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Prevalence, Etiology, Public Health Importance and Economic Impact of Mycobacteriosis in Slaughter Cattle in Laikipia County, Kenya

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Prevalence, Etiology, Public Health Importance and Economic Impact of Mycobacteriosis in Slaughter Cattle in Laikipia County, Kenya PREVALENCE, ETIOLOGY, PUBLIC HEALTH IMPORTANCE AND ECONOMIC IMPACT OF MYCOBACTERIOSIS IN SLAUGHTER CATTLE IN LAIKIPIA COUNTY, KENYA. A thesis submitted to the University of Nairobi in partial fulfilment of the Masters of Science in Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics degree of University of Nairobi By AKWALU SAMUEL KAMWILU (BVM) Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi 2019 i DECLARATION This thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other University. Signature………………………………… Date…………………………………… AKWALU SAMUEL KAMWILU (BVM) This thesis has been submitted for examination with our approval as supervisors. Signature………………………………… Date…………………………………… DR. KURIA, J.K.N.(BVM,MSc,PhD) Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi. Signature………………………………… Date…………………………………… PROF. OMBUI, J.N.(BVM,MSc,PhD) Department of Veterinary Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi. ii DEDICATION This work is dedicated to: My dear wife Dorothy, our children Kimathi, Munene and Karimi and My parents The late Mr. M’Akwalu and my loving mother, Sarah Akwalu. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This work was carried out at the National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory (NTRL), Central Veterinary Laboratories, Kabete (CVL,Kabete) and the Department of Veterinary Public Health, Pharmacology, and Toxicology, University of Nairobi. I’m very grateful to Dr. Kuria, J.K.N. my major supervisor for his guidance in conceptualizing this work, advice, accompanying me to the NTRL and CVL laboratories, helping in manual work many times and revision and correction of the manuscript. I’m also grateful to Prof. Ombui, J.N. my second supervisor who was also the chairman of PHPT during this study; for his advice, guidance and revision and correction of the manuscript. I’m grateful to the entire staff in the Department of Veterinary Public Health, Pharmacology, and Toxicology for their cooperation and assistance during this study. I would not forget to thank County Director of Veterinary Services, Laikipia County Dr. Njiru and Laikipia East Sub-County Veterinary Officer, Dr Mwaura for allowing me to collect specimens in their main County Abattoir in Nanyuki and field veterinary staff (especially Ms. Tabitha) for cooperation during sample taking. Dr. Mwaura always availed ice parks for transportation of specimen from the slaughter house to his office for storage before transferring them to Nairobi for processing. My sincere gratitude goes to all the staff working at the NTRL for the assistance, advice and cooperation. I’m especially grateful to Ms. Josphine, N.W and Ms. Wangui, for providing excellent facilities and good working environment during the first phase of sample processing covering lesion homogenisation, ZN staining, culturing and isolates storage. I would like to thank the Director of Veterinary Services and my Principal AHITI Kabete for permission during this masters training. Special thanks to the Kabete CVL and especially Dr. Salome Kairu (In-Charge-CVL) and Dr. Romona Ndanyi (Bacteriology Laboratory) for allowing me to carry out DNA molecular analysis (the second phase of sample processing) in their facility. Thank you Ms. Lucy Mwema for making sure equipment were on running condition, your presence and guidance during molecular analysis. I’m grateful to National Council of Science, Technology and Innovation (NACOSTI) for funding this project through the chief researcher, Dr. Kuria, J.K.N. of the University of Nairobi. Last but not the least, I’m very grateful to my dear wife Dorothy, my children Kimathi, Munene and Karimi for encouragement, and support during this study. Lastly and above all, I’m grateful to God for His divine provision, protection, strength and health throughout this study and generally in life. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE . ...................................................................................................................................... i DECLARATION...................................................................................................................... ii DEDICATION........................................................................................................................ iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................. ix LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................. x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS .......................................................... xi ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... xiv INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Background .................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Justification .................................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Overall Objective ........................................................................................................... 3 1.3.1 Specific objectives ....................................................................................................... 4 CHAPTER TWO ................................................................................................................. 5 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................. 5 2.1 Etiology ........................................................................................................................... 5 2.1.1 Classification of mycobacteria ................................................................................... 5 2.1.2 Cellular morphology and staining ............................................................................. 7 2.1.3 Cultural characteristics .............................................................................................. 8 2.1.4 Environmental and chemical resistance ................................................................. 10 2.2 Mycobacteriosis in cattle ............................................................................................. 11 2.2.1 Etiology ...................................................................................................................... 11 v 2.2.2 Epidemiology of bovine mycobacteriosis ................................................................ 12 2.2.2.1 Geographical distribution .................................................................................... 13 2.2.2.2 Prevalence of Mycobacteriosis ............................................................................. 14 2.2.2.3 Transmission and risk factors of Mycobacteriosis ............................................. 17 2.3 Pathogenesis.................................................................................................................. 22 2.4 Clinical signs of Mycobacteriosis in cattle ................................................................. 23 2.5 Pathology ...................................................................................................................... 23 2.6 Public health importance, control and prevention of mycobacteriosis ................... 24 2.7 Diagnosis of Mycobacteriosis ...................................................................................... 28 2.7.1 Live animals ............................................................................................................... 29 2.7.1.1 Clinical signs ........................................................................................................... 29 2.7.1.2 Tuberculin Skin Test ............................................................................................. 29 2.7.1.3 Gamma interferon assays (BovigamR) ................................................................ 30 2.7.2 Post-Mortem diagnosis of Mycobacteriosis ............................................................ 31 2.7.2.1 Detection of tuberculous lesions ........................................................................... 31 2.7.2.2 Acid fast staining technique .................................................................................. 33 2.7.2.3 Culture .................................................................................................................... 33 2.7.3 Molecular Diagnosis of Mycobacteriosis ................................................................ 34 2.7.3.1 PCR-based protocols ............................................................................................. 35 2.8 Economic impact of Mycobacteriosis ......................................................................... 36 CHAPTER THREE ........................................................................................................... 39 vi 3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS ................................................................................ 39 3.1 Study area ..................................................................................................................... 39 3.2 Study
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