PRADHAN MANTRI KRISHI SINCHAYEE YOJANA (PMKSY)
Sponsored by Ministry 0f Agriculture, Co-operation and farmer's welfare
Government of India
DISTRICT IRRIGATION PLAN (DIP) OF SARAN DISTRICT, BIHAR
AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT AGENCY (ATMA) SARAN 2015-16
Table of Content
Executive Summary i-ix List of Tables x-xiii List of Figures xiv-xvii 1. Chapter- I General Information of Saran District 1 1.1 District Profile 1 1.2 Demography 32 1.3 Biomass & Livestock 39 1.4 Agro-Ecology 42 1.5 Climate 42 1.6 Hydrology 43 1.7 Topography and Drainage 45 1.8 Geomorphology and Soils 68 1.9 Land Use pattern 91 2. Chapter –II District Water Profile 115 2.1 Area wise, crop wise Irrigation Status 115 2.2 Production and Productivity of Major Crops 129 2.3 Irrigation Based Classification 141 3. Chapter-III Water Availability 146 3.1 Ground Water Scenario 146 3.1.1 Hydrogeology 146 3.1.2 Ground Water Resources 150 3.1.3 Chemical quality of ground water 150 3.1.4 Status of Ground Water Development 151 3.1.5 Water Conservation and Artificial Recharge 151 3.1.6 Ground water related issue and problems 152 3.1.7 Ground Water Development 153 3.2 Status of Water Availability 154 3.3 Status of Command Area 165 4. Chapter-IV Water Requirement/Demand 168 5. Chapter-V Strategic Action Plan for Irrigation in District under PMKSY 179 5.1 Action Plan for Saran District 179- 597
Executive Summary
The major objective of PMKSY is to achieve convergence of investments in irrigation at the field level, expand cultivable area under assured irrigation, improve on-farm water use efficiency to reduce wastage of water, enhance the adoption of precision-irrigation and other water saving technologies (More crop per drop), enhance recharge of aquifers and introduce sustainable water conservation practices by exploring the feasibility of reusing treated municipal waste water for peri-urban agriculture and attract greater private investment in precision irrigation system. PMKSY has been conceived amalgamating ongoing schemes viz. Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme (AIBP) of the Ministry of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation (MoWR,RD&GR), Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP) of Department of Land Resources (DoLR) and the On Farm Water Management (OFWM) of Department of Agriculture and Cooperation (DAC). The scheme will be implemented by Ministries of Agriculture, Water Resources and Rural Development. Ministry of Rural Development is to mainly undertake rain water conservation, construction of farm pond, water harvesting structures, small check dams and contour bunding etc. MoWR, RD &GR, is to undertake various measures for creation of assured irrigation source, construction of diversion canals, field channels, water diversion/lift irrigation, including development of water distribution systems. Ministry of Agriculture will promote efficient water conveyance and precision water application devices like drips, sprinklers, pivots, rain-guns in the farm “(Jal Sinchan)”, construction of micro-irrigation structures to supplement source creation activities, extension activities for promotion of scientific moisture conservation and agronomic measures Programme framework of PMKSY is to adopt a ‘decentralized State level planning and projectised execution’ structure that will allow States to draw up their own irrigation development plans based on District Irrigation Plan (DIP) and State Irrigation Plan (SIP). It will be operative as convergence platform for all water sector activities including drinking water & sanitation, MGNREGA, application of science & technology etc. through comprehensive plan. State Level Sanctioning Committee (SLSC) chaired by the Chief Secretary of the State will be vested with the authority to oversee its implementation and sanction projects. The programme will be supervised and monitored by an Inter-Ministerial National Steering Committee (NSC) will be constituted under the Chairmanship of Prime Minister with Union Ministers from concerned Ministries. A National Executive Committee (NEC) will be constituted under the Chairmanship of Vice Chairman, NITI Aayog to oversee programme implementation, allocation of resources, inter ministerial coordination, monitoring & performance assessment, addressing administrative issues etc
Introduction The Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperation, GoI will implement the scheme. Government is committed to giving high priority to water security. It will complete the long pending irrigation projects on priority and launch the ‘Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana’ with the motto of
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‘Har Khet Ko Paani’. There is a need for seriously considering all options including linking of rivers, where feasible; for ensuring optimal use of our water resources to prevent the recurrence of floods and drought. By harnessing rain water through ‘Jal Sanchay’ and ‘Jal Sinchan’, we will nurture water conservation and ground water recharge. Micro irrigation will be popularised to ensure ‘Per drop-More crop’. Out of about 141 m.Ha of net area sown in the country, about 65 million hectare (or 45%) is presently covered under irrigation. Substantial dependency on rainfall makes cultivation in unirrigated areas a high risk, less productive profession. Empirical evidences suggest that assured or protective irrigation encourages farmers to invest more in farming technology and inputs leading to productivity enhancement and increased farm income. Vision The overreaching vision of Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) will be to ensure access to some means of protective irrigation to all agricultural farms in the country, to produce ‘per drop more crop’, thus bringing much desired rural prosperity. Objectives The broad objectives of PMKSY will be:- a) Achieve convergence of investments in irrigation at the field level (preparation of district level and, if required, sub district level water use plans). b) Enhance the physical access of water on the farm and expand cultivable area under assured irrigation (Har Khet ko pani), c) Integration of water source, distribution and its efficient use, to make best use of water through appropriate technologies and practices. d) Improve on-farm water use efficiency to reduce wastage and increase availability both in duration and extent, e) Enhance the adoption of precision-irrigation and other water saving technologies (More crop per drop). f) Enhance recharge of aquifers and introduce sustainable water conservation practices g) Ensure the integrated development of rainfed areas using the watershed approach towards soil and water conservation, regeneration of ground water, arresting runoff, providing livelihood options and other NRM activities. h) Promote extension activities relating to water harvesting, water management and crop alignment for farmers and grass root level field functionaries. i) Explore the feasibility of reusing treated municipal waste water for periurban agriculture, and j) Attract greater private investments in irrigation. This will in turn increase agricultural production and productivity and enhance farm income.
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Strategy & Focus Areas To achieve above objectives, PMKSY will strategize by focussing on end-to end solution in irrigation supply chain, viz. water sources, distribution network, efficient farm level applications, extension services on new technologies & information etc. Broadly, PMKSY will focus on:- a) Creation of new water sources b) Repair, restoration and renovation of defunct water sources c) Construction of water harvesting structures, secondary & micro storage, groundwater development d) Enhancing potentials (created and utilized) of traditional water bodies at village level e) Developing/augmenting distribution network where irrigation sources (both assured and protective) are available or created f) Promotion of scientific moisture conservation and run off control measures to improve ground water recharge so as to create opportunities for farmer to access recharged water through shallow tube/dug wells g) Promoting efficient water conveyance and field application devices within the farm viz, underground piping system, Drip & Sprinklers, pivots, rain-guns and other application devices etc. h) Encouraging community irrigation through registered user groups/farmer producers’ organisations/NGOs i) Farmer oriented activities like capacity building, training and exposure visits, demonstrations, farm schools, skill development in efficient water and crop management practices (crop alignment) including large scale awareness on more crop per drop of water through mass media campaign, exhibitions, field days, and extension activities through short animation films etc..
Programme Components
PMKSY will have following programme components:
A. Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme (AIBP) a) To focus on faster completion of ongoing Major and Medium Irrigation including National Projects.
B. PMKSY (Har Khet ko Pani) a) Creation of new water sources through Minor Irrigation (both surface and ground water) b) Repair, restoration and renovation of water bodies; strengthening carrying capacity of traditional water sources, construction rain water harvesting structures (Jal Sanchay); c) Command area development, strengthening and creation of distribution network from source to the farm; d) Ground water development in the areas where it is abundant, so that sink is created to store runoff/ flood water during peak rainy season. iii e) Improvement in water management and distribution system for water bodies to take advantage of the available source which is not tapped to its fullest capacity (deriving benefits from low hanging fruits). At least 10% of the command area is to be covered under micro/precision irrigation. f) Diversion of water from source of different location where it is surplus to nearby water scarce areas, lift irrigation from water bodies/rivers at lower elevation to supplement requirements beyond IWMP and MGNREGS irrespective of irrigation command. g) Creating and rejuvenating traditional water storage systems like Ahars, Pynes, Community tanks, dams etc.
C. PMKSY (Per Drop More Crop) a) Programme management, preparation of State/District Irrigation Plan, approval of annual action plan, Monitoring etc. b) Promoting efficient water conveyance and precision water application devices like drips, sprinklers, pivots, rain-guns in the farm (Jal Sinchan); c) Topping up of input cost particularly under civil construction beyond permissible limit (40%), under MGNREGS for activities like lining inlet, outlet, silt traps, distribution system etc. d) Construction of micro irrigation structures to supplement source creation activities including tube wells and dug wells (in areas where ground water is available and not under semi critical /critical /over exploited category of development) which are not supported under AIBP, PMKSY (Har Khet ko Pani), PMKSY (Watershed) and MGNREGS as per block/district irrigation plan. e) Secondary storage structures at tail end of canal system to store water when available in abundance (rainy season) or from perennial sources like streams for use during dry periods through effective on-farm water management; f) Water lifting devices like diesel/ electric/ solar pumpsets including water carriage pipes, underground piping system. g) Extension activities for promotion of scientific moisture conservation and agronomic measures including cropping alignment to maximise use of available water including rainfall and minimise irrigation requirement (Jal sarankchan); h) Capacity building, training and awareness campaign including low cost publications, use of video films for encouraging potential use water source through technological, agronomic and management practices including community irrigation. i) The extension workers will be empowered to disseminate relevant technologies under PMKSY only after requisite training is provided to them especially in the area of promotion of scientific moisture conservation and agronomic measures, improved/ innovative distribution system like pipe and box outlet system, etc. Appropriate Domain Experts will act as Master Trainers. j) Information Communication Technology (ICT) interventions for use in the field of water use efficiency, precision irrigation technologies, on farm water management, crop alignment etc. and also to do intensive monitoring of the Scheme.
iv k) To suggest a suitable cropping pattern for the area on the basis of available water resources and soil type
D. PMKSY (Watershed Development) a) Effective management of runoff water and improved soil & moisture conservation activities such as ridge area treatment, drainage line treatment, rain water harvesting, in-situ moisture conservation and other allied activities on watershed basis. b) Converging with MGNREGS and other schemes for creation of water sources to full potential including renovation of traditional water bodies.
District Irrigation Plans (DIPs) District Irrigation Plans (DIPs) shall be the cornerstone for planning and implementation of PMKSY. DIPs will identify the gaps in irrigation infrastructure after taking into consideration the District Agriculture Plans (DAPs) already prepared for Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) vis-à-vis irrigation infrastructure currently available and resources that would be added during XII Plan from other ongoing schemes (both State and Central), like Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme(MGNREGS), Rashtriya Krishi Vikash Yojana (RKVY), Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF), Member of Parliament Local Area Development (MPLAD) Scheme, Member of Legislative Assembly Local Area Development (MLALAD) Scheme, Local body funds etc. The gaps indentified under Strategic Research & Extension Plan (SREGP) will be made use in preparation of DIP. DIPs will present holistic irrigation development perspective of the district outlining medium to long term development plans integrating three components viz. water sources, distribution network and water use applications incorporating all usage of water like drinking & domestic use, irrigation and industry. Preparation of DIP will be taken up as joint exercise of all participating departments. DIP will form the compendium of all existing and proposed water resource network system in the district. The DIPs may be prepared at two levels, the block and the district. Keeping in view the convenience of map preparation and data collection, the work would be primarily done at block level. Block wise irrigation plan is to be prepared depending on the available and potential water resources and water requirement for agriculture sector prioritising the activities based on socio- economic and location specific requirement. In case of planning is made based on basin/sub basin level, the comprehensive irrigation plan may cover more than one district. The activities identified in the basin/sub-basin plan can be further segregated into district/block level action plans. Use of satellite imagery, topo sheets and available database may be appropriately utilised for developing irrigation plans at least on pilot basis to begin with and subsequently may be extended to all projects. DPRs of watershed projects should be taken into account while preparation of DIPs. These plans need to be developed following intensive participatory consultation process including Panchayati Raj Institutions. Agriculture Universities in the State May also be closely involved
v with the formulation and implementation of the Detailed Project Report and the District Level Plans.Technical, financial and human resources available for this sector with departments of rural development, urban development, drinking water, environment & forest, science & technology, Industrial policy etc. to be leveraged for comprehensive development of water sector. Creating access to water source either assured or protective to each farm will require a demand and supply assessment of crop water requirement, effective rainfall and potential source of existing & new water sources considering geohydrological and agro ecological scenario of the block. The master plan will include information on all sources of available water, distribution network, defunct water bodies, new potential water sources both surface and sub- surface systems, application & conveyance provisions, crops and cropping system aligned to available/designed quantity of water and suitable to local agro ecology. All activities pertaining water harvesting, water augmentation from surface/sub surface sources, distribution and application of water including repair renovation and restoration of water bodies, major medium and minor irrigation works, command area development etc. are to be taken up within the frame work of this master plan. Emphasis is to be given for deriving potential benefit from low hanging fruits like extending the reach/coverage of water source through effective distribution and application mechanism, reducing the gap between potential created and utilized through more focus on command area development and precision irrigation. Proper integration of creation of source like dams and water harvesting structures, distribution system like canals and command area development works and precision farming to be made for deriving best possible use of water resources. Steps may also be taken for use of urban treated waste water for irrigation purpose. For respective cities a command area may be identified for this purpose in and around the adjoining agricultural land of urban habitation. However, the recommended norms of treated sewage quality for specified activities at point of use be ensured during use of recycled water. Each District will be provided one time financial support to prepare District Irrigation Plan. DIPs and SIP are to be finalised within a period of three months from launching of PMKSY. National Rainfed Area Authority (NRAA) will be associated in preparation of State Irrigation Plan (SIP) and providing advisories to State Governments for comprehensive irrigation development. While formulating District Irrigation Plans (DIPs), suggestions of Hon’ble Member’s of Parliament and Member’s of Legislative Assembly of that is to be invited and will be included in DIPs after due technical consideration. Highest priority is to be given on valuable suggestions/recommendations of Member of Parliament of that particular district subject to technical/financial viability.
The District Level Implementation Committee (DLIC) DLIC will form the third tier of the PMKSY. The DLIC will be chaired by the Collector/District Magistrate and will comprise of CEO Zila Parishad/PD DRDA, Joint Director/Deputy director of Departments of Horticulture, Agriculture, Rural Development, Surface and Ground Water Resources, Irrigation and any other line Departments in the district, District Forest Officer, Lead bank officer of the District.
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The Project Director, Agricultural Technology Management Agency (ATMA) will be the Member Secretary of DLIC. In addition, DLIC may have two progressive farmers, and a leading NGO working in the District, if any. The farmers will be nominated for one year from District Farmers Advisory Committee under ATMA. The NGO representative will be nominated by the Collector/District Magistrate. The DLIC will oversee the implementation and inter-departmental coordination at district level and will have following role: a. To act as the field level coordinator between the various implementation agencies/line departments in the District and to ensure that the agreed District Irrigation Plan/ Annual Irrigation Plan is successfully implemented b. To prepare the District Irrigation Plan (DIP), showing the contribution of various funding streams and programmes towards specific outputs and outcomes and seek approval of the SLSC for the same. c. To prepare Annual Irrigation Plans (AIPs) arising out of the DIPs and to forward them to the SLSC for approval. d. To monitor the progress of various components of the AIPs, to remove implementation hurdles and make periodic reports to SLSC. e. To undertake public awareness and publicity efforts for engaging farmers, PRIs, media and other local stakeholders to build support for the implementation of the DIPs. The Project Director, Agricultural Technology Management Agency (ATMA) will make use of the existing infrastructure and staff under ATMA in districts and blocks for discharging duties under PMKSY. The DLIC will prepare the District Irrigation Plan (DIP) for the district which will include mapping existing water resource of the district created by various sources of irrigation, measures to identify the water risk status of the district, to identify the new source of water to enhance physical water availability at the farm level, measures to improve water use efficiency and water distribution. Convergence PMKSY will ensure convergence with all rural assets/infrastructure based programmes related to water conservation and management programmes/schemes like Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS), Rashtriya Krishi Vikash Yojana (RKVY), Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission and Rural Electrification programmes, Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF), Member of Parliament Local Area Development (MPLAD) Scheme, Member of Legislative Assembly Local Area Development (MLALAD) Scheme, Local body funds, Working Plan of State Forest Department etc. The inputs from the Intensive Participatory Planning Exercise (IPPE) already conducted under MGNREGA in 2,500 backward Blocks may be used in preparing the DIP. In most cases the labour intensive works like earth works for source creation may be taken up under MGNREGA. Emphasis be given for utilising MGNREGA fund for de-silting of ponds, canals, defunct water bodies like old ponds, Jal Mandir, khul, Tanka etc. to improve storage capacity and creating scopes for water availability
vii for irrigation purposes. PMKSY(Per Drop More Crop) fund may also be used for topping up of material cost beyond the specified limit, i.e., 40% in the MGNERGA for lining, inlet, outlet, silt trap, adjustable gates etc. All stake holders viz farmers, Panchayat and grass route level functionaries be made aware of scientific/technical processes of cleaning canals, de-siltation, construction of water harvesting structures etc., through extension activities including use of IEC, short animation films etc. to get maximum benefit of MGNREGA for these works. Other works can be taken up from PMKSY(Har Khet Ko Pani), PMKSY(Watershed) etc. depending on the type and nature of works. Where irrigation source is created, the PMKSY(Per drop more crop) component be potentially made use to improve irrigation efficiency and extend larger coverage from the same source. Department of Land Resources is in the process of starting the World Bank assisted “Neeranchal” project. Neeranchal is proposed to focus on better scientific basin level planning, new technologies for efficient water management, community level hydrology, enhanced production and yields, linkages with markets, real time monitoring systems using state of the art technologies and urban watersheds. Neeranchal will support PMKSY with proper synergy between the two programmes. Where more than one department has to converge to implement a single scheme, each department may take up a separate component for implementation. Wherever irrigation potential has been created, but is lying unutilised for want of field channels, works for creating such supporting infrastructure shall be taken up under MGNREGA on priority and such works should also be part of the District Irrigation Plan. In respect of the irrigation works to be taken up under MGNREGA, technical support of other line departments would be provided. In fact, such support will enable scientific plans and execution of such works as part of PMKSY. Ministry of Panchayati Raj shall also be appropriately consulted for ensuring that local/Panchayat level requirements are adequately addressed in DIPs and SIP. PMKSY will also accord priorities to villages identified under Sansad Adarsh Garm Yojana (SAGY). Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India may affect changes in the PMKSY operational guidelines, other than those affecting the financing pattern as the scheme evolves, whenever such changes are considered necessary with the approval of NEC.
Monitoring & Evaluation A web-based Management Information System for PMKSY (PMKSY-MIS) will be developed to collect essential information related to each project. States will be responsible for timely submission/updating project data online in the system (preferably on a fortnightly basis), which will provide current and authenticated data on outputs, outcome and contribution of PMKSY projects in the public domain. Monitorable targets against each component will be fixed by concerned Ministry/department of GOI such as Department of Agriculture & Cooperation, Ministry of Water Resources, RD& GR, Department of Land Resources and Ministry of Rural Development for all sub-components (MoRD will enter the information only for creation of water sources in the identified rainfed and backward blocks for special focus by MGNREGA funds where DoLR to complete their ongoing watershed programmes). Any achievements in a given
viii timeframe will be reported for each activity with respect to baseline/historic data. This may include increase in production area, productivity, use of precision facilities etc. In this process, the focus should also be on to fix accountability and use technology for not meeting the targets and time frame of implementation. PMKSY-MIS reports shall be the basis of ‘on line monitoring’ and judging ‘Inter-State performance’; States may establish a dedicated PMKSY-MIS cell for this purpose. The assets created under “Pradhan Mantri Gramin Sinchai Yojana” will be geo-tagged and mapped on to location maps using Bhuvan application developed by Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). This activity will be dovetailed with the new Innovative Technology Dissemination component of hand held devices under NAMET. The extension workers or other verification authorities will fill in details of the asset being created or completed under the Scheme by completing online form as an Android application. Asset details of each irrigation source and distribution channel with digitized satellite imagery with necessary information on capacity, sources, inlets, outlets etc. to be uploaded using geo tagging feature of a GPS enabled smart phone. In order to fine-tune this activity, village boundaries as per Survey of India (having latitude/longitude details) will be used in conjunction with District/Block codes strictly in keeping with the Farmer’s Portal so as to avoid any duplication or contradiction. Each structure will have a unique ID no. with “first two letters of state/abbreviated scheme name/ first three letters of district/year of operationalization/ longitude/latitude”. Services of MNCFC will be utilised for such activities. Twenty five percent (25%) of the projects sanctioned by the State shall have to be compulsorily taken up for third party monitoring and evaluation by the implementing States. Besides, the accounts of all this assets created will have to be put before the Gram Sabha for social audit. Action plan for monitoring and evaluation will be chosen by SLSC every year in its first meeting based on project cost, importance of the project etc. preferably covering all sectors. The State Government will be free to choose any reputed agencies for conducting the monitoring and evaluation work in their States. Requisite fees/cost towards monitoring & evaluation will be met by the State Government from the 5% allocation retained by them for administrative expenses.DAC will evolve suitable mechanism for concurrent evaluation of implementation of PMKSY. DAC may also engage suitable agency for conducting State specific/Pan India periodic implementation monitoring and/or mid-term/endterm evaluation of the scheme. NRAA will be involved in the process of mid- term /end term evaluation of PMKSY programme. The performance of the States will be reflected in the Outcome Budget document of the respective Ministry/Department.
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List of Tables
Table 1.1.1: District Profile of Saran District 10
Table 1.2.1: Block wise Panchayat and Village, Saran District 32
Table 1.2.2: Details of Population in Saran District 33
Table 1.2.3: Details of Category wise Population in Saran District 34
Table 1.2.4: Details of Household in Saran District 38
Table 1.3.1: Small animal population in Saran District 40 Table 1.3.2: Large animal population in Saran District 41 Table 1.5.1: Block wise details of temperature in Saran District 42 Table 1.6.1: Agro-Ecology Zone and rainfall in Saran District 43 Table 1.7.1: Block wise Land Slope, Saran District 46 Table 1.8.1: Soil Type in Saran District 69 Table 1.9.1: Land Use Pattern in Saran District 92 Table 2.1.1: Area-Wise Crop-Wise Irrigation Status of Saran district 116 Table 2.1.2: Area-Wise Crop-Wise Irrigation Status: Block – Amnour 119 Table 2.1.3: Area-Wise Crop-Wise Irrigation Status: Block – Baniapur 119
Table 2.1.4: Area-Wise Crop-Wise Irrigation Status: Block – Chhapra 120
Table 2.1.5: Area-Wise Crop-Wise Irrigation Status: Block – Dariapur 120
Table 2.1.6: Area-Wise Crop-Wise Irrigation Status: Block – Dighwara 121
Table 2.1.7: Area-Wise Crop-Wise Irrigation Status: Block - Ekma 121
Table 2.1.8: Area-Wise Crop-Wise Irrigation Status: Block – Garkha 122
Table 2.1.9: Area-Wise Crop-Wise Irrigation Status: Block – Ishupur 122
Table 2.1.10: Area-Wise Crop-Wise Irrigation Status: Block – Jalalpur 123
Table 2.1.11: Area-Wise Crop-Wise Irrigation Status: Block – Lahladpur 123
Table 2.1.12: Area-Wise Crop-Wise Irrigation Status: Block – Maker 124
Table 2.1.13: Area-Wise Crop-Wise Irrigation Status: Block – Manjhi 124
Table 2.1.14: Area-Wise Crop-Wise Irrigation Status: Block – Madhaura 125
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Table 2.1.15: Area-Wise Crop-Wise Irrigation Status: Block – Mashrakh 125
Table 2.1.16: Area-Wise Crop-Wise Irrigation Status: Block – Nagra 126
Table 2.1.17: Area-Wise Crop-Wise Irrigation Status: Block – Panapur 126
Table 2.1.18: Area-Wise Crop-Wise Irrigation Status: Block – Parsa 127
Table 2.1.19: Area-Wise Crop-Wise Irrigation Status: Block – Revelganj 127
Table 2.1.20: Area-Wise Crop-Wise Irrigation Status: Block – Sonpur 128
Table 2.1.21: Area-Wise Crop-Wise Irrigation Status: Block – Taraiya 128
Table 2.2.1: Production and Productivity of Major Crops, Saran District 130 Table 2.2.2: Production and Productivity of major crops, Block – Amnour 131
Table 2.2.3: Production and Productivity of major crops, Block – Baniapur 131
Table 2.2.4: Production and Productivity of major crops, Block – Chhapra 132
Table 2.2.5: Production and Productivity of major crops, Block – Dariapur 132
Table 2.2.6: Production and Productivity of major crops, Block – Dighwara 133
Table 2.2.7: Production and Productivity of major crops, Block – Ekma 133
Table 2.2.8: Production and Productivity of major crops, Block – Garkha 134
Table 2.2.9: Production and Productivity of major crops, Block – Ishupur 134
Table 2.2.10: Production and Productivity of major crops, Block – Jalalpur 135
Table 2.2.11: Production and Productivity of major crops, Block – Lahladpur 135
Table 2.2.12: Production and Productivity of major crops, Block – Maker 136
Table 2.2.13: Production and Productivity of major crops, Block – Manjhi 136
Table 2.2.14: Production and Productivity of major crops, Block – Madhaura 137
Table 2.2.15: Production and Productivity of major crops, Block – Mashrakh 137
Table 2.2.16: Production and Productivity of major crops, Block – Nagra 138
Table 2.2.17: Production and Productivity of major crops, Block – Panapur 138
Table 2.2.18: Production and Productivity of major crops, Block – Parsa 139
Table 2.2.19: Production and Productivity of major crops, Block – Revelganj 139
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Table 2.2.20: Production and Productivity of major crops, Block – Sonpur 140
Table 2.2.21: Production and Productivity of major crops, Block – Taraiya 140
Table 2.3.1: Irrigation based Classification in Saran district 141 Table 2.3.2: Irrigated and Unirrigated Area Kharif season in Saran district 142 Table 2.3.3: Irrigated and Unirrigated Area Rabi season in Saran district 143 Table 2.3.4: Irrigated and Unirrigated Area Summer season in Saran district 144 Table- 3.1.1 Block Wise Dynamic Ground Water Resources of Saran district 150 Table 3.1.2: Status of Ground Water Availability in Saran district 153 Table 3.2.1: Status of Water Availability in Saran district 154 Table 3.2.2: Status of Water Availability in Amnour Block 155 Table 3.2.3: Status of Water Availability in Baniapur Block 155 Table 3.2.4: Status of Water Availability in Chhapra Block 156 Table 3.2.5: Status of Water Availability in Dariapur Block 156 Table 3.2.6: Status of Water Availability in Dighwara Block 157 Table 3.2.7: Status of Water Availability in Ekma Block 157 Table 3.2.8: Status of Water Availability in Garkha Block 158 Table 3.2.9: Status of Water Availability in Ishupur Block 158 Table 3.2.10: Status of Water Availability in Jalalpur Block 159 Table 3.2.11: Status of Water Availability in Lahladpur Block 159 Table 3.2.12: Status of Water Availability in Maker Block 160 Table 3.2.13: Status of Water Availability in Manjhi Block 160 Table 3.2.14: Status of Water Availability in Madhaura Block 161 Table 3.2.15: Status of Water Availability in Mashrakh Block 161 Table 3.2.16: Status of Water Availability in Nagra Block 162 Table 3.2.17: Status of Water Availability in Panapur Block 162 Table 3.2.18: Status of Water Availability in Parsa Block 163 Table 3.2.19: Status of Water Availability in Revelganj Block 163 Table 3.2.20: Status of Water Availability in Sonpur Block 164 Table 3.2.21: Status of Water Availability in Taraiya Block 164 Table: 3.3.1: Status of Command Area in Saran district 165 Table 3.3.2: Existing type of Irrigation in Saran district 166 Table: 4.1: Population and Water demand in Saran district 169 xii
Table 4.2: Crop water requirement in Saran district 171 Table 4.3: Livestock Water demand in Saran district 173 Table 4.4: Industrial Water demand in Saran district 174 Table 4.5: Water demand for Power Generation in Saran district 175 Table 4.6: Total Water demand of the district for various sectors (Present) 176 Table 4.7: Total Water demand of the district for various sectors (2020) 177 Table 4.8: Water Budget of Saran district 178 Table 5.1.1: Component wise Schemes/Activities of Saran District 180 Table 5.1.2: Department wise Component of Saran District 181 Table 5.1.3: Component wise Year Wise Cost of Saran District 181 Table 5.1.4: Strategic Action Plan for Saran District 182
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List of Figures
FIG 1.1: LOCATION MAP OF BIHAR 1
FIG 1.2: DISTRICT MAP OF BIHAR 2
FIG 1.3: LOCATION MAP OF SARAN DISTRICT 3
FIG 1.4: ADMINISTRATIVE MAP OF SARAN DISTRICT 4
FIG 1.5: BLOCKS FALLING UNDER SARAN DISTRICT 5
FIG 1.6: MICRO-WATERSHED BOUNDARY WITH CODE, SARAN DISTRICT 11
FIG 1.7: MICRO-WATERSHED BOUNDARY WITH CODE, BLOCK AMNOUR 12
FIG 1.8: MICRO-WATERSHED BOUNDARY WITH CODE, BLOCK BANIAPUR 13
FIG 1.9: MICRO-WATERSHED BOUNDARY WITH CODE, BLOCK CHHAPRA 14
FIG 1.10: MICRO-WATERSHED BOUNDARY WITH CODE, BLOCK DARIAPUR 15
FIG 1.11: MICRO-WATERSHED BOUNDARY WITH CODE, BLOCK DIGHWARA 16
FIG 1.12: MICRO-WATERSHED BOUNDARY WITH CODE, BLOCK EKMA 17
FIG 1.13: MICRO-WATERSHED BOUNDARY WITH CODE, BLOCK GARKHA 18
FIG 1.14: MICRO-WATERSHED BOUNDARY WITH CODE, BLOCK ISHUPUR 19
FIG 1.15: MICRO-WATERSHED BOUNDARY WITH CODE, BLOCK JALALPUR 20
FIG 1.16: MICRO-WATERSHED BOUNDARY WITH CODE, BLOCK LAHLADPUR 21
FIG 1.17: MICRO-WATERSHED BOUNDARY WITH CODE, BLOCK MAKER 22
FIG 1.18: MICRO-WATERSHED BOUNDARY WITH CODE, BLOCK MANJHI 23
FIG 1.19: MICRO-WATERSHED BOUNDARY WITH CODE, BLOCK MADHAURA 24
FIG 1.20: MICRO-WATERSHED BOUNDARY WITH CODE, BLOCK MASHRAKH 25
FIG 1.21: MICRO-WATERSHED BOUNDARY WITH CODE, BLOCK NAGRA 26
FIG 1.22: MICRO-WATERSHED BOUNDARY WITH CODE, BLOCK PANAPUR 27
FIG 1.23: MICRO-WATERSHED BOUNDARY WITH CODE, BLOCK PARSA 28
FIG 1.24: MICRO-WATERSHED BOUNDARY WITH CODE, BLOCK REVELGANJ 29
FIG 1.25: MICRO-WATERSHED BOUNDARY WITH CODE, BLOCK SONPUR 30
FIG 1.26: MICRO-WATERSHED BOUNDARY WITH CODE, BLOCK TARAIYA 31
FIG 1.27: BLOCK WISE MALE & FEMALE POPULATION DETAILS, SARAN DISTRICT 34 FIG 1.28: BLOCK WISE SC POPULATION DETAILS, SARAN DISTRICT 36
FIG 1.29: BLOCK WISE ST POPULATION DETAILS, SARAN DISTRICT 36 xiv
FIG 1.30: BLOCK WISE OBC/GEN POPULATION DETAILS, SARAN DISTRICT 37 FIG 1.31: BLOCK WISE NO. OF HOUSEHOLD DETAILS, SARAN DISTRICT 38 FIG 1.32: BLOCK WISE SMALL ANIMAL POPULATION DETAILS, SARAN DISTRICT 40 FIG 1.33: BLOCK WISE LARGE ANIMAL POPULATION DETAILS, SARAN DISTRICT 41 FIG 1.34: BLOCK WISE NO. OF RAINY DAYS, SARAN DISTRICT 44 FIG 1.35: SLOPE MAP, SARAN DISTRICT 47 FIG 1.36: SLOPE MAP, AMNOUR BLOCK 48 FIG 1.37: SLOPE MAP, BANIAPUR BLOCK 49 FIG 1.38: SLOPE MAP MAP, CHHAPRA BLOCK 50
FIG 1.39: SLOPE MAP MAP, DARIAPUR BLOCK 51
FIG 1.40: SLOPE MAP, DIGHWARA BLOCK 52
FIG 1.41: SLOPE MAP MAP, EKMA BLOCK 53
FIG 1.42: SLOPE MAP, GARKHA BLOCK 54
FIG 1.43: SLOPE MAP MAP, ISHUPUR BLOCK 55
FIG 1.44: SLOPE MAP MAP, JALALPUR BLOCK 56
FIG 1.45: SLOPE MAP MAP, LAHLADPUR BLOCK 57
FIG 1.46: SLOPE MAP MAP, MAKER BLOCK 58
FIG 1.47: SLOPE MAP MAP, MANJHI BLOCK 59
FIG 1.48: SLOPE MAP MAP, MADHAURA BLOCK 60
FIG 1.49: SLOPE MAP MAP, MASHRAKH BLOCK 61
FIG 1.50: SLOPE MAP MAP, NAGRA BLOCK 62
FIG 1.51: SLOPE MAP MAP, PANAPUR BLOCK 63
FIG 152: SLOPE MAP MAP, PARSA BLOCK 64
FIG 1.53: SLOPE MAP MAP, REVELGANJ BLOCK 65
FIG 1.54: SLOPE MAP MAP, SONPUR BLOCK 66
FIG 1.55: SLOPE MAP MAP, TARAIYA BLOCK 67
FIG 1.56: SOIL MAP, SARAN DISTRICT 70
FIG 1.57: SOIL MAP, AMNOUR BLOCK 71 FIG 1.58: SOIL MAP, BANIAPUR BLOCK 72 FIG 1.59: SOIL MAP MAP, CHHAPRA BLOCK 73
FIG 1.60: SOIL MAP MAP, DARIAPUR BLOCK 74
FIG 1.61: SOIL MAP, DIGHWARA BLOCK 75
FIG 1.62: SOIL MAP MAP, EKMA BLOCK 76
FIG 1.63: SOIL MAP, GARKHA BLOCK 77
xv
FIG 1.64: SOIL MAP MAP, ISHUPUR BLOCK 78
FIG 1.65: SOIL MAP MAP, JALALPUR BLOCK 79
FIG 1.66: SOIL MAP MAP, LAHLADPUR BLOCK 80
FIG 1.67: SOIL MAP MAP, MAKER BLOCK 81
FIG 1.68: SOIL MAP MAP, MANJHI BLOCK 82
FIG 1.69: SOIL MAP MAP, MADHAURA BLOCK 83
FIG 1.70: SOIL MAP MAP, MASHRAKH BLOCK 84
FIG 1.71: SOIL MAP MAP, NAGRA BLOCK 85
FIG 1.72: SOIL MAP MAP, PANAPUR BLOCK 86
FIG 173: SOIL MAP MAP, PARSA BLOCK 87
FIG 1.74: SOIL MAP MAP, REVELGANJ BLOCK 88
FIG 1.75: SOIL MAP MAP, SONPUR BLOCK 89
FIG 1.76: SOIL MAP MAP, TARAIYA BLOCK 90
FIG 1.77: BLOCK WISE AREA UNDER AGRICULTURE LAND, SARAN DISTRICT 93
FIG 1.78: BLOCK WISE OTHER LAND, SARAN DISTRICT 93
FIG 1.79: LAND USE/LAND COVER MAP, SARAN DISTRICT 94
FIG 1.80: LAND USE/LAND COVER MAP, AMNOUR BLOCK 95
FIG 1.81: LAND USE/LAND COVER MAP, BANIAPUR BLOCK 96
FIG 1.82: LAND USE/LAND COVER MAP, CHHAPRA BLOCK 97 FIG 1.83: LAND USE/LAND COVER MAP, DARIAPUR BLOCK 98
FIG 1.84: LAND USE/LAND COVER MAP, DIGHWARA BLOCK, 99
FIG 1.85: LAND USE/LAND COVER MAP, EKMA BLOCK 100
FIG 1.86: LAND USE/LAND COVER MAP, GARKHA BLOCK 101
FIG 1.87: LAND USE/LAND COVER MAP, ISHUPUR BLOCK 102
FIG 1.88: LAND USE/LAND COVER MAP, JALALPUR BLOCK 103
FIG 1.89: LAND USE/LAND COVER MAP, LAHLADPUR BLOCK 104
FIG 1.90: LAND USE/LAND COVER MAP, MAKER BLOCK 105
FIG 1.91: LAND USE/LAND COVER MAP, MANJHI BLOCK 106
FIG 1.92: LAND USE/LAND COVER MAP, MADHAURA BLOCK 107
FIG 1.93: LAND USE/LAND COVER MAP, MASHRAKH BLOCK 108
FIG 1.94: LAND USE/LAND COVER MAP, NAGRA BLOCK 109
FIG 1.95: LAND USE/LAND COVER MAP, PANAPUR BLOCK 110 xvi
FIG 1.96: LAND USE/LAND COVER MAP, PARSA BLOCK 111
FIG 1.97: LAND USE/LAND COVER MAP, REVELGANJ BLOCK 112
FIG 1.98: LAND USE/LAND COVER MAP, SONPUR BLOCK 113
FIG 1.99: LAND USE/LAND COVER MAP, TARAIYA BLOCK 114
FIG 2.1: CROP WISE KHRIF IRRIGATION STATUS, SARAN DISTRICT 117
FIG 2.2: CROP WISE RABI IRRIGATION STATUS, SARAN DISTRICT 117
FIG 2.3: CROP WISE SUMMER IRRIGATION STATUS, SARAN DISTRICT 118
FIG 2.4: SEASON WISE CROP SOWN AREA, SARAN DISTRICT 130
FIG 2.5: BLOCK WISE IRRIGATED & RAINFED AREA, SARAN DISTRICT 142
FIG 2.6: BLOCK WISE IRRIGATED & RAINFED AREA OF KHARIF SEASON, SARAN DISTRICT 143
FIG 2.7: BLOCK WISE IRRIGATED & RAINFED AREA OF RABI SEASON, SARAN DISTRICT 144
FIG 2.8: BLOCK WISE IRRIGATED & RAINFED AREA OF SUMMER SEASON, SARAN DISTRICT 145
FIG 3.1.1: HYDROGEOLOGICAL MAP OF SARAN DISTRICT 147
FIG 3.1.2: DEPTH TO WATERLEVEL (PRE MONSOON) MAP OF SARAN DISTRICT 148
FIG 3.1.3: DEPTH TO WATER LEVEL (POST MONSOON) MAP OF SARAN DISTRICT 149
FIG 3.1.4: BLOCK-WISE STAGE OF GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT MAP OF SARAN DISTRICT 151
FIG 3.1.5: CATEGORISATION OF BLOCKS & ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE PROSPECTS OF DISTRICT 152
FIG 4.1: BLOCK WISE PROJECTED POPULATION OF SARAN DISTRICT 170
FIG 4.2: BLOCK WISE PROJECTED WATER DEMAND OF SARAN DISTRICT 170
FIG 4.2: BLOCK WISE CROP WATER POTENTIAL OF SARAN DISTRICT 172
xvii
Chapter-I General Information of Saran District 1.1 District Profile Saran District is one of the thirty-eight districts of Bihar state, India. The district is a part of Saran Division, is also known as Chapra district after the headquarters of the district - Chapra.
FIG 1.1: LOCATION MAP OF BIHAR
1
FIG 1.2: DISTRICT MAP OF BIHAR
2
The district of Saran is situated between 25°36' and 26°13' north latitude and 84°24' and 85°15' east longitude in the southern post of the Saran Division of North Bihar. The Ganges river provides the southern boundary of the district, beyond which lie the districts of Bhojpur and Patna. To the north of Saran lie the districts of Siwan and Gopalganj. The Gandak river forms the dividing line with the Vaishali and Muzaffarpur districts in the east. To the west of Saran lie the districts of Siwan and Balia in Uttar Pradesh. The Ghaghra river forms a natural boundary between Saran and Ballia districts.
FIG 1.3: LOCATION MAP OF SARAN DISTRICT 3
Saran district occupies an area of 2,641 square kilometers (1,020 sq mi). There are a few villages in saran which are known for its historical and social significance. one of those villages is Rampur Kallan which is situated at the distance of around 10 km north of Chapra town. This village played a commendable role in freedom movement. Sardar Mangal singh was widely known for his contribution to the freedom movement
FIG 1.4: ADMINISTRATIVE MAP OF SARAN DISTRICT There are 20 development blocks in the district. Map showing the Blocks falling under the Saran District is given in Figure 1.5. 4
FIG 1.5: BLOCKS FALLING UNDER SARAN DISTRICT
5
History of the District
The historical background of the district as available in the Ain-I-Akbari‟ records Saran as one of the Six Sarkars (Revenue division) constituting the province of Bihar. At the time of grant of diwani to the East India Company in 1765, there were eight Sarkars including Saran and Champaran. These two were later combined to form a single unit named Saran. Saran (along with Champaran) was included in the Patna Division when the commissioners division were set up in 1829. It was separated from Champaran in 1866 when it (Champaran) was constituted into a separate district. Saran was made a part of Tirhut Division, when later was created in 1908. By this time there were three Sub Divisions in this district namely Saran, Siwan and Gopalganj. In 1972 each sub-division of the old Saran district became an independent district. The headquarters of Saran district after separation of Siwan and Gopalganj remained at Chapra. Various hypothesis have been put forward about the origin of the name Saran. General Cunningham suggested that Saran was earlier known as Sarana or asylum which was a name given to a stumbled (pillar) built by Emperor Ashoka to commemorate the conversion to Buddhism of some legendary demons who ate human flesh. He considered that the site of stupa must be somewhere near Arrah. Another view holds that the name Saran has been derived from saranga-aranya or the deer forest. The district being famous for its wide expanses of forest and deer in prehistoric time. According to another account worthy of recapitulation, Saran is a derivative of Sakra Aranya, the forest of Sakra which is another name for Indra. This forest is said to have covered the country around Visala at which place king Sumati received Lord Ramchandra when he was proceeding with Vaishwamitra on way from Ayodhya to Mithila.Yet another legend explains the three names Arrah, Saran and Champaran as corrupt forms of old Sanskrit names Aranya, Saranya and Champaranya derived from the thick forests covering these areas.
Early History
The Cheros are believed to have been the chief among the pre-Aryan inhabitants of the district. According to the vedic literature, the Aryan videhas came from the west and settled largely in the area east of the Gandak river as ordained by Agni, the God of fire. However many of them remained to the west of the river and settled in the area now comprising the Saran district formed the part of the kingdom of Kosala (Uttar Kosala) which figured prominently in the history of eastern India during the time of Gautama Buddha. In the travel memoirs of Hiuen-Tsang, the Chinese pilgrim who travelled in the country between 620 and 645 A.D. there is mention of three places he visited towards the north of the Ganges. The places were (1) Narayan deo Temple which has balconies as well as sculptured and ornamented towers, (2) a stupa (pillar) built by Ashoka towards the east of the Narayandeo Temple and (3) another stupa built by a Brahmin over the kumbha (pitcher) with which he had measured the ashes of Buddha and divided them into the eight equal parts for distribution to the eight kings of the areas. The Dighwara. Hiuen Tsang mentioned the above description in his diary relating to Chenchu district, which correspond with modern Gajipur in Uttar Pradesh. This indicates that Saran was probably a part of the kingdom of Gajipur in that period. The earliest authentic historical fact or record concerning this district may perhaps be related to 898 A.D. which suggest that the village of Dighwa-Dubauli in Saran had supplied a copper plate issued in the reign of king Mahendra Paldeva. It records the grant of land in Sravasti Bhukti there by suggesting that the Guryara Pratihara empire extended upto Gandak, if not further east, on the northern banks of the Ganges. It follows, therefore, that Saran in the ninth century of the Christian era was a part of Sravasti Bhyukti, just as it is now part of Saran Division. Mention may also be made here of the probable ravaging of the district by the Chinese
6
General Wang-Hiuen-Tse in 647 A.D. A part from these disjointed inklings, the history of the district in mediaeval period is largely shrouded in darkness.
Muslim period
Ghyasuddin, the Muslim Governor of Bengal, waged a war against the Raja of Tirhut between 1211 and 1226 A.D. Tirhut was for the first time sub-jugated by the Muslims during this period and obliged to pay tribute to them. Towards the close of the 13th century Nasiruddin Bughra Khan fought against his son, Muizuddin Kaikobad when the latter was installed at Delhi after the death of his grandfather. The two armies of the son and the father met on the bank of river, Gogra in Saran, but truce were arrived at without any actual fighting. According to its term Nasiruddin gave up his claim to Delhi, but retained the right to hold Bengal as an independent kingdom. The next event of important was the invasion of Tirhut by Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah, the first independent Sultan of Bengal (1339 to 1538). He ravaged Saran extended his hold over the entire district and built a fortress at Hazipur. Saran continued to be a part of Bengal being separated from the Delhi empire by the river Gogra. In 1397 Saran alongwith Champaran was taken over by the king of Jaunpur and continued to be a part of this kingdom over a century until Alauddin Hussain Shah, king of Bengal (1493-1518) managed to bring it back in the kingdom of Bengal. When Sikander Lodi marched into Bihar subjugating Jaunpur, he did not dare to clash with the powerful Bengal army and preferred to conclude a treaty with Alauddin Hussain Shah in 1499. According to this treaty Sarkar Saran was added to Sikander Lodi who in his turn agreed not to extend his influence to Bengal proper. It may be noted here that though Saran was at his time included in the Muslim empire, the Muslims did not actually exercise any effective control. Thus Ferista mentions that when Sinkander Lodi subdued the district it was in the hands of Hindu Zamindars. This state of affairs did not remain unnoticed and emperor Sikander Lodi made Hussain Khan Formuli, the jagirdar of Saran and Champaran which were called Jalkhet or fields of water because of their lowlying lands. Formuli was a religious fanatic and with an unparalleled frenzy, managed to confiscate twenty thousand villages of Hindu Zamindars and extended his own Jagir.
Mughal period
Nasrat Shah son of Hussain Shah, disregarded the treaty concluded by his father with Sikander Lodi & invaded Tirhut. He established his authority over Saran & extended it across the Gogra to the district of Balia as well. This was much to the dislike of Babar the mughal emperor at Delhi. Babar moved to Bihar with large force in 1529. While camping at arrah he learnt that the army of Nasrat Shah was camping near the Junction of Ganges & the Gogra. This was considered to be a hostile act by Babar and he demanded that Nasrot Shah should withdraw his army which the latter refused to do. In the battle that followed Nasrat Sah was thoroughly vanquished. Babar made a grant of Saran to Saran Muhammad maruf who has secured the emperors confidence. About 50 years later Aker defeated Daud Khan the Afgan King of Bangal at Patna in 1574. Saran then became one of the six Sarkars constituting the Subah of Bihar. Todermal, the finance minister of Akbar, assessed the revenue of Saran in 1582. Thereafter the district had an uneventful history till the advent of Europeans. By 1666 the Dutch had established there trade in saltpeter and built a depot and the factory at Chapra. Saltpeter had a wide market all over Europe as it was used in the manufacture of gun powder & the Dutch naturally did very good business. Not to be outdone, the English also started trade in saltpeter though their main establishment was located at Patna. An important event took place in the year 1726 when Fakhra-ud-daula the
7
Governor of Bihar, sent a force into the district against Sheikh Abdullah. The Sheikh had been held in esteem by the earlier governors, but because of persecutions by Fakru-ud-daulla he had shifted is headquarters from Azimabad (Patna) to a place near Siwan where he build a mud fort for his protection. Further pursuit by Fakhru-ud-daula‟s forces made him flee from Siwan and seek asylum in Oudh. The British forces made their first appearance in Bihar in 1757. A small section under Eyre Coote reached Chapra on the Forth August, in pursuit of Maonsieur Law, the French adventurer who had espoused the cause Sirj-ud-daula and thereby offended the British. However, Law had fled to Banaras before the British forces could arrive at Chapra and consequently there was no engagement.
When the attempt of the English to seize Patna was foiled by Mire Qasim Ali and they were obliged to remain within their fort for a long time, they had no option but to leave stealthily. On the 29th June 1763 they left by boat for Chapra. They were sort of supply and ammunitions and the weather was very heavy. The Nawab‟s force pursued them after apprehending them near Manjhi and brought them back to Patna as prisoners. A small British army followed the Nawab and while crossing the Saran ravaged the countryside on their way. The forces had to camp at Manjhi. Since rains had set in by that time, it was not possible to proceed further. In September that year, Indians in the British force stationed at Manjhi rebelled and managed to take all their British officers at prisoners who were however, released after being stripped of their equipment. The battle of Buxer in 1785 was a turning point in the history of British rule in India. Saran also became a part of the lower provinces of Bengal. Lord Clive paid a visit to Chapra in 1766 when the Nawab of Oudh, a Minister of Emperor Shah Alam, and the Raja of Banarash met him in a conference designed to work out a common approach against the invading Maratha armies. Although technically masters of Bengal including Saran, the English could succeed in establishing themselves with great difficulty in the face of the strong opposition by independent minded Zamindars, chiefs and princes in the district. Maharaja Fateh Sahi of Husepur, a relative of the Raja of Banarash refused to pay the revenue to the British. The undaunted rebel was however, defeated by a British army and expelled from his territory which coincided roughly with Siwan and Gopalganj districts. Govind Ram was appointed a revenue farmer. Fateh Sahi fled to a forest named Baghjogni and continued his struggle from there in spite of heavy odds. Since Fateh Sahi was held in high esteem by his people, his exhortion to them not to pay revenue to foreign rulers was largely followed and the collection of revenue, by the British almost ceased completely. Gobind Ram was killed in 1772. This forced the British to come to terms with Fateh Sahi who was allowed to return to Husepur. However his Zamindari was not restored to him and it continued to, be farmed out to other though he was paid a maintenance allowance. Basant Sahi a cousin of Fateh Sahi and the progenitor of the line of Hathua Rajas was appointed a revenue farmer by the British and Mir Jamal as the Superintendent of the Government revenue. Fateh Sahi managed to kill both Basant Sahi and Mir Jamal in 1775. It is believed that Basant Sahi‟s head was cut off and sent to his widow who performed Sati with the head of her dead husband in her lap. Fateh Sahi had a band of trained men at his command and his popularity was ever increasing. Even though the British managed to secure the assistance of the Nawab of Oudh in their attempt to capture Fateh Sahi, and a huge reward was offered for his capture, he remained free. In 1808 he became a Sanyasi and thus ended an eventful period in the history of this district.
Movement of 1857
The freedom loving people of Saran played their due role in the national liberation movement. Among the various factors fanning their indignation against the foreign rulers were, (a) ill-
8
treatment of sepoys in the police and the army, (b) high handedness and extortions of the European indigo planters, (c) conversion of people to Christianity by the missionaries, and (d) introduction of common messing in the Jails. The seething discontent among the people seems to have been fired by the events in Meerut and Banaras. The yoke of foreign rule was once again sought to be over thrown for good. The British administration on their part after realizing that trouble was in the offing took steps to fight the impending menace. The strength of the police force in the district was augmented. Very strict watch was kept on the ghats and the frontiers. The Treasury was moved from Chapra to Patna. The British found an ally in the Zamindars of Hathwa who promised loyalty to support and assist them in quelling the expected disturbances. The banner of revolt was first raised in the district on the 25th July at Sugauli. The Indian soldiers of the 12th Irregular Cavalry mutinised and killed the despotic Commandant, Major Holmes and other European officers. The rebels then proceeded to join other forces. They attacked the Magistrate and the Opium agent at Siwan. The European resident of Chapra panicked and fled to Dinapure on the 28th July but returned later after violence was no longer apprehended. Some revolutionaries in the district attacked the indigo factories at Ganga and Darauli in October. The British sent a Gorkha regiment and a Nepali Brigade to Saran. In December 1857, the outpost at Guthni was stormed and occupied by the rebels. Such events continued till the insurgents were finally defeated by the British forces aided by the Nepalese army under Rana Jangbahadur at Sohanpur on the 26th December, 1857 which, for the time being, put an end to the struggle for emancipation from foreign rule. As stated earlier, Saran and Champaran continued to comprise a single district till 1866.
Present era
The district of Saran played a glorious role in the movement in the present century. Prominent persons who took part in the freedom movement wee Dr. Rajendra Prasad,Sri Jaiprakash Narayan and others. Pride of Bihar Babu Braj Kishor Prasad who rendered his valuable support to Mahatma Gandhi in epic struggle in Champaran in 1917 was born at Shrinagar which falls now in Siwan district. Dr. Rajendra Prasad the first President of Indian Republic was born at Ziradei (now in Siwan district) which before recognisation of district was a part of old Saran district. His association with the Congress started as far back as 1906 when he was a volunteer in the annual session of the Indian National Congress at Calcutta (now Kolkata). He was actively associated with Mahatma Gandhi‟s epic struggle in Champaran. Thereafter, his political stature grew day by day and he played a decisive role in the affaires of this country before and after independence. He was undoubtedly the greatest son of Bihar in the present era. Another important and illustrious leader produced by this district was Sri Jaiprakash Narayan.
The history of the district during the following year is of too recent origin and perhaps needs no recapitulation here. Suffice to say that Saran is among the enlightened and progressive district of the state with a healthy and sturdy people full of initiative and enterprise. Its biggest problem, the heavy pressure of population on land, is reflected in the large number of emigrants mostly males and working as general labours, mill hands, plantation workers, constable, etc, who are often met with in the streets of Calcutta (Kolkata) or in the tea garden of Assam and other distant places. Out of twenty blocks in the districts, six (Sonepur, Dighwara, Revelganj, chapra, Manjhi and Dariyapur) regularly flood. Six others are partially affected by floods (Parsa, Marhoura, Amnaur, Jalalpur, and Ekma). The soil of the district is alluvial. No minerals of economic value are found in the district.
9
Saran district is very rich in cultural activities. Cultural festivals are organised in Sonepur during the month of Kartik. Languages include Bhojpuri, a tongue in the Bihari language group written in both the Devanagari and Kaithi scripts A brief profile of Saran district is being presented in Table 1.1.1
PROFILE OF SARAN DISTRICT
Table 1.1.1 District Profile Saran
District Code 1017
Geographical Area (ha) 256602
Latitude and Longitude N 25°36'0" to 26°13'0"
E 84°24'0" to 85°15'0"
Area under Forest (ha) 0
Area under Agriculture use (ha) 201302
Net Sown Area (ha) 199301
Gross Cropped Area (ha) 348300
Net Irrigated(kharif/Rabi) (ha) 110131
Net Rainfed (ha) 72973
Total Number of block 20
Total Number of Panchayat 330
Total Number of Villages 1756
Total Population 3951862
Population Growth Rate(Decadal) 21.64%
Total Male Population 2022821
Total Female Population 1929041
Total Population SC 439673
Total Population ST 35889
Total Population OBC/GEN 3476300
Toal livestock 1091469
10
Micro-watershed delineation of the District
The district covers 426 Mico-watersheds which have been delineated by Bihar Remote Sensing Application Centre with a view to use the same in planning of various development programmes. The mico-watersheds falling under the district are being shown in Figure 1.6
FIG 1.6: MICRO-WATERSHED BOUNDARY WITH CODE, SARAN DISTRICT 11
FIG 1.7: MICRO-WATERSHED BOUNDARY WITH CODE, BLOCK AMNOUR, SARAN DISTRICT
12
FIG 1.8: MICRO-WATERSHED BOUNDARY WITH CODE, BLOCK BANIAPUR, SARAN DISTRICT
13
FIG 1.9: MICRO-WATERSHED BOUNDARY WITH CODE, BLOCK CHHAPRA, SARAN DISTRICT
14
FIG 1.10: MICRO-WATERSHED BOUNDARY WITH CODE, BLOCK DARIAPUR, SARAN DISTRICT
15
FIG 1.11: MICRO-WATERSHED BOUNDARY WITH CODE, BLOCK DIGHWARA, SARAN DISTRICT
16
FIG 1.12: MICRO-WATERSHED BOUNDARY WITH CODE, BLOCK EKMA, SARAN DISTRICT
17
FIG 1.13: MICRO-WATERSHED BOUNDARY WITH CODE, BLOCK GARKHA, SARAN DISTRICT
18
FIG 1.14: MICRO-WATERSHED BOUNDARY WITH CODE, BLOCK ISHUPUR, SARAN DISTRICT
19
FIG 1.15: MICRO-WATERSHED BOUNDARY WITH CODE, BLOCK JALALPUR, SARAN DISTRICT 20
FIG 1.16: MICRO-WATERSHED BOUNDARY WITH CODE, BLOCK LAHLADPUR, SARAN DISTRICT
21
FIG 1.17: MICRO-WATERSHED BOUNDARY WITH CODE, BLOCK MAKER, SARAN DISTRICT
22
FIG 1.18: MICRO-WATERSHED BOUNDARY WITH CODE, BLOCK MANJHI, SARAN DISTRICT
23
FIG 1.19: MICRO-WATERSHED BOUNDARY WITH CODE, BLOCK MADHAURA, SARAN DISTRICT 24
FIG 1.20: MICRO-WATERSHED BOUNDARY WITH CODE, BLOCK MASHRAKH, SARAN DISTRICT 25
FIG 1.21: MICRO-WATERSHED BOUNDARY WITH CODE, BLOCK NAGRA, SARAN DISTRICT 26
FIG 1.22: MICRO-WATERSHED BOUNDARY WITH CODE, BLOCK PARSA, SARAN DISTRICT 27
FIG 1.23: MICRO-WATERSHED BOUNDARY WITH CODE, BLOCK PANAPUR, SARAN DISTRICT
28
FIG 1.24: MICRO-WATERSHED BOUNDARY WITH CODE, BLOCK REVELGANJ, SARAN DISTRICT 29
FIG 1.25: MICRO-WATERSHED BOUNDARY WITH CODE, BLOCK SONPUR, SARAN DISTRICT
30
FIG 1.26: MICRO-WATERSHED BOUNDARY WITH CODE, BLOCK TARAIYA, SARAN DISTRICT 31
1.2 Demography
Saran district has a total geographical area of 256602 ha covering 330 Gram panchayats and 1756 villages. Block wise details of geographical area, no. of Panchayats and no. of Villages are as under:-
Table 1.2.1: Block wise Panchayat and Village, District Saran S.No. Name of Block Total Geographical Area No. of Panchayat No. of village (ha)
1 Amnour 12603 18 118 2 Baniapur 16996 25 115 3 Chhapra 16791 21 110 4 Dariapur 22570 25 196 5 Dighwara 7564 10 46 6 Ekma 15045 21 95 7 Garkha 17206 23 103 8 Isuapur 9973 13 63 9 Jalalpur 11951 15 71 10 Lahladpur 5339 8 39 11 Maker 7408 8 41 12 Manjhi 21237 25 129 13 Madhaura 14078 21 106 14 Mashrakh 13455 17 72 15 Nagra 5386 10 59 16 Panapur 11330 11 69 17 Parsa 10407 14 90 18 Revelganj 11104 9 51 19 Sonpur 15965 23 96 20 Taraiya 10194 13 87 Total 256602 330 1756
Source: District Statistical Office, District Saran
32
The total population of Saran District is 3951862, out of which the Schedule Casts (SC) comprise 439673 (11.13%), Schedule Tribes 35889 (0.91%), other backward and general castes 3476300 (87.96%). According to census 2011 of the total population, there are 2022821 males and 1929041 females with a sex ratio of 1000:953. Population details of the district are as under:-
Table 1.2.2 Details of Population in Saran District S.No Block No. Of No. Of Population Panchayat Village Male Female Total CH* (P-06) (5+6) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 Amnour 18 118 101804 98591 200395 35631 2 Baniapur 25 115 132071 130602 262673 43868 3 Chhapra 21 110 233217 209422 442639 71511 4 Dariapur 25 196 152224 143940 296164 54893 5 Dighwara 10 46 67492 62060 129552 22826 6 Ekma 21 95 107972 106473 214445 33289 7 Garkha 23 103 136799 131357 268156 49134 8 Isuapur 13 63 73894 72928 146822 25874 9 Jalalpur 15 71 88658 85498 174156 28911 10 Lahladpur 8 39 38558 41411 79969 14438 11 Maker 8 41 41623 43072 84695 15209 12 Manjhi 25 129 136520 131553 268073 43633 13 Madhaura 21 106 135149 129974 265123 46205 14 Mashrakh 17 72 95509 93390 188899 32764 15 Nagra 10 59 64086 59942 124028 21663 16 Panapur 11 69 61317 60421 121738 22460 17 Parsa 14 90 80884 74954 155838 27126 18 Revelganj 9 51 61889 57771 119660 20656 19 Sonpur 23 96 142920 127196 270116 47045 20 Taraiya 13 87 70235 68486 138721 24006 Total 330 1756 2022821 1929041 3951862 681142 Source: Census of India 2011
33
Male Population Female Population Total Population
500000
450000
400000
350000
300000
250000 Nos
200000
150000
100000
50000
0
Block
FIG 1.27: BLOCK WISE MALE & FEMALE POPULATION DETAILS, SARAN DISTRICT
34
Table 1.2.3 Details of Category wise Population in Saran District
S.No Block No. Of No. Of Population Panchayat Villages SC ST OBC/GEN Total
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total (5+8+11) (6+9+12) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 Amnour 18 118 12522 12275 24797 31 25 56 89251 86291 175542 101804 98591 200395 2 Baniapur 25 115 14670 14336 29006 1785 1827 3612 115616 114439 230055 132071 130602 262673 3 Chhapra 21 110 17193 15496 32689 59 55 114 215965 193871 409836 233217 209422 442639 4 Dariapur 25 196 17283 16569 33852 433 428 861 134508 126943 261451 152224 143940 296164 5 Dighwara 10 46 6077 5501 11578 65 47 112 61350 56512 117862 67492 62060 129552 6 Ekma 21 95 13365 12994 26359 4655 4872 9527 89952 88607 178559 107972 106473 214445 7 Garkha 23 103 19729 19000 38729 138 143 281 116932 112214 229146 136799 131357 268156 8 Isuapur 13 63 7858 7500 15358 307 311 618 65729 65117 130846 73894 72928 146822 9 Jalalpur 15 71 13514 12993 26507 2470 2469 4939 72674 70036 142710 88658 85498 174156 10 Lahladpur 8 39 5143 5323 10466 799 870 1669 32616 35218 67834 38558 41411 79969 11 Maker 8 41 5825 5981 11806 5 12 17 35793 37079 72872 41623 43072 84695 12 Manjhi 25 129 15361 14379 29740 5172 5209 10381 115987 111965 227952 136520 131553 268073 13 Madhaura 21 106 13233 12760 25993 122 1022 1144 121794 116192 237986 135149 129974 265123 14 Mashrakh 17 72 11825 11356 23181 1064 101 1165 82620 81933 164553 95509 93390 188899 15 Nagra 10 59 7765 7377 15142 21 16 37 56300 52549 108849 64086 59942 124028 16 Panapur 11 69 6452 6283 12735 12 27 39 54853 54111 108964 61317 60421 121738 17 Parsa 14 90 10663 9772 20435 46 35 81 70175 65147 135322 80884 74954 155838 18 Revelganj 9 51 5660 5340 11000 615 536 1151 55614 51895 107509 61889 57771 119660 19 Sonpur 23 96 11759 10641 22400 45 34 79 131116 116521 247637 142920 127196 270116 20 Taraiya 13 87 9085 8815 17900 5 1 6 61145 59670 120815 70235 68486 138721 Total 330 1756 224982 214691 439673 17849 18040 35889 1779990 1696310 3476300 2022821 1929041 3951862 Source: Census of India 2011 35
SC Male Population SC Female Population SC Total Population 45000
40000
35000
30000
25000
Nos 20000
15000
10000
5000
0
Block
FIG 1.28: BLOCK WISE SC POPULATION DETAILS, SARAN DISTRICT ST Male Population ST Female Population ST Total Population
12000
10000
8000
6000 Nos
4000
2000
0
Block
FIG 1.29: BLOCK WISE ST POPULATION DETAILS, SARAN DISTRICT 36
OBC/GEN Male Population OBC/GEN Female Population OBC/GEN Total Population
450000
400000
350000
300000
250000
Nos 200000
150000
100000
50000
0
Block
FIG 1.30: BLOCK WISE OBC/GEN POPULATION DETAILS, SARAN DISTRICT
There are total 580310 households in the district out of which 73435 (12.65%) are SC, 5702(0.98%) are ST, and remaining 501173 HH (86.37%) are from OBC and General category. The block wise details of households are as under:-
37
Table 1.2.4: Details of Household in Saran District S.No Name of No. Of No. Of No. of Household Block Panchayat Village SC ST OBC/GEN Total 1 Amnour 18 118 4252 10 27909 32171 2 Baniapur 25 115 4930 608 37055 42593 3 Chhapra 21 110 5459 15 32326 37800 4 Dariapur 25 196 5528 149 41010 46687 5 Dighwara 10 46 1859 14 13552 15425 6 Ekma 21 95 4265 1468 28480 34213 7 Garkha 23 103 6284 51 34990 41325 8 Isuapur 13 63 2599 106 21405 24110 9 Jalalpur 15 71 4419 798 22945 28162 10 Lahladpur 8 39 1776 256 11036 13068 11 Maker 8 41 2153 4 12241 14398 12 Manjhi 25 129 4800 1624 35704 42128 13 Madhaura 21 106 4436 40 32141 36617 14 Mashrakh 17 72 4013 347 26124 30484 15 Nagra 10 59 2510 8 16955 19473 16 Panapur 11 69 2231 6 21461 23698 17 Parsa 14 90 3495 19 20814 24328 18 Revelganj 9 51 1698 156 10606 12460 19 Sonpur 23 96 3623 22 33827 37472 20 Taraiya 13 87 3105 1 20592 23698 Total 330 1756 73435 5702 501173 580310 Source: Census of India 2011 SC Household ST Household OBC/GEN Household Total Household
50000 45000 40000 35000 30000
25000 Nos 20000 15000 10000 5000 0
Block
FIG 1.31: BLOCK WISE NO. OF HOUSEHOLD DETAILS, SARAN DISTRICT 38
1.3 Biomass & Livestock
Jackals and Nilgais are the only wild animals found in the district. There are very few wild pigs. Formerly both leopards and tigers were common, but they have now completely disappeared. The district has a large number of snakes also. Among the poisonous varieties, karait and gehuman or Indian cobra are often met with. Dhamin and dhonra (water snake) are the common varieties of non-poisonous snakes.
Livestock is very important in a district like Saran with a predominantly agricultural economy. The terms livestock includes Cattle (Cows, Bulls and Bullocks), Buffaloes, Sheep, Goat and Pigs while poultry refers to fowls and ducks. The Cows are highest in number then come the number of goats. Buffaloes occupy the third place. Every C.D. Block has veterinary hospitals.
Fishery development scheme has been undertaken by the Fisheries Department. The demand for fish is increasing and a number of nursery tanks are in use. Several varieties of fish such as Rehu (Laburohita) Katla (catla buchanai) and Hilsa (clupea ilisha) are caught in the big rivers such as the Ganges, Ghaghra and Gandak. Among other common varieties found in the district are Piyas Bachwa, Boari and Arwari. In spite of having large rivers, the district has poor fish market and very little export of fish. In the district, 14 Fisheries Co- Operative Society are operated.
Water plays an important role in livestock productivity. Livestock productivity in pastoral areas depends greatly on the availability of water. There are several factors, which determine water balance, water turnover and functions of the animal. Assessment of livestock and water requirement is helpful in modeling water and livestock relationships.
The details of the animal population in the district are as under-
39
Table 1.3.1: Small animal population in Saran District S.No. Name of Small Animals Block Poultry (No.) Pigs(No.) Goats(No.) Sheeps(No.) Total 1 Amnour 11200 122 8322 425 20069 2 Baniapur 28272 840 8322 283 37717 3 Chhapra 1400 642 14111 0 16153 4 Dariapur 75023 111 12535 0 87669 5 Dighwara 30800 143 6567 0 37510 6 Ekma 3521 552 9115 0 13188 7 Garkha 3296 418 15226 360 19300 8 Isuapur 11200 348 7069 0 18617 9 Jalalpur 3684 502 5092 425 9703 10 Lahladpur 3000 42 3688 74 6804 11 Maker 5850 407 4565 0 10822 12 Manjhi 97700 1436 14051 273 113460 13 Madhaura 29811 547 15831 215 46404 14 Mashrakh 8000 1094 8101 0 17195 15 Nagra 4000 184 7729 50 11963 16 Panapur 4500 147 7709 352 12708 17 Parsa 2000 98 7371 3 9472 18 Revelganj 12000 261 5360 1899 19520 19 Sonpur 62100 239 8828 175 71342 20 Taraiya 11100 215 7124 0 18439 Total 408457 8348 176716 4534 598055 Source: 19th Animal Census (AHD) District Saran Poultry Pigs Goats Sheeps 120000
100000
80000
60000 Nos
40000
20000
0
Block
FIG 1.32: BLOCK WISE SMALL ANIMAL POPULATION DETAILS, SARAN DISTRICT 40
Table 1.3.2: Large animal population in Saran District S.No. Name of Large Animals Total Block Indigenous Hybrid Indescriptive Hybrid Draft Animal Cow (No.) Cow (No.) Buffalo (No.) Buffalo (Buffalo/Yak/Bulls (No.) & any other) (No.) 1 Amnour 8785 5856 9501 0 0 24142 2 Baniapur 15100 5034 11457 0 0 31591 3 Chhapra 17391 10107 14207 0 0 41705 4 Dariapur 13672 9115 13963 0 0 36750 5 Dighwara 6228 2394 5493 0 0 14115 6 Ekma 14683 9788 14425 0 0 38896 7 Garkha 17091 5697 12199 0 0 34987 8 Isuapur 5504 3668 6189 0 0 15361 9 Jalalpur 16271 5424 7421 0 0 29116 10 Lahladpur 2645 1764 3312 0 0 7721 11 Maker 2645 882 3919 0 0 7446 12 Manjhi 15345 10230 10181 0 0 35756 13 Madhaura 16760 5969 13026 0 0 35755 14 Mashrakh 9060 3020 8615 0 0 20695 15 Nagra 6559 2187 5159 0 0 13905 16 Panapur 6395 2132 5812 0 0 14339 17 Parsa 6464 4309 9050 0 0 19823 18 Revelganj 4907 3272 6228 0 0 14407 19 Sonpur 16834 11223 10258 0 0 38315 20 Taraiya 7872 2624 8093 0 0 18589 Total 210211 104695 178508 0 0 493414 Source: 19th Animal Census (AHD) District Saran
Indigenous Cow Hybrid Cow Indescriptive Buffalo
20000 18000 16000 14000 12000
10000 Nos 8000 6000 4000 2000 0
Block
FIG 1.33: BLOCK WISE LARGE ANIMAL POPULATION DETAILS, SARAN DISTRICT 41
1.4 Agro-Ecology According to the Planning Commission Classification, Saran District falls in Middle Gangetic Plain Region (IV). ICAR's agro-ecological division puts it under the Hot Subhumid (moist) Eco-Region i.e. North West Alluvial Plain Zone (BI-1)
1.5 Climatic Conditions In summer the climate of the district is hot and dry but winter months are quite cool and pleasant. Winter comes towards the middle of October after the rains are over. The temperature begins falling and January is the coldest month of the year with mercury falling to about 7ºC. The blowing of westerly wind accompanied by dust storms about the middle of March marks the beginning of hot weather. The mercury starts shooting upward and May is the hottest month of the year when the maximum temperature goes up to 45ºC. The summer continues till the end of June when the onset of rains brings the much awaited relief and the temperature falls, though the humidity is still high the rise in humidity often makes the heat only more oppressive during the rainy season which lasts till the end of September. From November to February the district has a pleasant climate. Details of vsrious agro-climatic data are being presented in Table 1.5.1.
. Table 1.5.1: Block wise details of temperature in Saran District S. No. Name of Average Weekly Temperature (0C) Block Period Summer Winter Rainy (April-May) (Oct.- Mar) (June- Sept.) Min. Max. Mean Min. Max. Mean Min. Max. Mean 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 Amnour 20.15 35.05 27.6 3.81 27.55 15.68 23.67 33.17 28.42 2 Baniapur 20.15 35.05 27.6 3.81 27.55 15.68 23.67 33.17 28.42 3 Chhapra 20.15 35.05 27.6 3.81 27.55 15.68 23.67 33.17 28.42 4 Dariapur 20.15 35.05 27.6 3.81 27.55 15.68 23.67 33.17 28.42 5 Dighwara 20.15 35.05 27.6 3.81 27.55 15.68 23.67 33.17 28.42 6 Ekma 20.15 35.05 27.6 3.81 27.55 15.68 23.67 33.17 28.42 7 Garkha 20.15 35.05 27.6 3.81 27.55 15.68 23.67 33.17 28.42 8 Isuapur 20.15 35.05 27.6 3.81 27.55 15.68 23.67 33.17 28.42 9 Jalalpur 20.15 35.05 27.6 3.81 27.55 15.68 23.67 33.17 28.42 10 Lahladpur 20.15 35.05 27.6 3.81 27.55 15.68 23.67 33.17 28.42 11 Maker 20.15 35.05 27.6 3.81 27.55 15.68 23.67 33.17 28.42 12 Manjhi 20.15 35.05 27.6 3.81 27.55 15.68 23.67 33.17 28.42 13 Madhaura 20.15 35.05 27.6 3.81 27.55 15.68 23.67 33.17 28.42 14 Mashrakh 20.15 35.05 27.6 3.81 27.55 15.68 23.67 33.17 28.42 15 Nagra 20.15 35.05 27.6 3.81 27.55 15.68 23.67 33.17 28.42 16 Panapur 20.15 35.05 27.6 3.81 27.55 15.68 23.67 33.17 28.42 17 Parsa 20.15 35.05 27.6 3.81 27.55 15.68 23.67 33.17 28.42 18 Revelganj 20.15 35.05 27.6 3.81 27.55 15.68 23.67 33.17 28.42 19 Sonpur 20.15 35.05 27.6 3.81 27.55 15.68 23.67 33.17 28.42 20 Taraiya 20.15 35.05 27.6 3.81 27.55 15.68 23.67 33.17 28.42 Source: District Statistical Office, Saran and Dynamic ground water resources of Bihar
42
1.6 Hydrology
The average annual rainfall in the district is 1075 mm. This is just sufficient for the type of agriculture practiced traditionally in this district. Due to changing climate situation, the district faces erratic monsoon behaviour. More than 80% of the total precipitation occurs during Monsoon season (June-September). Block wise rainfall details are being presented in Table 1.6.1
Table 1.6.1: Agro-Ecology Zone and rainfall in Saran District S. Name of Agro Ecological Type of Block Normal Average No. Of Maximum Rainfall Intensity NO. Block Zone Type Terrain Areas Annual Monthly rainy (mm) (ha.) Rainfall Rainfall days (mm) (mm) (No.) Up to Beyond Beyond 15 min 15 but up 30 but up to 30 min to 60 min 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 North West Amnour Alluvial Plain PLAIN 12603 1078.4 41.82 34 15 22 55.2. Zone (BI-1) 2 North West Baniapur Alluvial Plain PLAIN 16996 1078.4 41.82 38 11.4 20.6 50.1 Zone (BI-1)
3 North West Chhapra Alluvial Plain PLAIN 16791 1078.4 41.82 38 13 23 52 Zone (BI-1)
4 North West Dariapur Alluvial Plain PLAIN 22570 1078.4 41.82 40 15 24.4 56.3 Zone (BI-1) 5 North West Dighwara Alluvial Plain PLAIN 7564 1078.4 41.82 40 15 24.4 54.4 Zone (BI-1) 6 North West Ekma Alluvial Plain PLAIN 15045 1078.4 41.82 35 13.4 24 55.5 Zone (BI-1) 7 North West Garkha Alluvial Plain PLAIN 17206 1078.4 41.82 38 14 24.2 55.2 Zone (BI-1) 8 North West Isuapur Alluvial Plain PLAIN 9973 1078.4 41.82 35 14 24.2 53.6 Zone (BI-1) 9 North West Jalalpur Alluvial Plain PLAIN 11951 1078.4 41.82 33 13.4 24 50.4 Zone (BI-1) 10 North West Lahladpur Alluvial Plain PLAIN 5339 1078.4 41.82 38 11.4 21 50.4 Zone (BI-1) 11 North West Maker Alluvial Plain PLAIN 7408 1078.4 41.82 40 15 24 55 Zone (BI-1) 12 North West Manjhi Alluvial Plain PLAIN 21237 1078.4 41.82 37 13 24 4 Zone (BI-1) 13 North West Madhaura Alluvial Plain PLAIN 14078 1078.4 41.82 35 13.4 24 53.6 Zone (BI-1)
43
14 North West Mashrakh Alluvial Plain PLAIN 13455 1078.4 41.82 38 13.4 24 53.6 Zone (BI-1) 15 North West Nagra Alluvial Plain PLAIN 5386 1078.4 41.82 34 13 24 52 Zone (BI-1) 16 North West Panapur Alluvial Plain PLAIN 11330 1078.4 41.82 38 14 24.4 54 Zone (BI-1) 17 North West Parsa Alluvial Plain PLAIN 10407 1078.4 41.82 40 15 23.4 55 Zone (BI-1) 18 North West Revelganj Alluvial Plain PLAIN 11104 1078.4 41.82 38 13 24 52 Zone (BI-1) 19 North West Sonpur Alluvial Plain PLAIN 15965 1078.4 41.82 37 14 24.4 54.4 Zone (BI-1) 20 North West Taraiya Alluvial Plain PLAIN 10194 1078.4 41.82 35 14 24 54 Zone (BI-1) Distict Total 256602 1078.4 41.82 37.05 13.67 23.60 48.28
Source: District Statistical Office, Saran and Dynamic ground water resources of Bihar
No. of rainy days
45 40 35 30 25
Nos 20 15 10 5 0
Block
FIG 1.34: BLOCK WISE NO. OF RAINY DAYS, SARAN DISTRICT
44
1.7 Topography and Drainage
This district is a part of the Lower Ganga Basin. It falls in the Gandak sub-basin. Perennial rivers viz., the Ganga, the Ghagra and the Gandak, govern the drainage system in the district. The river Ganga meets the district at Kotwapatti Rampur and flow from west to east along the southern boundary of the district. The Gandak flows from northwest to southeast forming the northeastern boundary of the district. The river Gandak meets the river Ganga at Sonepur. The tributaries of the Gandak River viz., Mahi, Ghoghari and Gandaki flow roughly in the southeast direction. The Ghagra River also known as Suryu, in the adjacent state Uttar Pradesh, flows in the southeast direction. It forms the southwestern boundary of the district. The river Ghagra meets the river Ganga near Chapra.
The main river of the district is the Ganga, the Gandak and the Ghaghra. The Ganges touches the district at Kotwapatti Rampur as its junction with the Ghaghra. The river flows from West to East forming the southern boundary of the district till its reaches Sonepur, where it is joined by the Gandak. The Ganges is also navigable and boat traffic is of some Consequence. In cold Weather the river is about a mile in width but during the rains it assumes a huge form 13 to 16 K.M. in width at some places. A large number of country boats carry merchandise along the river.
Originating from the lower Himalayan ranges near Tribenighat to the north-west of Motihari/ Bettiah, the Gandak, which is also called Narayani in its earlier reaches touches the district near Chintamanpur in the north eastern corner of the district. It runs 85 K.M.S. along with the north eastern boundary of the district upto sonepur where it joins the Ganges. The Saran embayment running along almost the entire length of the river, protect the district from Gandak floods. The river actually flows at a higher level than the adjoining plains and before erection of the embankment. The district receives flood water from this river which along with the water brought by it greatly enhanced the fertility of the soil. It is navigable by country boats. An ambitious scheme has been launched by the State Government to exploit the water resources of this river. The river Ghaghra (also known as Saryu) rises in the lower Himalayas and winding its course through the eastern district Uttar Pradesh, forms the western boundary of Saran for about 56 K.M. from near Matiharin Manjhi to its confluences with the river Ganga near Chapra. It is navigable throughout the year and usually boats carry goods to the eastern district of Uttar Pradesh. Revelganj being on its bank used to as a great center of river borne trade before coming of the railways.
Out of twenty blocks in the districts, Six blocks viz Sonepur, Dighwara, Revelganj, Chapra, Manjhi and Dariyapur are affected by floods regularly. There are six partially flood affected blocks Viz. Garkha, Parsa, Marhoura, Amnaur, Jalalpur, and Ekma. The remaining blocks are free from floods. The soil of the district is alluvial. No mineral of economic value is found in the district.
Lands in the district are of nearly level with up to 3% slope. Slope range wise area of the district is being presented in Table 1.7.1
45
Table 1.7.1: Block wise Land Slope, District Saran
Sl. No. Name of Major Soil Classes Area (ha) Land Slope Block 0-3% (ha) 3-8% (ha) 8-25% (ha) >25% (ha)
1 Amnour Alluvial lomy soil 12603 12603 0 0 0 2 Baniapur Alluvial loamy soil 16996 16996 0 0 0 3 Chhapra Alluvial loamy soil 16791 16791 0 0 0 4 Dariapur Alluvial lomy soil 22570 22570 0 0 0 5 Dighwara Alluvial lomy soil 7564 7564 0 0 0 6 Ekma Alluvial lomy soil 15045 15045 0 0 0 7 Garkha Alluvial lomy soil 17206 17206 0 0 0 8 Isuapur Alluvial lomy soil 9973 9973 0 0 0 9 Jalalpur Alluvial lomy soil 11951 11951 0 0 0 10 Lahladpur Alluvial lomy soil 5339 5339 0 0 0 11 Maker Alluvial lomy soil 7408 7408 0 0 0 12 Manjhi Alluvial lomy soil 21237 21237 0 0 0 13 Madhaura Alluvial lomy soil 14078 14078 0 0 0 14 Mashrakh Alluvial lomy soil 13455 13455 0 0 0 15 Nagra Alluvial lomy soil 5386 5386 0 0 0 16 Panapur Alluvial lomy soil 11330 11330 0 0 0 17 Parsa Alluvial lomy soil 10407 10407 0 0 0 18 Revelganj Alluvial lomy soil 11104 11104 0 0 0 19 Sonpur Alluvial lomy soil 15965 15965 0 0 0 20 Taraiya Alluvial lomy soil 10194 10194 0 0 0 Total 256602 256602 0 0 0
Source: District Agriculture Office, Saran
46
FIG1.35 LAND SLOPE MAP, SARAN DISTRICT
47
FIG 1.36: LAND SLOPE MAP, AMNOUR BLOCK, SARAN DISTRICT 48
FIG 1.37: LAND SLOPE MAP, BANIAPUR BLOCK, SARAN DISTRICT 49
FIG 1.38: LAND SLOPE MAP, CHHAPRA BLOCK, SARAN DISTRICT
50
FIG 1.39: LAND SLOPE MAP, DARIAPUR BLOCK, SARAN DISTRICT 51
FIG 1.40: LAND SLOPE MAP, DIGHWARA BLOCK, SARAN DISTRICT
52
FIG 1.41: LAND SLOPE MAP, EKMA BLOCK, SARAN DISTRICT
53
FIG 1.42: LAND SLOPE MAP, GARKHA BLOCK, SARAN DISTRICT 54
FIG 1.43: LAND SLOPE MAP, ISHUPUR BLOCK, SARAN DISTRICT 55
FIG 1.44: LAND SLOPE, BLOCK JALALPUR, SARAN DISTRICT
56
FIG 1.45: LAND SLOPE, BLOCK LAHLADPUR, SARAN DISTRICT
57
FIG 1.46: LAND SLOPE, BLOCK MAKER, SARAN DISTRICT
58
FIG 1.47: LAND SLOPE, BLOCK MANJHI, SARAN DISTRICT
59
FIG 1.48: LAND SLOPE, BLOCK MADHAURA, SARAN DISTRICT 60
FIG 1.49: LAND SLOPE, BLOCK MASHRAKH, SARAN DISTRICT
61
FIG 1.50: LAND SLOPE, BLOCK NAGRA, SARAN DISTRICT
62
FIG 1.51: LAND SLOPE, BLOCK PARSA, SARAN DISTRICT
63
FIG 1.52: LAND SLOPE, BLOCK PANAPUR, SARAN DISTRICT 64
FIG 1.53: LAND SLOPE, BLOCK REVELGANJ, SARAN DISTRICT 65
FIG 1.54: LAND SLOPE, BLOCK SONPUR, SARAN DISTRICT 66
FIG 1.55: LAND SLOPE, BLOCK TARAIYA, SARAN DISTRICT 67
1.8 Geomorphology and Soils
The district is shaped like a triangle with its apex at the junction of the boundary of Gopalganj district and the Gandak River. The land slopes towards southeast. The area has rich and fertile alluvial plain with quite a few depressions and marshes. There are three broad geomorphic divisions- a) The alluvial plains along the major rivers, which are subjected to periodic inundation b) The region of uplands away from the river and not subjected to floods and c) The “diara” areas in the beds of the river Ganges, Gandak and Ghagra.
The two types of soils dominant in the district-
1) Younger alluvial soil (sub type of Entisols) is restricted in the North Gangetic plain. It is generally deficient of nitrogen and phosphoric acid but not of lime and potash. The general texture of the soil in the area is sandy to loamy sand. High soil moisture and regular flooding are causing water-logging condition in this soil type area. These are most fertile soils and eminently suitable for extensive cultivation of Paddy and Sugarcane. 2) Calcareous alluvial soils (sub type of Inceptisols) occur mostly in the central part of the area. This soil is generally enriched in potash and phosphoric acid. The calcareous material brought by Gandak and its tributaries is causing this soil type. The growth of crops is less on account of high salt content.
Details of soil found in Saran district are being presented in Table no. 1.8.1
68
1.8.1: Soil Type in Saran District
Soil Type Clay S.No. Name of Block Clay Silty Silty Loam Total (ha) Loam (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) 1 Amnour 2032 8412 946 712 12102 2 Baniapur 3155 9356 2286 1643 16440 3 Chhapra 2065 6965 5976 1267 16273 4 Dariapur 4953 11656 3257 1968 21834 5 Dighwara 387 386 5736 632 7141 6 Ekma 3143 9132 1656 567 14498 7 Garkha 2088 6967 5843 1967 16865 8 Isuapur 1784 5994 978 652 9408 9 Jalalpur 1856 7653 989 767 11265 10 Lahladpur 853 3765 287 143 5048 11 Maker 532 5677 432 381 7022 12 Manjhi 2632 3538 3964 10591 20725 13 Madhaura 2943 8632 1556 467 13598 14 Mashrakh 7875 3794 1032 243 12944 15 Nagra 553 543 3245 654 4995 16 Panapur 6856 2435 857 703 10851 17 Parsa 2071 6559 989 284 9903 18 Revelganj 876 568 1869 7431 10744 19 Sonpur 2365 2286 8581 2188 15420 20 Taraiya 2462 5876 976 443 9757 Toal 51481 110194 51455 33703 246833
Source: District Agriculture Office (DAO) district Saran
69
FIG 1.56: SOIL MAP , SARAN DISTRICT 70
FIG 1.57: SOIL MAP, BLOCK AMNOUR, SARAN DISTRICT
71
FIG 1.58: SOIL MAP, BLOCK BANIAPUR, SARAN DISTRICT 72
FIG 1.59: SOIL MAP, BLOCK CHHAPRA, SARAN DISTRICT
73
FIG 1.60: SOIL MAP, BLOCK DARIAPUR, SARAN DISTRICT
74
FIG 1.61: SOIL MAP, BLOCK DIGHWARA, SARAN DISTRICT 75
FIG 1.62: SOIL MAP, BLOCK EKMA, SARAN DISTRICT 76
FIG 1.63: SOIL MAP, BLOCK GARKHA, SARAN DISTRICT
77
FIG 1.64: SOIL MAP, BLOCK ISHUPUR, SARAN DISTRICT
78
FIG 1.65: SOIL MAP, BLOCK JALALPUR, SARAN DISTRICT 79
FIG 1.66: SOIL MAP, BLOCK LAHLADPUR, SARAN DISTRICT
80