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Radiation Induced Sterility to Control Tsetse Flies

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Radiation Induced Sterility to Control Tsetse Flies RADIATION INDUCED STERILITY TO CONTROL TSETSE FLIES THE EFFECTO F IONISING RADIATIONAN D HYBRIDISATIONO NTSETS E BIOLOGYAN DTH EUS EO FTH ESTERIL E INSECTTECHNIQU E ININTEGRATE DTSETS ECONTRO L Promotor: Dr. J.C. van Lenteren Hoogleraar in de Entomologie in het bijzonder de Oecologie der Insekten Co-promotor: Dr. ir. W. Takken Universitair Docent Medische en Veterinaire Entomologie >M$?ol2.o2]! RADIATION INDUCED STERILITY TO CONTROL TSETSE FLIES THE EFFECTO F IONISING RADIATIONAN D HYBRIDISATIONO NTSETS E BIOLOGYAN DTH EUS EO FTH ESTERIL EINSEC TTECHNIQU E ININTEGRATE DTSETS ECONTRO L Marc J.B. Vreysen PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor in de landbouw - enmilieuwetenschappe n op gezag van rectormagnificus , Dr. C.M. Karssen, in het openbaar te verdedigen op dinsdag 19 december 1995 des namiddags te 13.30 uur ind eAul a van de Landbouwuniversiteit te Wageningen t^^Q(&5X C IP DATA KONINKLIJKE BIBLIOTHEEK, DEN HAAG Vreysen, Marc,J.B . Radiation induced sterility to control tsetse flies: the effect of ionising radiation and hybridisation on tsetse biology and the use of the sterile insecttechniqu e inintegrate dtsets e control / Marc J.B. Vreysen ThesisWageninge n -Wit h ref -Wit h summary in Dutch ISBN 90-5485-443-X Copyright 1995 M.J.B.Vreyse n Printed in the Netherlands by Grafisch Bedrijf Ponsen & Looijen BV, Wageningen All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means without prior written permission by the publisher except inth e case of brief quotations, onth e condition that the source is indicated. Responsibility for the contents and for the opinions expressed rests solely withth eauthors . BI3UOTHEEK LANDBOUWUNIVERSITEIT WACENINGEN STELLINGEN 1. Het gebruik van blauwe doeken, behandeld met insecticiden is, in tegenstelling tot wat Horeth-Bontgen beweert, geen doeltreffende en economische manier om G. austenit e bestrijden. Horeth-Bontgen, D. (1992) Control of Glossina austeni and cattle trypanosomiasis on Unguja island by deltamethrin pour-on application to livestock and with stationary targets in cattle free zones. In: Tsetse control, diagnosis and chemotherapy using nuclear techniques, IAEA-TECDOC-634, 213-218. 2. Voorlopige resultaten van onderzoek naar het gastheerzoekgedrag van G. austeni zijn aanleiding om meer aandacht te besteden aan de invloed van geur op gastheerlocatie. Madubunyi, L.C. (1990) Ecological studies of Glossina austeni Newstead at Jozani forest, Unguja island, Zanzibar. Insect Science and its Application 11, 309-313 en 'Dit proefschrift'. 3. Toepassing van de 'pour-on' technologie op wilde dieren schijnt een vergezochte en on-orthodoxe manier van tsetsebestrijding te zijn, maar het zou vruchtbare resultaten kunnen opleveren voor moeilijk te bestrijden vliegen zoals G. austeni. Thomson, M.C. (1987) The effect on tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) of deltamethrin applied to cattle either as spray or incorporated into eartags. Tropical Pest Management 33, 329-325. Bauer, B., Petrich-Bauer, J. Pohlit, H. and Kabore, I. (1988) Effects of flumethrin pour-on against Glossinapalpalis gambiensis (Diptera: Glossinidae). Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 39, 151-152. 4. Het vervangen van vers bloed door een kunstmatig dieet om de in-vitro techniek voor het kweken van grote aantallen tsetsevliegen in de nabije toekomst in Afrika te verbeteren, is geen bruikbare optie. Kabayo, J.P., Taher, M. & Van der Vloedt, A.M.V. (1985) Development of a synthetic diet for Glossina (Diptera: Glossinidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 75, 635-640. 5. Een vergaande automatisering van het kweken en distribueren van tsetsevliegen is een conditio sine qua non om de steriele insekten techniek voor het op grote schaal bestrijden van tsetsevliegen betaalbaar en technisch mogelijk te maken. 'Dit proefschrift'. 6. De opinie dat tsetse uitroeiingsprogramma's het bestaan van de nationale parken in Afrika bedreigen getuigt van kortzichtigheid. Tarangire National Park. Published by the Tanzanian National Parks in association with the African Wildlife Foundation. 7. Tsetse bestrijdingsprogramma's die steunen op het gebruik van vallen en 'targets' in combinatie met deelname van de lokale bevolking laten, in tegenstelling tot wat beweerd wordt door Dransfield e.a., vaak te wensen over. Dransfield, R.D., Brightwell, R., Kyorku, C. & Williams B. (1990) Control of tsetse fly (Diptera - Glossinidae) populations using traps at Ngurunian, south-west Kenya. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 80, 265-276. 8. Privatisering van de veterinaire diensten in Afrika schijnt de enige zinvolle oplossing te zijn om weer tot een efficiënte dienstverlening te komen. 9. Het ontbreken van wetenschappelijke eerlijkheid in ontwikkelingsprogramma's die steunen op technische 'know-how' kan leiden tot het mislukken van de programma's. 10. De val van het communisme en de invoering van een vrije markteconomie in de voormalige Sovjet Unie vormen een enorme bedreiging voor flora en fauna in de ongerepte natuurgebieden van Siberia. 11. De opinie dat het actief beoefenen van sport een ideaal middel is tot vermagering berust op een misvatting. Stellingen behorende bij het proefschrift "Radiation induced sterility to control tsetse flies" door Marc J.B. Vreysen. Wageningen, dinsdag 19 december, 1995 To Carine, who went the extra mile with me Table of contents Foreword viii Samenvatting 1 Summary 5 Chapter 1 Introduction 9 Part 1 The effect of ionising radiation on the survival and reproductive biology of pupae and adult flies Chapter 2 Comparative gamma radiation sensitivity of Glossina tachinoides Westwood, Glossina fuscipes fuscipes Newstead and Glossina brevipalpis Newstead (Diptera; Glossinidae) 57 Chapter 3 Radiation sterilisation of Glossina tachinoides Westwood pupae: I. The effect of gamma radiation on female and male pupae of different age 71 Chapter 4 Radiation sterilisation of Glossina tachinoides Westwood pupae: II. The effect of dose fractionation and nitrogen during irradiation in the mid-pupal phase 87 Chapter 5 Radiation sterilisation of Glossina tachinoides Westwood pupae: III. The combined effects of chilling and gamma irradiation 103 Chapter 6 The effect of ionising radiation on the reproductive biology of Glossina austeni Newstead females 123 Chapter 7 The effect of ionising radiation on the reproductive biology of Glossina tachinoides Westwood females : a comparative study 137 Part 2 The effect of hybridisation of closely related Glossina species on the reproductive biology Chapter 8 The effect of intersubspecific hybridisation and gamma radiation on the reproductive biology of Glossina palpalis palpalis (Robineau-Desvoidy) and Glossina palpalis gambiensis Vanderplank 151 Chapter 9 Morphological characterisation of the genital armature of male and female hybrids from crosses between Glossina palpalis palpalis (Robineau-Desvoidy) and Glossina palpalis gambiensis Vanderplank 167 Chapter 10 Hybridisation of the tsetse fly species Glossina palpalis palpalis (Robineau-Desvoidy) and Glossina fuscipes fuscipes Newstead 181 Chapter 11 Analysis of the mating scar pattern of Glossina palpalis palpalis (Robineau-Desvoidy) and Glossina fuscipes fuscipes Newstead 191 Part 3 The Sterile Insect Technique in an integrated approach for the eradication of Glossina austeni Newstead on the island of Unguja (Zanzibar) Chapter 12 The history of tsetse and trypanosomiasis research on the island of Unguja (Zanzibar) 199 Chapter 13 Evaluation of sticky panels to monitor Glossina austeni Newstead (Diptera: Glossinidae) populations on Unguja island 209 Chapter 14 Quality control assessment of sterile Glossina austeni Newstead males in the laboratory, during transport and after release on Unguja island (Zanzibar) 225 Chapter 15 General discussion 249 References 261 Curriculum vitae 282 Foreword The majority of the work presented here was conducted during my assignment as FAO Associate Professional Officer at the Entomology Unit of the IAEA's laboratory in Seibersdorf, Austria. The remaining part of the research was carried out during my assignment as FAO/IAEA expert on Unguja, Zanzibar. Many people have made valuable contributions to this work and I would like to express my sincere thanks to them all. However, I have to single out Prof. Dr. J.C. van Lenteren and Dr. ir. W. Takken, for accepting the task, despite their heavy schedule, of being promoter and co-promoter of this work. Many thanks are due to my superiors of the Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency for their interest in the work, their continuous support, their valuable discussions and assistance in the design of some of the experiments: Dr. B. Sigurbjörnsönn, Former Director of the Joint FAO/IAEA Division, IAEA , Dr. D. Lindquist, former Head Insect and Pest Control Section, Dr. R. Gingrich, Former Head Entomology Unit, Seibersdorf Laboratory and Drs. J. Kabayo and U. Feldmann, both former Team Leaders of the Tsetse Unit, Seibersdorf Laboratory. I am specially indebted to the late Dr. André Van der Vloedt, Senior Tsetse officer, Insect and Pest Control Section, who introduced me to the tsetse fly and who was my direct supervisor of the work conducted at the Seibersdorf Laboratory. His vast knowledge of the tsetse and trypanosomiasis problem, his dynamic personality, his severe but always positive and constructive criticism, his unsaturable energy, his infectious enthusiasm and creative spirit have been extremely valuable during my stay in Vienna. Likewise, his encouragement during my first years in Zanzibar was very important.
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