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Buying Into Kleinfontein: the Financial Implications of Afrikaner Self- Determination

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Buying into Kleinfontein: The Financial Implications of Afrikaner Self- Determination by Johannes Stephanus van Wyk A dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree M.Soc.Sci.: Social Anthropology in the Department Anthropology and Archaeology University of Pretoria Faculty of Humanities Supervisor: Professor John Sharp October 2014 Declaration I, Johannes Stephanus van Wyk, declare that this dissertation is my own original work. Where secondary material has been used (either from a printed source or from the internet), this has been carefully acknowledged and referenced in accordance with the Depart of Anthropology and Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities and the University of Pretoria. Signature: ______________________ Date: _________________ ii Acknowledgements As with most studies of this kind I owe a considerable debt of gratitude to those who offered their time and thoughtful opinions to me during the course of my field research in Kleinfontein. This includes everyone who I encountered during this time. Two people stood out in this regard. Dina de Jager opened her home to me for a considerable length of time; she went a step further by making connections to other people for me. Without her I would not have been able to complete my research. Thanks also go to Pieter du Preez who acted as a gatekeeper for me and was someone with whom I could consult whenever the need arose. Naturally I am also thankful for the people in the Department of Anthropology and Archaeology at the University of Pretoria where I have developed my intellectual thinking skills since my undergraduate days. Apart from this it has also afforded me the opportunity to find and enjoy dignity. Innocent Pikirayi, as Head of Department for much of my postgraduate studies, has always offered me his support regardless of the situation; and for this I have an abiding appreciation. I would also like to single out friends: Nyasha Piloto, Dennis Webster and Benjamin Saccaggi who have always been understanding and shared both in my trials and in my tribulations over the years. In particular I would like to extend my thanks to John Sharp. While he acted as my study leader for my Master’s degree, he also gave me the freedom to engage with him on an equal footing and to argue with him about most aspects of life without end. He saw talents in me at undergraduate level which I myself did not identify back then; he took the time to nurture them as I progressed through to my postgraduate studies. This is a debt that cannot be repaid. Finally, I give thanks to my family who have supported since the start of my life. Shout out to my brother. iii Abstract In the years approaching President F.W. De Klerk’s announcement in 1990 that South Africa’s policies would be reformed a number of the right wing groups realised that apartheid would come to an end. This dissertation deals with one response, by the Boere-Vryheidsbeweging (Boer Freedom Movement). By setting up a settlement styled as a ‘growth point for Afrikaner self-determination’ in Pretoria’s eastern hinterland, in 1992, the movement hoped to avert what its numbers saw as eventual black majority rule. The aim of this study is to probe what has become of this settlement roughly 20 years after the transition to full democracy in 1994. The following questions were used as a guideline to this end: (i) On what legal basis has the settlement’s property been occupied?; (ii) Who are the people who moved to the settlement over time?; (iii) How have they generated the capital with which to develop the settlement?; (iv) What is the character of their relationship with each other?; and (v) How have they dealt with external authorities such as the state, province and local municipality? The findings of this study show that the settlement of Kleinfontein has been kept as a set of undivided properties and that none of the residents have individual title. They occupy the settlement by internal agreement alone, and there is no acknowledgement by either the state or private institutions of the internal divisions that have been made. Over time, the founders of the settlement managed to attract two categories of people to live there. The first comprised relatively old lower middle-class people who moved in because of the settlement’s affordability and peacefulness. The second consisted of working age middle-class people with professional jobs who moved in for reasons to do with the ideology of Afrikaner self-determination. As the movement of the second category of people into the settlement accelerated, internal disagreements developed between them and the first category of people, and the settlement as a whole eventually became so paralysed by the conflict that few people have chosen to move there since. The disagreements mainly revolved around the fact that the professionals wanted to transform the settlement so that it meets the middle-class standards found in major South African cities. The lack of consensus eventually resulted in several conflicts with the state, placing a question mark over the settlement’s continued existence in post-apartheid South Africa. iv Table of Contents Chapter 1: The Financial Implications of Self-Determination 1. Background of the study 1 2. The study of Kleinfontein 5 3. Chapter outline 7 Chapter 2: Literature Review 1. Introduction 9 2. ‘Afrikaner growth points’ 9 3. Discourse analysis, culture, identity and ‘whiteness studies’ 15 4. Intentional communities and collective ownership 18 5. Gated communities literature 21 Chapter 3: The Peopling of Kleinfontein 1. Introduction 25 2. Demographic graphs and physical layout of Kleinfontein 26 3. Phase 1: The founding of Kleinfontein and its roots 28 4. Phase 2: The establishment of Kleinfontein as a settlement 33 5. Phase 3: Rapid growth 43 6. Phase 4: Slow down and change of business 44 7. The situation during my field research 45 8. Conclusion 47 Chapter 4: Buying into Kleinfontein 1. Introduction 49 2. The ideological basis of Kleinfontein 49 3. 1992 – 1996: Ownership as a company 50 4. 1996 – 2007: Ownership in terms of Co-operative Act No. 91 of 1981 52 5. 2007 – 2011: Co-operatives Act No. 14 of 2005 comes into operation 56 6. After 2011: New frontiers 60 7. Conclusion 61 v Chapter 5: Utopia not yet reached 1. Introduction 62 2. The trust that once existed 62 3. Change and factionalism: the oumense and the moeilikheidmakers 64 4. Analysis of a Social Situation in Kleinfontein 76 5. Conclusion 92 Chapter 6: Conclusion 1. Introduction 94 2. An alternative modernity and Kleinfontein 95 3. Grand vision of Apartheid, reality and Kleinfontein after Apartheid 100 4. Failure of Kleinfontein, Pienaar and the pitfalls of discourse analysis 103 Bibliography 108 vi List of Figures Figure 2.1: Proposed area for volkstaat by Afrikaner Vryheidsbeweging and the Freedom Front Plus 12 Figure 3.1: Growth in number of residents 26 Figure 3.2: Growth in housing 27 Figure 3.3: Basic layout of Kleinfontein 28 Figure 3.4: One of the proposed areas for an Afrikaner volkstaat 32 Figure 3.5: Distribution of units in Kleinfontein 46 Figure 3.6: Age of owners of units 47 Figure 3.7: Shareholders per year 56 vii List of Acronyms ABSA - Amalgamated Banks of South Africa ANC - African National Congress AWB - Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging BVB - Boere-Vryheidsbeweging HNP - Herstigte Nasionale Party KAB - Kleinfontein Aandelebelange Beweging KBK - Kleinfontein Boerebelange Köoperatief Beperk ILO - International Labour Organisation NP - National Party OVS - Oranje-Vrystaat PAC - Pan-African Congress SACP - South African Communist Party SADF - South African Defence Force SACCOL - Savings and Credit Cooperative League of South Africa SARS - South African Revenue Service ZAR - Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek viii ix Chapter 1: The Financial Implications of Self-Determination 1.1 Background of the study Shortly before negotiations between the National Party and the liberation movements such as the African National Congress (ANC) started, a small group of people mostly located in and around Pretoria broke away from the Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging (AWB)1. They called themselves the Boere Vryheidsbeweging (BVB)2 and claimed they could no longer support the direction the AWB had taken, which they saw as being too violent. There was also unhappiness about Eugene Terre’Blanche’s affair with Jani Allen. Like many other movements on the far right at the time, the BVB wanted to create a volkstaat (homeland) for Afrikaners when they saw that the demise of white rule was inevitable. But unlike the Oranjewerkers3 they patently refused to take part in the negotiation process (Du Toit, 1991:652) on the basis that they saw the ANC, the South African Communist Party (SACP) and the Pan-African Congress (PAC) as ‘enemies and opponents of the Boerevolk’; and described them as ‘anti-Christian insolents and revolutionaries’ (Boere-Vryheidsbeweging, 1990:17). The BVB argued that a volkstaat should be created in the old Boer Republics of the Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek (ZAR) and the Oranje-Vrystaat (OVS), and they referred to its prospective residents variously as the Afrikanervolk (Afrikaner people), the Boerevolk (farmer people) or the Boere-Afrikanervolk (Farmer-Afrikaner people). In harking back to the past they said the Boere-Afrikaners’ republics and freedom had been taken from them unjustly, and that the stain left by the death of approximately 30 000 women and children in concentration camps during the Anglo-Boer War4 remained (Boere-Vryheidsbeweging, 1990:20). 1 Translation: Afrikaner Resistance Movement. 2 Translation: Boer (Farmer) Freedom Movement. 3 Translation: Orange workers (Literal). 4 1899-1902. 1 Initially the BVB sought to wrest control of roughly 20% of South Africa, located in the old Boer republics, from the National Party (NP) government.
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