Auditory & Vestibular Systems Steven Mcloon Department of Neuroscience University of Minnesota
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Fibroblast Growth Factor (Fgf) Implication in the Neonatal Development of the Cochlear Innervation G
FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR (FGF) IMPLICATION IN THE NEONATAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE COCHLEAR INNERVATION G. Després, I. Jalenques, R. Romand To cite this version: G. Després, I. Jalenques, R. Romand. FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR (FGF) IMPLICATION IN THE NEONATAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE COCHLEAR INNERVATION. Journal de Physique IV Proceedings, EDP Sciences, 1992, 02 (C1), pp.C1-173-C1-176. 10.1051/jp4:1992134. jpa-00251205 HAL Id: jpa-00251205 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/jpa-00251205 Submitted on 1 Jan 1992 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE IV Colloque C1, suppICment au Journal de Physique 111, Volume 2, avril 1992 FIBROBLAST GROWMI FACTOR (FGF) IMPLICATION IN TIlE NEONATAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE COCIiLEAR INNERVATION G. DESPR~S,I. JALENQUES and R. ROMAND Laboratoire de Neurobiolc@e et Physwlogie du Dkeloppement, Universite'BIaise Pascal, F-63177Aubi2re ceder, France The presence of fibroblast growth factor-like protein has been investigated on cryostat sections from Sprague Dawley rat cochleae and auditory brainstem nuclei of various neonatal stages by indirect immunofluorescence and immunoperoxydase techniques with an antibody directed against the 1-24 amino-acid sequence of brain derived basic FGF. -
Guide to Sensory Processing.Pdf
Guide to Sensory Processing Prepared by Allison Travnik, MSOTS Level II Fieldwork Student Project Kavitha N Krishnan MS OTR/L Fieldwork Instructor Sensory Processing In order to understand what is going on around us, we need to organize all of the incoming sensory information (Ayres, 2005). The sensory information involves what we see, smell, taste, hear, feel on our body, where our body is in relation to others, and how well we are balanced. This is a lot of information that our brains need to process in order to engage in productive behavior, learn, and form accurate perceptions. Proprioceptive Where are body is in space Tactile Auditory What we feel The noise on our skin around us Sensory Smell Processing The Sight difference What we see scents around us around us Oral Sensory Processing Vestibular The sensations Jean Ayres developed the sensory Our sense of Disorder + balance that food give integration (SI) theory. SI gives us in our mouth meaning to what our senses are recognizing. When the sensations are not being organized properly may notice some of the same qualities in the brain, Ayres compared it to about yourself.It is important to a traffic jam. The traffic jam of remember that everyone has some sensory information can lead to quirks about their sensory processing learning difficulties and problem whether it be a sensitivity to loud behavior (Ayres, 2005). Children noises or dislike of light touch. with Sensory Processing Disorder However the identification of SPD is (SPD) are struggling with this reserved for individuals whose traffic jam. sensory quirks are outside of the Sensory processing is a typical range and affect their daily dynamic and complex theory. -
Understanding Sensory Processing: Looking at Children's Behavior Through the Lens of Sensory Processing
Understanding Sensory Processing: Looking at Children’s Behavior Through the Lens of Sensory Processing Communities of Practice in Autism September 24, 2009 Charlottesville, VA Dianne Koontz Lowman, Ed.D. Early Childhood Coordinator Region 5 T/TAC James Madison University MSC 9002 Harrisonburg, VA 22807 [email protected] ______________________________________________________________________________ Dianne Koontz Lowman/[email protected]/2008 Page 1 Looking at Children’s Behavior Through the Lens of Sensory Processing Do you know a child like this? Travis is constantly moving, pushing, or chewing on things. The collar of his shirt and coat are always wet from chewing. When talking to people, he tends to push up against you. Or do you know another child? Sierra does not like to be hugged or kissed by anyone. She gets upset with other children bump up against her. She doesn’t like socks with a heel or toe seam or any tags on clothes. Why is Travis always chewing? Why doesn’t Sierra liked to be touched? Why do children react differently to things around them? These children have different ways of reacting to the things around them, to sensations. Over the years, different terms (such as sensory integration) have been used to describe how children deal with the information they receive through their senses. Currently, the term being used to describe children who have difficulty dealing with input from their senses is sensory processing disorder. _____________________________________________________________________ Sensory Processing Disorder -
5.1. Structure of the Spiral Ganglion
CHAPTER 5. INNERVATION OF THE ORGAN OF CORTI The investigation of nerve components of the acoustic system’s periph- eral part is so difficult methodologically that a whole series of questions which were solved long ago during the investigation of the other sensory system have not yet been clarified. The basic difficulty for the morphologists lies in the fact that the organ of Corti, together with its nerve elements, is located within the osseous tissue. In addition, it is in the shape of a spirally involut- ed geometrical figure. These structural peculiarities create considerable dif- ficulties during the determination of the connections between the types of peripheral and central neuron’s processes and bodies of the spiral ganglion of the cochlea. Therefore, most of the work on the cochlea’s innervation and the computation of the different element’s quantity demands an application of special methods, including graphical reconstruction of the serial sections. The Golgi method was and still remains the basic histological method of the organ of Corti’s innervation study, which has been supplemented by the cochlea’s electron-microscope investigations in the normal conditions and during the experimentally induced degenerations. 5.1. Structure of the spiral ganglion The neurons which innervate the auditory receptor cells form a spiral ganglion: a nerve-knot of the VIII pair’s acoustic part of the craniocerebral nerves. The ganglion fills the Rosental’s canal in the cochlea’s axis and re- peats the number of its spiral turns. The ganglionic neuron has, as a rule, a widened body with two processes: peripheral and central (Diagram 7). -
Auditory Neuropathy After Damage to Cochlear Spiral Ganglion Neurons
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Auditory Neuropathy after Damage to Cochlear Spiral Ganglion Neurons in Mice Resulting from Conditional Received: 27 July 2016 Accepted: 15 June 2017 Expression of Diphtheria Toxin Published online: 25 July 2017 Receptors Haolai Pan1, Qiang Song1, Yanyan Huang1, Jiping Wang1, Renjie Chai2, Shankai Yin1 & Jian Wang 1,3 Auditory neuropathy (AN) is a hearing disorder characterized by normal cochlear amplifcation to sound but poor temporal processing and auditory perception in noisy backgrounds. These defcits likely result from impairments in auditory neural synchrony; such dyssynchrony of the neural responses has been linked to demyelination of auditory nerve fbers. However, no appropriate animal models are currently available that mimic this pathology. In this study, Cre-inducible diphtheria toxin receptor (iDTR+/+) mice were cross-mated with mice containing Cre (Bhlhb5-Cre+/−) specifc to spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs). In double-positive ofspring mice, the injection of diphtheria toxin (DT) led to a 30–40% rate of death for SGNs, but no hair cell damage. Demyelination types of pathologies were observed around the surviving SGNs and their fbers, many of which were distorted in shape. Correspondingly, a signifcant reduction in response synchrony to amplitude modulation was observed in this group of animals compared to the controls, which had a Cre− genotype. Taken together, our results suggest that SGN damage following the injection of DT in mice with Bhlhb5-Cre+/− and iDTR+/− is likely to be a good AN model of demyelination. Auditory neuropathy (AN) is a hearing disorder characterized as having normal cochlear microphonic (CM) potentials and otoacoustic emissions (OAEs), but largely reduced or missing auditory brainstem responses (ABRs). -
Auditory System & Hearing
Auditory System & Hearing Chapters 9 part II Lecture 17 Jonathan Pillow Sensation & Perception (PSY 345 / NEU 325) Fall 2017 1 Cochlea: physical device tuned to frequency! • place code: tuning of different parts of the cochlea to different frequencies 2 The auditory nerve (AN): fibers stimulated by inner hair cells • Frequency selectivity: Clearest when sounds are very faint 3 Threshold tuning curves for 6 neurons (threshold = lowest intensity that will give rise to a response) Characteristic frequency - frequency to which the neuron is most sensitive threshold(dB) frequency (kHz) 4 Information flow in the auditory pathway • Cochlear nucleus: first brain stem nucleus at which afferent auditory nerve fibers synapse • Superior olive: brainstem region thalamus MGN in the auditory pathway where inputs from both ears converge • Inferior colliculus: midbrain nucleus in the auditory pathway • Medial geniculate nucleus (MGN): part of the thalamus that relays auditory signals to the cortex 5 • Primary auditory cortex (A1): First cortical area for processing audition (in temporal lobe) • Belt & Parabelt areas: areas beyond A1, where neurons respond to more complex characteristics of sounds 6 Basic Structure of the Mammalian Auditory System Comparing overall structure of auditory and visual systems: • Auditory system: Large proportion of processing before A1 • Visual system: Large proportion of processing after V1 7 Basic Structure of the Mammalian Auditory System Tonotopic organization: neurons organized spatially in order of preferred frequency • -
Common Vestibular Function Tests
Common Vestibular Function Tests Authors: Barbara Susan Robinson, PT, DPT; Lisa Heusel-Gillig PT DPT NCS Fact Sheet The purpose of Vestibular Function Tests (VFTs) is to determine the health of the vestibular portion of the inner ear. These tests are commonly performed by ENTs, Audiologists, and Otolaryngologists Electronystagmography or Videonystagmography Electronystagmography (ENG test) or Videonystagmography (VNG test) evaluate the inner ear. Both record eye movements during a group of tests in light and dark rooms. During the ENG test, small electrodes are placed on the skin near the eyes to record eye movements. For the VNG test, eye movements are recorded by a video camera mounted inside of goggles that are worn during testing. ENG and VNG tests evaluate eye movements while following a visual target (tracking Produced by test) or during body and head position changes (positional test). The caloric test evaluates eye movements in response to cool or warm air (or water) placed in the ear canal. If there is no response to warm or cool air or water, ice water may be used in order to try to produce a response. The caloric test determines the difference between the function of the left and right inner ear. During this test, you may experience dizziness or nausea. You may be asked questions (math questions, city names, alphabet tasks) to distract you in order to get the best results. A Special Interest Group of Contact us: ANPT Other Common Vestibular Function Tests 5841 Cedar Lake Rd S. The rotary chair test is used along with the VNG to confirm the diagnosis and assess Ste 204 compensation of the vestibular system. -
Vestibular Neuritis, Labyrinthitis, and a Few Comments Regarding Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss Marcello Cherchi
Vestibular neuritis, labyrinthitis, and a few comments regarding sudden sensorineural hearing loss Marcello Cherchi §1: What are these diseases, how are they related, and what is their cause? §1.1: What is vestibular neuritis? Vestibular neuritis, also called vestibular neuronitis, was originally described by Margaret Ruth Dix and Charles Skinner Hallpike in 1952 (Dix and Hallpike 1952). It is currently suspected to be an inflammatory-mediated insult (damage) to the balance-related nerve (vestibular nerve) between the ear and the brain that manifests with abrupt-onset, severe dizziness that lasts days to weeks, and occasionally recurs. Although vestibular neuritis is usually regarded as a process affecting the vestibular nerve itself, damage restricted to the vestibule (balance components of the inner ear) would manifest clinically in a similar way, and might be termed “vestibulitis,” although that term is seldom applied (Izraeli, Rachmel et al. 1989). Thus, distinguishing between “vestibular neuritis” (inflammation of the vestibular nerve) and “vestibulitis” (inflammation of the balance-related components of the inner ear) would be difficult. §1.2: What is labyrinthitis? Labyrinthitis is currently suspected to be due to an inflammatory-mediated insult (damage) to both the “hearing component” (the cochlea) and the “balance component” (the semicircular canals and otolith organs) of the inner ear (labyrinth) itself. Labyrinthitis is sometimes also termed “vertigo with sudden hearing loss” (Pogson, Taylor et al. 2016, Kim, Choi et al. 2018) – and we will discuss sudden hearing loss further in a moment. Labyrinthitis usually manifests with severe dizziness (similar to vestibular neuritis) accompanied by ear symptoms on one side (typically hearing loss and tinnitus). -
Diseases of the Brainstem and Cranial Nerves of the Horse: Relevant Examination Techniques and Illustrative Video Segments
IN-DEPTH: NEUROLOGY Diseases of the Brainstem and Cranial Nerves of the Horse: Relevant Examination Techniques and Illustrative Video Segments Robert J. MacKay, BVSc (Dist), PhD, Diplomate ACVIM Author’s address: Alec P. and Louise H. Courtelis Equine Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610; e-mail: mackayr@ufl.edu. © 2011 AAEP. 1. Introduction (pons and cerebellum) and myelencephalon (me- This lecture focuses on the functions of the portions dulla oblongata). Because the diencephalon was of the brainstem caudal to the diencephalon. In discussed in the previous lecture under Forebrain addition to regulation of many of the homeostatic Diseases, it will not be covered here. mechanisms of the body, this part of the brainstem controls consciousness, pupillary diameter, eye 3. Functions (Location) movement, facial expression, balance, prehension, mastication and swallowing of food, and movement Pupillary Light Response, Pupil Size (Midbrain, Cranial and coordination of the trunk and limbs. Dysfunc- Nerves II, III) tion of the brainstem and/or cranial nerves therefore In the normal horse, pupil size reflects the balance of manifests in a great variety of ways including re- sympathetic (dilator) and parasympathetic (con- duced consciousness, ataxia, limb weakness, dys- strictor) influences on the smooth muscle of the phagia, facial paralysis, jaw weakness, nystagmus, iris.2–4 Preganglionic neurons for sympathetic and strabismus. Careful neurologic examination supply to the head arise in the gray matter of the in the field can provide accurate localization of first four thoracic segments of the spinal cord and brainstem and cranial nerve lesions. Recognition subsequently course rostrally in the cervical sympa- of brainstem/cranial nerve dysfunction is an impor- thetic nerve within the vagosympathetic trunk. -
Auditory and Vestibular Systems Objective • to Learn the Functional
Auditory and Vestibular Systems Objective • To learn the functional organization of the auditory and vestibular systems • To understand how one can use changes in auditory function following injury to localize the site of a lesion • To begin to learn the vestibular pathways, as a prelude to studying motor pathways controlling balance in a later lab. Ch 7 Key Figs: 7-1; 7-2; 7-4; 7-5 Clinical Case #2 Hearing loss and dizziness; CC4-1 Self evaluation • Be able to identify all structures listed in key terms and describe briefly their principal functions • Use neuroanatomy on the web to test your understanding ************************************************************************************** List of media F-5 Vestibular efferent connections The first order neurons of the vestibular system are bipolar cells whose cell bodies are located in the vestibular ganglion in the internal ear (NTA Fig. 7-3). The distal processes of these cells contact the receptor hair cells located within the ampulae of the semicircular canals and the utricle and saccule. The central processes of the bipolar cells constitute the vestibular portion of the vestibulocochlear (VIIIth cranial) nerve. Most of these primary vestibular afferents enter the ipsilateral brain stem inferior to the inferior cerebellar peduncle to terminate in the vestibular nuclear complex, which is located in the medulla and caudal pons. The vestibular nuclear complex (NTA Figs, 7-2, 7-3), which lies in the floor of the fourth ventricle, contains four nuclei: 1) the superior vestibular nucleus; 2) the inferior vestibular nucleus; 3) the lateral vestibular nucleus; and 4) the medial vestibular nucleus. Vestibular nuclei give rise to secondary fibers that project to the cerebellum, certain motor cranial nerve nuclei, the reticular formation, all spinal levels, and the thalamus. -
Neural Tracking of the Musical Beat Is Enhanced by Low-Frequency Sounds
Neural tracking of the musical beat is enhanced by low-frequency sounds Tomas Lenca, Peter E. Kellera, Manuel Varleta, and Sylvie Nozaradana,b,c,1 aMARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour, and Development, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; bInstitute of Neuroscience (IONS), Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Woluwe-Saint-Lambert, Belgium; and cInternational Laboratory for Brain, Music, and Sound Research (BRAMS), Département de Psychologie, Faculté des Arts et des Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada Edited by Dale Purves, Duke University, Durham, NC, and approved June 28, 2018 (received for review January 24, 2018) Music makes us move, and using bass instruments to build the content (8, 9). Bass sounds are also crucial in music that en- rhythmic foundations of music is especially effective at inducing courages listeners to move (10, 11). people to dance to periodic pulse-like beats. Here, we show that There has been a recent debate as to whether evolutionarily this culturally widespread practice may exploit a neurophysiolog- shaped properties of the auditory system lead to superior tem- ical mechanism whereby low-frequency sounds shape the neural poral encoding for bass sounds (12, 13). One study using elec- representations of rhythmic input by boosting selective locking to troencephalography (EEG) recorded brain responses elicited by the beat. Cortical activity was captured using electroencephalog- misaligned tone onsets in an isochronous sequence of simulta- raphy (EEG) while participants listened to a regular rhythm or to a neous low- and high-pitched tones (12). Greater sensitivity to the relatively complex syncopated rhythm conveyed either by low temporal misalignment of low tones was observed when they tones (130 Hz) or high tones (1236.8 Hz). -
Use of Calcium-Binding Proteins to Map Inputs in Vestibular Nuclei of the Gerbil
THE JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY 386:317–327 (1997) Use of Calcium-Binding Proteins to Map Inputs in Vestibular Nuclei of the Gerbil GOLDA ANNE KEVETTER* AND ROBERT B. LEONARD Departments of Otolaryngology, Anatomy and Neurosciences, and Physiology and Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555 ABSTRACT We wished to determine whether calbindin and/or calretinin are appropriate markers for vestibular afferents, a population of neurons in the vestibular nuclear complex, or cerebellar Purkinje inputs. To accomplish this goal, immunocytochemical staining was observed in gerbils after lesions of the vestibular nerve central to the ganglion, the cerebellum, or both. Eleven to fourteen days after recovery, the brain was processed for immunocytochemical identification of calretinin and calbindin. After lesion of the vestibular nerve, no calretinin staining was seen in any of the vestibular nuclei except for a population of intrinsic neurons, which showed no obvious change in number or staining pattern. Calbindin staining was reduced in all nuclei except the dorsal part of the lateral vestibular nuclei. The density of staining of each marker, measured in the magnocellular medial vestibular nucleus, was signifi- cantly reduced. After the cerebellar lesion, no differences in calretinin staining were noted. However, calbindin staining was greatly reduced in all nuclei. The density of staining, measured in the caudal medial vestibular nucleus, was significantly lower. After a combined lesion of the cerebellum and vestibular nerve, the distribution and density of calretinin staining resembled that after vestibular nerve section alone, whereas calbindin staining was no longer seen. This study demonstrates that calretinin and calbindin are effective markers for the identification of vestibular afferents.