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Arab Christians and the Qurʾan from the Origins of Islam to the Medieval Period History of Christian-Muslim Relations

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Arab Christians and the Qurʾan from the Origins of Islam to the Medieval Period History of Christian-Muslim Relations Arab Christians and the Qurʾan from the Origins of Islam to the Medieval Period History of Christian-Muslim Relations Editorial Board Jon Hoover (University of Nottingham) Sandra Toenies Keating (Providence College) Tarif Khalidi (American University of Beirut) Suleiman Mourad (Smith College) Gabriel Said Reynolds (University of Notre Dame) Mark Swanson (Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago) David Thomas (University of Birmingham) VOLUME 35 Christians and Muslims have been involved in exchanges over matters of faith and morality since the founding of Islam. Attitudes between the faiths today are deeply coloured by the legacy of past encounters, and often preserve centuries-old negative views. The History of Christian-Muslim Relations, Texts and Studies presents the surviving record of past encounters in a variety of forms: authoritative, text editions and annotated translations, studies of authors and their works and collections of essays on particular themes and historical periods. It illustrates the development in mutual perceptions as these are contained in surviv- ing Christian and Muslim writings, and makes available the arguments and rhetorical strategies that, for good or for ill, have left their mark on attitudes today. The series casts light on a history marked by intellectual creativity and occasional breakthroughs in communication, although, on the whole beset by misunderstanding and misrepresentation. By making this history better known, the series seeks to contribute to improved recognition between Christians and Muslims in the future. A number of volumes of the History of Christian-Muslim Relations series are published within the subseries Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History. The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/hcmr Arab Christians and the Qurʾan from the Origins of Islam to the Medieval Period Edited by Mark Beaumont LEIDEN | BOSTON Cover illustration: translation by Mark Beaumont of Qurʾan 4:171. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Woodbrooke-Mingana Symposium on Arab Christianity and Islam (7th : 2013 : Birmingham, England) | Beaumont, Ivor Mark, editor. Title: Arab Christians and the Qurʾan from the origins of Islam to the medieval period / edited by Mark Beaumont. Description: Leiden ; Boston : Brill, 2018. | “These essays originated in the seventh Woodbrooke-Mingana Symposium on Arab Christianity held in Birmingham, UK, in 2013”—ECIP data view. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2018001097 | ISBN 9789004360747 (E-book) | ISBN 9789004360693 (hardback : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Qurʾan —Christian interpretations—History—Congresses. | Christians—Middle East—History—Congresses. Classification: LCC BP130.45 .W66 2013 | DDC 261.2/7089927—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018001097 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 1570-7350 isbn 978-90-04-36069-3 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-36074-7 (e-book) Copyright 2018 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi, Brill Sense and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner. Contents Notes on Contributors vii Introduction ix 1 The Qurʾan in Christian Arabic Literature: A Cursory Overview 1 Sidney H. Griffith 2 Qurʾānic Textual Archaeology. Rebuilding the Story of the Destruction of Sodom and Gomorra 20 Juan Pedro Monferrer-Sala 3 Manipulation of the Qurʾan in the Epistolary Exchange between al-Hāshimī and al-Kindī 50 Sandra T. Keating 4 ʿAbd al-Masīḥ al-Kindī on the Qurʾan 66 Emilio Platti 5 ʿAmmār al-Baṣrī: Ninth Century Christian Theology and Qurʾanic Presuppositions 83 Mark Beaumont 6 ‘They Find Him Written with them.’ The Impact of Q 7:157 on Muslim Interaction with Arab Christianity 106 Gordon Nickel 7 With the Qur’an in Mind 131 David Thomas 8 Early Islamic Perspectives of the Apostle Paul as a Narrative Framework for Taḥrīf 150 Michael F. Kuhn 9 Būluṣ ibn Rajāʾ on the History and Integrity of the Qurʾan: Copto-Islamic Controversy in Fatimid Cairo 174 David Bertaina Bibliography 197 Index 213 Notes on Contributors Mark Beaumont (PhD, Open University, 2003) is Research Associate at London School of Theology, United Kingdom. His most recent monograph, edited with Maha El-Kaisy Friemuth, is al-Radd al-jamīl—A Fitting Refutation of the Divinity of Jesus from the Evidence of the Gospel, Attributed to Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī, (Leiden: Brill, 2016). David Bertaina (PhD, Catholic University of America, 2007) is Associate Professor in the History Department at the University of Illinois at Springfield, USA. His teach- ing expertise is on Late Antiquity and the Medieval Middle East and his research focuses on the history of Christian-Muslim encounters. Sidney H. Griffith (PhD, Catholic University of America, 1978) is Ordinary Professor Emeritus in the Department of Semitic and Egyptian Languages and Literatures, in the School of Arts and Sciences, at the Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, USA. His areas of scholarly interest are Syriac Patristics, Christian Arabic Literature, and the history of Christian/Muslim relations, especially within the World of Islam and in the Early Islamic period. Recent publications include, The Church in the Shadow of the Mosque: Christians and Muslims in the World of Islam (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007); The Bible in Arabic: The Scriptures of the “People of the Book” in the Language of Islam (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2013). Sandra T. Keating (PhD Catholic University of America, 2001) is Associate Professor of Theology at Providence College in Rhode Island, USA. She has published Defending the ‘People of Truth’ in the Early Islamic Period: The Christian Apologies of Abu Ra’itah (Leiden: Brill, 2006). Michael F. Kuhn (PhD, Middlesex University, 2017) is Assistant Professor at The Arab Baptist Theological Seminary, Mansourieh, Lebanon. viii Notes on Contributors Juan Pedro Monferrer-Sala (PhD, University of Granada, 1996) is Full Professor of Arabic Studies at the University of Cordova, Spain. His most recent publications include “An Egyptian Arabic witness of the apocryphal epistle to the Laodiceans”, JCS 18 (2016), pp. 57–83. Gordon Nickel (PhD, University of Calgary, Canada, 2004) directs the Centre for Islamic Studies at South Asia Institute of Advanced Christian Studies in Bangalore, India. He is the author of Narratives of Tampering in the Earliest Commentaries on the Qur’an (Leiden: Brill, 2011). Emilio Giuseppe Platti (PhD, Katholieke Universiteit (KU), Leuven, 1980) is Professor Emeritus at Katholieke Universiteit (KU), Leuven, Belgium. He is a Member of the Institut Dominican d’études Orientales in Cairo, Egypt. His publications include Yahyâ Ibn ‘Adî. Théologien chrétien et philosophe arabe, Leuven, 1983, and Islam, Friend or Foe? (Louvain Monographs, 37), Louvain, 2008. David Thomas (PhD, Lancaster University, 1983) is Professor of Christianity and Islam at Birmingham University. Among his recent publications are The Polemical Works of ʿAlī al-Ṭabarī (Leiden: Brill, 2016) and Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History, vols 1–11 (Leiden: Brill, 2009–17). Introduction When Arab armies swept through the Middle East in the 640’s, they not only conquered largely Christian populations but also brought with them new scriptures they believed had been revealed by God, which claimed to have a message for Christians. The ensuing relationship between the Muslim rulers and their Christian subjects was influenced by the teaching of the Qurʾan con- cerning Jesus who was only a messenger and not the Son of God as Christians believed. Jesus’ death by crucifixion and subsequent resurrection from death were cast into doubt by the Qurʾan. Muslims interpreted the Qurʾan to say that the scriptures of the Christians were corrupt. How did Christians respond to these criticisms of their convictions? They were at least able to maintain their faith and practice after annual payments of a head tax. As time passed, conver- sions to Islam became more frequent not only to avoid taxation, but to gain opportunities for advancement in society. The purpose of Christian apologetic writing about Islam in the early centuries of the Islamic Era was both to enable Christians to defend their faith in the face of Muslim critique, and to stem the flow of Christians becoming Muslims. The contributions in this collection of essays are focused on the time frame between the arrival of Islam and the end of the Abbasid period in the late thirteenth century when Christians had be- come a minority in the Middle East. The focus of these chapters reflects the importance of the topic of Christian attitudes to the Qurʾan from the coming of Islam to the largely Christian Middle East. When Christians began to interpret the Qurʾan they found many references to Biblical
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