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Introducción ISSN 2410-7492 RNPS 2403 REVISTA CUBANA DE ZOOLOGÍA http://revistas.geotech.cu/index.php/poey COLECCIONES ZOOLÓGICAS 510 (enero -junio 2020): 62 - 71 LA COLEccIÓN DE PECES DEL MUSEO NACIONAL DE HISTORIA NATURAL DE CUBA Eglis Liel Torres Martínez Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Cuba. Obispo, No. 61. Esquina a Oficio. Habana Vieja, La Habana, Cuba Resumen: La Colección de Peces del Museo Nacional document the representativeness of species of the fish de Historia Natural de Cuba (MNHNCu)incluye más collection of the MNHNCu. de 4000 especímenes de 200 especies, pertenecientes a 23 órdenes y 68 familias. Aunque la mayor cantidad de Keyword: Actinopterygii, biological collection, catalo- especímenes se corresponden con especies dulceacuí- ge, conservation, freshwater fishes, marine fishes colas, existe una amplia representatividad de especies marinas. Esta colección atesora 22,90 % de las especies típicas de la zona costera y 63,04 % de la ictiofauna dulceacuícola de Cuba. Un elevado número de ejempla- Introducción res de agua dulce corresponden a especies endémicas, varias de ellas categorizadas con algún grado de ame- Las colecciones científicas constituyen la base naza. Los especímenes depositados en esta colección de estudios sistemáticos, imprescindibles para la podrían ser útiles para estudios relacionados con la comprensión de la evolución de la vida; además, conservación de los ambientes acuáticos cubanos. Con sus especímenes proveen datos verificables sobre el objetivo de ir integrando la información de todas las la distribución de las especies y de sitios de im- colecciones ictiológicas de Cuba, en este trabajo se do- portancia para el monitoreo y conservación de la cumenta la representatividad de la colección de peces biodiversidad (Plascencia et al., 2011; Rocha et al., del MNHNCu. 2014; Paradell y Defea, 2017). Adicionalmente, los trabajos con el material depositado en las co- Palabras claves: Actinopterygii, catálogo, coleccio- nes biológicas, catálogo, conservación, peces dulcea- lecciones permiten, entre otros aspectos, predecir cuícolas, peces marinos el comportamiento de las poblaciones, describir anomalías morfológicas, así como identificar áreas Abstract: Fish collection of the National Mu- de endemismo (Navarro et al., 2003; Rocha et al., seum of Natural History of Cuba. The fish collec- 2014; Castillo-Figueroa y Pérez-Torres, 2018). tion of the National Museum of Natural History of Particularmente, las colecciones ictiológicas, Cuba has about 4000 specimens of 200 species, inclu- son la materia prima para muchos estudios ta- ding in 23 orders and 68 families. Although the largest xonómicos y ecológicos, como evaluar los cam- amount of specimens corresponding to freshwater bios temporales en las comunidades de peces, la species, there is a wide representativeness of marine relación estructura-función, la dinámica de cre- species. This collection holds 22.90 % of coastal species cimiento de las especies, etc. (García-Deras et al., and 63.04 % of the freshwater ichthyofauna of Cuba. 2001). También se pueden aplicar en el mane- There are several specimens of endemic and threate- jo y conservación de hábitats acuáticos, pues la ned species. To motivate the integration of informa- tion from all the country’s fish collections, this paper proporción entre peces de un tipo u otro, la talla máxima, la presencia de parásitos, malformacio- nes, así como otros indicadores, pueden revelar la presencia de contaminación u otro factor que pueda estar incidiendo de manera negativa en Eglis Liel Torres Martínez el ecosistema (Valdés y Schmitter-Soto, 2016). [email protected] El Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Publicado en línea el 30 de junio de 2020 Cuba (MNHNCu) atesora más de 64 000 ejem- Colección de Peces del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Cuba 63 plares entre colecciones paleontológicas y neon- identificados. Los especímenes se conservan tológicas. Dentro de éstas últimas se encuen- en más de 500 frascos con etanol al 70 %. Aun- tra la Colección de Peces, la cual cuenta con un que la mayor cantidad de especímenes se corres- número significativo de frascos y especímenes, ponden con especies dulceacuícolas, existe una tanto de especies marinas como dulceacuícolas, amplia representatividad de especies marinas. incluidos endemismos y ejemplares de especies La ictiofauna nativa cubana de la clase Acti- raras y amenazadas. No obstante, esta colección nopterygii comprende 992 especies incluidas en desde el año 2004 ha estado desatendida y no se 473 géneros, 159 familias y 32 órdenes (Claro, cuenta con una lista actualizada de las especies 2007). De estas, sólo 38 especies fueron recono- ahí representadas. El objetivo de este trabajo es cidas por Vergara (1992) como estrictamente dul- documentar la diversidad de especies de peces ceacuícolas, basado en la limitada tolerancia a la presente en esta colección y de esta forma con- salinidad y en la presencia de estos peces en este tribuir al propósito de la Red de Museos y Salas ecosistema durante la mayor parte de su ciclo de de Historia Natural de Cuba (NatuRed), que es vida. Del total de especies identificadas en la co- divulgar información de los ejemplares conteni- lección, 148 son marinas nativas de Cuba, de las dos en las colecciones de historia natural de Cuba. cuales dos pertenecen a la clase Chondrichthyes (Tabla 1). Según Claro (2007), de todas las espe- Materiales y Métodos cies registradas para Cuba, unas 620 son típicas de la zona litoral, por lo que esta colección contiene Este trabajo se basó en la información extraída 23,5 % de las especies costeras cubanas. La colec- del catálogo de especímenes de la colección; solo se ción posee 53,12 % de los órdenes de actinopteri- incluyeron aquellos identificados hasta el nivel de gios registradas por Claro (2007) y el orden Perci- especie. El mapa para ilustrar la distribución espa- formes es el mejor representado en esta colección cial de las localidades representadas en la colección con 29 familias y 113 especies, lo que está acorde de especies dulceacuícolas se realizó en Quantum con la elevada diversidad de este en aguas cubanas GIS 2.18 (http://qgis.osgeo.org), las localida- (Claro, 2007). De las 62 familias y las 485 espe- des que en el catálogo no presentaban coordena- cies reportadas para este orden, en la colección del das geográficas se geo-referenciaron con la ayuda MNHNCu están representados el 46,77 % y 23,29 del sistema de información geográfica de Google %, respectivamente. Las familias con mayor núme- Maps. La mayoría de las especies marinas fueron ro de especies son Pomacanthidae, Labrisomidae recolectadas en el litoral habanero; no obstante, y Poeciliidae, respectivamente. Esta última tam- estas no presentaban coordenadas, por lo que fue- bién presenta la mayor cantidad de ejemplares. ron tratadas como una única localidad. Como re- Los peces de agua dulce están representados ferencia taxonómica de las especies dulceacuícolas por 29 especies nativas (Tabla 2), lo que consti- se siguió a Rodríguez-Machado y Ponce de León tuye el 63,04 % de los peces listados por Rodrí- (2017), quienes listan 46 especies de agua dulce guez-Machado y Ponce de León (2017). La familia incluidas en 15 familias y 9 órdenes. Estos autores Poecilidae tiene el mayor número de ejemplares, no consideran en su trabajo especies que pueden y están representados los cuatro géneros presen- incursionar en ecosistemas dulceacuícolas y sólo tes en la isla: Girardinus, Quintana, Gambusia y tienen en cuenta las que pasan la mayor parte del Limia. En Cuba, esta familia es la de mayor diver- año en agua dulce, como Anguilla rostrata y las espe- sidad y endemismo. La colección cuenta también cies de la familia Mugilidae. Para las especies mari- con ejemplares de especies introducidas en Cuba nas se siguió a Claro (2007); no obstante, la taxo- con fines económicos en la década del 60 del pa- nomía fue actualizada según Fricke et al. (2020). sado siglo (Fimia Duarte et al., 2004), como Cop- todon rendalli y Xiphophorus maculatus (Tabla 2). Resultados y Discusión El mayor número de especímenes se recolec- taron en la década de los 80 y 90 del pasado si- La Colección de Peces del Museo Nacional de glo, siendo en los años 1988 y 1990 donde se re- Historia Natural de Cuba incluye más de 4000 gistran mayores cantidades. Los colectores que especímenes de 200 especies identificadas, per- más aportaron ejemplares a la colección fueron tenecientes a 23 órdenes y 68 familias. El 17,7% A. duBouchet y Orlando H. Garrido, con más de de los ejemplares depositados aún faltan por ser 200 especímenes cada uno. Los ejemplares más 64 Torres Martínez Poeyana 510 (2020) Figura 1. Sitios de recolecta de los ejemplares de la Colección de Peces del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Cuba. Figure 1. Collection sites of the specimens in the Fish Collection of the National Museum of Natural History of Cuba. antiguos de la colección son del año 1939 donados Girardinus cubensis (En Peligro) y de Lucifuga sub- por el Museo Felipe Poey de la Universidad de La terranea (Vulnerable) (Ponce de León et al., 2012). Habana y siete recolectados en 1949 por Miguel L. Las colecciones toman gran importancia al Jaume. La colección presenta ejemplares de espe- constituir un elemento para ampliar el conoci- cies dulceacuícolas provenientes de 13 provincias miento de la biodiversidad, de las dinámicas que y del municipio especial Isla de la Juventud (Fig. la originaron, su biología básica y distribución. Es 1), aunque el 90 % de los especímenes provienen por ello que deben permanecer bajo una mirada de recolectas realizadas en el occidente de Cuba. de preservación preventiva (Ossa et al., 2012). La provincia La Habana es la que presenta mayor En el caso de las colecciones conservadas en alco- número de recolectas con un total de 605 registros hol los ejemplares se pueden dañar por cambios de catálogo, seguida por Artemisa con 70, Isla de en la calidad del líquido, falta de sellante en el la Juventud con 57 y Pinar de Río con 33; el res- frasco, exposición a la luz, deshidratación, eleva- to de las provincias tienen menos de 30 registros.
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