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Idea Xxix/1 2017 Rada Redakcyjna: Mira Czarnawska (Warszawa), Zbigniew Kaźmierczak (Białystok), Andrzej Kisielewski (Białystok), Jerzy Kopania (Białystok), Małgorzata Kowalska (Białystok), Dariusz Kubok (Katowice) Rada Naukowa: Adam Drozdek, PhD Associate Professor, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, USA Anna Grzegorczyk, prof. dr hab., Uniwersytet Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu Vladimír Leško, Prof. PhDr., Uniwersytet Pavla Jozefa Šafárika w Koszycach, Słowacja Marek Maciejczak, prof. dr hab., Wydział Administracji i Nauk Społecznych, Politechnika Warszawska Artur Malinovsky, dr, Odeski Narodowy Uniwersytet im. Ilii Miecznnikowa, Ukraina David Ost, Joseph DiGangi Professor of Political Science, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York, USA Teresa Pękala, prof. dr hab., UMCS w Lublinie Swietłana Suchariewa, dr hab., Wschodnioeuropejski Uniwersytet Narodowy im. Łesi Ukrainki w Łucku, Ukraina Tahir Uluç, PhD Associate Professor, Necmettin Erbakan Üniversites, iİlahiyat Fakültesi, Wydział Teologii, Konya, Turcja Recenzenci: Vladimír Leško, Prof. PhDr. Jacek Breczko, dr. hab. Andrzej Noras, prof. dr hab. Tahir Uluç, PhD Associate Professor Redakcja: dr hab. Sławomir Raube (redaktor naczelny) dr Daniel Karczewski, mgr Karol Więch (sekretarze) dr hab. Dariusz Kulesza, prof. UwB (redaktor językowy) dr Kirk Palmer (redaktor językowy, native speaker) Korekta: Zespół Projekt okładki i strony tytułowej: Tomasz Czarnawski Redakcja techniczna: Ewa Frymus-Dąbrowska ADRES REDAKCJI: Uniwersytet w Białymstoku Plac Uniwersytecki 1 15-420 Białystok e-mail: [email protected] http://filologia.uwb.edu.pl/idea/idea.htm ISSN 0860–4487 © Copyright by Uniwersytet w Białymstoku, Białystok 2017 Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku 15–097 Białystok, ul. Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie 14, tel. 857457120 http://wydawnictwo.uwb.edu.pl, e-mail: [email protected] Skład, druk i oprawa: Wydawnictwo PRYMAT, Mariusz Śliwowski, ul. Hetmańska 42, 15-727 Białystok, tel. 602 766 304, 881 766 304, e-mail: [email protected] SPIS TREŚCI ANDRZEJ J. NORAS: Filozofia a psychologia. Próba charakterystyki problemu ......................................................................................................... 5 ZBIGNIEW KAŹMIERCZAK: Kwakryzm liberalny jako religia pluralizmu religijnego ................................................................................... 24 JACEK SURZYN: Martina Heideggera projekt „innej” filozofii. Krótkie studium z Przyczynków do filozofii .................................................. 41 TOMASZ KUBALICA: Geneza i podstawy filozofii matematyki krytycznej Leonarda Nelsona ....................................................................... 58 MAREK BŁASZCZYK: O problemie relacji między filozofią a teologią. Preliminaria ................................................................................................... 77 MICHAŁ WĘCŁAWSKI: Człowiek i Bóg w antropoteologii Mikołaja z Kuzy ........................................................................................................... 97 KAROL JASIŃSKI: Religia – wiara – teologia. Zarys myśli Józefa M. Bocheńskiego ............................................................................. 114 ANDRZEJ KORCZAK: Synkretyzm Josepha Campbella ............................ 142 AGNIESZKA TUROŃ-KOWALSKA: Konserwatyzm jako odpowiedź na myśl nowożytną ..................................................................................... 160 JACEK SIERADZAN: Poza słowami ............................................................ 180 MARCIN FURMAN: Koncepcja etyki indukcyjnej T. G. Masaryka ............ 198 MICHAŁ SIKORA: Postmodernistyczne toposy „nie-miejsc” ...................... 214 KRZYSZTOF OSTASZ: Nierozumienie ruchu i jego konsekwencje ........... 222 MICHAŁ FILIPCZUK: Szekspir a sceptycyzm. Otello w interpretacji Stanleya Cavella .......................................................................................... 240 ADAM DROZDEK: Ethics and intelligent systems ..................................... 265 PAULINA AMBROŻY: “In your synthesis the signal condenses”: Adam Dickinson’s polymers and Kacper Bartczak’s organic poems and the plastic poetics of the contemporary organic poem ....................... 275 4 Spis treści KATARZYNA POPEK: On the difficult art of human condition. Hermeneutics of non-knowledge ............................................................... 297 TOMASZ STEFANIUK: Al-Kindī’s treatise on definitions and its place in history of philosophy ......................................................... 317 ANTHONY AFE. ASEKHAUNO: That ‘Nothing’ is ‘Something’ : A critique of Sartre’s existentialism ............................................................ 339 ADITYA KUMAR GUPTA, KANIKA SARAF: Hedonism and Indian philosophy of peace: An examination ..................................... 349 FELIX AYEMERE AIROBOMAN: An epistemological probing into the state and nature of death ............................................................... 357 VICTOR OGHENEOCHUKO JEKO, GEORGE UZOMA UKAGBA: Phenomenological-hermeneutic approach to communicative action as the normative foundation of democratic society ................................... 378 VALENTINE EHICHIOYA OBINYAN, ALBERT OSEMEAMHEN ONOBHAYEDO: Globalization and culture modification: reshaping the instruments of socialization towards African societal development ... 393 CLIFFORD MEESUA SIBANI, FRED NDIMAFEME: Biblical and ethnic violence in Nigeria: The Christian approach .......................... 415 TRANSLATORIUM IMMANUEL KANT: O niemożliwości ontologicznego argumentu na istnienie Boga ......................................................................................... 434 AUTOPREZENTACJE RAFAŁ WŁODARCZYK: Studium z filozofii Ericha Fromma, krytyki społecznej i teorii edukacji ............................................................. 446 Contents .............................................................................................................. 453 IDEA – Studia nad strukturą i rozwojem pojęć filozoficznych XXIX/1 Białystok 2017 Andrzej J. Noras (Katowice) FILOZOFIA A PSYCHOLOGIA. PRÓBA CHARAKTERYSTYKI PROBLEMU Relacja istniejąca między filozofią a psychologią stanowi jedno z funda- mentalnych pytań filozofii, a problem ten podejmowany jest od lat osiemdzie- siątych dziewiętnastego wieku i do historii przeszedł jako spór o psychologizm. Spór ten należy jednakże w punkcie wyjścia odróżnić od prób zinterpretowania filozofii Kanta w duchu antropologizmu, które są dziełem takich myślicieli jak Jakob Friedrich Fries, Friedrich Eduard Beneke, Johann Friedrich Herbart oraz Jürgen Bona Meyer. Ta linia rozwojowa filozofii pokantowskiej zostaje jeszcze na przełomie dziewiętnastego i dwudziestego wieku uzupełniona doktryną Le- onarda Nelsona, ale w jego wypadku sprawa jest bardziej złożona1. Cała złożo- ność prezentowanej problematyki polega w gruncie rzeczy na tym, że wymienie- ni myśliciele podejmują próby określenia miejsca psychologii w filozofii, podczas gdy w problemie psychologizmu chodzi o coś całkiem innego. Co więcej, to czym jest psychologizm również musi stać się przedmiotem namysłu. Należy za- tem w punkcie wyjścia rozważań rozstrzygnąć, o co idzie w sporze o psycholo- gizm, aby spór ten przedstawić w odpowiednim świetle. Kwestia nie jest jednak jednoznaczna, gdyż w punkcie wyjścia rozważań nakładają się na siebie dwa procesy: proces rozumienia nauki oraz proces wydzielania się psychologii z filo- zofii. Mowa o procesach nie jest w żadnym razie nadużyciem, gdyż oba zjawiska 1 Zagadnieniu temu poświęcona jest rozprawa A.J. Noras, Problem psychologii w filozofii po- kantowskiej . Katowice 2017. 6 Andrzej J. Noras należy ująć dynamicznie, choć dynamiczne uchwycenie problemu należy odróż- nić od jego ujęcia genetycznego. Nie chodzi o dwie nazwy tego samego. Proces pierwszy związany jest z rozumieniem nauki i tym, jak nauka rozu- miana jest w sporze o psychologizm. Przede wszystkim należy podkreślić fakt, że nauka jest pojmowana jako system zdań, choć oczywiście termin „system” jest wieloznaczny. Niemniej jednak rację ma wrocławianin Moritz Löwi (1891– 1942), kiedy w odniesieniu do koncepcji Kanta pisze: „W wykazaniu wzajemnego stosunku syntezy i systemu dokonała się dedukcja pojęcia i czystej naoczności. Ponadto otwi era się w całej rozciągłości problem psychologii”2. Przy okazji wyjaśnia Löwi rzecz niezwykle ważną – a mianowicie, że nie zawsze odwołanie się do psychologii jest równoznaczne z psychologizmem. „Teoretyczny rozwój j e d y n i e syntetycznych funkcji sądu jest absolutyzacją; tego rodzaju teoremat musi się raczej równocześnie pogodzić z systematyczn y m i funkcjami są- du. Obok relacji poznawczok r y t y c z n y c h muszą wystąpić relacje poznaw- czop s y c h o l o g i c z n e, co nie ma nic wspólnego z psychologizmem. W trwałym, wzajemnym odniesieniu leży ostateczny sens sądu” 3. Istotnym elementem przytoczonego fragmentu jest wskazanie faktu, że psychologia nie oznacza psychologizmu. Podkreśla to Willy Moog (1888–1935) w odniesieniu do subiektywizmu, kiedy stwierdza: „Empiryczny subiektywizm jest oczywiście p s y c h o l o g i z m e m , ponieważ podmiot empiryczny jest wła- śnie duszą ( Psyche )” 4. Ujawnia się tu problem psychologizmu, który bardzo kla- rownie tłumaczy Moog. Punktem wyjścia czyni psychologizm Johna Stuarta Milla (1806–1873), który przystępując do analiz poświęconych doktrynie sir Williama Hamiltona (1788–1856) zauważa w odniesieniu do myślicieli angiel- skich: „Jej myśliciele ponownie zaczynają widzieć, że tylko czasowo zapomnieli, iż prawdziwa psychologia
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