vegetal seco (rama, tallo o tronco), excavación y construcción de un túnel o galería, aprovisionamiento de alimento en forma de una masa de polen, postura de un huevo sobre esta masa, construcción de un tabique con restos de material vegetal que fue removido y repetición de esta secuencia. De esta manera, los nidos de Manuelia exhiben una o más galerías compuestas por celdas dispuestas en serie, una al lado de la otra, separadas por tabiques construidos con partículas de madera (Daly et al., 1987; Flores-Prado et al., 2008a). Considerando que en abejas solitarias las larvas consumen la masa de alimento elaborada por la madre, el aprovisionamiento del nido y con ello la actividad de forrajeo, es clave en su ciclo vital ya que es la forma de entregar recursos alimenticios a su descendencia, incrementando así la posibilidad de sobrevivencia de la progenie hasta la siguiente época de reproducción (Wilson 1971; O´Neill, 2001). Por esta razón, las hembras de estas especies invierten la mayor parte de su tiempo en construir y aprovisionar sus nidos (Morato y Martins, 2006). 298 Por otra parte, la actividad de forrajeo efectuada por las hembras, tanto para su propia alimentación (mediante consumo de néctar) como para el aprovisionamiento del nido (mediante colecta de polen), se ve influenciada por diversos factores tales como las características florales (estímulos visuales y químicos) y las características del ambiente abiótico. En cuanto a estas últimas, la variación de temperatura floral influye en la elección que las abejas realizan de flores con la misma recompensa nutricional (Dyer et al., 2006). En este contexto, un aspecto relevante de la ecología trófica de las especies de abejas solitarias, cuyas hembras requieren alimentarse de néctar y aprovisionar a su progenie con masas de polen, es el efecto de factores abióticos sobre las visitas efectuadas, las cuales se espera varíen durante diferentes horarios. Considerando que las tres especies de Manuelia nidifican en los mismos ambientes, emergen como adultos en el mismo período y obtienen recursos de las mismas especies vegetales, es importante preguntarse por los rangos horarios en que las especies de Manuelia visitan las flores de Alstroemeria ligtu, especie vegetal importante para la obtención de polen y néctar, y por el posible efecto de las variables ambientales abióticas en los eventos de visita, con el objeto de detectar posibles diferencias interespecíficas en sus patrones de actividad de forrajeo. Considerando además que la biodiversidad floral varía a lo largo de la temporada, en cuanto a riqueza específica y abundancia relativa, y tomando como modelo la especie Manuelia postica (especie mejor conocida en cuanto a su biología), resulta interesante preguntarse por las características que exhiben las masas de alimento fabricadas por las hembras, en cuanto a su composición taxonómica, peso y cantidad de granos de polen. Hasta el momento, Manueliini ha emergido como un grupo clave para estudiar la evolución de la sociabilidad de Apidae, ya que ha sido hipotetizado como el grupo hermano de los demás Xylocopinae (Flores-Prado et al., 2010) y, aunque presenta hábitos de vida solitaria, en M. postica se han descrito algunos rasgos precursores de la sociabilidad (Flores-Prado et al., 2008a), demostrándose la capacidad de reconocimiento de compañeras de nido, y también de parientes, como ocurre en especies altamente sociales (Flores-Prado et al., 2008b; Flores-Prado y Niemeyer, 2010). No obstante, no se conocen antecedentes respecto de su ecología trófica asociada a su biología de la nidificación. Materiales y Método Se efectuaron salidas al campo entre Noviembre y Diciembre de 2009 a la Reserva Nacional Río Clarillo, ubicada en la precordillera andina en la Región Metropolitana, Chile (33º 51'S; 70º 29'O), localidad donde se observaron flores de Alstroemeria ligtu visitadas por hembras de Manuelia postica, M. gayi y M. gayatina. Se seleccionaron agrupaciones de plantas de A. ligtu florecidas, denominadas en términos operacionales “parches”, las cuales fueron observadas de manera continua durante media hora. Se registraron las visitas realizadas por las hembras y se midió el tiempo de estadía de cada abeja en las flores. Se registró la Temperatura y Humedad Relativa para cada permanencia. Se diseñó un método balanceado de muestreo de modo que se obtuvo un total de 5 parches por cada hora del día, desde las 09:00 A.M. hasta las 19:00 P.M., en todo el período de observación. Durante el período de construcción y aprovisionamiento de los nidos de M. postica (Septiembre – Diciembre del 2009), se efectuaron visitas al sector “Altos de Vilches” ubicado en en la Cordillera de los Andes, VII Región del Maule, Chile (35º 29`S; 70º 58`O), y se colectaron 10 tallos de Chusquea quila con nidos M. postica, que fueron trasladados al laboratorio. Se extrajeron las masas de alimento elaboradas por las hembras, se identificó su posición en el nido 299 respecto al orificio de entrada y se midió el peso seco de cada una de ellas. Posteriormente, las masas fueron tratadas con Lactofenol para el conteo e identificación del polen bajo microscopio, en cámaras de recuento. Adicionalmente, se colectaron anteras desde las flores, visitadas o no visitadas por M. postica, para su posterior comparación con el polen de las masas de alimento. Se efectuaron pruebas de normalidad y homocedasticidad, para seleccionar los métodos de inferencia estadística a utilizar. Para comparar el tiempo de permanencia, así como el número de visitas, entre las especies de Manuelia sobre las flores de A. ligtu, se efectuaron pruebas U de Mann Whitney entre cada par de especies y para cada rango de horario. Para comparar las temperaturas en que las especies de Manuelia visitaron flores de A. ligtu, se efectuó una prueba de Kruskal-Wallis y el método de Dunn para las comparaciones múltiples. Para la comparación del peso de las masas respecto a su posición en el nido, se efectuó una prueba de Kruskal-Wallis y el método de Dunn para las comparaciones múltiples. Además se efectuó una correlación de Sperman entre el peso de las masas y el número de polen de las mismas. Resultados Los resultados del número y la duración de las visitas de M. postica, M. gayi y M. gayatina sobre flores de Alstroemeria ligtu, se presentan en las figuras 1 y 2, respectivamente. Las comparaciones de los valores de número de visitas, y duración de las mismas, en los diferentes rangos horarios, arrojaron diferencias sólo entre algunas especies. En este sentido, la mayoría de las diferencias significativas se presentaron al comparar M. gayi con M. postica, y con M. gayatina. Los resultados estadísticos de las comparaciones se presentan en los cuadros 1 y 2, respectivamente. Las temperaturas en las que las especies de Manuelia visitan flores de A. ligtu difieren significativamente (H=124,018, p=<0,001), existiendo diferencias entre M. gayi y M. gayatina (Q=2,595; p<0,05) y entre M.
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