The Melittologist's Newsletter Ronald .J. McGinley. Bryon N. Danforth. Maureen .J. Mello Charles D. Michener Deportment of Entomology Entomological Museum. Snow Hall Smithsonian Institution. NHB-105 University of Kansas Washington. DC 20560 Lawrence. KA 66045 NUMBER-4 Summer,1991 EDITORIAL COMMENTS THE BEES OF MEXICO Cooperative Survey of the Bees "Melissa of Mexico Funded By Wallace E. LaBerge Fo.Jnstlcs Section. State Natural History S...Vey Division. tJ:J7 E. Pect>ody', is Back" Champcign. lllnols. 61820. USA In the fall of 1986, during the second PCAM meeting in the state of Quintana Roo, Mexico, it was dedded that The editors ofMelissa apologize for the lengthy delay W.E. LaBerge and RJ. McGinley would prepare a proposal in the publication ofMelissa 4. Thanks to the help of requesting funds from the National Sdence Foundation to Maureen Mello and Bryan Danforth, Melissa is back on support a survey for the native bees of Mexico. This track, and will continue as a regular newsletter for the proposal was submitted in 1987 and was not funded A dissemination of information on the study of solitary and revised proposal was submitted in 1988 and was again social bees world-wide. Please send us articles on collecting turned down. A third proposal was prepared and trips, museum resources, past, present and future research, submitted in 1990 and has been funded starting in the and anything which would be of general interest to bee summer of 1991 for two years. The proposal was submitted researchers. We plan to have the 1992 issue out by the through the University of lllinois in Urbana and will be beginning ofthat year. We would like to thank George L administered at the Natural History Survey located on the Venable for his expert assistance in the preparation ofthis University campus by W.E. LaBerge. This grant will provide newsletter. funds to do several things listed and briefly discussed In this issue we are pleased to announce that the below. United States National Science Foundation has funded a 1. Fust, travel money will be available to collect bees two year cooperative study ofthe bees of Mexico. The and assodated data. This, of course, is the heart of the Prindpal Investigators on the grant are Wallace LaBerge proposal. We hope to be able to strengthen several of the and Ronald McGinley (see article below). · North American collections in their holding of native La Programa Cooperativo sobre Ia Apifauna Mexican bees. Approximately half of all collections will · Mexicana, or PCAM, traces its beginning to a meeting held eventually be returned to Mexico (to the Universidad · in Chamela, Jalisco in 1985. At that meeting PCAM was Nadonal Autonoma de Mexico or to other national insect formed as an informal organization to discuss and collections). Sdentists leading the native bee surveys need . organize long term cooperative studies ofthe Mexican bee to agree to this stipulation, in order to receive funds from fauna. Because of the devastating earthquake which the grant. In addition, the proposal sped.fies that holotypes occurred a few weeks prior to the meeting, many interested ofspedes described from material resulting from this Mexican scientists were unable to attend A second survey should be deposited in the collection ofthe lnsituto workshop was held in Quintana Roo in October, 1986. A de Biologia, UNAM, in Mexico Oty. third meeting was held at Chamela in July 1989 and a 2. Computer data management of all collections will fourth meeting at Hermosillo, Sonora, in July, 1990. The be centered at the Natural History Survey. Data (on discs, objectives of PCAM, established at the first two meetings, on paper, etc.) from all collections will be sent to LaBerge to are described in the accompanying article. Requests for be entered into the PCAM data bank on Mexican bees. information regarding PCAM should be sent to George These data will be available to all PCAM members, and Eickwort (Cornell University) or Jerome Rozen, Jr. other sdentists interested in bee research. (American Museum of Natural History).· 3. The grant has some funds for purchase of a vehide that will be used for field trips to collect bees. This vehicle, after the two year grant or any renewals has expired, will *** belong to UNAM and remain in Mexico. MELISSA

4. Funds are available to support a graduate student informal committee to advise on all policy matters from Mexico at the University of illinois for two years. We involving this grant, and additional Mexican committee ,hope that a suitable student will apply soon. members will be added after consultation with our 5. Some funds will be used to support hourly workers Mexican counterparts. Dr. Rozen will lead the first SUIVey and a data entry person at the Natural History Swvey. trip under the auspices of this grant in August of this year These workers will process bees (pin, label, etc.) for to the arid northern regions of Mexico. collections from trips led by investigators who do not have facilities or the resources to do this work, or who want help in this regard. 6. The grant states that all faunal studies, species lists,or keys to Mexican bees resulting from this study will be published in Spanish with English summary and that *** other papers in which species or nesting biologies are desaibed will be published in either Spanish of English, depending upon nationality of the author, and summaries provided in the alternate language. COLLECTION AND Four objectives of PCAM were agreed to by partidpants COLLECTING of the first two PCAM meetings. These are: (1) investigation NEWS of the taxonomic diversity and distribution of the bees of Mexico, (2) establishment and enhancement of permanent Catalog of Type Depositories of Bees collections ofbees in Mexico, (3) investigation of the in America North of Mexico biology and ecology of Mexican bees, and (4) by establishment of a training program designed to Sandra Shanks strengthen the Mexican base of expertise on bees. Depatment of Biology. Horney Science Center. The last objective has been supported by the lkllverslty of SCrl Francisco. Smithsonian International Exchanges Program (grants to San Francisco. CA. 94117-1000, USA Ronald McGinley) which provided support to teach and train Mexican students in bee systematics and in field The updating of the Catalog of Type Depositories of Bees techniques at meetings held in Olamela and Hermosillo. It mAmerica North of Mexico is essentially complete. Ron is hoped that the present NSF grant will advance this McGinley is assisting with arrangements for the objective by providing the possibility for a Mexican student Smithsonian to publish the catalog. To make sure that to earn an advanced degree. Also, Mexican students will types of your newly described spedes or lectotype be supported by funds from the grant to partidpate in the designations published since 1982 are induded, please field trips. They are encouraged to take part and will be welcome partidpants. send a reprint or reference as soon as possible. My sincere thanks go to all who responded to my letter The first two objectives will be directly supported by oflast summer by sending reprints and information to me. this NSF grant. Collections of Mexican bees will be Ubrary fadlities here at "PseudcHJ" are woefully lacking, enhanced, both in the United States and in Mexico. The and time to visit other libraries is virtually non-existent. third objective, although not directly addressed by our grant proposal, will also be advanced. In collecting native Your help made the updating considerably easier for me. bees in Mexico, It is expected that floral data will be collected with all specimens. Ifthe plants being used by the bees are unknown, specimens of the plants will be collected for identification later. It is hoped that a botanist may be induced to accompany the group for part or all of each lhe Brethes Types of Apoidea trip. Also, any nesting bees will be noted, perhaps studied in the MACN Collection at the time (depending upon the discretion of the group by leaders), and data entered into our data bank so that the .blgeF.~ site may be revisited. M.Jseo Argentino do Oenclas Natlsc:ies. Av. Angel Gallado 470. A protocol has been designed to collect and record data Casillo Correo 220. SJcursal5, from every major collecting site. This indudes check-off 14l5 Buenos ~es. Argentha items such as a list of plant communities, geographic location of the site, date, etc. There is space on the protocol Between 1901 and 1927, Juan Brethes published 77 for recording specific locations of such items as nesting . papers in which he desaibed 893 new spedes of sites, specific plant dominants at the site, and other Hymenoptera. Most of the types were deposited in the pertinent information. This protocol is essential, we believe, Museo Argentino de Oendas Naturales (MACN) where he for data management, labelling of specimens and worked, building up one of the most important collections relocation of sites. of Hymenoptera from South America. W.E. LaBerge, RJ. Mc.Ginley {Smithsonian Institution), When Brethes died, nobody paid attention to his J.G. Rozen {American Museum of Natural History) and collection for about fifty years, until M.A. Fritz began to George Eickwort (Cornell University) will setve as an arrange it and made the first alphabetical files.

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Brethes used to put a small label with a number on Melissodes sobrinus Brethes, 1910 {+) each Insect in his collection. He registered each number in Melissodes sparsus Brethes, 1910 {+) a notebook with a determination and a copy of this Melissodes rufithorax Brethes, 1910 {+) notebookis kept at MACN. The number label is critical for MelissoptUa argentina Brethes, 1910 {+) detennining the "type" status of Brethes material because MelissoptUa fiebrigi Brethes, 1910 {+) he rarely identifies specimens with name labels, and his MelissoptUa inducens Brethes,1910 {+) local1ty labels were less complete than Information in the Melissoptila inducens Brethes, 1910 {+) original desaiptions. Definitive decisions on all "types" w1ll MelissoptUa malvacearum Brethes, 1910 {+) have to be made by specialists after comparisons with the Melitoma nigrotarsalis Brethes, 1910 {+) original desaiptions. Nomada costalis Brethes, 1909 {+) Brethes, 1909 list species names are given in their Parapsaenythia paraguayae In the following fiebrigi Brethes, 1909 (+) original combination without considering subsequent Protodiscelis albidohirta Brethes, 1910 (+) nomendatoiial manges and synonyms. A plus sign {+)at Ptilothrix PtUothrix chacoensis Brethes, 1910 the end ofan entry indicates that there is typical material {+) sign means that Ptilothrix lynchii Brethes, 1910 in the MACN collection. The absence of a {+) has not been found In some cases such PtUothrix megasoma Brethes, 1910 the type material 1910 {+) may simply repose in our collection undetected, Svastra ameghinoi Brethes, material Brethes, 1909 (+) or it may have been borrowed without a record Svastra apicalis Svastra basirufa Brethes, 1910 (+) A corresponding Ust of Brethes aruleate wasp types Svastra brachyura Brethes, 1910 (+) and a complete Ust ofBrethes papers on Hymenoptera are Svastra corduvensis Brethes, 1910 {+) given in SPHECOS 20 {September, 1990), available on Svastra mimetica Brethes, 1910 {+) · request from Arnold Menke {SEUUSDA, c/o National Svastra patagonica Brethes, 1910 {+) Museum ofNatural Histoxy, Smithsonian Institution, Svastra segmentaria Brethes, 1910 Washington, DC, 20560, USA). Svastra subapicalis Brethes, 1910 {+) Svastra tucumana Brethes, 1910 (+) APOID'EA Tetralonia chubutina Brethes, 1910 {+) Tetralonia fulva Brethes, 1910 {+) Ancyloscelis videlai Brethes, 1914 {+) Tetralonia saltensis Brethes, 1910 {+) Ancyloscelis bonariensis Brethes, 1910 Tetralonia sobria Brethes, 1910 {+) Anthidium caroliameghinoi Brethes, 1903 Tetralonia spegazzini Brethes, 1910 (+) Anthophora escomeli Brethes, 1920 {+) Tetralonia squalida Brethes, 1910 (+) Anthophora arequipensis Brethes, 1920 {+) Tetralonia tomowii Brethes, 1910 (+) Arhysosage johnsoni Brethes, 1922 Tetralonia vara Brethes, 1910 {+) Augochlora (Tetraechlora) porteri Brethes, 1914 {+) Tetrapedia tarijensis Brethes, 1910 Augochlora proserpina Brethes, 1909 {+) Trigona bipundata limae Brethes, 1910 (+) Augochlora clonia Brethes, 1909 (+) Trigona martinezi Brethes, 1920 (+) Augochlora phylacis Brethes, 1909 {+) Tyreothremma paraguayensis Brethes,1909 (+) Augochlora videlai Brethes, 1914 Xylocopa paraguayensis Brethes, 1909 (+) Bombus peruvianus Brethes, 1920 {+) Xylocopa bellula Brethes, 1916 (+) Callonychium argentinum Brethes, 1922 {+) Xylocopa boliviano Brethes, 1916 (+) Coelioxys fiebrigi Brethes, 1909 Xylocopa guarantica Brethes, 1916 (+) Epeolus arechavaletai Brethes, 1909 {+) Xylocopa martinezi Brethes, 1916 (+) Epeolus merus Brethes, 1909 {+) Xylocopa rotundisouta Brethes, 1916 (+) Eulonchopria psaenythiodes Brethes, 1909 {+) Exomalopsis ascendens Brethes, 1910 Exomalopsis latifasdata Brethes, 1909 {+) Exomalopsis latifasdata sororrula Brethes, 1909 {+) Exomalopsis pampeana Brethes, 1910 {+) Exomalopsis solitario Brethes, 1910 (+) Field Trip to Argentina: Exomalopsis spedazzinii Brethes, 1910 (+) The Pleasures of the Panurginae Exomalopsis testaceinervis Brethes, 1910 (+) bV Exomalopsis trifasdata Brethes, 1910 {+) JeiOme ~.Rozen, Jr. 1909 {+) Depatment of Entanology. Leptergatis fiebrigi Brethes, 1he American MLJSei.ITI of Nof\sal Hstory. Leptometria gigantea Brethes, 1920 {+) Cen1Tal Park West at 79th Street. Leptometria lynchii Brethes, 1910 {+) New York. New York 10024-5192 1910 {+) Leptometria mendoza Brethes, At the end of March 1990, I returned from a second Leptometria patagonica Brethes, 1910 {+) field trip, of a month's duration, to the northwestern Leptometria singularis Brethes, 1910 {+) Leptometria tarijensis Brethes, 1910 {+) provinces ofArgentina. this expedition followed a visit Leptometria tucumana Brethes, 1910 {+) there in October-December 1989. On both trips I was Macroglossapis buccosa nigriventris Brethes, 1910 {+) accompanied by Arturo Roig-Alsina {Department of Megachile verrocosa Brethes, 1909 {+) Entomology, Snow Entomological Museum, University of Melissodes gratiosus Brethes, 1910 {+) Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045), who is a Specialist on Number 4- 1991 -3- MELISSA parasitic bees. The purpose of both trips was to amy out Bee Research in India studies dealing with the comparative nesting biology, by mating behavior, fioral preferences and immature stages RaJv K. GYpla of panurgine bees. The investigations were sponsored by Lecturer. P.G. Depatment ofZoology Rq Rlshl (Autonomous) Colege. Nwor 301001. the National Geographic Society. Luisa Ruz {Laboratorio hdlo de Zoologla, Univeridad Cot,lica de Valparalso, Olile) I have been collecting and identifying non-apid joined the expedition for about a week, and we were briefly bees, espedally Megachllidae, from throughout India accompanied on a side trip to the high Andes by since 1980. Thanks to all apoid Manfredo Fritz (Ministerio de Educadon, Consejo workers for their cooperation in this effort. I can now identify any megachllid collected in Nadonal de Investigadones Oentificas y Tecnicas, Insituto India, and shall be happy to de Investigadones Entomologicas Salta). do so. Recently, I received finandal assistance for the continuation of The bee fauna of northwestern Argentina is this research. I would be grateful to anyone sending recent surprisingly rich in species and genera. As an example, reprints on bee research, or apoid catalogues. only four spedes of Callonychium had been desaibed from Argentina, one ofwhich is assignable to the subgenus Paranychium. As the result of these trips we identified 8 or 9 new spedes of Callonychium and 6 of these belong to the subgenus Paranychium. Specimens of 3 undesaibed panurgine genera were also collected. This wealth ofnew taxa indicates that previous researchers in Argentina Perdita Nesting Sites by concentrated on large bees and overlooked smaller spedes. Bryan Dcnorth The moral of the story: ifwe are going to understand the Depatment of Entomology. diversity of the bee fauna ofthe world, we S'nlthsonion hsl1tulion. 105 NHB, must not Woshhgton. DC 20560 overlook the smaller species. Finding nests of solitary or communal ground nesting bees can be very frustrating business. This frustration can be greatly magnified when the bees are minute and the areas available for nesting are vast Bees at Canberra It is becoming increasingly evident that the nesting by R. P. Macfarlane biology of bees in the genus Perdita shows great variability New Zealand Depatment of Sclen1111c with some spedes exhibiting flightless, macrocephalic and Industrial Research, Plant Protection, males which remain in the natal nest, and considerable Private Bog. CtYistctuch. New Zealand interspecific variation in the numbers offemales inhabiting nests. In order to find out more about In the spring of 1988, I visited canberra to attend the the nesting biology of this genus ofbees, I would general assembly of the International Union of Biological like to know oflocalities where nests have been found, or sites which Sdences as the delegate of the International Commission support large Perdita populations. Please send information of Bee Plant Relationships. On October 15-16, modest to the above address. numbers of 2 medium-sized halictid species were collected I am particularly interested in the subgenus from a range of flowers, but only mint bushes Prosanthera Pseudomacrotera (Perdita turqiceps) which ocrurs in Inyo, supported more than one spedes. No colletids or other San Bernardino and Riverside counties, California. native bees were active. One or two hover fly spedes visited Any help would be gratefully received the various flowering Eucalyptus, Grevillea, Telopea, Indigofera, Phebelium, and apple flowers. In October in New Zealand, Lasioglosswn would have been foraging on at least some of these flowers. At the Australian National Insect Collection, Ust of Endangered Species Entomology Division, CSIRO, cardale is completing a by catalogue of Australian Apoidea. Most of the 10 drawers of Ronald J. McGinley non-Australian bees are from Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, the Solomon Islands and Malaysia. There was The Department of the Interior has published a list of one drawer ofbumble bees, mainly with older exchange endangered vertebrates and invertebrates which indudes spedmens. The drawer with carpenter bees Xylocopa had bees such as Perdita hirticeps, P. scitula antiochensis, Bombus about 200 bee specimens. Any lack ofbees from the Cocos, tranklini and fifty-seven spedes of Nesoprospis from Hawaii. Ouistmas and Norfolk Islands should not be due to an For further information contact Mr. William Knapp, Olief, insuffident collecting effort as there were extensive Division ofEndangered Spedes and Habitat Consetvation, collections of robber flies from these islands, but no U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C. 20240. spedmens of Asilidae from Lord Howe Island 70~235-2771 or ITS 23~2771.

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RESEARCH NEWS SWngltUp:RecentPe~pecHveson Colony Growth and Reproduction In Bumble Bees Molecular Genetics of Apis me/litera by Richard M. Fisher' a Nelson PomefoV2 Genome Mapping Department of Botany a~d Zoology. by Massey lkllverslty. Wlnlrred w. Doane Palmerston North. New Zeaancl Department ofZoology. 1 Present address: Department of Biology. Acadia UnlverSty. WoiMIIe. Urive~Wty ofArizona. Tucson. PiZ.. 85721 Nova Scotia. CANADA BOP IXO 2 Emal address: N.PomeroyOMossevAC.NZ My laboratory has become actively Involved In research on the molecular genetics of the honey bee, Apis We weloome this opportunity to infonn Melissa mellifera L, In recent years, and I am now planning a readers of oollaborative work we have oonducted recently major program to physically map the genome of the in our ongoing bumble bee domestication research. While honey bee. This will be In oollaboration with Dr. Charles P. We appear to have solved many of the intransigent Milne, Jr., at Washington State University and with the problems which have previously limited attempts to oooperation of the Carl Hayden Bee Research Laboratory mClSH'eal' bumble bees for applied pollination purposes, in Tucson, Arizona, and the nearby Center for Insect there is one partirular aspect of Bombus biology to which · Sdence at the University of Arizona. We would like the we keep returning: that of worker numbers. Uke oolonies of oooperation and Input ofother honey bee researchers other annual sodal insects, those of Bombus vary Interested in bee genetics for this program to be a sua:ess. tremendously in tenns of the number ofworkers each · As a newcomer to bee genetics, I find it an exdting produces, and our domesticated species, B. terrestris, is no challenge and believe that the time is ripe to prepare exception. While we are now quite profident at starting molecular linkage maps for the 16 chromosomes that and maintaining oolonies on a large scale, we still lack make up the honey bee genome. I have been developing oontrol over how large a given oolony will beoome (i.e., strategies on the best way to do this and, with the help of how many workers it will have produced before the onset Dr. Mllne and others, I believe we am begin to make ofmale and queen production). We believe the following headway In honey bee genetics. Having spent a long influences are important and need further investigation: career In the developmental and molecular genetics of Drosophila melanogaster, I believe that I shall be able to 1) The role ofoompetition in limiting colony oontribute significantly to the sua:ess of this project productivity. Here we define productivity as the total I would appredate input and oomment from anyone biomass of workers and reproductives produced in a given interested in bee genetics. nest While much of our research has been directed towards greenhouse pollination, we have placed bumble bee oolonies in the field for kiwifruit pollination trials, and to minimize labour oosts have allowed the bees to maintain themselves outdoors during the long New Research at the USDA Bee Lab. Zealand spring. These oolonies show oonsiderable variance Weslaco, TX in oolony productivity even though they have all been by treated the same way prior to placement outside. We Evan A. !kJgden UIDA-ARS Honey Bee Relearch. oonsider the role of intra- and interspedfic rom petition to 2413 E. Hwy. 83. be very important in mediating these size differences and Weslaco. 1X 78596 at the same time acknowledge rompetition as perhaps the Currently I am a Research Associate at USDA-ARS thorniest influence to examine experimentally in the field Honey Bee Lab, Weslaoo, TX. My responsibilities indude Bumble bees do not appear to be very bold practitioners of maintenance ofthe Afrlcanized honey bee trap line along interference oompetition, although references to · the Texas-Mexia> border, feral honey bee studies, and interference effects on their foraging behaviour appear oontributing to the African Honey Bee selective abatement from time to time in the literature (e.g. Thomson 1989). Pilot Project My other interests indude feral honey bee Thus, oompetition effects on oolony size are likely to be ecology, theoretical and applied pollination, no~Apis subtle and hard to prove. Observations of differences in mellifera bee biology, espedally allodapine species (in oolony productivity (Fisher &:: Pomeroy 1989) or foraging partirular the Australian genus Exoneuro and allies) and effidency (Plowright et al. 1978) between areas of Megac:hilidae. My previous appointments indude Exotic apparently different oolony densities suggest a food supply Pest Analysis Staff, California Department of Food and limitation effect on oolony size, although we arestill unable Agrirulture 1987-88, post-doctoral studies (honey · to demonstrate that rom petition is the underlying process bee-native and bee oompetition), Australian Museum, · which limits food supply. David Woodward, a PhD student Sydney, New South Wales, 198S-87, and private at Massey, has recently studied the possible displacement apirultural development, Dubai, United Arab Emirates of Bombus terrestris from Borage officinalis flowers by honey 1984-85. bees as the temperature increases during the day. 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2) The timing ofreproduction In limiting worker pre-worker oolonies and observing the effects of our numbers. A large problem that we and others working in 'insubordination'on queen behaviour and reproduction. this area have faced is that bumble bee oolonies in many Our results (Fisher & Pomeroy 1990) indicate that B. cases do not follow the 'bang-bang' strategy of optimal terrestris queens are capable of sexing larvae, and that the reproduction, first espoused by Oster and Wilson (1978). In presence of reproductive brood at times when it doesn't contrast to their view that it is in the oolony's best interest normally ocrur produces anomalies in brood rearing. to rear the worker 'factory' before using it to rear While experiments like these don't tell us how to stop reproductives, we find that reproductives, partirularly oolonies from reprodudng early, they do provide males, often trickle out of a oolony's reproductive assembly · information about some of the underlying proximate_ line at irregular intervals. Some spedes seem to be more mechanisms whidl may influence the cessation of worker prone to doing this than others. Tantalizingly, other production in favour of males and queens. Larval rutirular Bombus spp. (and Vespula spp.; Albert Greene, personal hydrocarbon profiles may provide the basis on which communication) DO seem to follow.the Oster and Wilson, disaimination by adult bees is made; profiles differ "workers-first' reproductive Slrategy. significantly in terms of the types of oompounds produced What influences this early pattern of reproduction, and by eadl sex. Dr. David Greenwood (Department of is there anything we can do to oontrolit, in order to Scientific and Industrial Researdl, Biotedl Division, produce oolonies whidl are ridl in workers? Early, or Palmerston North, New Zealand) is amently assisttng us staggered reproduction may be a oonsequence of the battle with dlemical analyses. between the queen and her workers for the oontrol of Another approadl we are employing to study reproductive investment in a bumble bee oolony. Iflarval temporal trends in bumble bee reproduction is a ejection, oophagy and out-and-out fisticuffs among the oonsideration of heritable factors. Sudl factors are often bees are any indication of this battle, it must surely be a overlooked in short-term studies, but are more accessible to ferodous and potentially debilitating one in many Bombus us now that better methodologies for long-term Bornbus species (and again, tantalizingly, not sudl a source of rulture are available. We hope that selective mating contention in others). In one approadl, ruckoo bumble experiments w1ll demonstrate to what extent oolony size is bees (Psithyros spp.) were used to assay possible limits on oontrolled by these factors, and whether artifidal selection worker numbers, based on the supposition that these among queens is a viable and desired option. parasites, whidllive in prolonged intimacy with their hosts, would likely reflect the ways in whidl reproductive 3) Environmental influences. It is in this area that we conflict limits oolony size and reproduction. The results feel the greatest immediate gains in knowledge regarding indicate that it is difficult for sodal parasites to effectively vartable oolony size can be made. Proximate external police a large oolony of host bees, and that the smaller size factors affecting oolony growth are rather malleable of bumble bee oolonies parasitized by Psithy1US, whidl has experimentally. Bumble bees, for example, harbour a often been reported in the literature, may be a compromise veritable witch's brew of internal and external parasites between decreased reproductive output and better overall which may act alone or in concert to debilitate the health oontrol of host bees by parasites. of bees and hence their brood-rearing capabilities. We Large colonies are unwieldy replicator vehides for any have ooncentrated on studies of Nosema bombi, a individual, partirularly the queen, whidl would attempt to oosmopolitan microsporidian whidl is of spedal interest monopolize brood rearing for its own reproductive interests because it appears to weaken bumble bees but not in the face of large numbers of disaiminating and often necessarily to kill them outright. Further, its effects can be insubordinate nestmates. Although in New Zealand the oontrolled through antibiotic treatment, allowing us to very largest tmestris oolonies usually produce many manipulate its epidemiology to some extent. Bumble bee hundreds of queens, and the smallest produce none, there tradleal mite (Bombac01US buchnen) is another parasite is great vartation in sex ratio in the intermediate sizes. whidl we view with suspidon in terms of possible effects on Unlike honeybees, whidl use worker police to maintain a oolony size. External agents whidl affect 'vigour'·have type of'oommunity conscience' about male production long been thought to influence oolony growth, but to our (Ratnieks and Visscher 1989), anardly appears to be the knowledge remain unquantified parameters in sodal name of the game in Bombus sodeties once the queen has insect population biology. The parasites we have lost her ability to dominate workers. What promotes mentioned appear to rely on transmission via fall queens, long-term dominance by the queen and relative stability and as sudl are ideal candidates for a sublethal infection in bumble bee sodal sbucture? We are very keen to obtain whidl may affect oolony strength without killing all the an answer to this question. nest members. The ability to disaiminate the sex and parentage of So far, our attempts to inorulate bees with Nosema eggs and larvae, representing the offspring of many spores have met with mixed results. like other intimate ·possible reproductive rivals within the nest, is an expected host-parasite relationships, heritable resistance may oonsequence of conflict and has been our seoond approadl romplicate inorulation procedures and success. Is the in exploring oolony size. We have tried to meddle with disease absent in many springqueens, for instance, colony ontogeny by adding male and female larvae to because they have not had oontact with it, or because they

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are reslstant to it? As a consequence, much of our Nosema ADVANCES IN ELECTRONIC research has involved post hoc analysis to compare observed inddences of infection with colony performance COMMUNICATION in the field (Hsher & Pomeroy 1989). Catherine Mdvor is continuing this work as on MSc thesis at Massey University. Rapid Social Communication Our results so far suggest that it may be difficult to among bee researchers tease apart the various, possibly interactive factors via worldwide computerized networking affecting bumble bee colony size. Nonetheless, bV investigations in this area must continue Ifwe are to E.E. Southwick Depafment of Biology succeed in controlling bumble bee colony growth in the State Urlverslty of New York following important areas: reliability and predictability. College at Brockport. NV 14420 l&. There is now the availability of an electronic References rommunication network to help bee researchers to keep abreast of developing events in research and to keep in Fisher, R.M. and N. Pomeroy. 1989. Indpient colony better contact with each other. This electronic network manipulation, Nosema inddence and colony allows for vecy rapid spread of information and access to productivity of the bumble bee Bombus terrestris. J. electronic file transfer among professional electronic mall Kansas Entomol. Soc. 62:581-589. addresses. This system is now up and running ... worldwide. Fisher, R.M. And N. Pomeroy.l990. Sex disaimination and I am writing to encourage all researchers to "subscribe" to infontidde by queens of Bombus terrestris the network (which means get yourself into the system). A (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Anim. Behav. 39:801-802. brief description follows along with the directions on how Oster, G.F. and 'E.O.Wllson. 1978. Caste and. ecology in to get on (for BITNET users, or EARN users in European the sodal insects. Princeton Univ.Press, New Jersey. countries). Ifyou are unsure of your electronic mall status Plowright, R.C., B.A. Pendrel and I.A. McLaren. 1978. The (most university campuses in the United States are on impact of aerial fenitrothion spraying upon the BITNET), check with your campus computer people and population biology of bumble bees (Bombus show them this publication. You must have access to a Latr.:Hym.) in south-western New Brunswick. Can. terminal or a modem on a micro-PC. We might be able to Ent. 110:1145-1156. give access in the future to other systems induding public Ratnieks, F.LW. and P. Kirk Visscher. 1989. Worker polidng or commerdal bulletin boards. in the honeybee. Nature 342:796-797. list Thomson, J.D. 1989. Reversal of appparent feeding The communication System: BEE-Lis a network file preferences of bumble bees by aggression from dedicated to research and information concerning the bees Vespula wasps. Can. J. Zool. 67:2588-2591. biology of BEES! This indudes solitary and even sodal (and maybe even wasps). We communicate about sodobiology, behavior, ecology, adaptation/evolution, genetics, taxonomy, physiology, pollination and nectar/pollen biology. Also, it is a great way to announce Future Directions of Bee Research in by meetings and professional opportunities, seek help 1he EdltorJ research work or research funding, and discuss ideas. In the previous section we presented short accounts of How to subscribe: research in progress. In the spirit of R.P. Macfarlane's artide You need to send a message via BITNET to : on imporant and unsolved problems in bee research type in» USTSERV@ALBNYVMl (Melissa 3), we again encourage people to send us their then type >>SUB BEE-I. your full name opinions on the future directions of bee research. What are · the most important, and critical areas ofbee research? ·Then you are oil! It is that simple. Sit back and enjoy Given finite resources, what questions demand the attention receiving the messages from BEE-I.! of researchers, and what areas ofresearch are the most likely to yield significo.nt advances in our understanding of How to unsubscribe: bee biology and evolution? Is the ultimate question in bee you need to send a message via BITNET to: biology, ..why do some bees collect a small·subsample of all type in>> USTSERV@ALBNYVM1 available pollens available (i.e., oligolectic species) while then type>> SIGNOFF BEE-I. others collect a wide variety (polylectic species)?" Or are the How to send a message to somebody else: phylogenetic placement ofthe family Colletidae, or the You need to send a mall via BITNET to: shortage of parasitic species in Australia,· the crudal,· · ,· type in » BEE-l.@ALBNYVMl (note: not USTSERV) the type in your message>> unanswered questions. We hope this section of the future newsletter will provide a forum for people to discuss and it goes out to evecyone. You may send an entire text research projects and potential areas of rollaboration. file (ASOI) instead of, or in addition to, a message. Number 4 - 1991 -7- MELISSA

How to get professional addresses so you can send a Evolution and behavior ofmacrocephalic males in message to just one specific person: Perdita. B.N. Danforth, Dept Entomol., Smithsonian Inst, You need to send a message via BllNET to: NHB-105, Washington, DC 20560 type in>> USTSERV2ALBNVVM1 then type>> REVIEW BEE-L Multimodal size distributions ofbee faunas of North America and elsewhere. J. Seger, &. J. Burner, Dept Bioi., and you get back the list ofsubsaibers' addresses and Univ. Utah, Salt Lake Oty, UT 84112, J. W. Stubblefield, names. Contributions sent to this list are automatically CERA, Olarles Square, 20 Univ. Dr., Cambridge, MA 02138 ardlived &. V. J. Tepedino, USDA Wild Bee Labs, UMC 53, Utah State You can obtain a list ofthe available archive files Univ., Logan, UT 84322. by sending: Modelling parental investment cell consttuction and INDEX BEE-L command to USTSERV2ALBNVVM1. sex ratios. R.W. Rust, Dept Bioi. Univ. Nevada, Reno, NV These files can then be retrieved by means of a 89557~15. command: GET BEE-t filename Trap-nesting bees: when are the ecological interpretations qualitative, quantitative or artifidal? P.F. More information may be obtained from the Torchio, USDA Wild Bee Labs, UMC 53, Utah State Univ., snail-mail address above. Logan, UT 84322. Ecology and origins ofmites in solitary bee nests. G.C. Eickwort, Dept Entomol., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, New York 14853. Evolution ofdeptoparsitism in bees. B.A. Alexander, Dept. Entomol., Univ. Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045. ***

Non-Apis Bees and Their Role as MEETING ANNOUNCEMENTS Crop Pollinators Logan, Utah in August, 1992 Ecology of Non-Social Bees by John D. Vandenberg Reno, Nevada in December, 1991 Bee Biology and Systematics Lob. (Symposium for Section C, 1991 Utct'i State UnlverSty. LogCI'l, Utah. ~10 ESA meetings) An International Workshop on Non-.4pfs Bees and Their role as Crop Pollinators will be held in Logan, Organizers: Utah, USA in August, 1992. Its purpose will be to fadlitate Jim Cane. Dept. Entomol. exchange of current information on all aspects ofbee Aubum l..hlv. Aubl..m. AL 36849-5413 Tele: 205 844-2559 biology and to improve prospects for establishing non-Apis bees as crop pollinators. The four~ay workshop will Rich Rust. Dept. Bioi. Unlv. of Nevada. Reno. rN 89557-al 15 indude both invited symposia and contributed papers. Tele: 702784-6188 Informal meetings and small workshops are encouraged and will be fadlitated English will be the language ofthe Pollen-foraging of spedalist and generalist bees at workshop. SolanlD11. S.L Buchmann, USDA ARS, Carl Hayden Bee The meeting will be hosted by the Bee Biology and Research Labs, 2000 E. Allen Rd., Tucson, AZ 85719 &. J. H. Systematics Laboratory (USDA Agricultural Research Cane., Dept Entomol., Auburn Univ, Auburn, AI Service} and by Utah State University, Logan, Utah The 36849-5413. mnferenc:e will take place on the University campus where Bees as herbivores: reproductive consequences of food services and living accommodations will be available. pollen spedalization. J.H. Cone, Dept Entomol., Auburn Off campus housing can also be obtained Univ., Auburn, AL 36849-5413 &. J. A. Payne, S' east Fruit DAY 1 will be devoted to the biology, nest assodates &. Tree Nut Research Labs, P.O. Box 87 Byron, GA 31008. and management ofleafrutting bees (Megachile). DAY 2 will be set aside for similar discussions of other pollinators, Native bees as pollinators ofendangered plants. V.J. induding Bombus and Osmia. DAYS 3 and 4 will be Tepedino, USDA Wild Bee Labs, UMC 53, Utah State Univ., reserved for bee ecology, behavior, evolution, biosys­ Logan, UT 84322. tematics and other basic research topics.

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Logan is situated in a beautiful valley in the Wasatch BOOK REVIEWS Mountains of northern Utah. Typical August weather is dry with warm days and oool nights. Commercial alfalfa seed fields pollinated by the alfalfa leafcutting (M. bee New From Cc:mbridge Press rotundata) can be visited within a half~ay drive ofLogan. The Edinburgh Building. Shaftesbury Rood. Cambridge Many outdoor activities are available, and seven U.S. CB22RU National Parks are within a one-day drive. · Telephone (0223) 312393 To be put on the mailing list for future announcements and for further information, please rontact: Dr. John D. Published June 1987: Vandenberg, USDA-ARS Bee Biology and Systematics Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA, 84322-5310. BUMBLEBEES Ollv8f Prp-Jones and Sarah A. Corbet. Depatment of Applied Biology. University of Ganbr1dge

Bumblebees are attractive and conspicuous insects and Social Insect Studies in the Soviet Union mn often be identified without being caught Their ·Rybnoe (Ryazan District) behaviour is readily observed and they form ideal subjects for field studies. This book introduces bumblebee natural in September. 1992 history, emphasizing . by topics that offer scope for further Vladllen E. Klpyatkov research. lhe keys, supported by illustrations in colour and Department of Entomology. FaciJty of black and white, are designed to enable the reader to Biology. Leningrad State l.Jnlverslty. UnlverStefskayo nab.• 7/9. Lenlngad. 199034. name the British spedes easily and reliably. By induding U.S.S.R. keys, techniques and references as well as ideas, the book aims to encourage and fadlitate individual studies of The All-Union 'Entomological Society Section for bumblebee biology by students at schools and universities the Study ofSodal Insects was organized in 1989. lhe and others interested in natural history. First Colloquium of the Section was held in Leningrad 2-8 October, 1990. lhe partidpants of the Colloquium have READERSHIP: school biologists, entomologists, beekeepers, elected the Coordination Coundl ofthe Section (9 · amateur and professional ecologists, university students for members; chairman-Dr. Vladilen E.. Itermites and wasps presented to Colloquium are printed 210 x 148mm c. 96 pp. c. 80 line diagrams 4 colour plates now in the Proceedings ofthe First Colloquium (Leningrad, 1991, 212 pp., in Russian with fnglish CONTENTS: summaries for the most papers; available from V. E. Editors' preface Ind 3 The natural history oftrue bumblebee (Bombus) Colloquium ofthe Section will be organized in September, 4 Nests and their establishment in captivity . · 1992 in Rybnoe (Ryazan Distrlct, about 160 Ian from 5 Cuckoo bumblebees (Psithyrus), parasites and nest Moscow). We would be happy to see our colleagues from associates other rountries among the partidpants ofthe Second 6 Foraging behaviour · Colloquium. Interested persons and institutions may 7 Identification contact with Dr. Vladilen E.. I

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Recent Apoid Literature: 1987-1990 Abrol, D. P. (1988). Pollination studies in almond (Prunw byThe Ecftors cmygdalw L). Current Sd., India, 57(7), 397-398. The following list ofreferences has been mrnplled Abrol, D.P. (1988). Significance ofthermal and visual con­ primarily from the National Agrirultural library's straints on the pollination activity ofAndrena ilerda computer-based bibliographic retrieval system, aswell as Cameron J. Anim. Morpho!. Physiol., 35(1), 7-10. from reprints or lists ofpapers kindly sent to us by Abrol, D.P. (1989). Studies on emlogy and behavior ofin­ subsaibers. Papers dealing spedfically with the sect pollinators frequenting strawbeny blossoms commercial aspects ofApis mellifera orMegachile rotundata and their impact on yield and fruit quality. Trop. have not been induded, but papers ofgeneral biological Ecol., 30(1), 96-100. interest have been induded. Key words induded most bee Abrol, D. P., & Bhat, A. A. (1989). Xylocopa valga new­ genera, familial and subfamilial names as well as record Gerstacker (Hymenoptera, Anthophoridae) pollination biology and bee/plant interactions. We admit from India. Curr. Sd., 58(1), 41. in advance that these dtations have not been dlecked for Abrol, D.P., & Kapil, R P. (1987). Factors affecting accuracy. pollina­ . tion activity ofMegachile lanata I..epel. Proc. Indian At present the roughly 800 references shown below are Acad Sd. Anim. Sd., 95(6), 757-770. induded in a single file created by v. 1.4 ofthe Abrol, D. P., & Kapil, R P. (1988). Pollination studies bibliographic software package Pro-ate (Address: P.O. in Box Crotalaria juncea L Sd. Cult, 54(7), 243-244. 4250, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48106; 31~996-1580). We would like to make this and expanded lists available to Ackerman, J.D. (1989). Geographic and seasonal vari­ other Pro-Cite users, or users of other, mmpatible, ation in fragrance choices and preferences ofmale euglossine bees.Biotropica, bibliographic programs. We hope in the future to send out 21(4), 340-347. this list on disk to readers who agree to add references or Alcock, J. (1989). Size variation in the anthophorid bee check those already input Additionally, it is planned to Centris pallkh new evidence on its long-term main­ supplement this list with references gathered from tenance. J. Kans. Entomol. Soc., 62(4), 484-489. ·Biological Abstracts or Zoological Remrd, which should Alcock, J., & Houston, T. F. (1987). Resource defense and al­ extend the list back to the late 1970's. ternative mating tactics in the Banksia bee, Hy­ As a preliminary step towards making this referenCe laeus alcyonew (Erichson). Ethol., 76(3), 177-188. list available to Melissa readers on disk, we would be Alcock, J., & Smith, A. P. (1987). Hilltopping, leks and fe­ willing to send copies in the form ofa WordPerfect 5.0 text male choice in the carpenter bee Xylocopa (Neox­ file to anyone who sends us a request and a blank 3.5 or ylocopa) varipunda. J. Zool., 211, 1-10. 5.25 inch diskette. Alexander, B., & Rozen Jr., J. G. (1987). Ovaries, ovarioles, Please send us comments on the utility of the reference and oocytes in parasitic bees (Hymenoptera: list and how we might make it more generally available to Apoidea). Pan-Poe. Entomol., 63(2), 155-164. researchers. And please mntinue to send reprints and Ali, T., reference lists to Ronald McGinley for indusion in & Ali, S. I. (1989). Pollination biology ofCalotropis upcoming lists. procers subsp. hamiltoni (Asdepiadaceae). Phyton., 29(2), 175-188. Alzuet, A. D. B. De, & Abrahamovich, A. H. Abrol, D. P. (1987). (1987). Deu­ Analysis ofenvironmental factors af­ tonymphs (Hypopi) ofthe genera Senneritia fecting foraging behaviours oude­ ofMegachile bicolor F. mans, 1905 and Horstia oudemans, 1905 (Acari: on Crotalaria juncea L Proc. Indian Natl. Sd. Acad. Astigmata) on Xylocopa (S.) splenidula splendidula Part B Bioi. Sd., 53(1), 21-26. I..epeletier, 1841 Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Rev. Soc. Abrol, D.P. (1988). Ecology and behavior ofthree bee spe­ Entomol. Argentina, 44(3-4), 345-351. des pollinating loquat EriobotTya japonica 11ndley. Anasiewicz, A. (1986(1988). Proc. Insects pollinating flowers of Indian Natl. Sd. Acad Part B Bioi. Sd., 54(2- · celery, parsley and fennel II. Hymenoptera 3), 161-164. with spedal reference to the superfamily Apoidea. Biul. Abrol, D. P. (1988). Foraging range ofsubtropical bees Meg­ Lubel. Tow. Nauk. Bioi., 28(1), 39-44. achile ffavipes, Megachile nana (Hymenoptera, Meg­ Andersen, J. F., Buchmann, S. L, Welsleder, D., Plattner, achilidae) and Apis R florea (Hymenoptera, Apidae). D., & Minckley, R L (1988). Identification of tho­ J. Indian Inst Sd., 68(1-2), 43-48. rode gland constituents from male Xylocopa spp. Abrol, D. P. (1989). Foraging range ofalfalfa pollinating Latreille (Hymenoptera, Anthophoridae) from Ar­ Megachile flavipes Spinola and Megachile nana Bing­ izona USA. J. Chem. Ecol., 14(4), 1153-1162. ham (Megachilidae: Hymenoptera). J. Anim. Mor- Anderson, G. J., & Symon D. (1988). Insect foragers on Sol­ phol. Physiol., 35(1), 11-16. · anum flowers in Australia. Ann Mo. Bot. Gard., Abrol, D.P. (1987). Influence ofthermal and energetic mn­ 75(3), 842-852. straints on the pollination activity ofcarpenter bee Andersson, S. (1988). Size-dependent pollination effidency Xylocopa pubescens. Environ 'Ecol. (J

Andreev, A. V., Stmtan, V. S., &: Ursu, E. N. (1988}. Bees Banaszak, J. (1989). Bees (Apoidea) of moist meadows on . (Hymenoptera, Apoidea} - pollinators ofRosaceae . · the Mazovian Lowland Memorabilia Zool., 43, in Moldavia. Izv. Akad Nauk. Mold SSR Ser. Biol. 279-287. Khim. Nauk., (6), 41-45. Banaszak, J. (1987}. Bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) of se­ Andreev A. v., &: Stmtan, v. s. (1989}. Ecological features lected plant associations at Wielkopolski National ~fbees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea} -pollinators of Park (WNP). Badania Fizjogr Polska Zadlodnia fruit bearing plants and amditions oftheir ex­ Ser. C: Zool., (35), 5-23. istence in man made habitats. Izv. Akad Nauk. Banaszak, J. (1988}. The collection ofAculeata (Hy­ Mold SSR Biol Khim. Nauk., (1), 43-47. menoptera) of Prof. Edward Lubic:z-Niezabitowski. Andreev, A. v., Stratan, V. S., &: Ursu, E. N. (1988}. Fauna Acta Univ. Lodz. Folia Zool Anthr., 6, 73-81. ofbees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea} pollinators offruit Banaszak, J. (1987). Fauna ofwild bees (Hymenoptera: and beny plants belonging to rosales. Izv. Ak.ad. Apoidea} ofWielkopolsko-Kujawska lowland dur­ Nauk. MoldSSRSer. Biol Khim. Nauk., (6}, 41-45. ing the last fifty years. Badania Fizjogr. Polska Za­ Archer, M. E. (1988). The aculeate wasps and bees (Hy­ dlodnia Ser. C: Zool., (36), 67-77. menoptera, Aculeata} ofmy local patdl Strensall Banaszak, J. (1989}. Phenology ofbees (Apoidea} of central Common the first 70 visits. Naturalist (Leeds}, 113 Poland lowlands. Badon. Ffizjogr. Pol. Zadlod Ser. (984), 25-30. C: Zool., 38, 123-136. · Ardler, M. E. (1988). The aculeate wasp and bee as. Banaszak, J., &: Manole, T. (1987(1988}}. Diversity and semblage (Hymenoptera: Aculeata} ofa wood­ density of pollinating insects (Apoidea) in the ag­ land: Bemwood forest in the English midlands. En­ J.iculturallandscape of Rumania. Pol Pismo. En­ tomol., 107(1), 24-33. tomol., 57(4), 747-766. Archer, M. (1989}. The wasps and bees (Hymenoptera, E. Bastos, M. D. N. D. C. (1988). Contibutions to the system­ Aculeata) ofAllerthorpe Common England UI< be­ atic study ofsome species of the genus Machaerlwn fore and after coniferlzation Naturalist, 114(991), Persoon Leguminosae Papilionoideae ocruning in 129-136. , Brazilian Amazonia. Bol Mus. Para. Emilio. Goel­ Arduser, M.S., &: Midlener, C. D. (1987}. An African genus di. Ser. Bot., 3(2), 183-278. ofdeptoparasitic halictid bees (Hymenoptera: Ha­ Batra, S. W. T. (1987). Ethology of the vernal eusodal bee, lictidae). Kans. Entomol. Soc., 60(2}, 324-329. J. Dialictus laevissimus (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). J. Armbruster, W. S., &: Guinn, D. A. (1989). The solitCll}' bee Kans. Entomol Soc., 60(1), 26-34. fauna (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) ofinterior and arc­ Baumgartner, D. Roubik, D. W. (1989). Ecology of tic Alaska: flower associations, habitat use, and L, &: Ne­ oaophilous and filth-gathering stingless bees (Ap­ phenology. Kans. Entomol. Soc., 62(4), 468-483. J. fdae: Meliponinae) of Peru. J. Kans. Entomol. Soc., Armbruster, W. S., Keller, S., Matsuki, M., &: Oausen, T. P. 62(1), 11-22. (1989). Pollination of Dalechampia magnififblia (Eu­ Beard, D. A. (1987) (September). Are bees pests? Watdl phorbiaceae) male euglossine bees. Am. Bot., by J. over 8. 7 6(9), 1279-1285. Essex, Bego, L R. (1989}. Behavioral interactions among queens Armbruster, W. S., &: Mzlroy, W. R. (1987). Pollination and Melipona bicolor bi­ herbivore ecology of an African Dalechampia (Eu­ ofthe polygonic stingless bee phorbiceae): comparisons with new world spedes. color Lepeletier (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Braz. J. Biotroplca, 19(1), 64-73. Med Bioi. Res., 22(5), 587-596. Arrez, P., De Dantis, L, Angelica, G. M., &: Lamborot, L Bejko, V. B. (1987). Nest orientation in higher Hy­ menoptera. In: Ushatinskaya, R.S. (Ed) Problems (1989). Presence in Chile ofAprostocetus daira new record Walker (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae). Acta of ecological physiology in insects. Nauka, Mos- Entomol Olil., 15(0}, 275-276. row., Aston, T. J. {1987). Plant-pollinator interactions: a ridl area Belakova, A. (1986(1988)). Bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) for study. Biol Educ., 21(4), 167-174. in the vidnity ofBratislava, Czechoslovakia. Acta J. Foe. Rerum. Nat Univ. Comeniane. Zool., (31), 21- Ayasse, M. (1987). The fimction ofvolatiles in mate dloice 30. ofsweat bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Ap­ idologie, 18(4), 371-373. Belles, X, Galore, A.,&: Ginebreda, A. (1987). Taxonomic potential ofthe dlemical constituents in the ce­ Babu, G. V. S., Bhatt, S.C.,&: Pandeya, S.C. (1987). Pol­ phalic marking secretions of Bombus and Psitlvyus lination ecology ofSolanum sisymbrlfolium Lamk. species (Hymenoptera, Apidae); a numelical tax­ Proc.Indian Acad Sci. Plant Sci., 97(4), 295-300. onomic study. Apidologie, 18(3}, 231-242. Baldovski, G. (1987). Neuere Funde von Wildbienen des Berezin, M. V., Berezina, N. V., &: Zakhvatkin, Y. A. (1987). Genus Hylaeus F. im Gerbiet der DDR (Hy- . Spedes composition ofthe bumble bee population menoptera, Apoidea) und einige Bemerkungen zu pollinating dover on the Mikhailovskoe training aktuellen Problemen des Artensdlutzes. Entomol. and experimental farm. Izv. Timiryazev. Nadlr. Ber., 31(1}, 11-18. Sel'Skokhozyaistvennoi Ak.ademii, (1}, 185-191.

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Berger, LA., Moffett, J. 0., & Rummel, D. R. (1988).lhe Bodnarchuk, L I., Raddlenko, V. G., & Vladimirskii, A. A. foraging ofAgapostemon angelicus Cockerell rel­ (1988). Mega:hile wUiughbiella- a promising alfalfa ative to hybrid cottonseed production in Texas. pollinator in the south-east Ukraine. Vestn Zool., Southwest Entomol., 13(1), 47-54. (2), 38-40. Berger, LA., Vassiere, B. E., Moffett, J. 0., & Menitt, S. Bodnarchuk, L 1., Shalimov, I. 1., & Oli.fir, A. A. (1989). In­ (1988). Bombus spp. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) as rubation of leaf-cutting bees with automatic re­ pollinators of male sterile upland cotton on the moval ofparsftic Hymenoptera. Vestn Zoll., (1), Texas High Plains. Environ Entomol., 17(5), 789- 79-81. 794. Bohart, G. E., & Griswold, T. L (1987). A revision of the Du­ Bergstrom, G. (1987). On the role of volatile dlemical sig­ foureinae genus Microlidoides Timberlake (Hy­ nals in the evolution and spedation of plants and menoptera: Halictidae). Pan-Poe. Entomol., 63(2), insects: why do they smell and why do they smell 178-193. differently? Ser. Entomol., 41, 321-327. Bohrer, K. (1987). Do sweat bees also have a trophogenic Bernhardt, P. (1987). A comparison of the diversity, basis of caste development? Apidologie, 18(4), 369- den­ 371. sity, and foraging behavior of bees and wasps on Australian Acado. Ann Mo. Bot Gard., 74(1), 42- Bohrer, K. (1987). Larval Food and Caste Differentiation in 50. I.asioglossum malachurum. (Larvennahrung und ISolanum lationship between Ophrys orchids and their pol­ chacoense Bitt Acta Bot. Indica., 16(1), 89-91. linators. III. Volatile compounds of species in the Ophrys orchids sections Fudflorae and Bom­ Blochtein, B., & Wittmann, D. (1988). Mating site specific­ byliflorae as insect mimetic attractants/exdtants. ity, reproduction and vector selection in Ne­ Cllem. Soipta, 27,313-325. mognatha nigrotarsata (Col., Meloidae), a nest par­ Bourke, asite of leaf-cutter bees and other pollinators of A. F. G. (1988). Worker reproduction in the higher aops in Rio Grande Do Sui. J. Appl. Entomol., 105, eusodal Hymenoptera. Q. Rev. Bioi., 63(3), 291- 414-419. 312. Broemeling, D. K. (1988). A revision of the Nomada su­ Blom, J. v. der. (1989). Mutual benefit for reproducing and genus Nomadita of North non-reproducing America (Hymenoptera: females in nests of the carpenter Anthophoridae). Pan-Poe. Entomol., 64(4), 321- bee Xylocopa pubescens Spinola. Actes. Colloq. In­ 344. sectes Soc., 5, 131-136. Broemeling, D. K., & Moalif, A. S. (1988). A revision of the Blom, J. v. der, & Velthuis, H. H. W. (1988). Social be­ Nomada subgenus Pachynomada (Hymenoptera: haviour of the carpenter bee Xylocopa pubescens Anthophoridae). Pan-Poe. Entomol., 64(3), 201- (Spinola). Ethology, 79(4), 281- 294. 227.

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Brooks, R. W. (1988). Systematics and phylogeny of the an­ Camillo, 'E., & Garofalo, C. A (1989). Analysis of the niche thophorine bees (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae; of two sympatric species of Bombus (Hymenoptera, Anthophorini). Univ. Kans. Sci Bull., 53(9), 437 • Apidae) in southeastern Brazil. J. Trop. Ecol., 5 575. (ptl), 81-92. Brooks, R. W., & Qbwold, T. L (1988). A key to the species Camillo, 'E., & Garofalo, C. A (1989). Social organization of Trachusa subgenus Heteranthidiwn with de­ in reactivated nests of three species of Xylocopa (Hy­ saiptions of new species from Mexico (Hy­ menoptera, Anthophoridae) in southeastern Bra­ menoptera: Megachilidae; Anthidiini). J. Kans. En­ sil Insectes Soc., 36(2), 92-105. tomol Soc., 61(3), 332-346. Cane, J. H. (1989). Nesting biology notes for Perdita (Al­ D. (1988). The Apidae of loperdita) bradleyi Viereck (Hymenoptera: An­ Brooks, R. w., & Midlener, C. 62(1), 140-143. Madagascar and nests ofliotrigona (Hy­ drenidae). J. Kans. Entomol. Soc., menoptera). Sociobiology, 14(2}, 299-323. Cane, J. H., & Payne, J. A (1988). Foraging ecology of the bee Habropoda laboriosa (Hymenoptera: An­ Bruneau, A, & Anderson, G. J. (1988). Reproductive biol­ thophoridae), an oligolege of blueberries (Eric­ ofdiploid and triploid Apios americana Leg­ ogy Vaccinium) in the southeastern USA. Ann. 75(12), 1876- 1883. aceae: uminosae. Am. J. Bot, Entomol. Soc. Am., 81(3), 419-427. Budlmann, S. L (1989). Bees assess pollen returns while Caron, D. M. (1987). Stingless bees a vanishing art. Glean. sonicating Solanum flowers. Oecologia, 81(3), 289- Bee Cult, 115(12), 711-712. 294. Cartar, R V., & Dill, L M. (1990). Why are bumble bees Budlmann, S. L (1987). The ecology of on flowers and risk-sensitive foragers? Behav. Ecol. Sodobiol., 26 their bees. Ann Rev. Ecol Syst., 18, 343-369. (2), 121-127. · Bullock, S. H., Ayala, R, Baker, I., & Baker, H. G. (1987). Castro, L (1987). New records of 3 Bombinae (Hy­ Reproductive biology of the tree Ipomoea wol­ menoptera, Apidae) of the Iberian Peninsula. Bol. cottiana (Convolwlaceae). Madrono., (4), 304-314. Asoc. Esp. Entomol, 11(0), 413. Bullock, S. H., Martinez Del Rico, C., & Ayala, R (1989). Castro, L (1988). On Bombus reinigiellus Rasmont 1983 (Hy­ Bee visitation rates to trees of Prokia crucis differing menoptera, Apidae). Bol Asoc. Esp. Entomol., 12 in flower number. Oecologia (Berl.), 78(3), 389- (0), 281-289. 393. Celary, W. (1989). Wild bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) of Buren, N. W. M. van, & Sommeijer, M. J. (1988). Study of the Bedkowska Valley Poland Czestochowa Up­ determinant factors for the reproductive dom­ land Part I. (Colletidae: Halictidae). Acta Bioi. Cra­ inance of the queen of Melipona trinitatis.. Actes cov. Ser. Zool., 30(0), 1-18. Colloq. lnsectes Soc., 4, 285-290. Celary, W., & Dylewska, M. (1988). (Colletidae: Hy­ Burmistrov, A. N., & Gorin, A D. (1987). Artifidal rearing menoptera; Apoidea) of Poland Pol. Pismo. En­ of wild pollinators. Pchel, (6), 28-29. tDmol., 58(2), 359-382. Camargo, J. M. F. (1988). Meliponinae (Hymenoptera, Ap­ Celli, G., & Porrini, C. (1988). Death of bees and pestidde idae) ofthe collection of the Instituto di En­ residues in bees and hives in Italy 1983-1986. Boll. tomologia Agraria, Portid, Italy. Rev. Bras. En­ 1st Entomol. Univ. Stud Bologna, 42(0), 75-86. tomol., 32(3/4), 351-374. Olametski, W. A (1988). Toxidty of insectiddes to the al­ Camargo, J. M. F., Moure, J. S., & Roubik, D. W. (1988). falfa leafcutter bee Megachile rotundata F. (Hy­ Melipona yucatanica new species (Hymenoptera: menoptera, Megachilidae). Can. Entomol., 120(4), - Apidae: Meliponinae) stingless bee dispersal across 297-306. the Can'bbean Arc and post-eocene vicariance. Qbula, D. A , & Zimmerman, M. (1987). Bumblebee for­ Pan-Pac. Entomol., 64(2), 147-158. aging behavior: changes in departure dedsions as a function of experimental nectar manipulations. Mel­ Camargo, J. M. F., & Moure, J. S. (1988). Notes on the Am. Midi. Nat., 117(2), 386-394. iponinae (Hymenoptera; Apidae) collected by Fi­ lippo Silverstri in the Rio de Laplata Basin Ar­ Corbet, S. (1987). More bees make better crops. New Sd.., gentina, Brazil, and Paraguay. Rev. Bras. 115(1570), 40-43. Entomol, 32(2), 293-314. Corbet, S. A, Olapman, H., & Saville, N. (1988). Vibratocy Cameron, P. J., Hill, R L, Valentine, 'E. W., & Thomas, W. pollen collection and flower form: bumble-bee on P. (1987). Invertezbrates imported into New Zea­ Actinidia, Symphytwn, Borago and Polygonatum. land for biological control of invertebrate pests and Funct. Ecol., 2(2), 147-155. weeds, for pollination, and for dung dispersal, Corbet, S., & Westgarth-Smith, A (1988). A buzz in the air. from 1874 to 1985. Bull., Dep. Sd. Industr. Res., Nat. World, (23), 16-18. New Zealand, (242), 51pp. Costa-Leonardo, A M., Neves, N. A., & Ouz-Landim, C. Cameron, S. A (1989). Temporal patterns of division ofla­ (1987). Aspectos morfologicos da diferendacao dos bor among workers in the primitively eusodal musculos do voo de Scaptrotigona postica (Hy­ bumble bee Bombus griseocollis (Hymenoptera: Ap­ menoptera: Apidae) durante ametamorfose. Oen­ idae). Ethology, 80(1-4), 137-151. da Cult, 39(9), 852-857. Number 4 - 1991 -13- MELISSA

Costelloe, B. H. (1988). Pollination ecology of Gentiana an­ Daly, H. V. , Michener, C D. , Moure, J. S. , & Sakagami, S. drewsii. Ohio J. Sd., 88(4), 132-138. F. (1987). The relictual bee Genus Manuelia and its Couto, R H., Costa, J. A., & Silveira, R C M.D. (1988). Ef­ relation to other Xylompinae (Hymenoptera: fect of pollination on seed production in Crotalaria Apoidea). Pan-Pac. Entomol., 63(2), 102- 124. juncea. Oentifica Oaboticabal), 16(1), 85-88. Danforth, B. N. (1989). The evolution of hymenopteran wings: the importance of size. J. Zool., Lond, 218 Cipps, C, & Rust, R W. (1989). Pollen preferences of seven (2), 247-276. Osmia species. (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). En­ viron Entomol., 18(1), 133-138. Danforth, B. N. (1989). Nesting behavior offour spedes of Perdita (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae). J. Kans. En­ Cipps, C, & Rust RW. (1989). Pollen foraging in a mm­ tomol. Soc., 62(1), 59-79. munity of Osmia bees (Hymenoptera: Meg­ Danforth, B. N., & Michener, achilidae). C D. (1988). Wing folding in Environ Entomol., 18(4), 582-589. Hymenoptera. Ann Entomol. Soc. Am., 81(2), 342- Crozier, R H., Smith, B. H., & Crozier, Y. C (1987). Re­ 349. latedness and population structure of the prim­ Danforth, B. N. (1990). Provisioning behavior and the es­ itively eusodal bee Lasioglossum zephyrum (Hy­ timation of investment ratios in a solitary bee, Cal­ menoptera: Halictidae) in Kansas. Evol., 41(4), liopsis (Hypomactotera) persimilis (Cockerell) (Hy­ 902-910. menoptera: Andrenidae). Behav. Ecol. Sodobiol., Cruz-Landim, C D. (1987). Morphology of pheromone 27, 159-168. glands in Meliponinae (Hymenoptera, Apidae). In: De Bruijn, L M. M., Sommeijer, M. J., & Dijkstra, E. (1989). Eder, J. & Remold, H. (Eds). Chemistly and Biology Behavior of workers on waste dumps in the nests ofSodal Insects. Verlag J. Pepemy, Munich., Melipona favosa (Apidae, Meliponini). Actes. Col­ loq. Insectes. Soc., 5, 31-37. Cruz-Landim, CD., Silva de Moraes, R L M., &.Costa­ Leonardo, A.M. (1986-1987). Ultrastructure of the De Bruijn, L L M., Sommeijer, M. }., & Leys, R (1989). Up­ hypopharyngeal glands of Melipona quadrifasdata take and distribution of nectar and the storage of anthidioides. (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Naturalia, honey in Melipona favosa (Apidae, Meliponini). 11- 12, 89-96. Actes. Colloq. Insectes. Soc., 5, 39-43. De Korte, M., Weissenbacher, B. K. H., & Crewe, R Cruz-Landim, C D., & Zaniboni, M. M. C (1986/1987). Study (1988). Chemical signals in a stingless bee Trigona of relative size ofvarious brain structures in bees (Meliplebeia) denoiti Vachal (Hymenoptera: (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Ap­ Naturalia, 11-12,23-32. ldae: Meliponinae). }. Entomol. Soc. South Afr., 51 Csillery, G., Undni, L, & Moor, A. (1987). Cross-pollination (1), 9-16. experiments with bees in Italy and Hungary. Cap­ Delfinado-Baker, M., & Aggarwal, K. (1987). A new Vanoo sirum Newsletter, (6), 30-32. (Acari: Varridae) from the nest of Apis emma (Ap­ Cure, J. R (1989). Revisao de Pseudagapostemon Schrottky e idae). Internal J. Acarol., 13(4), 233-237. desaicao de Oragapostemon, gen n (Hy­ Delfinado-Baker, M., & Baker, E. W. (1988). New mites menoptera, Halictidae). Revta Bras. Ent, 33(2), (Acari, Laelapidae) from the nests of stingless bees 229-335. (Apidae, Meliponinae) from Asia. Int. J. Acarol., 14(3), 127-136. Current Research Information System. (1987). Bees and other pollinating insects research: a directory of Devall, M.S., &Thein LB. (1989). Factors influencing the USDA and state projects in CRIS. Cooperative State reproductive success of Ipomoe pesbeetle pollination Dickman, G. (1987). Backyard superbees. Rodale Org. in the Mediterranean region Isr. J. Bot BasicAppl. Gard, 34(11), 69-71. Plant Sd., 39((1-2), 81-92. Dimitrov, P. (1987). Studies of species composition and numbers Dafni, A., & Calder, D. M. (1987). Pollination by deceit and of bee pollinators (Apoidea) of lucerne floral mimesis in 7helymitra antennifero Or­ during successive flowerings. Rastenievudni Nauki, dlidaceae. Plant Syst. Evol., 158(1), 11-22. 24(11}, 75-80. Dimitrov, P. (1987). Studies on the diurnal flight activity of Daly, H. V. (1988). Bees of the new genus Oenoceratina in wild bees (Apoidea), pollinators of lucerne. Africa south of the Sahara. (Hymenoptera: Apoid­ S'vremenni Postizheniya na Bulgarskata Zoo­ ea). Univ. Cal. Pub. Entomol., 108, 1-69. logiya., 213-217. Daly, H. V. (1988). Lectotype designations for African bees Dimitrov, P., Dimitrova, Z., Atanasov, N., & Vasileva, E. of the Genus Ceratina described byT. D. A. Cocke­ (1987). Spedfic population and number of bees rell (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Pan-Pac. Entomol., {Apoidea) pollinating lucerne in the Rousse district 64(1), 87-92. (Bulgaria). Rastenievudni Nauki, 24(3), 58-62. -14- Number 4- 1991 MELISSA

Dobson, H. E. M. (1987). Role offlower and pollen aromas Eberhard, W. G. (1988). Group nesting in two spedes of Eu­ in host-plant recognition by solitary bees. Oe­ glossa bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae). J. Kans. En­ cologia (Berl), 72(4), 618-623. tomol. Soc., 61(4), 406-411. Dobson, R E. M. (1987). Role ofpollenldt on pollen host­ Ebmer, P. A. W. (1988). Critical list of non-parasitic Aus­ plant recognition by male and female solitary trian Halictidae with regard to all Central Eu­ bees. In Eder, J. & Remold, H. (Eds). Olemistiy and ropean spedes. (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Biology ofSodal Insects. Verlag J. Pepemy, Mu­ Halictidae). Unzer Biol Beitr., 20(2), 527-711. nich., Ebmer, P. A. W. (1987). Die europaisc:hen Arten der Gat­ Dochkova, B. (1987). The toxic effect of some insectiddes tungen Halictus Latreille 1804 und Lasioglossum on the lucerne leaf-rutting bee- Megachile ~ Curtis 1833 Mit lliustrierten Bestimmungstabellen tundata F. (Hymenoptera; Megachilidae). 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Engels, E., Engels, W., & Francke, W. (1987). Do stingless Fisher, R M. (1988). Observations on the behaviours of ~shave two complexes ofqueen substances? In: 1hree European ruckoo bumble bee spedes (Psithyr­ Eder, J. & Remold, H. (Eds). Olemistry and Biology us). Insectes Soc., 35(4), 341- 354. ofSocial Insects. Verlag J.Pepemy, Munich., Fisher, R M. (1987). Temporal dynamics offacultative so­ Engels, E., Engels, W., Schroder, W., & Francke, W. (1987). dol parasitism In bumble bees (Hymenoptera: Ap­ Intranidal worker reactions to volatile compounds ldae). Anim. Behav., 35(6), 1628-1636. Identified from cephalic secretions In the stingless Fisher, R M., & Pomeroy, bee, Scaptotrigona postica N. (1989). Indpient colony ma­ (Hymenoptera, Mel­ nipulation, nosema inddence lponlnae). J. Olem. Ecol, 13(2), 371-386. and colony pro­ ductivity ofthe bwnble bee Bombus terrestris (Hy­ Engels, W. (1987). Pheromones reproduction In Brazllian menoptera: Apidae). J. Kans. Entomol. 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Biotropica, 19(1), 74-82 In: Eder, J. & Remold, H. (Eds). Olemistry and Biol­ ogy ofSocial Insects. Verlag J. Pepemy, Munich., Eremlna 0. (1989). Effect oflnsectiddes on bees and chi­ nese silkwonns. Argokhimiya, 0(5), 131-136. Fordham, R A. (1989). Further New Zealand records of the new immigrant Australian bee Hyleoides Erlandsson, S., Janzon, concinna L-A., & Svensson, B. G. (1988). Ca­ (Hymenoptera, Colletidae, Hylaelnae). N. Z. En­ talogus lnsectorum Sueciae (Hymenoptera, Apoid­ tomol., 12(0), 65-67. ea) 1. Colletidae and Melittidae. Entomol Tidskr., 109(3-4), 161-163. Foster, R L, & Gamboa, G. J. (1989). Nest entrance mark­ Ing with colony specific odors by bumble Es'Kov, bee Born­ E. K., & Markova, V. E. (1987). Effectiveness ofal­ bus ocddentalis (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Ethol, 81 falfa pollination by melliferous and other types of (4), 273-278. bees. Dokl. Vses. Ordena. Lenina. Ordena. Trud Frandsco, Krasnago. Znameni. E. R N., & Felice, A. (1988). The Meliponinae Akad S-Kh. 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(1987).Viability of prepupae ofthe leafcutting bee Free, J. 8. (1987). Pheromones Megachile rotundata Fab. dwing extended storage. ofsocial bees. Olapman & Can. J. Zool., 65(7), 1853-1856. Hall, London., Frohlidl, Farlnha, E. K., Tomeiros, D. R, Oark, W. H., Parker, F. D., & Griswold, T. L. L M., Silva de Moraes, R L M., & (1988). The xylophilous Quz-Landim, C d (1988). Honnonal bees and wasps of a high influence on cold desert Leslie Gulch, Oregon USA. the DNA content ofsalivary gland cells In larvae (Hy­ ofMelipona quadrifasdata menoptera: Apoidea; Vespoidea). Pan-Pac. En­ anthidioides Lep. (Apidae, tomol., 64(3}, 266-269. Meliponinae). I. Juvenile honnone. Naturalia, 13, 75-83. Froneman, I. J. (1988). Subtropical crops. Pollination by bees. Infonn. Ferraz.zi, P. (1989). Bull. Otrus Subtrop. Fruit Res. Inst., S. Mallow~ Apic. Mod, 80(2), 89-93. Africa, (196), 12. Field, J. P., & Foster, W. A. (1988). The bees and wasps of Frye, R D., Dix, M. E., & carey, D. R (1988). 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Galen, C. (1989). Measuring pollinator-mediated selection Goldblatt, J. W., & Fell, R. D. (1987). Adult longevity of on morphometric floral traits: bumblebees and the workers of the bumble bees Bombw rervidw F. and alpine sky pilot, Polemonium viscosum. Evol., 43(4), Bombus pennsylvanicus (de Geer) (Hymenoptera: 882-890. Apidae). Can. J. Zool, 65(10), 2349-2353. Galen, C., & Blau, S. (1988). Caste-specific patterns offlow­ Goldblatt, P., & Bernhardt, P. (1990). Pollination biology of er visitation in bumble bees (Bombw kirbyellw) col­ Nwenia (Iridaceae) and the presence of hetero­ lecting nectar from Polemonium viscosum. Ecol En­ stylous self-compab"bility. lsr. J. Bot Basic Appl. tomol, 13(1), 11-17. Plant Sci., 39((1-2), 93-111. Galen, C., & Gregory, T. (1989). Interspedfic pollen transfer Golikov, V.I. (1987). Local wild bee spedes are the main as a medlanism ofcompetition: consequences of alfalfa pollinators in the steppe zone of the north­ foreign pollen contamination for seed set in the Al­ western Transcaucasus USSR Naudm. Dokl. pine Wildflower, Polemonium viscosum. Oecologia, Vyssh. Sck. Bioi. Nauki. (Mosc.), (7), 49-53. 81(1), 120-123. Golikov, V.I., & Shabolta, 0. M. (1988). Wild bees (Apoid­ Galen, C., & Newport, M. E. A. (1987). Bumble bee be­ ea) as pollinators of Lucerne in Krasnodar region. havior and selection of flower size in the sky pilot, Kompl. Vred­ Polemonium viscosum. Oecologia, 74(1), 20-23. Zash. Semenov. Posev. Lyutsemy nykh Organiz. Stepnoi Zone Sever. Kavk. Rostov­ Galen, C., & Newport, M. E. A. (1988). Pollination quality, on-don, USSR: USSR Acad Agric., 72-78. seed set, and flower traits in Polemoniwn viscosum: complementary effects ofvariation in flower scent Goltz, L (1988). Honey and pollen plants part X. Mis­ and size. Am. J. Bot., 75(6), 900-905. cellaneous honey plants. Am. Bee J., 128(2), 97- 100. Galen, C., & Stanton, M. L (1989). Bumble bee pollination and floral morphology factors influencing pollen Gonzalez, J. M. (1989). Lista preliminar de los Euglossini dispersal in the alpine sky pilot Poleminium vis­ (Hymenoptera: Apidae} del Marahuaka, Parque msum Polemoniaceae. Am. J. Bot, 76(3), 419-426. Nadonal Duida, T.F.A., Venezuela. Acta Terramar­ Gambino, P., Medeiros, A. C., & Loope, L L (1987). Intro­ is, {1), 81-83. duced vespids Paravespula pensylvanica prey on Gonzalez, J. M. (1990). Comentarios bionomicos sobre dos Maul's endemic arthropod fauna. J. Trop. Ecol., 3 nidos de Euglossa cordata L (Hymenoptera: Ap­ (2), 169-170. idae: Euglossini}. Bol Entomol. Venez., 5(18), 141- Gamboa, G. J., Foster, R. L, & Richards, I<. W. (1987). Intra­ 143. specific nest and brood recognition by queens of Gorbunov, P. S. (1987). Endoparisitic flagellates ofthe ge­ the bumble bee, Bombw ocddentalis (Hy­ nus Crithidia (Trypanosomatidae, Zoo­ menoptera: Apidae). Can. J. Zool, 65(12), 2893- mastigophorea} from alimentary canal of bum­ 2897. blebees. Zool. Zh., 66(12}, 1775-1780. Gangadhar, A., Subbaro, R., & Lokshminarayana, G. (1987). Synthesis of 18- octadecanolide, a major Gott:sberger, G., Camargo, J. M. F., & Silberbauer­ constituent of Dufour's gland secretion of Colletes Gott:sberger, I. (1988). A bee pollinated tropical bees. J. Am. Oil Cllem. Soc., 67(8), 1135-1137. community, the beadl dune vegetation of Ilha De Sao Luis, Maranhao, Brazil. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Pflan­ Gardiner, B. (1989). Early nesters. Bull. Amat Entomol. zengesch. Pflanzengeogr., 109(4), 469-500. Soc., 48(364), 110. Goukon, K., Maeta, Y., & Sakagami, S. F. (1987). Seasonal Gebhardt, M., & Rohr, G. (1987). Zur Bionomie die Sand­ in halictine bienen Andrena clarkella (Kirby), A cineraia (L), A changes in ovarian state a eusodal fUscipes (Kirby) \llld ihrer Kuckuckbienen (Hy­ bee, Lasioglossum duplex, based on stages of the old­ est ooc.ytes in eadl ovariole (Hymenoptera: Ha­ menoptera: Apoidea). Drosera, (2), 89~114. lictidae). Res. Pop. Ecol., 29(2), 255-269. Gerling, D., Velthuis, H. H. W., & Hefetz, A. (1989). Bio­ nomics ofthe large carpenter bees of the genus Xy­ Q-eathead, D. J. (1989). A new spedes ofAnthrax (Diptera, locopa. ArulU. Rev. Entomol., 34, 163-190. Bombyliidae) from Megachile spp. (Hymenoptera; Megachilidae) in the United Arab Emirates. En­ Giblin-Davis, R. M., Norden, B. B., Batra, S. W. T., & Eick­ tomol. Gaz., 40(1), 67-70. wort, G. C. (1990). Commensal nemotodes in the glands, genitalia, and brood cells ofbees (Apoid­ Greenberg, L (1988). Kin recognition in the sweat bee, La­ ea). J. Nemotol., 22{2), 150-161. sioglossum zephynun. Behav. Genet, 18(4),425- Godzinska, E. J. (1988). Digging as tactics of escape in two 437. bumblebee species with different nesting ecology Qegg, K. B. (1989). Reproductive biology of the orchid Bombw terrestris L and Bombw pascuorum Scopoli. Qeistes divaricata (L) Ames var. Bifaria Fernald Acta Neurobiol. Exp., 48(5), 251-258. growing in a West Virginia meadow. Castenea, 54 Godzinska, E. J. (1989). Extra-colony altriusm in the bum- (57-78), • - . .. . -blebees: Misbehavior in bumblebees. Actes. Colloq. Griswold, T. L, &:Michener, CD. (1988). Taxonomicob­ Insectes Soc., 5, 161-167. servations on Anthidiini of the western hemisphere Goebel, R. L (1988). Australian Native Bees. Austr. Bee J., (Hymenoptera: Megadlilidae). J. Kans. Entomol. 69(2), 5-7. Soc., 61(1), 22-45.

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Griswold, T. L, & Parker, F. D. (1988). New Perdita (Pmlita) Hallmen, M. (1988). Die Besiedlung unterschiedlicher kun­ oligoleges ofMentzelia with notes on related species stlicher Nisthilfen durch Osmia rufa L (Hy- of the Ventralis group (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae). . menoptera: Megachilidae). Nachr. Entomol. Ver. Pan-Poe. Entomol., 64(1), 43-52. Apollo, 9(3), 199-212. Griswold, T., & Parker, F. D. (1987). A new species of Proto­ Hallmen, M. (1989). Ein Nistkasten zur kunstlichen an­ smia Ducke from Spain with notes on related spe­ sledlung von Hummeln der Gattung Bombus mit des (Hymenoptera: Megadlilidae). Psyche, 94(1-2), efnem neuartigen Vorbau fur efnfache Stock­ 51-56. efngangdressuren zum einsatz fm aktiven Na­ Guibu, L S., Ramalho, M., IConospermum spp. moor near Oldenburg 1.0. Braunschweig Naturk. and their adaptations for foraging concealment Schr., 2(4), 663-683. (Hymenoptera: Colletidae: Paracolletini.). Rec. Haeseler, V. (1988). Colonization success of ants, wasps, West. Ausl Mus., 14(3), 275-292. and bees on young dune islands of the southern Houston, T. F. (1987). A second contnbution to the biology North Sea (Hymenoptera, Aruleata). Drosera, 88 of Ctenocolletes bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Sten­ (1-2), 207-236. otritidae). Rec. West. Aust. Mus., 13(2), 189-201. Hagen, E. V. (1988). Bumble bees: identification, es­ Houston, T. F. (1987). The symbiosis ofAcarid mites, genus tablishing colonies, rearing conseiVation Mel­ Ctenocolletacarus (Acarina: Acariformes), and sten­ sungen, German Federal Republic; Verlag J. Neu­ otritid bees, genus Ctenocolletes (Insecta: Hy­ mann-Neudamm., menoptera). Aust. J. Zool., 35(5), 459-468. Hallmam, M., Heller, C., & Rosenfeld, A. (1989). Die An­ Hung, A. C. F., & Norden, B. B. (1987). Biochemical system­ siedlung und Hal tung von Hummeln an Schulen. atics of bees in the Ceratina calcarata dupla com­ Lusdnia, 46(3/4), 205-214. plex. Biochem. Syst. Ecol., 15(6), 691-693. -18- Number 4- 1991 MELISSA

- Imperotriz, V. L (1987). Swann production by stingless Johnson, M.D. (1988).lbe relationship of provision weight bees. Apic. No. Brasil, (19), 26-27. to adult weight and sex ratio in the solitary bee, Ceratina calcarata. Ecol Entomol., 13(2), 165-170. Imperatriz-FonseFabaceae). Bioi. Conserv., (3), 179-193. V. L (1988). How to use nudeus hives Impertriz-Fonsem, do solitary bees locate flowers for the study (of stingless bees). Apic. No. Brasil, Kart:sev, V. M. (1988). How for the first time? Priroda, (5), 109. (25), 24-25. Katayama, E. (1988). Worker-like new queens in a colony Inouye, D. W., & Pyke, G. H. (1988). Pollination biology in of Bombus ardens (Hymenoptera, Apidae). IApinae, Meliponinae years with the carpenter bee Ceratina cyanea (Hy­ and Bombinae and their phylogenetic implica­ menoptera, Anthophoridae) in Sweden. Entomol. tions. Rev. Bras. Genet, 10(4), 685-694. Tidckr., 109(1), 19-23. Kerr, W. E., Absy, M. L, & Souza, J. M. (1986-1987). Es­ Jedruszuk, A. (1987). Bees and their products as indicators pedes nectariferas e poliniferas utilizadas pela of environmental pollution. Med Weter., 43(6), abelha Melipona compressipes fasdculata (Mel­ 352-356. oponinae, Apidae), no maranhad Acta Amazon­ lea, 16-17, 145-155. offungal disease: ef­ Jennersten, 0. (1988). Insect dispersal Rocha, R (1988). Comunicacao em Melipona on pollinator attraction Kerr, W. E., &: fects ofUstilago infection rufiventris e Melipona compressipes. Oenc. Cult (Sao in VLSCaria vulgaris. Oikos, 51(2), 163-170. Paulo), 40(12), 1200-1202. Jennersten, 0. (1988). Pollination of VISCaria vulgaris (Car­ Kevan, P. G. (1987). Alternative pollinators for Ontario's yophyllaceae): the contributions of diurnal and aops: prefatory remarks to papers presented at a nocturnal insects to seed set and seed predation. workshop held at the University of Guelph, 12 Oikos, 52,319-327. April, 1986. Proc. Ent Soc. Ont., 118, 109-110. }ennersten, 0., Berg, L, & Lehman, C. (1988). Phenological Kevan, P. G., Mohr, N. A., Offer, M.D.,&: Kemp, J. R differences in pollinator visitation, pollen deposi­ (1988(1989).lbe squash and gourd bee Peponapis tion and seed set in the sticky catchfly, VLSCaria vul­ pruinosa (Hymenoptera, Anthorphoridae} in On­ garis. J. Ecol., 76(4), 1111-1132. tario Canada. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Ont., 199, 9- 16. Johnson, L 1<. (1987). The pyrrhic victory of nest-robbing I

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Kim, M. L, &: JDominance hierarchy in mold, H. (Eds). Olemistry and Biology ofSocial In­ the prtmitively eusodal bee Lasioglossum (Dialictus) sects. Verlag J. Pepemy, Munich., zephyrum: is genealogical relationship important? Knoll, F. R N., Bego, L R, &: Imperotrtz-Fonseca, V. L Anim. Behav., 36(6), 1848-1850. (1987). Relative abundance and phenology of bees Kukuk, P. F.,&: Schwarz, M. (1987). lntranest behavior of (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) in Sao Paulo, Brazll. In: the communal sweat bee Lasioglossum (Chilalictus) Eder, J. &: Remold, H. (Eds). Olemistry and Biology erythrunun (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). J. Kans. En­ ofSocial Insects. Verlag J. Pepemy, Munich., tomol. Soc., 60(1), 59-64. Knoll, F. R N., &: Imperatrtz-Fonseca, V. L (1987). ~bun­ Kukuk, P. F.,&: Schwarz, M. (1988). Macrocephalic male dance and resources visited by individuals of Tetra­ bees as functional reproductives and probable gonisca angustula. In: Eder, J. &: Remold, H. (Eds). guards. Pan-Pac. Entomol, 64(2}, 131-137. Olemistry and Biology of Social Insects. Verlag J. Pepemy, Munich., Kulincevic, J. M., &: Rothenbuhler, W. C (1989). Variation in food consumed by caged worker bees from dif­ Kolesnik, M.G. (1987). The role of useful entomofauna in ferent colonies. J. Apic. Res., 28(1}, 26-29. Producing high carrot seed yields. Nauchno­ Tekhnichsskii Byull. Vsesoyumogo Ordena Lenina, Kunesdl, G.,&: Zagatti, P. (1987). A fungal metabolite as (175), 62-63. the male wing gland pheromone of the bumble­ bee wax moth, Aphomia sodella L Z. Naturforsch., Korall, H., Leucht, T., &: Martin, H. (1988). Bursts of mag­ 42, 657-659. netic fields induce jumps of misdirection in bees by a mechanism of magnetic resonance. J. Comp. Kurennoi, N. M., &: Mantoptin, A. I. (1988). Quality of ap­ Physiol. A: Sens. Neural Behav. Physiol., 162(3}, ples in relation to bee pollination and flower thin­ 279-284. ning. Sadovodstvo I Vinogradarstvo, (5), 14-16. Kosior, A. (1987). Impact of eronomic activity upon bum­ Kurosa, K. (1987). Two new Chaetodadlyus (Acart, Olae­ blebee Bombus Latr. Population in the west Bi­ todactylidae) associated with Osmia (Hy­ eszczady Mountains, Poland. Ochr. Przyr., 45(0), menoptera,Megachilidae) in Japan Kontyu, 55(2), 239-262. 373-381. Kowalczyk J.K. (1988). Interesting Aculeata Hymenoptera Kusumoto, K., Otsuka, Y., &: Yahata, D. (1987). Wild bees in the Augustow forest, Poland Przegl. Zool., 32(4}, (Hymenoptera: Apoidae (Apoidea) swvey in the 555-560. central part of Fukuoka prefecture. 2. Studies on Kratochwil, A. (1988). Co-phenology of plants and an­ the pollination of pear by Osmia excavata Alfken thophllous insects: a historical area-geographical Proc. Assoc. Plant Prot Kyushu., 33, 199-203. interpretation. Entomol. Gen., 13((1-2), 67-80. Kwak, M. M. (1987). Pollination and pollen flow distwbed Kukal, 0., &: Pattie, D. L (1988). Colonization of snow by honeybees in bumblebee-pollinated Rhinanthus bunting, Plectrophenax nivalis, nests by bumblebees, populations? J. van Andel et al., (Eds.). Dis- Bombus polaris,in the high artie. Can. Field Nat, .twbance in grasslands. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, 102(3), 544. Dordrecht, Netherlands., Kukuk, P. F. (1989). Disperal of males of the prtmitively eu­ Kwak, M. M. (1988). Pollination ecology and seed-set in the sodal sweat bee Dialictus zephyrus within a small rare annual spedes Melampyrum arvense L (Scro­ nest aggregation Sodobiol., 15(1), 1-9. phulariaceae). Acta Bot. Neerl., 37(2}, 153-163. -20- Number 4- 1991 MELISSA

LaBerge, W. E. (1989). A review of the bees of the genus Lenardo, A.M. C., Neves, N. A., & Landim, C. D. C. (1987). Pectinapis (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae). J. Kans. Histologico.l features of the differentiation of flight Entomol Soc., 62(4), 524-527. musdes ofScaptotrigona postica (Hymenoptera, Ap­ idae) during metamorphosis. Oenc. Cult (Sao LaBerge, W. E. (1989). A revision of the bees of the genus Paulo), 39(9}, 85.2--857. .Andrena of the western hemisphere. XIII. Sub­ genera Simandrena and Taenianl:lrena. Trans. Am. Lenoir, A. (1987). Factors detennining polyethism on social 54,219-240. Entomol Soc., 115(1), 1-56. insects. Exper. Suppl. (Basel.), Leong, C. Y. (1986(1987). Apiculture. Ann. Report Agric. Lackie, P. M., Thomas, C. D., Brisco, M. J., &: Hepper, D. N. Commun. Dev., Dep. Agric., 160. (1986(1988). On the pollination ecology ofHa­ melia patens (Rubiaceae) at Monteverde, Costa tinsley, E. G. (1988). Further notes on halidine bees (Hy­ Rico.. Brenesia, (25-26), 203-213. menoptera: Apoidea) visiting Isomeris arborea in southern California. Pan-Pac. f.ntomol., 64(3), Lanham, U. N. (1987). Andrena montrosensis Viereck and 275-279. Cockerell: evolutionary and nomendatorial notes (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). J. Kans. 'Entomol. Soc., Upa, J. J., &: Triggiani, 0. (1988). Crithidia bambi New spe­ 60(4), 576-577. des. A flagellated parasite of a bumble bee Born­ bus terrestris L (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Acta Proto­ Lanham, U.N. (1987). A new species of.Andrena at the Mi­ zoot, 27(3-4), 287-290. aondrena- Scaphandrena boundary (Hymenoptera, sur Andrena fWva Sdlrk. (Ap- Apoidea). Pan. Pac. Entomol., 63(4), 325-327. Utt, R (1988). Observations 1dae, Hymenoptera). Rev. Vervietoise Hist. Nat., Lanham, U.N., &Weissmann, M. J. (1988). Scaphant:lrma 22-28. and flandrena (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae). Pan­ Lobreau-Callen, D.,&: Coutin, R (1987). Floral resources Poe. fntomol, 64(2), 183-184. exploited by some Apoidea in cultivated areas of Lanne, B. S., Bergstrom, G., Wassgren, A. B., & Tomback, arboreal savanna 1n Senegal during the rainy sea­ 8. (1987). Biogenetic pattern of straight chain son. Agron, 7(4}, 231-246. marking rompounds in male bumble bees. Comp. Lobreau-Callen, D.,&: Suarez-Cervera, M. (1987). Re­ Biochem. Physiol B: Comp. Biochem., 88(2), 631- lationship between the ultrastructure of the pollen 636. exine, the pollinationof flowers and the ecology of Laroco., S., Michener, C. D., &: Hofmeister, R M. (1989). Gaudichaudia cynanchoides (Malpighiaceae). Trav. Long mouthparts among 'short-tongued' bees and Doc. Geogr. Trop., 59(74), the fine structure of the labium in Nutonia (Hy­ Lombert, H. A. P. M., O'Connor, B. M., I..ukosdlus, F. S., & menoptera, Colletidae). J. Kans. Entomol. Soc., 62 Whitaker Jr., J. 0. (1987). Ontogeny, systematics (3), 400-410. and eoology of Senertia (Amsennertia) americana Delfinado & Baker, 1976 (Acari, Olaetodactylidae) Laroco., S., Schwartz Filho, D. L, & Zanella, F. C. V. (1987). from the nest of the carpenter bee Xylocopa virginica Nest of Megachile habilis subgenus Austromegachile (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae). Intemat. J. Ac­ and noteson Megachile (Apoidea: Megadlilidae) arol., 13(2), 113-129. species richness in neotropico.l sites. Acta Bioi. Par­ ana, 16(1-4), 93-106. Lomholdt, 0. (1989). Hylaew pfankuchi new record (Alfken, 1919) for Finland (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Not. f.n­ Larsson, F. K., &: Tengo, J. (1989). The effects oftem­ tomol., 69(2), 57-58. perature and body size on the mating pattern of a gregariously nesting bee CoUetes ruhirularis (Hy­ Madarlane, R P., & Palma, R L (1987). The first record for menoptera: Colletidae). Ecol fntomol., 14(3), 279- Melittobia OllStrolica Girault in New Zealand and 286. new host records for Melittobia (Eulophidae). New zealand J. Zool., 14,423-425. Laverty, T. M., &: Harder, L D. (1988). The bumble bees of MacGillivray, D. 8. (1987). A centrifuging method for the eastern Canada. Can fntomol., 120(11), 965-987. · removal of insect pollen loads. J. Entomol. Soc. Laverty, T. M., & Plowright, R C. (1988). Flower handling South Afr., 50(2), 522-523. by bumblebees: a oomparison of specialists and Machado, M. F. P. S., &: Contel, E. P. B. (1989). Glycerol-3- generalists. Anim. Behav., 36(3), 733- 740. phosphate dehydrogenase (G-3-PHD; EC 1.1.1.8) Leclercq, J. (1989). Abeilles solitaires (Hymenoptera: Apoid­ variation in adult Plebeia droT)'ana bees (Apidae, ea) trouvees par Fredi Darimont a Ia Montagne Hymenoptera). Biochem. Genet., 27(7/8), 481- Saint-Pierre en 1933-1937. Natura Mosana, 42, 9(). 485. 102. Madera, 0. J.D.,&: Hebling-Berlado, M. J. A. (1989). La­ to workers of Trigcr Leite, A., Neto, J. A., Leyton, J. T., Oivellaro, 0., &: EI-Dony, boratory toxidty of insectiddes H. A. (1988). Phosphofructokinase from bum­ na spinipes F. 1973 (Hymenoptera, Apidae). J. 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Michener, C. D., & Grimaldi, D. A. (1988). The oldest fossil Nates Parra, G., Vergara, C., & Villa A. (In Press). Ode de bee: Apoid history, evolutionary stasis, and an­ desarrollo en Trigona (Tetragonisca) angustula (Hy­ tiquity of social behavior. Proc. Nat Acad Sd. menoptera: Apidae). Bol Dep. Bioi. U.N. Bogota, USA, 85(17), 6424-6426. Colombia, Michener, C. D., & Grimaldi, D. A. (1988). A Trigona from Neff, J. L, & Simpson, B. B. (1988). Vibratile pollen­ Megachile mendica late aetaceous amber of New Jersey (Hy­ harvesting by Cresson (Hy­ menoptera: Apidae: Meliponinae). Am. Mus. Nov­ menoptera, Megachilidae). J. Kansas. Entomol. it, (2917), 10. Soc., 61(2), 242-244. Nilsson, G. E. (1987}. A gyandromorphic specimen of E")'­ Michener, C. D., & Smith, B. H. (1987). Kin rea>gnition in laeus albipes Fabridus (Hymenoptera, Halictidae) primitively eusodal insects. In: Retcher, D.J.C.; Mi­ and a discussion of possible causes of gy­ chener, C.D. (Eds.) 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ThesisAbstr. Univ., 14(4), individual Behavioral Variability in Social Insects. 353-354. Robert L Jeanne (ed.). Boulder, Westview Press., Ramalho, M., Kleinert-Giovannini, A., & Imperatriz­ Pouvreau, A. (1987(1988). Biological c.yde ofAphomia so­ Fonseca, v. L (1989). Utilization of floral resources della L (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae, Gallerinae), a pest by spedes of Melipona (Apidae, Meliponinae): flor­ of bumble bee nests (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Bom­ al preferences. Apidologie, 20(3), 185-195. binae). Colloques De L1nra. Parasitoid Insects. Rank, G. H., & Rank, F. P. (1989). Diapause intensity in a France., (48}, 161-162. french univoltine and a Saskatdlewan commerdal strain Pouvreau, A. (1988). Contribution of Megachile rotundata (Fab.). Can. Entomol., to the study of the pre­ 121(2), 141-148. imaginal development ofAphomia sodella L {Lep­ idoptera, Pyralidae, Galleriinae), a pest of bumble­ Rasmont, P. (1988). Ecological and zoogeographical mono­ bee nests. 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Ruijter, A. 0., Eljunde, J. V. Den, & Steen, J. V. Der. (1988). Sakagami, S. F., & Michener, C. D. (1987). Tribes of Xy­ Bees fm prove setting of tomatoes. Groenten en locopinae and the origin of the Apidae (Hy­ Fruit, 43(34), 46-47. menoptera: Apoidea). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 80 Ruijter, A. 0., & Smeekens, C. C. (1987). Pollination by bees (3), 439-450. attractive for the rulture of courgettes! Groenten En Sakagami, S. F., & Yamane, S. (1987). Oviposition Fruit, 42(47), 34-35. be­ havior and related notes of the Tawiwanese sting­ Rust, R W. (1988). Biology of Nomadopsis ICJTJme (Hy­ less bee Trigona (LepiltJtrigona) ventris Hoozana. J. menoptera: Andrenidae), with an analysis of year­ Ethol., 5(1), 17-27. ly appearance. Ann. Entomol Soc. Am., 81(1), 99- 104. Sakagami, S. F. (1989). Compatibility and incompatibility ofsolitary life with eusociality in two normally sol­ Rust, R W. (1987). Collecting of Pinus (Pinaceae) pollen by itary bees Cerotina japonica and Ceratina okinawa Osmia bees (Hymenoptera; Megachilldae). En­ (Hymenoptera, Apoidea), with notes on the in­ viron. Entomol., 16, 668-671. dpient phase of eusodality. Japan J. Ecol., 57(2), Sakagami, S. F. (1988). Bionomics of the halictine bees in 417-439. northern Japan IV. Lasioglossum (Evylaeus) nu­ Sakagami, S. F., & Fukuda, H. (1989). Nest founding and pricola sp. nov., a dimatic relic. Kontyu, 56(2), 337- nest survival in a eusocial halictine bee, La­ 353. sioglosswn duplex: additional observations. Res. Sakagami, S. F. (1987). Sozialstruktur und Polyethismus bei Pop. Ecol., 31(1139-151), Pradltbienen. In: Schmidt, G.H. (Ed.) Soz­ Saleh-mghir, E. (1989). Inter-individual recognition ialpolmorphismus in bees bei insekten: Probleme der Kas­ Apis mellifera. Annee. Bioi., 28(3), 187-200. tenblldung fm Tierreidl. Wissenschaftl.idle Ver­ lagsgellschaft, Stuttgart., Salmah, S., Inoue, T., Mardius, P., & Shoichi, S. F. (1987). Incubation period and post-emergence Sakagami, S. F. (1989). Taxonomic notes on a Malesian pig­ bee Lasioglosswn mentation in the Sumatran stingless bee, Trigona carinatum, the type spedes of the (Trigonella) moorei. Kontyu, subgenus Oenonomia, and its allies (Hymenoptera: 55(3), 383-390. Halictidae). J. Kans. Entomol. Soc., 62(4), 496-510. Sanchez, D. (1989). Ground-nesting bee best for blue­ Sakagami, S. F., & Ebmer, P. A. W. (1987). Taxonomic benies. Agric. Res. (Wash.,D.C.), 37(6), 16-17. notes on oriental halictine bees of the genus Ha­ Santiago-Blay, J. A., & Daly, H. V. (1988). The Apoidea col­ lictus (subgen. Seladonia) (Hymenoptera; Apoidea). lection of the California insect survey (C.I.S.) at the Unzer. Bioi. Beitr., 19(2), 301-357. EssigMuseum of Entomology, University of Cal­ Sakagami, S. F., Inoue, T., Yamane, S., & Salmah, S. ifornia, Berkeley. Pan. Poe. Entomol., 64(3), 281- (1989). Nests of the myrmecophilous stingless bee, 284. Trigona moorei: how do bees initiate their nest with­ Saraiva, L C., Cesar, 0., & Monteiro, R (1988). in an arboreal Pollination ant nest? Biotropica., 21(3), 265- biology and breeding system of Stryax camporurn 274. Pohl and Stryax fe17Ugineus neeset Mart. Sty­ Sakagami, S. F., & Inoue, T. (1987). Stingless bees of the ge­ raccaeae. Rev. Bras. Bot, 11((1-2), 71-80. nusTrigona subgenus Trigonella with notes on the Sarat Babu, G. reduction of spatha in male genitalia V., Bhatt, S.C., & Pandeya, S.C. (1987). Pol­ of the sub­ lination ecology genus Tetragonula (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Kon­ ofSolani.D7l sysimbrifolium Lamk. tyu, 55(4), 610-627. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. Plant Sd., 97(4), 295-300. Sakagami, S. F., & lConopidae) parasitizing bumblebees (Hy­ tifemale nests of Cerotina japonica (Hymenoptera, menoptera, Apidae). Mitt Sdlweiz. Entomol., 62(3- Apoidea). Kontyu, 55(3), 391-409. 4), 279-289. Sakagami, S. F., & Maeta, Y. (1987). Sodality, induced Sdunidt, G. H. (1987). Mechanismen der Kastenblldung and/or natural, in the basically solitary small car­ und Steuerung des Gesdllechtsverhaltnisses. In: penter bees (Ceratina). In: Ito, Y. Brown, J.L & IAnimal Societies, Theories and sekten: Probleme der Kastenblldung fm Tierreidl. Facts. Japan Scientific Press, Tokyo., Wissenschaftl.idle Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart., -28- Number4- 1991 MELISSA

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Smith, B. H., &Wenzel, J. W. (1988). Pheromonal ro­ Sowig, P. (1989). Effects of flowering plant's patch size on variation and kinship in social bee Lasioglosswn spedes composition of pollinator communities for zephynun (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). J. Clem. aging strategies and resource partitioning in bum­ Ecol, 14(1), 87-94. blebees (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Oecologia, 78(4), Snelling, R. R. (1988). The generic placement of Prosopis? 55().558. Allodape? mustela Vachal, 1895 (Hymenoptera: Spofford, M. G., Kurczewski, F. E., & Downes Jr., W. L Apoidea). Entomol. News, 99(1), 10.12. (1989). Nearctic spedes ofMiltogrammini (Dip­ Snelling, R. R. (1988). A new spedes of Centris (Me­ tera, Sarcophagidae) associated with spedes ofAc­ lanocmtris) from Cerro de la Neblina Venezuela uleata Hymenoptera (Vespoidea, Pompiloidea, (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae). Entomol News., Sphecoidea, Apoidea). J. Kans. Entomol Soc., 62 99(1), 13-16. (2), 254-267. Snelling, R. R. (1987). A revision of the bee genus Az­ Standley, LA., Kim, S. S. H., & Hjersted, I. M. (1988). Re­ tecanthidium (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Pan­ productive biology of two sympatric species of Poe. Entomol., 63(2), 165-171. Chimaphila. Rhodora, 90(863), 233-244. Snelling, R. R. (1987). Geographical inexactitude: Pan-Poe. Starr, C K. (1989). Bombus folsomi and the origin of Phi­ Entomol., 63(4), 339-340. lippine bumble bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Syst. Snelling, R. R., & Rozen Jr., J. G. (1987). Contributions to­ Entomol., 14(4), 411-415. ward a revision of the New World Nomadine bees. Starr, C K. (1989). In reply, is the sting the thing? Ann. En­ 2. The genus Melanomada (Hymenoptera: An­ tomol. Soc. Am., 82(1), 6-8. thophoridae). Contr. Sci., (384), 12pp. Starr, C K., &: Sakagami, S. F. (1987). An extraordinruy Snow, A. A., & Roubik., D. W. (1987). Pollen deposition and concentration of stingless bee colonies in the Phi­ removal by bees visiting two tree spedes in Pan­ lippines, with notes on nest structure (Hy­ ama. Biotropica, 19(1), 57-63. menoptera: Apidae: Trigona spp.). Insectes Sodaux, Soares, A. A., Campos, L.A. D. 0., Vieirea, M. F., & Melo, 34(2), 96-107. G. A. R. D. (1989). Relationship between Euglossa Starr, C K., &: Jacobson, R. S. (1990). Nest structure in Phi­ mandibularis Freise 1899 (Hymenoptera, Apidae, lippine hornets (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Vespa Euglossini) and Cyphomandra calycina Solanaceae. spp.). Jpn J. Ent., 58(1), 125-143. Oenc. Cult. (Sao Paulo), 41(9), 903-905. Staurengo da Cunha, M.A. (1988). Ultrastructure Soltz, R. L (1987). Interspecific of the competition and resource oocytes ofScaptotrigona postica workers (Hy­ utilization between bumblebees. Southwest. Nat., menoptera: Apidae). Naturalia, 13, 103-115. 32(1), 30.52. Sommeijer, M. J. (1987). Staurengo da Cunha, M. A., Cruz-Landum, C d, &: Age-polyethism in stingless bees Gomes, G. M. (1988). and evidence of flexible individual ontogentic Glandular dimorphism in fe­ se­ male castes ofFrieseomelitta quences. In: J. Eder &: H. Remold sivestri Languida: wax Olemistry and glands and glands assod.ated Biology of Sodallnsects. Verlag J. Pepemy, Mu­ with the sting. Nat­ nich., uralia, 13, 37-43. Sommeijer, M. J. (1987). An ethological anayalsis of intra­ Staurengo do Cuncha, M. A., Cruz-Landim, C D., &: colonial competition in relation to reproductive Gomes, G. M. (1988). Sexual dimorphism in the fe­ dominance in the stingless bee Melipona favosa. In: male castes of Frieseomelitta silvestrilanguida (Hy­ J. Eder & H.Remold (Eds.) Olemistry and Biology menoptera, Apidae) wax glands and glands as­ ofSodallnsects. Verlag J. Pepemy, Munich., - sociated with the sting. Natural., 13(0), 37-44. Sommeijer, M. J. (1987). Sodal control in Meliponinae. Steiner, K. E. (1990). The Diasda (Scrophulariaceae) win­ Jaarb. Uitg. Ned Entomol. Ver 1986,24-27. dow: an orientation cue for oil-oollecting bees. Bot. J. Unn. Soc., 102(2), 175-195. Sommeijer, M. J., &: Bootsma, M. C (1988). Melipona tri­ nitalis as a producer of honey in Trinidad, West In­ Steiner, K. E. (1989).lhe pollination of Disperis (Or­ dies. Actes Colloq. Insectes Soc., 4, 291-294. chidaceae) by oil- collecting bees in southern Af­ rica. Lindleyana, 4(4), 164-183. Sonet, M., & Jacob-Remade, A. (1987). Pollination de Ia le­ gumineuse fourragere Hedysarwn coronartium L en Steiner, K. E., & Whitehead, V. B. (1988). The assodation Tunisie. Bull. Rech. Agron. Gembloux, 22(1), 19- between oil- produdng flowers and oil-collecting 32. bees in the Drakensberg of southern Africa. Mon­ Soomro, A. H., I

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Stoddard, F. L, & Bond, D. A (1987). The pollination re­ Tadauchi, 0., & Hirashima, Y. (1988). Synopsis of Andrena quirements of the faba bean. Bee World, 68(3), . (Stenomelissa) with a new spedes from Japan (Hy­ 144-152 menoptera, Andrenidae). J. Fac. Agric. Igladiolus (Gladiolus Ulyricus) in the new forest, Hampshire by butterflies. Takahashi, H. (1987). A comparative floral and pollina­ · News Br. Butterfly Consetv. Soc., (41), 38-39. tion biology of Tricyrtis flava maxim, T. nana yatabe Bot Magaz., 100, Stone, G. N., & WIDmer, P. G. (1989). 'Endothermy and and T. ohsumiensis masamune. temperature regulation in bees: a aitique of 'grab 185-203. and stab' measurement of body temperature. J. Tanacs, L (1987). Biogeographic ecofaunistic and flight­ t:xp. Bioi., 143,211-223. dynamiccomposition of the Apoidea fauna at the Stone, G. N., & Willmer, P. G. (1989). Wann-up rates and Tisza Valley Hungary. Acta Univ. Szeged. Acta. body temperatures in bees the importance of body Biol, 33(1-4), 105-114. size thermal regime and phylogeny. J. Exp. Biol., Tanacs, L (1987). The trend of the composition of the wild­ 1471 303-328. bee population under the influence of anthropo­ Stort, A C., Bueno de Moraes, MM. , & Barelli, N. (1987). genic effects in the biotopes of the IPanurgus banksianus and P. calcaratus (Apoidea, azonas Brazil Acta Amazonica, 18((3-4), 55-66. Andrenidae). J. Kans. 'E'ntomol Soc., 61(4), 388- Strojny, W. (1987). The sole polish colony of Chalicock>ma 395. muraria (F.) (Hymenoptera, Apidae) extinct in the Tepedino, V. J. (1988). Host disaimination in Mono­ resetve Skalki Stoeckie, near Zabkowice Slaskie. cbntomerus obsoletus Fabridus (Hymenoptera: To­ Przegl. Zool., 31{3), 341-348. rymidae), a parasite of the alfalfa leafcutting bee Sugden, E. A (1989). A semi-natural, manipular obsetva­ , Megachile rotundata (Fabridus) (Hymenoptera: tion nest for fxoneura spp. and other allodapine Megachilidae). J. N. Y. 'E'ntomol. Soc., 96(1), 113- bees (Hymenoptera: Anthophorldae). Pan-Pac. En­ 118. tomol, 65(1), 17-24. Tepedino, V. J., Knapp, A. K., Eickwort, G. C., & Ferguson, Surholt, B., Grieve, H., Hommel, C., &Bertsch, A (1988). D. C. (1989). Death camas (Zigadenw nuttallh) in Fuel uptake, storage and use in male bumble bees Kansas: pollen collectors and a florivore. J. Kans. Bombus terrestrisL J. Comp. Physiol. B: Biochem. Entomol. Soc., 62(3), 411-412. Syst Environ Physiol., 158(2), 263-269. Tepedino, V. J., & Parker, F. D. (1988). Alternation of sex Sutcliffe, G. H., & Plowright, R C. (1988). The effects offood mtio in a partially bivoltine bee Megachile ro­ supply on adult size in the bumble bee Bombus ter­ tundata (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae). Ann. En­ Ticola l

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