Eco. Env. & Cons. 26 (2) : 2020; pp. (521-529) Copyright@ EM International ISSN 0971–765X

Note on the Orchids of the mounts of Saida (Western ) : Evaluation-restoration report

Sid Ahmed Aouadj1*, Yahia Nasrallah2 and Okkacha Hasnaoui1

1 Laboratory of Ecology and Management of Natural Ecosystems, Department of Ecology and Environment, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences and Earth and Universe Sciences, Abou Bakr Belkaid University, Tlemcen, Algeria 2Laboratory of Biotoxicology, Pharmacognosia and Biological Valuation of , Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universeity of Dr. Tahar Moulay, Saida, Algeria

(Received 9 October, 2019; accepted 15 December, 2019)

ABSTRACT A phytoecological diagnosis was carried out in the area of Doui Thabet (Mount of Saida, western Algeria) with the aim to establish a state of the flora. Orchidoflora has been specifically monitored. The inventory, carried out after the forest is cut into homogeneous areas, is based on random and repeated surveys in time and space during the springs and autumns from 2017 to 2019. This diagnosis revealed the presence of 5 orchids belonging to 3 geners (3 have been reported for the first time in this territory) : Ophrys lutea (Cav.). Gouan, Ophrys speculum Link. subsp. speculum, Ophrys tenthredinifera Willd. Subsp. tenthredinifera , Anacamptis papilionacea (L.) R.M. Bateman, Pridgeon and M.W. Chase and elata (Poir.). The latter is an endemic taxon, rare and is listed on the red list of IUCN as a near-threatened . On the other hand, (Anacamptis papilionacea) is a rather rare taxon in the Tell, endemic and protected in Algeria and Ophrys tenthredinifera Willd. Subsp. tenthredinifera is an endemic taxon.

Word keys : Orchidoflora, Inventory, homogeneous areas, Mount of Saida, Western Algeria.

Introduction contain 800 genres and between 25,000 and 30,000 species worldwide, 95% of which are present in The flora of Algeria has been the subject of many tropical regions and only 5% in temperate regions works such as : Cosson (1856, 1880); Battandier (Telepova-Texier, 2011; Cakova, 2013). (1888-1890, 1910); Battandier and Trabut (1895, The Algerian orchidoflore remains insufficiently 1902); Quézel (1956-1957); Quézel and Santa (1962- known; many studies have been carried out to de- 1963); Quézel (1964); Quézel and Bounaga (1975); Le termine its wealth in certain regions of the country. Maire (1952-1987); Latham and Rickleks (1993); Among them: De Bélair et al. (2005) in Numidia, Quézel and Medail (1995); Medail et al. (1997); Babali et al. (2013) in Moutas-Tlemcen, Beghami et Ozenda (1997); Sterry (2001); Barbero et al. (2001); al. (2015) in The Aurés, Bougaham et al. (2015) in Quézel et al. (2003). The majority of references are Kabylia des Bâbords, Hamel et al. (2016) in the Pen- too old and the inventory of the references needs insula of Edough-Sekikda, Madoui et al. (2017) in further investigations for its updating. the forest and pre-forest formations of Setif, According to Gravendeel et al. (2004), orchids are Boukehili et al. (2018) in the forest and pre-forest classified among the most diverse families, they formations of Souk Ahras and Miara et al. (2018) in 522 Eco. Env. & Cons. 26 (2) : 2020 the Mounts of Tiaret. The Saida region is unknown Methodology in flora, especially the specific richness especially rare, endemic, protected species and orchidoflora. The sampling method adopted in this study, known The aim of this work is to specially invent or- as a “mixed method,” combines stratified sampling chids, for the first time at the Mounts of Saida, in the to designate homogeneous ecological zones, fol- area of Doui Thabet, which is part of the Mounts of lowed by random sampling based on the prospect- Saida (biogeographic subsector of the Tellien ing of target species within each area. Oranais Atlas (O3). The method adopted is a mixed The use of ecological zoning allows us to have a sampling, during the springs (research of early taxa) vision on the appearance and spatial arrangement and autumns (search for autumn taxa), from the of plants through surveys and the study of years 2017 to 2019. This work is followed by a com- biological types. Each area is distinguished by its parison of the state of the orchidoflora of our area soil, microclimate, topography, and floristic compo- compared to other regions of the country. sition. All these elements contribute to the knowl- edge of how the ecosystem works. Materials and Methods The determination of the main homo-ecological zones is carried out on the basis of ‘integration of Region of study thematic maps of different stratifiers such as soil type, substrate, vegetation physiognomy, slope, al- The Doui Thabet area is located north-west of saida titude and exposure, Geographic Information Sys- city in the biogeographic subsector of the Tellien tem (G.I.S). For topographic stratifiers, we devel- Oranais Atlas (O3). It is characterized by a semi-arid oped a 12 m Digital Field Model (D.F.M.) from a bioclimatic stage where the average annual rainfall radar image using the “Mapinfo 7.8” software and rarely exceeds 350 mm, with a seasonal H.P.A.E. then extracting hypsometric maps, slopes and expo- The coldest month is January with a minimum of sures. For other stratifiers, we used the geological 2°C and the warmest month is August, with maxi- map of the study area (S.A.T.E.C, 1976), the mum averages of 35 °C. The area is characterized by lithological unit map (B.N.E.D.E.R, 1992) and the a short rainy and cold period, averaging from No- plant formation map (B.N.E.D.E.R., 1992). vember to March and another dry and warm period The cross of data was done by the following func- over the rest of the month of the year. The main soil tion : and lithological units characterizing the soils of the Doui Thabet area are lithosols, red-brown soils and 1 × (A + B + C + D + E + F ) limestone brown soils (B.N.E.D.E.R. 1992) (Fig. 1). N  i i i i i i N: number of parameters used in model = 6; A: pixel information in parameter a (substrates); B: pixel information of parameter b (type of soil); C: the pixel information of the parameter c (physionomy); D: the pixel information of the parameter e (altitude); E: pixel information for the parameter e (slope); F: the pixel information of the parameter f (exposure) The ecologically homogeneous areas that re- sulted, guided the choice of location of the phytoso- ciological survey stations. Within these areas, the selection of stations was Fig. 1. Limit of the Study Area randomly selected during the spring and autumn of the years (2017 to 2019). Some orchids are autumn- According to the numerical terrain model flowering; others are early-flowering and others (NTM), the study area has a heterogeneous and rug- late. Surveys have mainly targeted open environ- ged terrain; its altitude is between 580 m and 1203 ments (De Bélair et al., 2005). m. 25% of its area at steep slopes (up 20%), espe- The botanical identification of taxa was made at cially towards the east. the research laboratory of Ecology and Management AOUADJ ET AL 523 of Natural Ecosystems at the University of Tlemcen the disturbance index (IP) for seven stations in the using the works: Le Maire (1952-1987); Quézel and study area (Fig. 2) : Santa (1962-1963); Fennane et al. (1999) and Dobignard and Chatelain (2010-2013); Martin et al. (2015) and Delforge (2005). To determine the pro- tected taxa in Algeria, we consulted Executive Or- der 12-03 of 10 safar 1433 corresponding to 4 Janu- ary 2012 setting out the list of protected spontane- ous species in Algeria and the IUCN Red List (2010), supplemented by the status of IUCN (2018) not yet published (JORA, 2012) (Véla and Allen, pers. comm). The criteria used for the selection of catego- ries, both in the bibliography consulted and in the unpublished data, are those of version 3.1 of IUCN (2001). Based on phytosociological surveys conducted in each area, we calculated the net biological spectrum and disturbance index (IP) of each area (Loisel and Fig. 2. A : Biological spectrum. Gamila, 1993). These two parameters tell us about The use of the mixed sampling method allowed the health of our forest. us to go through the delineated stations and to in- vent the orchidoflora of the Doui Thabet area, rep- Results resented by 5 taxa belonging to 3 genres (Table 2, Fig. 3, and 4). Following the overlapping of the various thematic The distribution of orchids at the 7 stations in the maps and field surveys, we have cleared seven Doui Thabet area is heterogeneous according to envi- homo-ecological zones (Table 1). ronmental variables (including rugged terrain and a Based on phytosociological surveys conducted in mixture of various plant species). Stations 2, 5 and 7 each ecological zone and abundance coefficients - have only one orchid, stations 3 and 6 have 2 orchids, dominance of identified taxa, we determined the Station 1 contains 3 orchids, while Station 4 is the percentage of each biological type and calculated richest in orchids and includes all 4 species (Fig. 5).

Table 1. Characterization of stations sampled in the study area. Zone Ecological conditions Biotope Elevation (m) Exhibition Slope(%) Soil 1 Scrub to Ciste 800-950 Northwest to Northeast 0-4 red brown, sanded-textured soils 2 Riverine 580-600 Northwest to Northeast 0-3 light-texturedred brown soils 3 Scrub to Thuya of 720-897 South 3-11 Limestone brown Berberie soil 4 Scrub to oléo-lentisque 900-1150 Northeast e”12 Lithosol 5 Scrub to Thuya de berberie 900-1000 South 3 - 10 red-brown soils and Genevrier oxycédre with humiferous 6 Scrub to Pin d’alep 900-1203 Northwest to Northeast 0-6 red brown, sanded-textured soils 7 Scrub to Romarin 850- 989 Flat 0-5 red brown, et Lavande sanded-textured soils 524 Eco. Env. & Cons. 26 (2) : 2020

Fig. 2. B. Disturbance index (IP). Fig. 3. B: Dactylorhiza elata (Poir.) Soó, Date : 07.06. 2019 (S.A Aouadj).

Fig. 3. A: Anacamptis papilionacea (L.), Date : 07.06. 2019 (S.A Aouadj).

Ophrys lutea (Cav.). Gouan has a significant abundance (86 individuals) while Ophrys tenthredinifera Willd Subsp. tenthredinifera presents Fig. 4. A. Ophrys tenthredinifera Willd. subsp. only 6 individuals, Anacamptis papilionacea (L.) has a tenthredinifera, le 17.5. 2018 (S.A Aouadj).

Table 2. List of orchids inventoried in the area of Doui Thabet. N Taxa Rare End Protected (IUCN Mediter Zone in Algeria ranean + E. Véla, inédit) 1 Anacamptis papilionacea (L.) AR Alg. Lib. yes NE 1 and 4 2 Dactylorhiza elata (Poir.) Soó R N-Alg./NW-Tun no NT 1,3 and 4 3 Ophrys lutea (Cav.). Gouan. C Non no LC 1-7 4 Ophrys tenthredinifera Willd. C Alg.Mar no LC 4 and 6 subsp. tenthredinifera. Tun Lib. 5 Ophrys speculum Link subsp. speculum AC No No NT 1-7 C : common, NE : not evaluated, AR : quite rare, End : endemic, R : rare, NT : almost threatened, LC : minor concern, Alg : Algerian, Mar : Moroccan Tun : Tunisian, Lib : Libyan, N : North. AOUADJ ET AL 525

Fig. 6. Abundance of each taxa. Fig. 4.B. Ophrys lutea (Cav.). Gouan, le 11.5. 2018 (S.A Aouadj). Discussion

The ecological zoning of the Forest of Doui Thabet is complex, this complexity and due to a rugged ter- rain and the mixture of various plant formations. Colonization by asylvatic plant species shows that the regressive dynamics of this ecosystem have been beautiful and well-started. The therophytes dominate the 7 stations and present with a percentage ranging from 32% to 52%. This situation is linked to frequent overgrazing (wit- ness to strong anthropogenic action) (Grime, 1977; Daget, 1980; Dahmani, 1997 and Meddour, 2010) and the aridity of the environment (Aidoud, 1983 ; Fig. 5. Ophrys speculum Link subsp. speculum Barbero et al., 1990). Chamephytes occupy the 2nd position with an average rate of 34% in all stations. low abundance (7 individuals) and Dactylorhiza They are better adapted to drought than elata (Poir.) There are very low abundances of 5 in- daerophytes (Danin and Orshan, 1990). They are dividuals (Fig. 6). more xerophilic, and produce a lot of seeds

Table 3. Comparison of diversity in orchids from different regions of Algeria. Studies Zone Numbr Present study Doui Thebet (Saida) (56.31 km2) 05 including 3 endemic, 2 rare and 2 protected Djebbouri and Terras (2019) District of Saida (6765.4 km2) 2 of which 0 endemic, 0 rare and 0 protected Babali et al. (2013) Moutas (Tlemcen ) (20 km²) 14 Beghami et al. (2015) Aurés (3000 km²) 16 Hamel et al. (2016) Peninsula of Edough (Sekikda) (4026 km2)20 Miara et al. (2018) Mounts of Tiaret (Tiaret) (20673 km2)20 Madoui et al. (2017) Sétif (6504 km2)26 Boukehili et al. (2018) Souk Ahras (4541 km2)27 Bougaham et al. (2015) Kabylia El Babors (23.67 km²) 27 De Bélair et al. (2005) Numidia (100000 km2)34 526 Eco. Env. & Cons. 26 (2) : 2020

(Bouazza and Benabadji, 2002). The low percentage these species according to the appetity (palatability) of phanerophytes (2% and 18%) in areas 1, 3 and 5 is which they present (Barbero et al. (1990); Medail and a point of degradation of vegetation cover, as a re- Diadema, 2006). The state of environmental protec- sult of cutting, clearing, and fire. tion and the climate contributes to the development The station disturbance index (IP) ranges from of orchids, such as the Moutas-Tlemcen reserve 64% to 80% and confirms the degradation of plant (protected area) (Babali et al., 2013) and the eastern cover caused by anthropogenic action, especially in region of Algeria (Numidie, Aurés, Kabylie des zone 1, 3, 5 and 7 where the IP exceeds the 70% Babors, peninsula edough) characterized by phyto- threshold (El Hamrouni, 1973). Barbero et al. (1990) geographical positions, very close to the Mediterra- report that disturbances caused by man and his nean Sea (Moutas Reserve, Tlemcen) or biodiversity flocks are numerous and correspond to two increas- hot-spots “Kabylie-Numidie, Kroumirie” (Véla and ingly severe situations ranging from matorralisaton Benhouhou, 2007) (Table 3). to desertification to steppization. Analysis of the stationary characteristics and net The inventory of orchids in the Doui Thabet area biological spectra show that the 4 orchids we have revealed the presence of 4 taxa, representing 1.2% of identified develop mainly in open and disturbed the floristic wealth (344 species) of the study area environments such as scrubland, brush, and lawns and 5.33% of the orchids of Algeria (75 species of and at the level riverine. These open environments orchids) (Dobignard and Chatelain, 2010-2013). are of great biological importance, as these plants The 5 orchids we inventoried in the study area are often used as indicators of the ecological health were reported in all recent regional inventories of of an environment (Devjllers and Devjllers- orchids in Algeria, with the exception of the study Terschure, 1994); hence the interest of taking over entitled “Floristic inventory of Saida district during this area, as part of a strategy to conserve and re- the period (2018 and 2019) (Djebbouri and Terras, store these habitats (Devjllers and Devjllers- 2019). The absence of 3 orchids in the aforemen- Terschure, 1994). tioned study is explained by : (a) the spring-limited Among the 4 taxa inventoried is Dactylorhiza elata prospecting period and (b) the sampling techniques (Poir.) Soa., considered an endemic taxon, rare in used (subjective sampling). the subsector (O3), and reported in the IUCN Red The presence of the 5 orchids on an area as small List as a near-threatened species, and another taxon as the area of our study, compared to that of namely : Anacamptis papilionacea (L)., considered Djebbouri and Terras (2019), is justified by the effec- quite rare in the Tell, endemic and protected in Al- tiveness of the method adopted, namely the pros- geria and Ophrys tenthredinifera Willd. subsp. pecting of all plant formations (forest, pre-forest and tenthredinifera considered endemic. pre-steppe) by a mixed sampling, affirmed by sev- Dactylorhiza elata (Poir.) It has been observed in eral passages during the same year, and especially the scrubland at altitudes ranging from 800 m to during the spring and autumn, corresponding to the 1150 m, on all slopes. It is a rare species in the west- periods of autumn and spring flowering of orchids. ern region of Algeria and quite common in the Tell Our study area seems to have fewer orchids, Algéro-Constantinois. It is also an endemic and al- compared to other regions of Algeria, notably those most threatened species. It is found only in the of De Bélair et al. (2005); Babali et al. (2013); Beghami Tlemcen Mountains (O3). This result is in line with et al. (2015); Bougaham et al. (2015); Hamel et al. that of Quezel and Santa (1962-1963); Vela et al. (2016); Madoui et al. (2017); Boukehili et al. (2018); (2017) and regional studies, with the exception of Boukehili et al. (2018) and Miara et al. (2018) (Tab. 2). Babali et al. (2013) and Miara et al. (2018). This low wealth of orchids observed in the forests Anacamptis papilionacea (L.) was observed in the of Doui Thabet, compared to the western regions of scrub with an altitude between 800 m and 1150 m, Algeria, is justified by the small area surveyed in the on the northwest to north-east exposures. It is a area and which represents only 56.31 km2 compared rather rare species in the Tell, endemic and pro- to the area covered by Miara et al. (2018) in the tected by Executive Decree 12-03 of 10 (Jora, 2012). Tellian region of the city of Tiaret, which is 20673 This result is in line with that of Quézel and Santa km2. The impact of human actions, livestock and (1962-1963) and Bouvet et al. (2014). repeated fires on the forests of Doui Thabet (unpro- The third taxon, called Ophrys lutea L. is present tected area) contributes to the disappearance of in all stations, develops better in open environments AOUADJ ET AL 527 and ripisylves or riverine of the study area between References altitudes ranging from 580 m to 1203 m on all slopes, especially the slope south. Its presence in Aidoud, A. 1983. Contribution à l’étude des écosystèmes this area confirms the work of Quézel and Santa steppiques du sud Oranais : phytomasse, (1962-1963) and previous regional studies including productivité primaire et application pastorale. Thèse that of Miara et al. (2018). 3e cycle, USTHB., Alger. The fourth taxon rated Ophrys tenthredinifera Babali, B., Hasnaoui, A. and Bouazza, M. 2013. Note on the Orchids of the Moutas Hunting Reserve, Tlemcen Willd. Subsp. tenthredinifera develops in degraded (western Algeria). J. Life Sci. 7 : 410-415. open environments (scrub and Aleppo pine forest) Battandier, J.A. 1888-1890. Flore de l’Algérie, ancienne of the study area where altitude varies between 900 flore d’Alger transformée, contenant la description m and 1203 m on the northern slopes this time, on de toutes les plantes signalées jusqu’à ce jour comme all types of soil. It’s an endemic species. This taxon spontanées en Algérie et catalogue des plantes du is cited in the Quezel and Santa study (1962-1963) Maroc : Dicotylédones. Alger, Typographie and other regional studies. Adolphe Jourdan, Imprimeur–Libraire-éditeur & Paris, Librairie F. Savy. Conclusion Battandier, J.A. 1910. Flore de l’Algérie : Supplément aux phanérogames. Paris, librairie des sciences naturelles, Paul Klincksieck, Editeur. Alger, This study is a contribution to the updating of the imprimerie agricole et commerciale. inventory of the Orchidoflora of Algeria in the phy- Battandier, J.A. and Trabut, L.C. 1895. Flore de l’Algérie, togeographic subsector of the mounts of Saida, contenant la description de toutes les plantes which has not been explored before and which is signalées jusqu’à ce jour comme spontanées en favorable to the development of taxa of this botani- Algérie et catalogue des plantes du Maroc : cal family. The results recorded are spectacular, Monocotylédones. Alger, Adolphe Jourdan, namely : 5 species over a limited space of 56.31 km2. Libraire-éditeur, Imprimeur-Libraire de l’académie. Among these 5 taxa inventoried, an endemic Battandier, J.A. and Trabut, L.C. 1902. Flore analytique et synoptique de l’Algérie et de la Tunisie. Alger, taxon, rare in subsector (O3) and reported in the red veuve Giralt, imprimeuréditeur. list of IUCN as a near-threatened species Barbero, M., Quézel, P. and Loisel, R. 1990. Les apports de (Dactylorhiza elata (Poir.) Soa.), a rather rare taxon in la phytoécologie dans l’interprétation des the tell, endemic and protected in Algeria changements et perturbations induits par l’homme (Anacamptis papilionacea (L.) and an endemic taxon sur les écosystèmes forestiers méditerranéens. Forêt (Ophrys tenthredinifera Willd. Subsp. tenthredinifera). méditerranéenne. 12 : 194-215. The conservation and restoration of this area and Beghami, Y., Vela, E., De Belair G. et Thino M. 2015. Con- orchidoflore is a major concern in the face of global tribution à la connaissance des orchidées de l’Aurès changes (anthropic actions and climatic constraints) (N-E. de l’Algérie) : inventaire, cartographie, taxinomie et écologie. Revue d’écologie (la Terre et taking into account their mode of reproduction and la Vie), 70 (4) : 354-370. their dynamics, for the development of protection B.N.E.D.E.R. 1992. Etude du développement agricole dans strategies. la wilaya de Saida. Rapport final et documents an- In perspective, it is interesting to continue pros- nexes. 297 pp. pecting to other plant formations that may house Bouazza, M. and Benabadji, N. 2002. Contribution à l’étude other orchids through this important part of the du cortège floristique de la steppe au sud d’El Aricha Tellien Atlas. (Oranie- Algérie). Sci. Thechn. N° spécial. p : 11-19 Bougaham, A.F., Bouchibane, M. and Vela, E. 2015. Acknowledgements Inventaire des orchidées de la Kabylie des Babors (Algérie). -éléments de cartographie et enjeux patrimoniaux. J. Eur. Orch. 47 : 88-110. The author would like to thank Pr. Mohamed Ibn Boukehili, K., Boutabia, L., Telailia, S., Menaa, M., Tlidjane Tattou (Mohammed VI University, Rabat-), ,A., Maazi, M.C., Chefrour, A., Saheb, M. and Vela, Dr. Boumediene Medjahdi (Abi Bakr Belkaid Uni- E. 2018. 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