Black Social Movements Past and Present: A Comparative Analysis of the Black Arts Movement and the Hip Hop Movement by J. Vern Cromartie, Ed.D.
[email protected] Professor of Sociology, Chair, Sociology Department Contra Costa College, San Pablo, California Abstract This paper focuses on Black social movements past and present with special reference to the Black Arts Movement and the Hip Hop Movement. It examines the Black Arts Movement as a social movement that emerged during the mid-1960s and lasted until the mid-1970s. It also examines the Hip Hop Movement as a social movement that emerged during the early 1970s and has lasted to the present. This paper presents a comparative analysis of both social movements and identifies their goals, ideologies, organization and status systems, and tactics. The comparative analysis also includes an examination of both movements’ internal development in the form of the incipient phase, organizational phase, and stable phase. Likewise, the comparative analysis includes an examination of both movements’ external development in the form of innovation, selection, and integration. In addition, this paper addresses some implications of the Black Arts Movement and the Hip Hop Movement as social movements. In this study, a mixed methods approach has been employed, including the case study, participant observation, and a qualitative survey. The research techniques include direct observation, interviews with people involved in the two movements, and content analysis of primary and secondary source documents. Keywords: Black Arts Movement, Hip Hop Movement, social movement, race, culture. 77 Africology: The Journal of Pan African Studies, vol.11, no.6, April 2018 Introduction During the 20th century in the United States of America (USA), Black people developed a host of social movements to address social problems they faced.