6 X 10.5 Long Title.P65

Home , Cistern of Philoxenos, David the Invincible, Simplicius of Cilicia

Cambridge University Press 0521520711 - The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian Edited by Michael Maas Index More information

Index S

Aachen, Charlemagne’s palace church at, Agapias, 323, 335 366 Agapitus (Pope), 79, 232, 246, 277–279 Abasgi, 491, 497 Agapius of Hierapolis, 135 abortions, Procopius’ Secret History Agathias portraying Theodora as having, earthquake of 557, 71 435 Evagrius unable to access Histories of, Abraha, 502, 515, 517 392 Abraham of Kashkar, 259 Franks, 459 Abu Karib, 500, 502 hippodrome games, 65 Acacian Schism, 224–225, 269–270 historians’ reliance on, 394 The Account of the Disputation of the Priest, law and legal practice, 177, 183 406 life, career, and works, xix, 382, acculturation of barbarian tribes, 452, 386–390, 391 458–459 Menander Protector continuing Achaemenids, 478 (see also entries at Histories of, 391 Persian) Michael (archangel), powers of image Achilles, statue in Augoustaion of of, 31 0 Justinian dressed as, 66 pagan intellectuals and Athenian Adarbigana (Media Atropatene), 135 school, suppression of, 333 administration, see government Persia and Persians, 319 , 320, 477, 478 administration and bureaucracy philosophers’ ﬂight to Persia, 319 , 320 admissionalis, 66 philosophy, knowledge of, 335 adscripticii (coloni adscripticii), 38, 191 popularity of, 394 adultery, see gender roles Smyrna, benefactor of public Aelia Eudocia, 64, 381, 439, 440, 441, convenience in, 387 463 Uranius, irritation at, 323, 378 Aelia Eudoxia, 441 war and military, 115, 117 Aelia Galla Placidia, 441 Age of Justinian, 3–5 (see also more Aeneas of Gaza, 317 , 323 speciﬁc topics) Aetius, 454, 456 economic contours of, see economic Aetius, Cistern of, 62, 68 contours of Age of Justinian Africa, see North Africa geopolitical contours of, 10–13, 30 Agapetus (deacon of St. Sophia) intellectual contours of, see intellectual imperial ideology, 195 contours of Age of Justinian life, career, and works, xix, 382, 392 overextension of empire’s resources via popularity of, 394 wars, 54–55, 116, 118, 454

583

Index

Age of Justinian (cont.) Amida, 126 popes, list of, 268 Ammianus Marcellinus religious contours of, see religious imperial ideology, 187, 192–193 contours of Age of Justinian towns and cities, 92 agentes in rebus, 41 Ammonius Hermeiou, 318 –319 Agila, 464 Alexandrian and Athenian schools of Agilulf, 367 thought compared, 324–326 agoras, see entries at forum Damascius as pupil of, 319 agrarian production, 30–32 rapprochement with Christian peasant classes, 38 establishment, 318 , 329 plague’s effect on rural population and, Zachariah Scholasticus as pupil of, 118 323 taxation of, 47 amulets, 306, 311 war’s effect on rural population and, anagogy, 296 126–128 Anastasia, church of (Constantinople), Ahudemmeh, 260 79 Akathistos Hymn attributed to Romanos Anastasius I (emperor) the Melode, 393 Acacian Schism, 269, 270 Akoimetoi, monastery of, 378 art and architecture, 368 Akoimetoi monks (“sleepless monks”), Chalcedonian controversy, 225, 227, 224–225, 229, 232, 276, 278 228, 241, 244 al-ridda (“ridda” wars), 526, 533 death of, 5 Alamanni, 462, 464 (see also barbarians law, 164 and barbarian kingdoms) patrimonium established under, 45 Alans, 455 (see also barbarians and Persian wars, 481 barbarian kingdoms) Anastasius of Sinai, 409 Alaric II, 93, 459 Anatolia (Asia Minor), 30, 93 (see also Albinus, 274 more speciﬁc areas) Alboin, 469, 473 Anatolius, Patriarch of Constantinople, Alexander of Aphrodisias, 316 221 Alexander “the Scissors,” 454 angelic liturgy, mystical connection of Alexandria, 99, 135 earthly liturgy to, 295, 296 anti-Chalcedonian community, see Angles, 468 Egyptian anti-Chalcedonian Anicia Juliana, 439–440 community Dioscurides’ De materia medica (On Christological controversies, Medical Matters), patronage of, Alexandrine tradition in, 377, 390 218–219 St. Polyeuktos, patronage of, 64, 75, Jewish community of, 411 364–365, 389, 439–440 philosophical school annona, 119, 120 different approach compared to Antaiopolis, 438 Athens, 324 Anthemius of Tralles, 363, 364, 388 importance of, 317 , 320 Anthimus of Constantinople, 246, 247, political pressures on pagan 278, 279 philosophers, 329, 331, 334 anti-Chalcedonians, 239–241 (see also Amalasuintha, 276, 428, 442, 462, 463, Christological controversies; 464 Three Chapters Controversy) Amazons, 427, 437 architecture of, 256

584

Index

communities outside empire, 243, earthquakes at Apamea and Antioch, 248–251, 257–260 95, 99, 128, 355 Constantinople, Second Council of Persian invasions, effect of, 487, 489, (Fifth Ecumenical Council), 234 519 divisions amongst, 252–254 plague in, 135, 138 Edict on Heretics to conversations of porticoed thoroughfares of, 103 532, 244–246 size and population of ancient city, Egypt, see Egyptian anti-Chalcedonian difficulty in determining, 99 community villages of, 101 empire, relationship to, 261–262 war and military, 126, 128 formative period, 222–224 Antonina (wife of Belisarius), 386 identity, anti-Chalcedonianism as form Apamea, 95, 101, 103, 109, 246 of, 254–257, 261–262 Aphrodisias, 94, 105, 106, 323 Justin I’s efforts hardening position of, Aphrodito, Theodora as special patron 227, 241–244 of, 438 literature of, 256, 257 aphthartodocetism, 8, 252–254, 261 lowest point of, 247 Apion, 120 manuscripts, 257 apocalypticism map of spread in East, 249 Byzantine-Persian conflicts, 523 Maurice’ persecution of, 54 Islam, rise of, 523–524 Miaphysitism as alternative term for, apocrisarius (papal legate to emperor) 264 Agapetus’ appointment of Pelagius as, missionary activity and expansion of 279 Christianity, 240, 248–251, 491 Ostrogothic Italy, lack of position modern communities, 262 under rule of, 269 Monophysite terminology, 24, 223 reconquest of Italy, position following, mosaics, 256 286 negotiations between Justinian and, Stephen as, 280 6, 8, 15 , 229–230, 244–246, Apollinarius of Alexandria, 252 247–248 Apollinarius of Laodicea, 218 philosophy, 335 Apollo, statue of (Constantinople), 65 separate hierarchy, creation of, 227, apologetical Jewish texts, 406 247 Apostoleion (Church of the Holy foundations of new ecclesiastical Apostles), Constantinople, 63, structure, 251–252 77, 79, 359 John of Tella, 232, 245 apotropaic use of images, 31 0 missionary activities on fringes of Aqueduct of Valens, 64 empire, 248–251 Aquila, 405, 409, 417 Syria, see Syrian anti-Chalcedonian Aquileia, 285 community Aquileian Schism, 234 terminology for, 6, 8, 15 Arabia (see also Islam, rise of ) Theodora’s anti-Chalcedonian anti-Chalcedonianism, 243, 248 background, 229 Byzantine conflicts and relations with, Trisagion (Thrice Holy) hymn, 224 12, 13–14, 124, 411, 498–500, Antioch 501–503 architectural restoration of, 355 commerce and trade in, 501–503, Christological controversies, 517–519 Antiochene tradition in, 218–219 henotheism, 522

585

Index

Arabia (cont.) Western Church’s relationship with map, 514 Eastern Church and empire, 273, monotheism indigenous to, 516, 276, 277 522–523 Aristotle Persian-Byzantine relationship, effect Ammonius’ commentaries on, 318 of, 513–521 Asclepius of Tralles on, 320 plague, 519 Christian vs. pagan study of, 317 polytheism/paganism, 522 comparison of Alexandrian vs. social stratification, lack of, 520 Athenian schools of thought, Aratius, 496 324–326 Arator, 379 contemporary trends and debates arbitration, 180 regarding, 324–328 Arcadius, 64, 65, 76, 441, 477, 480 cultural significance of, 333–336 Archelaus, 120 John Philoponus’ commentaries on archiferecites, 414 and critiques of, 320–321, 323, archisynagogos, 414 326–328 architecture (see also art) later anonymous commentaries on, Aachen, Charlemagne’s palace church 322 at, 366 Olympiodorus of Alexandria’s anti-Chalcedonian community in commentaries, 321 Syria, 256 Sergius of Ras Ayin’s translations, churches as primary public 322 construction in sixth century significance of commentaries on, 317 cities, 89, 93, 98, 106, 107 Simplicius of Cilicia’s commentaries Hagia Sophia, see Hagia Sophia on, 320 imitations, influences, and iterations, wealth of sixth-century commentaries 361, 362, 365–366 on, 316 imperial ideology as supported by, see Zacharias Scholasticus’ study of, 323 imperial ideology Armenia Justinian’s architectural patronage, anti-Chalcedonianism, 243, 260–261 355–361 caution in use of term, 496 non-Roman responses to imperial Christophoros (Armenian catholicos) architecture, 366–369 consecrating Syrian anti- San Vitale, Ravenna, 365–366 Chalcedonian bishop, 260 Sts. Sergius and Bacchus, frontier areas of empire, attempts to Constantinople, see Sts. Sergius control, 493–498 and Bacchus Persian-Roman relationship, 480, successors of Justinian, 369–370 489 synagogues, 415–418 philosophical tradition, 322 archons, 414 precise relationship to empire, Arethas (Harith), 248 difficulty in determining, 490 Arians and Arianism Roman colonization, resistance to, barbarian kingdoms, 11, 15 , 456 498 early Christological controvery, Zoroastrianism, resistance to, 497 viewed as, 215–218 arms factories ( fabricae), 45, 119 Vandal kingdom, 7, 456 army, see military organization; war Visigoths, 15 Arsacids, 478, 513 (see also entries at war and military, 116, 129 Persia)

586

Index

art, 185–187 (see also specific objects and Athanasius, Patriarch of Alexandria, 217, locations) 218, 223 architecture, see architecture Athens, school of philosophy at (see also classical themes, 351, 370, 416 Neoplatonism and Neoplatonic coins, 350 school) elite tastes and luxury objects, different approach compared to 349–351 Alexandria, 324 classical themes, 351 number of active members, 339 portraits, trends set by, 348–349 political pressures on, 329–333 types of objects, 349–351 suppression of pagan intellectuals, 317 , icons, see icons 319 , 320, 329–333, 376 imperial ideology as supported by, see Attila the Hun, 455 imperial ideology Audoin, 469, 473 ivory carving, 349 Augoustaion, Constantinople, 65–66 liturgical vessels, 351 (see also Riha Augoustaion, equestrian statue of Paten) Justinian in, 66, 114, 203–205, manuscripts, see manuscripts 345, 346, 367 Medieval period, inception of, 344 Augustine of Hippo, 334 mosaics, see mosaics Augustus Caesar mummy portraits and other funerary continuation of monarchy begun by, 3 paintings, 353 imperial ideology, 188, 189, 190, 196, non-Roman responses to imperial art, 197, 198 366–369 law, 168, 169 portraits, 348–349 Ausonius of Bordeaux, 102 religion and art, see religious contours Avars, 9–10, 12, 54, 79, 470–471, of Age of Justinian 472 (see also Balkans) silk and other textiles, 349, 369 Avesta, 521 silver, see silverwork Avigad, Nachman, 96 successors of Justinian, 369–370 Avitus of Vienne, 456 synagogue decoration, 415 Axumites (Ethiopia) Artabanes, 74 anti-Chalcedonianism, 244 Artemius, 307 Himyarite wars, 244, 408, 409, 411, asceticism 492, 501–502, 515, 517 Christian piety and practice, 291 Roman alliance with, 491 Islam, rise of, 524 silk trade, 501–502 Asclepius, Cilician shrine of, 307 Asclepius of Tralles, 319 , 320 Babylonian Talmud or Bavli, 402, 405, Asia Minor (Anatolia), 30, 93 (see also 411, 521 more specific areas) Bacchus (saint), importation to Askoum, 78 Constantinople of cult of, 306 Aspar, Cistern of, 68 Baetica, 464, 465 Aswan, 250 Baian, 471 At Your Mystical Supper Holy Thursday Balash, 483 koinonikon, 292–297 Balkans Athalaric, 462 Avars, 9–10, 12, 54, 79, 470–471, 472 Athanagild, 464, 465 conflicts in, 9–10, 12, 54, 124 Athanasius and Zacchaeus, disputation Constantinopolitan refugees, 75 between, 409 geography and economics of, 30

587

Index

Balkans (cont.) Roman aristocracy, cooperation with, Justiniana Prima, 90, 92, 93, 268, 355, 456 356 Roman army’s barbarian soldiers, papal reassertion of authority over 453–454 Illyrian province, 277, 281 creation of demand for, 472 Slavs, 9–10, 12, 54, 124, 469–470, 471 discipline issues, 453, 454 towns and cities, 93 fifth century barbarian kings barbarians and barbarian kingdoms, formerly Roman generals, 454 448–454, 471–473 (see also Roman polity, significance of concept specific kingdoms and ethnic of, 449–452 groups) Roman vs. “Germanic” culture, acculturation or romanization, 448–454, 458–459 modern concept of, 452 romanization or acculturation, 452, art and architecture of empire, 458–459 non-Roman responses to, taxation by empire, 454, 459–462 366–369 towns and cities affected by, 92 Christian and Roman nature of, vulnerability of, 465 458–459 Barberini ivory, 65, 345, 346, 349, 367 Church, cooperation with, 456 Baron, Salo Wittmayer, 401 decadence of later culture, 19th Basil of Caesarea, 376 century view of, 452 baths, public, 66, 68, 103 ethnic origins of, 455–457 Bavarians, 462 “Germanic” kingdoms and peoples, Bavli (Babylonian Talmud), 402, 405, concept of, 448–454, 458 411, 521 identity, formation of, 455–457 Beirut, law school at, 172 invasions into empire, effect of, 10–13 Belisarius Islam, rise of, 465 Antonina (wife of Belisarius), 386 Justinian’s policies and actions barbarian soldiers, discipline of, 453 regarding, effects of, 448–454, Carthage, taking of, 98 459–466, 471–473 daughter of, 435 languages, lack of preservation of, Huns, 60, 453, 463 452 loyalty of soldiers to, 454 law collections compiled by kings of, military effectiveness, 121, 123, 124 163, 520 Nika riots, 7 Lazi and Lazica, 121, 486, 488, 489, origins of, 74 498, 513 Ostrogothic Italy, reconquest of, 463 maps, 450, 460, 467 Persia and Persian wars, 487, 489 minority of population, barbarians as, Pope Silverius exiled by, 280 456 Procopius of Caesarea and, 87, 115, non-barbarian population’s loyalty to 385, 387 rulers of, 457–458 royal ambitions, rumors of, 454 northern barbarians outside the Vandals, victory over, 7, 11 empire, 467, 466–471 Benedict I (pope), 286 the “other,” viewed as, 449 Benedict (saint), founding of Monte Procopius on, see Procopius of Cassino by, 20 Caesarea Berbers, 12, 121, 124, 127, 411, 449, 465 ritual and ceremonial of empire Beroea, 489 adopted by, 367 Beth Alpha Synagogue mosaics, 406, 416

588

Index

Bethlehem, Church of Nativity in, 302, Bulgars, 78, 470, 471 358, 358 bureaucracy, see government biblical narrative and pious practices, 292 administration and bureaucracy divine liturgy, 292–297 Burgundians, 456, 459 (see also barbarians pilgrimage and eulogiai, 303, 304 and barbarian kingdoms) Romanos the Melode, hymns of, “burial shroud” speech of Theodora 297–300 (Procopius), 429–430 Shrine of Holy Sion representing “Burnt Column,” 65 Jerusalem, 31 0 Bury, J. B., 376 bishops Busta Gallorum, 122, 448, 453 judicial and legal roles of, 178, 179 Byzantium, creation of, 4 towns and cities, role in, 90, 92, 93, 102, 107 Caesarea Palestinae visitors to Constantinople, control of, ancient cities, compared to, 89 73 Byzantine Esplanade, 105 Western bishops, civic role of, 268 governance of, 107, 109 Blachernai palace complex, hinterlands, 100 Constantinople, 61, 79, 301 prosperity or decline of sixth century Black Death (second pandemic of cities, 91, 96 medieval period) (see also plague) public buildings and infrastructure, denials as to diagnosis as bubonic 103, 104, 105, 107 plague, 148–151 sixth-century view of, 91 minimalist approach to effect of, 155 Caesarius of Arles, 456 relevance to first or Justinianic plague calendars pandemic, 146–148 annual calendars observed in empire, Blemmyes, 491 77 Blessing Christ icon, Monastery of Passover/Easter, date of celebration of, St. Catherine, Mt. Sinai, 352 407, 423 Blue and Green circus factions, Callinicum, 256, 488, 499, 515 Constantinople, 60, 65, 71–72, Calliopus, 120 104, 381, 408 camels and warfare, 124 Boethius, 19, 274, 322, 462 Cameron, Alan, 369, 389 Boniface I, 275 Cameron, Averil, 389, 430 books, see literature and literary culture; Camouliana icon, 353, 369 manuscripts Capitol or Kapitolion, Constantinople, Bosporus, 61 64 Bovis, forum of, 64 Carthage, 98, 456, 463 Britain, 92, 138, 468 Carthago Spartaria (Cartagena), 465 Brown, Peter, 89, 107, 109, 520, 524 Carus, 480 bubonic plague (Yersinia pestis) (see also Cassiodorus plague) art and architecture, 390 denials of diagnosis of first pandemic barbarians, writings on, xix, 452, as, 146, 148–151 457 diagnosis of first pandemic as, civil administration of Ostrogothic 144–146 kingdom, involvement in, 456 DNA samples of, 148 Constantinople, 75 pneumonic form of, 148, 150 gathering and codification of bucellarii, 117 knowledge, 19

589

Index

Cassiodorus (cont.) Chalke palace or “brazen house,” letter requesting Justinian not invade Constantinople, 66, 344, 345, Italy, 278 349 life, career, and works, xix Charlemagne, 12, 366, 466 literature and literary culture, 368 chastity, see gender roles Pope Agapetus and, 277 Cherubic Hymn or Cherubikon, 295 catenae, 20, 404 Chilbudios, 470 Cathegus, 75 Chosroes, see entries at Khusro catholicism, see Chalcedonianism Christianity, see religious contours of Age Caucasus, 491, 493–498 (see also more of Justinian speciﬁc regions) Christological controversies, 14–17, 215, Cavallo, Gulielmo, 377 235–236 (see also cavalry anti-Chalcedonians; Chalcedon, Ghassanid, 500 Council of; Chalcedonianism) Persian, 486 Alexandrine tradition, formulation of, Roman, 117, 122 218–219 ceramic distribution, evidence provided Antiochene tradition, formulation of, by, 35–36 218–219 cereals and grain as trade commodity, 31 , Arian controversy, 215–218 35, 38 chronology, 216 ceremonies, see ritual, ceremonial, and Constantinople, Second Council of procession (Fifth Ecumenical Council), 8, Chalcedon, Council of (see also 230, 234–235 Christological controversies) conversations of 532, 229–230, Armenian rejection of, 260 244–246 calling of council and formula created Cyril of Alexandria and cyrillian at, 221–222 thought communities taking shape in response Chalcedonians vs. anti- to, 14 Chalcedonians in terms of Henotikon requiring no insistence on positions on, 222 either acceptance or rejection of, condemnation of Theodore of 224–225 Mopsuestia and Three Chapters Justin I’s attempts to impose, 227, Controversy, 233 241–244 controversies of 431 and Union of Justinian’s attempts to clear Nestorian 433, 218–219 taint, 231–233 conversations of 532 230 Marcian’s and Leo I’s attempts to death, controversies following, impose, 222–224 219–221 Nestorian taint, 222, 223, 225, 226, intellectual world affected by 228, 230 controversy, 235 Chalcedonianism neo-Chalcedonians and Severus of conversations of 532, 229–230 Antioch, 225–227 Franks, 11, 15 , 459 division of Eastern Orthodox and Georgia, Church of, 261 Oriental Orthodox Churches, neo-Chalcedonians and Severus of 215, 223, 234, 235–236 Antioch, 225–227 Edict on Heretics, 244–246 Persia, 257–260 emperor’s power to determine Chalke Gate, Constantinople, 114, 432 doctrine, see imperial ideology

590

Index

Eutyches, controversy set off by, neo-Chalcedonianism, 225–227 219–221 possibly chimerical notion of, Formula of Union, 219, 220 239–241 Henotikon, 224–225 Christophoros (Armenian catholicos), humanity of Jesus, 215–218 260 “hypostasis,” use of, 222, 231, 234 chronologies incarnation of Christ, concept of, Christological controversies, 216 215–218 important dates, table of, xxiii intellectual world affected by, 235–236 plague pandemic, 134–139 John’s Gospel, inﬂuence of, 217, 218 Chrysostom, see John Chrysostom Justinian’s role and intentions, Chrysotriklinos mosaic of Christ, 346, 227–229, 244–246, 254 369 Leontius of Jerusalem, proposal by, churches 230–231 Aachen, Charlemagne’s palace church “mingling” of human and divine at, 366 natures in Christ, 220 Bethlehem, Church of Nativity in, neo-Chalcedonianism and Severus of 302, 358, 358 Antioch, 225–227 Constantinople one-nature vs. two-nature formulas, Anastasia, church of, 79 inception of, 218–219 Apostoleion (Church of the Holy origenism, 233 Apostles), 63, 77, 79, 359 Rome and papacy, role of Hagia Sophia, see Hagia Sophia Acacian Schism, 224–225, 269–270 Honoratae district, church built by arrangements with Justinian prior to Anicia Juliana in, 439 Constantinople II, 231–233 Michael (Archangel), churches Constantinople, Second Council of dedicated to, 357 (Fifth Ecumenical Council), saint’s shrines, churches built as, 234–235 306 Cyril, support for, 219 Sts. Cosmas and Damian, 306–308 Henotikon and Acacian Schism, St. Diomedes, 301 224–225 St. Eirene, 61, 79 Hormisdas’ demand for St. Euphemia, 439 “correction” of erring Churches, Sts. Peter and Paul, 79, 361 227, 228 St. Plato, 301 Justinian’s need for support of St. Polyeuktos, 64, 75, 364, 389, Rome, 229 439–440 Leo I and Tome, 221, 225, 246 Sts. Sergius and Bacchus, see Union of May 519, 270–272 Sts. Sergius and Bacchus Scythian monks, formulations of, Theodora, Church of, 79 227–229, 231, 242, 272 Theotokos, Church of, 297 Theodora, role of, 227, 229, 248 Virgin, Church of (Blachernae Theopaschite Formula, 226, 228, 231, palace complex), 61, 301 242, 272–273, 275, 278 Jerusalem churches, 106, 358 theotokos, Mary as, 218, 220, 235, 299 Nea (“New Church”), Jerusalem, 358 Three Chapters, see Three Chapters primary public construction in sixth controversy century cities, 89, 93, 98, 106, unity of Church 107 Justinian’s chief motive as, 228 San Marco, Venice, 361

591

Index

churches (cont.) coloni liberi, 38 San Vitale, Ravenna columns, Constantinople Aachen, Charlemagne’s palace Augoustaion, 66 church at, 366 “Burnt Column,” 65 architecture of, 365–366 forum of Arcadius, historiated column mosaics of, 99, 346–348 of, 64 St. Irene at Sykai, 79 Marcian, column of, 64 St. John, Ephesus, 359, 359, 360 comes comitates, 93, 108 churches as primary form of public comitatenses, 117, 119 construction, 89, 93, 98, 106, 107 commerce and trade, 31 , 34–38 circuses and circus games Arabia, 501–503, 517–519 Blue and Green circus factions, ceramic distribution, evidence Constantinople, 60, 65, 71–72, provided by, 35–36 104, 381, 408 Constantinople, 69–70 hippodrome, Constantinople, 65, 381 grain and cereals, xxxii, 31 , 35, 38 towns and cities of sixth century, 104 Islam, rise of, 513, 517–519 cisterns, Constantinople, 62, 68 oil, xxxii, 31 , 35, 36, 38 cities, see towns and cities ores, xxxii, 32–33 Civitas Mediomatricorum (Metz), 93 Persian empire, 484, 501–503 clarissimi, 39–41 silk trade and relationship with classical themes in Byzantine art, 351, Southern Arabia, 501–503 370, 416 timber, xxxii, 32–33 Claudius, 207 wine, xxxii, 35, 36 climate as cause of plague, 152 –153 consistorium, 39, 41 close-kin marriages in Mesopotamia, 500 Constantine the Great Clovis, 11, 15 , 456, 459, 462 Anicia Juliana’s descent from, 439, 440 Codex Argenteus, 452 “Burnt Column,” 65 Codex Justinianus, 6, 161, 162–165, 171, forum of, 65 199 Helena (mother), 368, 440 Codex Repetitae Praelectionis (second Jerusalem, churches of, 106 edition of Codex Justinianus), 164, mausoleum of, 63, 368 166, 199 military organization established by, Codex Theodosianus, see Theodosian 117 Code Persian wars, 479 codification of knowledge, 18–20, relative peace of reign, 457 520–521 Rome, basilicas of, 106 codification of religious texts, 521 Constantinople, 21–23 (see also specific Cohn, Samuel K., 148 features and locations, e.g. coinage Augousteion) artworks, understood as, 350 book dealers in, 378 gender roles, 428 book production in, 378 mints, 45 churches of, see churches plague, effects of, 155 civic administration, 68 state economy, role in, 37 civic order and crime control, 71–72 unity of empire, reinforcing, 34 description of Justinian’s return to city, Colchis (Lazica), 121, 486, 488, 489, 559, 60–67, 76 498, 513 distribution of population within city, coloni adscripticii, 38, 191 74

592

Index

earthquakes, 60, 61, 70–71 corpus iuris civilis (corpus of civil law), 19, educational center, as, 323, 380 161, 198–202, 520 ﬁre dangers, 70 Cosmas and Damian, therapeutic cult of, food supply, 69–70 306–308, 311 government of, 68 Cosmas Indicopleustes, xx, 394, 501 harbors and waterways, 61, 69–70 Cotrigur Huns, see Cutrigur Huns imperial nature and function of, 67 councils, ecclesiastical Jews living in, 410 Chalcedon, see Chalcedon, Council of Latin-speaking population, 75 Constantinople I, 218 layout of, 60–67 Constantinople II, 8, 230, 234–235, literati 285 attractions for, 381 Ephesus, Councils of, 219, 220, 255, circles of, 389, 390 260 government administration and Nicaea, 217, 218, 224 bureaucracy, positions in, Count Marcellinus, see Marcellinus 381–382, 385 Comes map of, 62 courts, see judicial system;law medical care in, 71 Crimea, 491 military’s relationship to, 67 Crone, Patricia, 518 plague in, 135, 138 culture, see intellectual contours of Age of population of, 67, 72–73, 74, 76 Justinian; social class and culture restoration and rebuilding, 79 curatores, 40 ritual and ceremonial in, 76–80 curiales, 40 society and cultures of, 73–76 Cutrigur Huns, 60, 78, 470, 471 urban violence, 71–72 Cyril of Alexandria, see Christological walls of, 61, 381 controversies water bodies surrounding, 61 Cyril of Scythopolis, xx, 308, 358, 408 water suppply, 62, 64, 68–69 Cyrus, School of Nisibis, 259 Constantinople, First Council of, 218 Constantinople, Second Council of Dagisthaeus, Baths of, 68 (Fifth Ecumenical Council), 8, Damascius, 318 , 319 230, 234–235, 285 Alexandrian and Athenian schools of Constantius I, 329, 479 thought compared, 324 Constantius II, 63 ﬂight from Alexandria to Athens, 329 constitutiones Jews, information about, 407 Deo Auctore, 167, 200 land linked to, loss of, 333 Summa, 161–162 leadership of Athens school, 330 Tanta, 167, 201 possible conversion of Ammonius to consulship, 77 Christianity, 318 Convent of Repentance, Constantinople, refuge at Persian court, 330 432 Damascus, 500 conversations of 532, 229–230, 244–246 Damian, patriarch of Alexandria, 252, Corippus 254 accession of Justin II, 442, 472 Damnazes, 497 funeral of Justinian, 77, 349, 369 Damocharis, 389 life, career, and works, xix, 74, 383, Daniel, Roman Empire as beast in book 389, 390, 391 of, 419 speeches, literature beginning as, 379 Daphne, 102, 410

593

Index

dates, see chronologies, and entries at Durliat, Jean, 154 –155 time Dyophysite doctrine, 257–260 (see also Datius of Milan, 281, 285 Chalcedonianism; Nestorians and David as Orpheus, Gaza synagogue, Nestorianism) 416 David Plate, 352, 370 early medieval pandemic (EMP), see David the Invincible, 322, 324–326, plague 334 earthquakes Decius, 331 Anthemius of Tralles’ artiﬁcial defensores civitatis, 50, 176 earthquake, 388 defensores ecclesiae, 179 Apamea and Antioch, 95, 99, 128, 355 Demetrius (saint), 311 Constantinople, 60, 61, 70–71 Demiurge, 325 Laodicea, 408 demographics, see population liturgical processions associated with, Demosthenes (Praetorian Prefect), 168 301 Deo Auctore (constitutio), 167, 200 plague caused by, 152 Dhu Nuwas (Yusuf Ash’ar or Asar), 411, Easter Chronicle (Paschal Chronicle), xxi, 414, 502, 515 135 Di Segni, Leah, 106 Easter/Passover, date of celebration of, dialyseis, 180 407, 423 Dictatum de Consiliaris (Instructions for economic contours of Age of Justinian, Consuls), 172 13–14, 28 (see also commerce and Digest orPandects, 6, 161, 166–168, 170, trade) 199–200, 406 agragian production, 30–32 dioceses, 44 Arabia and rise of Islam, 13–14, 518, Diocletian, 164, 189, 192, 196, 206, 501 529 Diodore of Tarsus, 219, 248, 258 different levels of, 35, 36 Diogenes of Phoenicia, 320, 330 governmental constraints imposed by, Dioscorus (deacon and Roman legate), 28–29 270 natural resources and raw materials, Dioscorus (patriarch of Alexandria), 220, 32–33 221, 223, 230 overextension of empire’s resources via Dioscurides, 377, 389 wars, 54–55, 116, 118, 454 diptychs, Acacian Schism, and Union of physical resources and infrastructure, 519, 269, 270, 271, 272 28–34 discipline of Roman troops, 122, 453, plague, effect of, 156 454 transportation, 33–34 disease, see entries at medicine; plague war, infastructure and resources for, Disputation of Gregentius and Herbanus, 115–121 409 Edessa, 95, 107, 242 Disputation on Religion, 409 Edict on Heretics, 244–246 divorce, see gender roles Edictum Perpetuum, 166 domus divinae, 40 Edom as Jewish metaphor for Roman Dorotheus of Thessalonika, 121, 271, empire, 418 496 education and educational system, 20–21 Downey, Glanville, 376 Britain, 468 Duncan, Christopher J., 148 centers of learning, 380 (see also Dura Europus synagogue, 425 Alexandria; Athens)

594

Index

law education Ephesus Institutes designed for legal students, equestrian statues imported to 170 Constantinople from, 66 Julian’s advice on study of law, John the Evangelist’s shrine at, 305 172 prosperity of city in sixth century, 94 schools for (Beirut, Constantinople, St. John (church), 359, 359, 359 Rome), 171–176 Ephesus, Councils of, 219, 220, 255, Zacharius Scholasticus’ description 260 of, 172 Ephrem of Amid, 244, 247 literati or erudite persons, background Ephrem the Syrian, 256 of, 380–381 Epictetus, 320 Nisibis, anti-Chalcedonian School of, Epidaurus, 307 258 Epiphania (Hama), 96 pagan intellectuals, suppression of, 317 , Epitome Juliani, 172 319 , 320, 329–333, 376 equestrian statue of Justinian in philosophy, 317 Augoustaion, 66, 114, 203–205, Tiberias as seat of Jewish learning, 345, 346, 367 411 Esau as Jewish metaphor for Roman Egeria, 302 empire, 418 Egypt (see also Alexandria) Eternal Peace of 532, 478, 488 Aphrodito, Theodora as special patron Ethiopia, see Axumites of, 438 ethnic identity Oxyrynchus, 181 anti-Chalcedonianism as form of, Philae, temple of Isis on island of, 250 254–257 towns and cities, 93 barbarians and barbarian kingdoms, Egyptian anti-Chalcedonian community 455–457 Edict on Heretics, 244–245 Eudocia, 64, 381, 439, 440, 441, 463 foundations of ecclesiastical structure, Eudoxia, 441 251–252 Eulamius (Eulalius) of Phrygia, 320, 330 identity, anti-Chalcedonianism as form eulogiai and tactile piety, 302–305, 31 0 , of, 254–257, 261–262 311 Justin I, treatment under, 241–242 eunuchs, 64, 428 lowest point of, 247 Euphrasius family, as diplomats, 481 schism with Syrian community, 252, Eusebius, 432 254 Eutocius of Ascalon, 320 elders or presbyters as Jewish leaders, Eutyches and Eutychianism, 220, 221, 414 230, 246, 248, 255 Elias (philosopher), 320, 322, 324–326, Eutychianus the Younger, 388 334 Eutychius, patriarch of Constantinople Ella Asbeha, 502 changes to divine liturgy made by, Emilia, 125, 126 292–297 emotion, women’s supposed lack of concern for liturgical texts and control over, 435 practice, 294 EMP (early medieval pandemic), see deposition of, 287 plague rain, liturgical procession for, 301 emphyteutic leases, 40–41 Vigilius’ letter to, 283 encaustic method of painting, 353 Evagrius Scholasticus (Evagrius of entertainment, places of, 104 Antioch), xx, 142, 154 , 179, 391

595

Index

Evangelos, 100 foreign officials and potentates, exarchs, creation of, 9 entertainment of, 78 excubitores, 67 Formula of Union, 219, 220 fortifications fabricae (imperial arms factories), 45, 119 Long Walls, 50, 60 Facundus of Hermiane, 281 towns and cities, 103 family, importance of (see also gender fortune or tyche of emperor, 211 roles) forum of Trajan in Rome, Forum of head of household as main point of Theodosius (Constantinople) reference, 430, 437, 438 built in imitation of, 65 legal requirements, 437, 438 forums and agoras of towns and cities in religious literature reinforcing social sixth century, 103 conventions regarding, 442 forums, Constantinople Roman social conventions, 430 Arcadius, 64 women’s patronage inscriptions, 439, Bovis, 64 440, 441 Constantine (“The Forum”), 65 federates, 117, 455 (see also specific Marcian, 64 federates) Theodosius (Forum Tauri), 65, 70 Felix (pope), 269, 275 Fourth Ecumenical Council, see females and femaleness, see gender roles; Chalcedon, Council of women Franks, 10, 11 Ferrandus, 281 art and architecture, 366 festivals, see ritual, ceremonial, and Avar expedition against, 471 procession Britain, connections with, 468 Fifth Ecumenical Council (Second Chalcedonianism (catholicism) of, 11, Council of Constantinople), 8, 15 , 459 230, 234–235, 285 Clovis, 11, 15 , 456, 459, 462 fire in Constantinople, 70 cooperation with Church and civil fiscal resources, administration of, 41–48 elites, 456 Fisher, Elizabeth, 430 Justinian’s reign, history of Franks Fladerer, Ludwig, 325 during, 459–462 Flavian, 220, 221 Ostrogothic kingdom, invasion of, Flavius Entolius, 105 463, 464 Flavius Petrus Sabbatius, 5 (see also settlement on Roman soil, 456 Justinian) Frisians, 468 Flavius Strategius, 105 Fulgentius of Ruspe, 276 Fliehburgen (refuges for rural funerary paintings, 353 populations), 90, 92 Florentinus, 99 Gabriel (city prefect), 389 food supply Gaianus and Gaianites, 75, 252–254 army provisioning and pay, 119, Gaius, 170 120 Galen, 322 bread as basic foodstuff, 30 Galla Placidia, 441 commerce and trade in the empire Garso¨ıan, Nina, 478, 497 generally, 31 , 34–38 Gate of Charisius, 60, 64 Constantinople, 69–70 Gaza, 135, 323, 416 plague and, 152 Geiseric, 456, 462 war’s effect on, 125, 126 Gelasius, 269

596

Index

Gelimer, 116, 123, 449, 452, 472 Theodora, portrayal of, see subhead gender roles, 427–428 (see also men and “Theodora,” this entry maleness; women) public sphere of men vs. private sphere changes in, 442–444 of women, 435, 436, 438 Church and Christianity, 431, Roman elite social class, values of, 441–442, 443, 444 430–431 ecclesiastical hierarcy, 442 saints and sainthood, 442 emotion, women’s lack of control Secret History, 432, 433–436 over, 435 sex distinguished from gender, 427 eunuchs, 428 Theodora exclusion of women from later “burial shroud” speech, rhetorical Byzantine world, 444 purpose of, 429–430 family’s role in, see family, importance History of the Wars and Buildings, of 431–433 historical value of analyzing, 428–430 patronage of, 431–433, 438 “honorary men,” women becoming, public life lead by, 438 442 Secret History, 433–436 Justinian’s lack of manliness in Secret Virgin Mary, 444 History (Procopius), 433–436 virtues defined according to, 430, 431, law and legal practice, 436–438 436, 442 marriage, adultery, chastity, and war and fighting, 427 divorce genital ailments, male, 307 Christianity, impact of, 431, geography (see also maps) 441–442 distribution of Jews in empire, 410 law, 437–438 geopolitical contours of Age of Procopius’ portrayal of imperial Justinian, 10–13, 30 couple in Secret History, 434 plague pandemic, 136, 134–139, 149 patronage George of Pisidia, 353, 369, 370 Anicia Juliana, 439–440 Georgia, Chalcedonian Church of, 261 changes in, 443 Gepids, 468–469, 470, 471, 473 (see also male vs. female patterns, 438–441 barbarians and barbarian Procopius’ Buildings, 431 kingdoms) Theodora, 431–433, 438, 440 Gerasa ( Jerash), 96, 406 politics, governance and leadership, “Germani,” ancient meaning of, 458 428, 435, 438, 442–444 “Germanic” kingdoms and peoples, “pollution,” male and female, 441 448–454, 458 (see also barbarians power relationships explicated by, 428 and barbarian kingdoms, and Procopius of Caesarea, 427–428, specific kingdoms and ethnic 431–433 groups) History of the Wars and Buildings, Germanus, 120, 122 431–433 Ghassanids, 248, 499, 500, 515 ideal imperial bride and Christian Gibbon, Edward, 161 values, 427–428, 434 Gibichung dynasty, 456 rhetorical use of gender roles by, Gildas, 92, 468 429–430 gloriosus and gloriossisimus ranks, 40 Roman social conventions, gold, mining and trade in, 33, 501, 518 adherence to, 430 Golden Gate, Constantinople, 61, 64, 66, Secret History, 432, 433–436 301

597

Index

Golden Horn, 61 building of, 7, 79 Gontharis, 455 damaged in earthquake of 557, 61 Goths, see barbarians and barbarian dedication of, 364 kingdoms, and also speciﬁc types imitations of, 365–366 of Goths (e.g., Visigoths) interior illustrations, Gourgenes, 478, 491, 497 Justinian’s role in design of, 364 government administration and liturgical processions, 301 bureaucracy, 21–23, 28, 41–48 Nika revolt, damaged during, 362 Constantinople, 68 rededication of, 79 different levels of, 43–44 silk sanctuary furnishings, 349, economic constraints, 28–29 369 ﬁscal administration, 42, 41–48 Solomon, comparison to Temple of, imperial estates, 40–41 365 imperial household, see household, Sts. Sergius and Bacchus (church) imperial compared, 362, 363, 364 Justinian’s reform of, 48–55 hagiography, 442 literati holding positions in, 381–382, Hama (Epiphania), 96 385 Harith (Arethas), 248 map of governmental and al-Harith ibn Jabala, 499–500, 502, administrative divisions, xxxiv 515 organizational charts, 42, 46 Harris, William, 380 towns and cities, governance of, Harrison, R. Martin, 365 107–109 Hawting, G., 523 grain and cereals as trade commodity, hazzanim (cantor-poets), 418–420 xxxii, 31 , 35, 38 health, see entries at medicine; plague Great Entrance, 293, 301 Heather, Peter, 380 Great Lavra monastery, 308 Helena Greek language, 22, 73–76 mausoleum of, 368 Green and Blue circus factions, patronage by, 440 Constantinople, 60, 65, 71–72, helmet plaque of Agilulf, 367 104, 381, 408 henotheism, 522 Gregoria, 173 Henotikon, 224–225, 269 Gregory I (the Great) (pope), 98, 234, Hephthalite Huns, 482 286, 287 Heraclius, 16 Gregory of Antioch, 179, 391 art and architecture, 393 Gregory of Nazianzus, 376 Jews and Judaism, 402, 408 Gregory of Tours, 108, 145 literature and literary culture, 369 Grepes, king of the Heruli, 78 Persian wars, 490 Grod, 491 Hercules and the Nemean lion, plate Gubazes, 498 depicting, 351 guerilla warfare, 124 Hercules, David presented as Christian Gundobad, 459 form of, 370 hermeneutical questions and hadith literature, 524 presuppositions, 324–328 Hadot, Ilsetraut, 325 Hermes of Phoenicia, 320, 330 Hadrian, 105, 163, 166, 419, 420 Herminafrid, 462 Hagia Sophia, 361, 362–365 Hermogenes, 174 Agatheon and, 66 Herodotus, 114

598

Index

Heruli or Heruls Honoratae district of Constantinople, concerns raised by, 468 church built by Anicia Juliana in, Constantinople, 78 439 far-ﬂung diplomatic connections of, Honore,´ Tony, 167 467 Honorius, 65, 368 Roman army, barbarian soldiers of, Horden, Peregrine, 100 453, 454 Hormisdas (palace), 73, 79, 362 uprising of, 464 Hormisdas (pope) Hesychius, 19 Acacian Schism, 269, 270 Hierocles, 324–326 Albinus and Boethius, execution of, Hilderic, 462 274 Hildigis, 470 Christological controversies, 227, 228, Himyarites 232 Axumites (Ethiopia), war with, 244, Silverius (pope), son of Hormisdas,279 408, 409, 411, 492, 501–502, 515, Theopaschite Formula, rejection of, 517 272, 273 Dhu Nuwas (Yusuf Ash’ar or Asar), Union of 519, 270, 272, 273, 278 411, 414, 502, 515 Hormizd IV (Persian king), 489 internal wars, 502 household, imperial, 45 silk trade, 501–502 description of Justinian’s return to Himyarites (Yemen) Constantinople, 559, 64, 66 anti-Chalcedonian community, organizational chart, 46 244 Huneric, 456 Islam, rise of, 515, 517, 526 Huns, 470 Jews and Judaism, 408, 409, 411, Atilla, 455 414 barbarian peoples, effect on movement Persian-Roman relationship, 492 of, 455 hippodrome, Constantinople, 65, 381 Bulgars, 470, 471 hippodromes in sixth century towns and Constantinople threatened by, 60, 78 cities, 104 Cutrigurs, 60, 78, 470, 471 “historicization” of liturgy, 295 Hephthalites, 482 history and historiography (see also Persian-Roman relationship, 482 periodization) Roman army, barbarian soldiers of, Classical and Byzantine writing of, 453, 454 18 Sabirs, 471, 496 gender roles, historical value of Slavs, alliances with, 469 analyzing, 428–430 Utigurs, 470, 471 Islam, problems of perception in hymns understanding rise of, 510–513 At Your Mystical Supper Holy Thursday “salvation-historical” approach to rise koinonikon (communion chant), of Islam, 511 introduction of, 292–297 Holy Apostles, Church of the Cherubic Hymn or Cherubikon, 295 (Apostoleion), Constantinople, Christian hymns as source material 63, 77, 79, 359 about Jews and Judaism, 409 Holy, Holy, Holy (Trisagion or Thrice Holy) Jewish hymnody, 418 hymn, 224, 296 Romanos the Melode’s compositions, Holy Sion, Shrine of, 309 see Romanos the Melode Homer, Odyssey, 89 Trisagion (Thrice Holy) hymn, 224, 296

599

Index

Hypatia (philosopher), 329, 332 Western independence regarding, Hypatius (general), 487 see popes and papal relationship “hypostasis” and Christological with empire and Eastern Church controversies, 222, 231, 234 gender role subversion used to attack Justinian and Theodora in Iamblichus, 326 Procopius’ Secret History, 433–436 Ibas of Edessa, 24, 219, 220, 221, 223, governmental reforms, ideology 230, 232, 233, 234, 248, 258, 280 behind, 49, 51 (see also Three Chapters innovation and change vs. tradition, controversy) 185–187, 201 Iberia, 478, 491, 496, 497 law as medium of, 185–187, 203–205 iconoclasm, 352, 408, 416 Ammianus Marcellinus’ conception icons, 352–354, 369 of Roman continuity, 187, Blessing Christ icon, Monastery of 192–193 St. Catherine, Mt. Sinai, authority of emperor over law, 352 168–170, 176, 190, 198–202 Camouliana icon, 353, 369 contemporary controversy over image-related piety, 31 0 –311 Justinian’s use of, 185–187, illustres, 39–41 203–205 Illyria, see Balkans; Justiniana Prima God’s divine support of emperor, image piety, 31 0 –311 186, 191, 200–201, 202 imperial estates, 40–41 John Lydus’ conception of imperial household, 45 Justinianic renovatio, 187, 192, description of Justinian’s return to 193–198, 202, 203, 204 Constantinople, 559, 64, 66 legacy of Roman empire, 188–191 organizational chart, 46 tyranny distinguished from lawful imperial ideology, 21–23 rule, 195–198, 206 art and architecture as medium of, Menander Rhetor’s formula for 343–344 imperial praise, Procopius’ Christianity’s role in, 343, 344–348 inversion of, 433–434 continuation under successors of papal independence from, 268–270 Justinian, 369–370 religious aspects of, 21–23, 186 Justinian’s rivalry with Anicia art and architecture, 343, 344–346 Juliana, 364–365 doctrinal authority of emperor, see non-Roman responses to, 366–369 subhead “doctrine, power of portraits and ublic response to emperor to determine,” this entry imperial image, 348–349 law and God’s divine support of doctrine, power of emperor to emperor, 186, 191, 200–201, 202 determine republican origins of empire, 190 Arian controversy, precedent set by, ritual and ceremonial, function of, 218 76–80 Justinian’s insistence on, 8, 271, Romanization, process of, 188 272, 281 tyche or fortune of emperor, 211 Marcian and Leo I’s attempts to incorruptibility of Christ’s body, doctrine enforce Council of Chalcedon, of (aphthartodocetism), 8, 222–224 252–254, 261 Marcian’s calling of Council of incubation, 307 Chalcedon, 221–222 Innocentius of Maroneia, 245

600

Index

Institutes, 6, 19, 161, 170 map of Arabian penninsula and intellectual contours of Age of Justinian, adjacent areas, 514 17 “people of the book,” 521 Christological controversies affecting, Persian-Byzantine relationship, effect 235–236 of, 513–521, 523 codification of knowledge, 18–20, political effects of Byzantine-Persian 520–521 conflicts, 516 education, see education and problems of perception in educational system understanding, 510–513 gathering and codification of religious background, 15 , 16, knowledge, 18–20 521–526 intensification of Christian influence, anti-Chalcedonian Christian 17–18 community, 255, 523 Islam’s rise and influence of apocalypticism, 523–524 Byzantine-Persian relationship, Byzantine/Persian relationship, 516–517, 520–521 effects of, 513, 516 literature, see literature and literary Christianity, influence of, 522 culture henotheism, 522 pagan intellectuals, suppression of, 317 , Judaism, influence of, 522 319 , 320, 329–333, 376 monotheism indigenous to Arabia, philosophy, see philosophy 516, 522–523 regional mobility, 317 , 320 piety, 520, 524–525 Iotabe, island of, 407, 411, 501 polytheism/paganism, 517, 522, 523 iron ore, mining, 32–33 prophecy, 525–526 irregular or guerilla warfare, 124 universal rule, concept of, 517 Isidore of Alexandria, 319 , 329 Western tendency to discount Isidore of Gaza, 320, 330 religious character of events, 512 Isidore of Miletus, 363, 364 Zoroastrianism, 513, 516, 519, 523 Isidore of Seville, 20 “salvation-historical” approach to, 511 Islam, rise of, 510, 521–526 (see also social/cultural aspects of Arabia; Muhammad the Prophet; Byzantine/Persian conflict, 513, Qu’ran) 517, 519–520 anti-Chalcedonian Christian source materials, 511 community and, 255, 523 sudden and decisive break with past, barbarian kingdoms, 465 viewed as, 511 codification of knowledge and towns and cities, 110, 518, 529 emphasis on “people of the universal rule, concept of, 517 book,” 520–521 Visigothic kingdom, collapse of, 466 commerce and trade, 513, Western writing about, 511 517–519 Italy, see Ostrogoths, and see also specific economic contours of Age of cities Justinian, 13–14, 518, 529 ivory carving, 349 geopolitical contours of Age of Justinian, 13 Jacob and Esau as parable of Jews and intellectual life, effect of empire, 418 Byzantine-Persian conflicts on, Jacob Baradaeus, 232, 248–251, 252, 516–517, 520–521 260 law and legal practice, 520 Jacob of Serug, 242, 243, 256

601

Index

Jacobites, 232, 252 (see also Syrian Passover/Easter, date of celebration of, anti-Chalcedonian community) 407, 423 Jafnids, 499–500, 502, 515, 516 periodization of Jewish history, Jerash (Gerasa), 96, 406 401–403 Jerusalem philosophical schools, involvement in, churches of, 106, 358 322, 407 fortifications, 96 political and military involvement, 411 Jews living in, 411 population in empire, 410 Madaba mosaic map, 96 Qur’an referring to, 516 pilgrimages to, 302–305 rabbinic Judaism, concept of, 401–403 porticoed thoroughfares, 102, 103 religious texts, 402, 404, 405 Jews and Judaism, 16, 401–403, source material regarding, 401, 420–422 (see also synagogues and 403–409 synagogue life) tefillin, public wearing of, 425 archaeological discoveries, value of, John I (pope), 79, 274–275 406 John II (pope), 232, 275, 276 attitudes of Christians towards, 16, John III (pope), 286 407, 408, 409 John of Alexandria, 252 attitudes toward Christianity and John I, Patriarch of Antioch, 219 empire, 406, 418–420 John II, Patriarch of Antioch, 241 Christian source material, 407–409 John the Capadocian Constantinople, 74 governmental reforms of Justinian, diaspora communities, origins of, role in, 49, 54 411 law reform and codification, 163, 169 distinctiveness, presence or lack of, origins of, 74 406, 425 public post, curtailment or cessation formulae of abjuration or of, 51 renunciation, 409 removal from power, 51 geographic distribution, 410, 412 war, resources and infrastructure of hazzanim (cantor-poets), 418–420 conducting, 116, 120 Heraclius, 402, 408, 420 John Chrysostom Himyarites, 244, 408, 409, 411, 414, angelic liturgy, mystical connection of 492 earthly liturgy to, 295 Islam, influence on, 522 gender roles, 427 languages used by, 403, 417, 421, 425 Jews and Judaism, 408 law Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom, 293 empire’s legal texts as source John I, patriarch of Constantinople, 270, material for Jewish history, 407, 271 408 John III Scholasticus, patriarch of Jewish legal texts, 405 Constantinople, 295 restrictive laws regarding Jews, 420 John of Ephesus liturgy of synagogue, 405, 416–418, anti-Chalcedonian communities, 251 419 conversion of non-believers to map, 412 Christianity by, 15 Najran, massacre of, 244 Eutychius’ liturgical changes, non-Jewish source material, 407 objections to, 292, 293 organization and leadership of Jewish Jews, information about, 408 communities, 414–415 plague, 141, 144, 151 , 154

602

Index

John the Evangelist Proclus, criticism of, 326, 328, Christological controversies and 334 Gospel of John, 217, 218 rebuttal of pagan positions by shrine at Ephesus, 305 Christian philosophers, 323 John the Grammarian, See John tritheism, 254 Philoponus John, Archbishop and Patriarch of Old John Lydus ( John the Lydian) Rome, 178 Agapias as teacher of, 323, 335 John of Scythopolis, 226, 228, 324 anti-Cappadocian remarks of, 75 John of Tella gathering and codiﬁcation of anti-Chalcedonian communities, 242, knowledge, 18 243, 245, 247, 250, 260 imperial ideology, 187, 192, 193–198, Christological controversies, 229, 202, 203, 204 232 Latin, use of, 74 refuge in empire, 493 life, career, and works, xx, 382, John Troglita, 122 384–385, 387, 389, 394 John Tzibus, 498 origins of, 74 John Zonaras, 376, 394 public post, curtailment or cessation Jones, A. H. M., 108 of, 38, 51 Jordanes, 390, 469 rioting and violence in Joshua the Stylite, see Pseudo-Joshua the Constantinople, 72 Stylite John Malalas Jovian, 480 Arabian tribes, empire’s relationship judicial system, 176–182 (see also law) with, 499 arbitration, 180 Athenian school, closing of, 331 delegation of imperial authority to Jews, information about, 408 judge for speciﬁc case, 177 life, career, and works, xx, 393 ecclesiastical jurisdiction, 178–180 origins of, 74 episcopal courts, 107 popularity of, 394 extra-judicial options, 180–182 rioting and violence in localized or regional courts and legal Constantinople, 72 jurisdictions, 42, 50, 176–178 Tzath (Lazi king), 497 military courts, 42 widely-held beliefs, writings as oath, swearing of, 180 representative of, 18 particular courts for special classes of John of Nikiou, xx people or types of cases, 177 John Philoponus ( John the “private” negotiations, 181 Grammarian), xx, 320–321 provincial governors’ courts, 177 Ammonius’ commentaries, 319 , 321 public spectacle, legal trials as, 178 anti-Chalcedonianism, 335 torture, use of, 177 Aristotle, commentaries on and women, 179, 181 critiques of, 320–321, 323, Julian (emperor), 480, 503 326–328 Julian of Halicarnassus and Julianites, comparison of Alexandrian vs. 252–254, 256, 261 Athenian schools of thought, Julian (law professor), 172 324–326 Julian (missionary to Nobatae), 250 life, career, and works, xx Julius Paulus, 165 neo-Chalcedonians and Severus of Junillus Africanus, xxi, 19, 21, 259, Antioch, 226 390

603

Index

Justin I literary patronage of, 376, 384, 385, anti-Chalcedonian communities, 390, 394 241–244 return to Constantinople, 559, 60–67 Christological controversies, sacred texts, as interpreter of, 8 Constantinople, 76 successors of, 9–10 Justinian brought to Constantinople war, lack of direct involvement in, 113, by, 5–6 129 law and legal practice, 164 writings of, xxi minutiae of government, lack of Justiniana Prima, 90, 92, 93, 268, 355, interest in, 29 356 Persia and Persian wars, 478, Jutes, 468 486–488 Justin II, 9–10 Kaoses, brother of Khusro I, 483 art and architecture, 387, 391 Kapitolion or Capitol, Constantinople, barbarians, 472 64 Christological controversies, 235 Kartir, 525 Etychius’ liturgical changes, 292 kathisma (imperial box), hippodrome, gender roles in time of, 442–443 Constantinople, 65 Ghassanids, attempt to dispense with, Kavadh 500 Anastasius I, war with, 481 literary patronage, 359, 369 Armenians, struggles with, 496 Persia and Persian wars, 479, 489, death of, 488 503 Justin I and Justinian, dealings with, taxation, heavy rates of, 54 487 Justin Martyr, 217 reign of, 482, 483, 485, 486 Justinian, 4, 5–9 (see also more speciﬁc Tzath and, 496 topics) Khusro I aphthartodocetism, attraction to, 8, acknowledgment as king by Justinian, 254 488 architectural patronage of, 355–361 adoption by Justin I, Kavadh’s proposal burial robe of, 349 of, 487 Chalcedonian controversy, role and annual procession marking defeat of, intentions regarding, 227–229, 302 244–246, 254 campaigns of 540–562, 488–490 Constantinople, restoration and Eternal Peace of 532, 488 rebuilding of, 79 Lazica, Persian invasion of, 498 coronation of, 77 pagan philosophers of Athens at court Cosmas and Damian (saints), of, 322, 330, 332, 333 therapeutic cult of, 306–308 reign of, 482, 483–486 death of, 8 towns and cities, 95, 99 equestrian statue in Augoustaion, 66, war and military organization, 126 114, 203–205, 345, 346, 367 Khusro II funeral of, 77 invasion of Roman empire after Hagia Sophia, role in design of, 364 Maurice’s overthrow, 489 interest in governmental reform, 29, Islam, rise of, 515, 521, 528 49 Maurice’s support for, 477, 489 law-making compared to war by, 113 successors of Justinian dealing with, life and reign, 5–9 9–10

604

Index

Kinda, 515 Codex Repetitae Praelectionis (second knowledge, see education and edition of Codex Justinianus), 164, educational system; intellectual 166, 199 contours of Age of Justinian conventions used to refer to legal Korykos, 94, 101, 108 documents, 206 corpus iuris civilis (corpus of civil law), 19, Lakhmids, 498–499, 502 161, 198–202, 520 Lammens, Henri, 518 courts, see judicial system landholding and landownership Digest or Pandects, 6, 161, 166–168, Byzantine system of, 38–41 170, 199–200, 406 pagans, suppression of, 332 divine support for emperor in pursuit towns and cities, 88 of, 186, 191, 200–201, 202 countryside and town, connection ecclesiastical jurisdiction, 178–180 between, 100–102 education in Korykos as example of small polis, Institutes designed for legal students, 94 170 language and semiotics, 325 Julian’s advice on study of law, languages of the empire, 22 172 anti-Chalcedonianism as form of schools for (Beirut, Constantinople, linguistic identity, 254–257 Rome), 171–176 barbarian kingdoms, 452 Zacharius Scholasticus’ description Constantinople, langauges spoken in, of, 172 73–76 extra-judicial options, 180–182 Jews, languages used by, 403, 417, 421, gathering and codiﬁcation of 425 knowledge, 18–20 law and legal practice, bilingual nature gender roles, 436–438 of, 168, 172 imperial ideology and, see imperial Laodicea, 408 ideology Latin language, 22, 73–76 importance of Justinianic reforms and Laurentian schism, 456 codiﬁcations to, 161–162 law, 6, 161–162, 182 initial compilation of Codex advisors and assessors, 170 Justinianus, 162–165 ancient jurisprudence added to Institutes, 6, 19, 161, 170 imperial legislation in second interpretation and jurisprudence, edition of Codex, 165 173–174 arbitration, 180 Islam, rise of, 520 barbarian kings, law collections Jews and Judaism compiled by orders of, 163, empire’s legal texts as source 520 material for, 407, 408 bilingual nature of legal practice, 168, Jewish legal texts, 405 172 restrictive laws regarding, 420 Christianization of, 163, 167–168, literature and literary culture, lawyers’ 180 involvement in, 378, 382, 389 Christological controversies’ effect on new laws, necessity of, 174–175, 201 intellectual world, 236 Novels, 164, 201 citations, rules regarding, 190 Persian law codes, 520 Codex Justinianus, 6, 161, 162–165, practice of, 171–176 171, 199 “private” negotiations, 181

605

Index

law (cont.) lawyers’ involvement in, 378, 382, purpose and method of codifications, 389 163 literati or erudite persons, life lead by, Quinquaginta Decisiones (Fifty 379–382 Decisions), 165 luxury objects, books as, 377–379 republican origins of, 190 patronage, 382–392 resolving disputes, 171–176 production and consumption of schools for (Beirut, Constantinople, books, 377–379 Rome), 171–176 (see also subhead public readings and recitals, 378–379, “education in,” this entry) 383 sexual behavior, 437 slow dissemination of, 392 Theodosius II, Code of, see speeches, literature beginning as, 379 Theodosian Code successors of Justinian, patronage by, torture, use of, 177 391–392 transmission to provinces, 164 unsponsored literature, 392–395 war compared to law-making by Little Entrance, 301 Justinian, 113 liturgical vessels women’s legal status, restrictions, and artworks, viewed as, 351 protections, 179, 181, 436–438 Riha Paten, 295, 309, 352 Lazi and Lazica, 121, 486, 488, 489, 498, liturgy (see also hymns) 513 angelic liturgy, mystical connection of Lemerle, Paul, 376 earthly liturgy to, 295, 296 Leo I (emperor), 51, 61, 116, 164, 224 biblical narrative and pious practices, Leo V (emperor), 175 closer correspondence between, Leo I (pope), 221, 225, 246, 269, 278 see biblical narrative and pious Leontius of Jerusalem, 230–231, 232 practices Levant, 30, 93, 519 (see also more specific ceremonies and processions in the regions) urban landscape, 77, 300–302 libellus and Union of 519, 270–272, 278 Christian self-understanding emerging Liber pontificalis (Book of the Pontiffs), 275 from, 291, 292, 294, 296 Liberius, 456, 464 divine liturgy, changes to, 292–297 libertas Gothorum, 457 Great Entrance, 293, 301 liberty vs. tyranny, 195–198, 206 Little Entrance, 301 Licinia Eudoxia, 439 night vigil services and hymns of Liebeschuetz, J. H. W. G., 108, 109 Romanos the Melode, 297–300 limitanei, 41, 117, 119 performance, divine liturgy as, 294 literacy rates in Byzantium, 378, 379 synagogue, 405, 416–418, 419 literature and literary culture, 376–377 Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom, 293 anti-Chalcedonian community in livestock, 32, 34, 70 Syria, 256, 257 Livy, 190 circles of literati in Constantinople, Lombards 389, 390 Charlemagne’s conquest of, 466 family backgrounds of authors, 382 foreign dignitaries entertained at hagiography, 442 Constantinople, 79 imperial bureaucracy, involvement of Gepids, 469, 471, 473 literati in, 381–382, 385 helmet plaque of Agilulf, 367 Justinian’s literary patronage, 376, 384, invasion of Italy by, 9–10, 12, 54, 464, 385, 390, 394 465, 469

606

Index

North Italian schism, 286 maps (see also geography) Roman army, barbarian soldiers of, anti-Chalcedonianism’s spread in East, 453, 454 259 Long Walls Arabian penninsula and adjacent areas, restoration after earthquake of 557, 514 60 barbarian kingdoms and tribes, 450, unified command of, 50 460, 467 Longinus (city prefect, Constantinople), Constantinople in Justinian’s time, 62 68 extent of empire in 565, xxviii Longinus (missionary to Nobatae), 250 frontier between Persia and empire, Luling,¨ G., 523 governmental and administrative Luxenberg, C., 523 divisions of empire, xxxiv luxury objects Jerusalem in the sixth century, mosaic, Arabian and Near Eastern trade in, 96 501, 517, 518 Jews in Justinian’s empire, 412 art and elite tastes, 349–351 Justiniana Prima, 356 classical themes, 351 Madaba map of Jerusalem, 96 portraits, trends set by, 348–349 plague, possible routes of, 136 types of objects, 349–351 resources, production, and trade in books, 377–379 empire, xxxii northern barbarians outside the Sasanid Iran, 484 empire, gifts given to, 466 Mar Aba, 258 Lydus, see John Lydus Mar Zutra, 414 Marcellinus Comes (Count Marcellinus) macellum, Constantinople, 70 African refugees in Constantinople, 75 Madaba map of Jerusalem, 96 life, career, and works, xxi Magianism, see Zoroastrianism literary patronage of, 384, 385, 390, magical objects, texts, and practices, 305 394 magister militum, 117, 499 widely-held beliefs, writings as magister officiorum, 41, 66 representative of, 18 magistrianoi, 64 Marcian, 39, 64, 221–224 magnificus rank, 40 Marcianus, Patriarch of Palestine, and mail service (public post), curtailment or Marcianus, abbot, 224 cessation of, 38, 51 Marcus Aurelius, 188 Malalas, see John Malalas Marib, 502 maleness, concept of, see gender roles; Marinus of Neapolis, 319 , 329, 407 men and maleness Marius, 196, 208 Manichaeanism, 259, 525 marriage (see also family, importance of; manuscripts, 348, 350 (see also literature gender roles) and literary culture) close-kin marriages in Mesopotamia, anti-Chalcedonian community in 500 Syria, 257 massacres, 126, 244 Constantinopolitan book dealers, 378 Maurice, 9–10 Jewish Aquila translation of Bible, annual procession marking defeat of production and consumption of Khusro I, 301 books, 377–379 anti-Chalcedonians, persecution of, Rabbula Gospels, 257 54 Rossano Gospels, 348, 350 Balkans, 12

607

Index

Maurice (cont.) life, career, and works, xxi, 382 Ghassanids, attempt to dispense with, war, 113, 489 500 Menander Rhetor, 390, 429, 433–434 Gregory the Great and, 287 Menas (patriarch of Constantinople) literary patronage by, 391, 392, 394 anti-Chalcedonian communities, Persia and Persian wars, 477, 489 246 mausoleums, 63, 77, 368 religious processions, relics carried in, Maximian (Archbishop) 79 ivory throne of, 349 Western Church and empire, San Vitale mosaics, 346–348 relationship between, 278, 279, Maximilla (Montanist), 525 280, 281, 282 Maximus the Confessor, 324 Menas (saint), 305 Mazdakite movement, 483, 484, 486, 520 Mercurius (later Pope John II), 275 (see McCormick, Michael, 156 also John II) Mecca, 516, 517, 518, 522 Merovingians, see Clovis; Franks medallions Mese (“Middle Street”), Constantinople, Justinian, gold medallion of, 65, 344, 64, 65, 66, 77, 79 346 Mesopotamia, close-kin marriages in, synagogue, gold ex voto from, 500 Theudebert, 366 metal ores as natural resource and trade Media Atropatene (Adarbigana), 135 commodity, xxxii, 32–33 medical care in Constantinople, 71 Metz (Civitas Mediomatricorum), 93 medical cures Miaphysites as term for anti- icons as source of, 31 0 –311 Chalcedonians, 264 (see also saints’ shrines as source of, 305, anti-Chalcedonians) 306–308 Michael (Archangel) medical knowledge, fashionability of, 377 Constantinopolitan churches of, 357 Medieval period, beginnings of, 4 image of, powers attributed to, 31 0 art and architecture, 344 ivory panel depicting, 349–350, 352 Pirenne, Henri, and Pirenne thesis, middle ages, see Medieval period 13–14, 156 midrash, 404 Medina (Yathrib), 516, 523 Milan, 126, 285 Mehmet II, 359 military action, see war men and maleness (see also gender roles) military architecture of Justinian, 357 “honorary men,” women becoming, military effectiveness, determining, 442 121–125 Justinian’s lack of manliness in Secret military expansion of empire/reconquests History (Procopius), 433–436 (see also Ostrogoths; Vandals) normative legal gender, 436 governmental reforms following, 49 public vs. private sphere, 435, 436, 438 long-term effects of, 54–55, 116, 118 St. Artemios as patron saint of male military organization, 117 genital ailments, 307 arms factories ( fabricae), 45, 119 virtues associated with, 430, 431, 436, barbarian soldiers, see barbarians and 442 barbarian kingdoms Menander of Laodicea, 89, 103 chart of, 46 Menander Protector conscripts vs. volunteers, 118 barbarians, 471, 472 discipline of Roman troops, 122, 453, law and legal practice, 171 454

608

Index

disposal of resources, 117 mosaics emperor as commander-in-chief, 67, anti-Chalcedonian community in 113 Syria, 256 map of strategic arrangements, xxxvi Chalke palace mosaic of Justinian and paperwork and records required by, Theodora triumphing over the 119 Vandals and Ostrogoths, 344 Persian army, 486 Chrysotriklinos mosaic of Christ, 346, plague, effect of, 118, 155 369 provisioning and pay, 119, 120 Madaba map of Jerusalem, 96 reforms of, 50 San Vitale, Ravenna, emperor and size of armies, 117 empress processions, 99, military triumphs, 78 346–348 mining synagogues decorated with, 415 Arabia, 518 Transﬁguration, Monastery of Byzantine empire, xxxii, 32–33 St. Catherine, Mt. Sinai, 354 mints, 45 Mount Izla, 259 Mishnah, 402, 521 Muhammad the Prophet missionary activity and expansion of apocalypticism, 524 Christianity, 240, 248–251, birth of, 510 491–493 paganism as background to career of, Mocius, Cistern of, 68 522 Modestinus, 173 rival prophets, 526 Mohammed, see Muhammad the Prophet trader background, 518 monarchy, Roman hostility towards, traditional biography of, 523 190 mummy portraits and other funerary monks and monasticism paintings, 353 anti-Chalcedonian rallying of monks, al-Mundhir ibn al-Harith, 498–499, 502, 255 515 Benedict’s founding of Monte Cassino, Muslama (Musaylima), 526 20 Muslims, see Islam, rise of book production, 378 Myra, 135 “Brother George the Scribe,” portrait mysticism, 295 of, Constantinopolitan refugees, 73 Najran, massacre of, 244 education, role in, 21 Naples, 126, 128, 138, 454, 463 judicial and legal roles of, 179 Napoleon, Justinian compared to, 4 Persian Nestorians, 259 Narses (Armenian leader), 496 ruralization of western Roman Narses (general), 7, 74, 122, 129, 453, empire, 102 464 Monophysites as term for Nasara, 516 anti-Chalcedonians, 24, 223 (see Nasrids, 515, 516 also anti-Chalcedonians) nationalist concepts and Western writing monotheism indigenous to Arabia, 516, about Islam, 512 522–523 natural resources, 32–33 Mons Lactarius, 122 Nea (“New Church”), Jerusalem, 358 Montanists, 525 Negev, 518 Monte Cassino, founding of, 20 neo-Chalcedonianism and Severus of Moors, see Berbers Antioch, 225–227

609

Index

Neoplatonism and Neoplatonic school riots and civic disorder caused by, (see also Athens, school of 71–72 philosophy at) social classes, effect on, 39 Christian appropriation of, 323 Nisibis, 21, 480 different approaches in Alexandria vs. Nisibis, anti-Chalcedonian School of, Athens, 324 258 John Philoponus’ commentaries on Nobatae, see Nubians and critiques of, 320–321 North Africa (see also Axumites; Egypt; Marinus as head of school, 319 Vandals; specific cities) Olympiodorus of Alexandria, 321 Berbers, 12, 121, 124, 127, 411, 449, private nature of, 320 465 regional mobility of philosophers, 317 Constantinople, North African suppression of, 317 , 319 , 320, 376 community in, 74, 390 Nephalius and neo-Chalcedonianism, Notitia, 74 225–227, 230 Novels, 164, 201 Nero, 207 Nubians (Nobatae) Nestorius and Nestorians anti-Chalcedonian mission to, 250, 491 agreement between Chalcedonians expansion of empire’s influence via and anti-Chalcedonians on missions to, 491 condemnation of, 248 Antiochene sympathy with, 220 Obolensky, Dimitri, 16 Chalcedon, Nestorian taint on, 222, Odoacer, 268, 347, 455, 457 223, 225, 226, 228, 230 offerings at saint’s shrines, 308 Justinian’s attempts to clear Nestorian oil as trade commodity, xxxii, 31 , 35, 36, taint from Chalcedon, 231–233 38 neo-Chalcedonians, 225, 226 Olybrius, 75, 439 original formulations of Nestorius, 219 Olympiodorus of Alexandria, 321, Persian Nestorians and 324–326, 334 anti-Chalcedonians, 243, ores as natural resource and trade 257–260 commodity, xxxii, 32–33 strategic use of concept, 257 Orestes, prefect of Egypt, 329 Theodoret and Ibas required to Origen, 233, 334 condemn, 221 Ostrogoths (see also Theoderic) “New Justinians,” 170 Amalasuintha, 276, 428, 442, 462, Nicaea, Council of, 217, 218, 224 463, 464 Nicholas of Sion, 302, 309–31 0 Christological controversies affected night vigil services and hymns of by invasions of, 232 Romanos the Melode, 297–300 Frankish invasion, 463, 464 Nika revolt, 7 gathering and codification of Agatheon and, 66 knowledge under, 19 architectural restorations following, 355 imperial imagery, non-Roman chanting during, 7, 381 response to, 368–369 excubitores, role of, 67 libertas Gothorum, 457 fire in Constantinople during riots of,70 middle Danube region and, 468 Hagia Sophia damaged during, 362 reconquest of Italy, 10, 11, palace water supply, 69 463–464 rebuilding of Constantinople Amalasuintha, murder of, 276 following, 80 Chalke mosaic, 344

610

Index

imperial ideology, victory over patronage Ostrogoths as support of, 194 Anicia Juliana, 439–440 instability of Byzantine regime Dioscurides’ De materia medica, following, 466 patronage of, 377, 390 Jewish resistance to, 405 St. Polyeuktos, patronage of, 64, 75, Roman Church, effect on, 364–365, 389, 439–440 276–277 architecture, Justinian’s patronage of, Roman aristocracy, cooperation with, 355–361 456 gender and, see gender roles Roman Church and, see popes and literature and literary culture, papal relationship with empire 382–392 and Eastern Church towns and cities, loss of patronage of San Vitale mosaics, 346–348 urban elites in, 93, 104 settlement on Roman soil, 456 women as patrons, 438–441 succession conﬂicts following death of Paul of Antioch, 242, 252 Theoderic, 462, 463–464 Paul of Callinicus, 256, 257 towns and cities, 93, 97–98, 99, 103, Paul the Deacon, 145 104 Paul, bishop of Edessa, 242 overextension of empire’s resources, Paul disciple of Mar Aba (School of 54–55, 116, 118, 454 Nisibis), 259 Oxyrynchus, 181 Paul Melanos, Patriarch of Antioch, 252 Paul the Persian, 259, 322 paganism, see polytheism/paganism Paul of Samosata, 217 palace of Justinian, Constantinople, Paul the Silentiary, xxi 66–67 background and career, 389 palatine organization (imperial encomium on rededication of Hagia household), 45 Sohpia, 79 description of Justinian’s return to Hagia Sophia discussed by, 364 Constantinople, 559, 64, 66 Paul of Tabennisi, 247, 253 organizational chart, 46 Paula (pilgrim), 302 Palestinian Talmud or Yerushalmi, 402, Paulus, bishop of Aquileia, 286 405 Pausanias, 88 Pallas, buried statue of, 65 Pbow, abbot of, 247 Palmyra, 487, 499 peasant classes, 38, 47 Pamprepius, 329 Pelagius I Pandects (Digest), 6, 161, 166–168, 170, acceptance of Three Chapters 199–200, 406 condemnation and reassertion of Panopieis, 88, 101 papal authority following, 282, papacy, see popes and papal relationship 284–285, 286 with empire and Eastern Church apocrisarius, role as, 279, 280 Parthian Arsacids, 478, 513 arrest in monastery, 284 (see also entries at Persia) election as pope, Justinian’s support Paschal Chronicle (Easter Chronicle), xxi, for, 284 135 Eutychius, relics sent to, 287 Passover/Easter, date of celebration of, Ferrandus, advice on Three Chapters 407, 423 controversy sought from, 281 Patricia, governor of Antaiopolis, 438 North Italian Schism, 285–286 patrimonium, 45 war and military, 126

611

Index

Pelagius II, 286, 287 predecessors of Justin I and Justinian, Pelusium, plague first breaking out at, 479–482 135, 153 southern Arabian trade, 501–503 “people of the book,” 521 successors of Justinian, 9–10, 479, 489 periodization (see also Medieval period, Persian wars beginnings of) Endless/Eternal Peace of 532, 116, Jewish history, 401–403 478, 488 Pirenne, Henri, and Pirenne thesis, enslavement and deportation of war 13–14, 156 captives, 126 Principate vs. Dominate periods of geopolitical contours of Age of Roman Empire, 188 Justinian, 10 time period of Age of Justinian, 3–5 Islam’s rise, effect of Persian-Byzantine Peroz, 482 relationship on, 513–521, 523 Persian anti-Chalcedonian Christians, Jewish involvement in, 411 243, 244, 257–260 Justin I, 486–488 Persian Chalcedonianism or Justin II, 479, 489, 503 Dyophysitism, 257–260 Justinian’s Persian conflicts, 7, 8, Persian Church, independence of, 480, 486–488 492 Justinian’s policy regarding, 482, 503 Persian court of Khusro, pagan peace treaty of 562, 489 philosophers taking refuge at, plague, effect of, 135 319 , 320, 330, 332 predecessors of Justin I and Justinian, Persian empire in sixth century, 484, 479–482 482–486 publicity given to Roman victories, Persian law codes, 520 482 Persian-Roman relationship, 477–479, siege warfare important in, 124 503 successors of Justinian, 9–10, 479, 489 common Christian bonds with towns and cities affected by, 95, 96, 99 frontier peoples, Roman Peter of Antioch, 252, 254 exploitation, 491–493, 497, 500 Peter of Arzanene, 481 Eternal Peace of 532, 478, 488 Peter of Callinicus, 252 frontier peoples, dealings with, 478, Peter the Patrician 490–500 background and career, 390 Justin I, 478 dependence of imperial government Justin II, 479, 489, 503 on bureaucratic experts, 41, 54 Justinian’s policy regarding, 482, 503 description of Justinian’s return to Justinian’s sources of information Constantinople, 559, 64, 66 about, 481 gathering and codification of missionary activity and expansion of knowledge, 19 Christianity, 491–493 life, career, and works, xxii mistrust and emnity beneath origins of, 74 diplomatic relations, 477–478 Persian wars, 490 payments to Persians Petra, 96, 108, 498 Eternal Peace of 532, 488 Petrus Sabbatius, 5 Justinian’s aims regarding, 482 (see also Justinian) Kavadh’s wars aimed at, 481 Phantasiasts, Julianists known as, 253 Khusro I’s demands for, 489 Philadelphion, 64 peace treaty of 562, 79, 489 Philae, temple of Isis on island of, 250

612

Index

Philip and Theodosius, dialogue of, 409 eulogia and tactile piety, 302–305, 31 0 , Philippikos, 369 311 Philippson, Alfred, 152 icons and image piety, 31 0 –311 Philoponus, see John Philoponus Islam, rise of, 520, 524–525 philosophy, 316 –318 liturgical practice, see liturgy Alexandrian school of, see Alexandria pilgrimage, 302–305 Christian vs. pagan involvement in, 317 Pilate in Rossano Gospels, 348, 350 Ammonius Hermeiou’s pilgrimage as pious practice, 302–305 rapprochement with Christian Pirenne, Henri, and Pirenne thesis, establishment, 318 13–14, 156 cultural significance of pagan piyyutim, 404, 418 philosophy, 333–336 Placidia (mother of Anicia Juliana), 439 Neoplatonism, Christian plague (first or Justinianic pandemic), 8, appropriation of, 323 14, 134 political pressure on philosophers, animals affected by, 142 329–333 Arabia and Near East, 519 rebuttal of pagan positions by Black Death (second pandemic of Christian philosophers, 323 medieval period), See Black suppression of pagan intellectuals, Death 317 , 319 , 320, 329–333 bubonic plague (Yersinia pestis), commentaries, significance of, 317 , diagnosis as, 144–146 324, 327 (see also bubonic plague) contemporary trends and causes of, 152 –153 controversies, 324–328 chronology of, 134–139 cultural significance of, 333–336 Constantinople, 71 educational system, 317 denials of diagnosis as bubonic plague, hermeneutical questions and 146, 148–151 presuppositions, 324–328 descriptions of, 139–143 Jewish and Samaritan involvement in diagnosis or identification of, 143–146 philosophical schools, 322, 407 DNA samples of, 148, 150 Neoplatonism, see Neoplatonism and economic countours of Age of Neoplatonic school Justinian, 54 political pressure on philosophers, end of, 138 329–333 Evagrius Scholasticus’ personal prosopography of sixth-century experience of, 142, 154 , 391 philosophers, 318 –324 flea as vector of, 150 Philoxenus, bishop of Mabbog, 241, 242, geography of, 136, 134–139, 149 253, 256, 257, 261 historical usefulness of, 156 Phocas, 3, 490 impact of, 153 –156 Photius, xxii, 319 , 322 later waves of, 138 phrontistes, 414 map of possible routes of, 136 Piacenza Pilgrim, xxii, 101, 303, 304 milder versions of, 151 Picenum, 125, 126 military manpower affected by, 118 piety and religious practice, 291–292 more than one disease involved in, 150 biblical narrative and pious practices, mortality rates, 149 closer correspondence between, origins of, 135, 141, 153 see biblical narrative and pious pandemics of, 146–148 practices pnneumonic plague, 148, 150

613

Index

plague (cont.) gender roles and, 428, 435, 438, population 442–444 cause of plague, demographics as, geopolitical contours of Age of 152 Justinian, 10–13, 30 effect of plague on population, 118, Islam, effect of Byzantine-Persian 153 –156 , 519 conflicts on rise of, 516 rapid spread of, 149 Jewish involvement in, 411 relativistic theory as to nature of, philosophy and politics, 329–333 143–144, 151 Western church-state relationships, see rodent mortality issues, 138 popes and papal relationship with routes of spread of, 136, 134–139, 149 empire and Eastern Church Scythopolis, 97 “pollution,” male and female, 441 seasonality of, 149 polytheism/paganism, 15 second pandemic, See Black Death art and architecture, 353 significance of diagnosis controversy, confiscation of pagan property, 332, 151 334 third, modern (19th century) general suppression of pagan practices, pandemic, 146–151 7, 15 , 17, 332, 517 typhus, 150 incubation (sleeping at shrine), 307 unprecedented nature of, 135 intellectual paganism, 15 Plato Islam, rise of, 517, 522, 523 Christian vs. pagan study of, 317 Life of Nicholas of Sion showing comparison of Alexandrian vs. pagan/Christian tensions and Athenian schools of thought, interface, 309, 31 0 324–326 literature and literary culture, 376 contemporary trends and debates pagan intellectuals, suppression of, 317 , regarding, 324–328 319 , 320, 329–333 cultural significance of, 333–336 peasant paganism, 15 Damascius’ exegesis of, 319 philosophy, see philosophy John Philoponus on, 326 Pontius Pilate in Rossano Gospels, 348, literature and literary culture, 376 350 Olympiodorus of Alexandria’s popes and papal relationship teaching of, 321 with empire and Eastern Church, significance of commentaries on, 317 267, 287 (see also names of Socratic dialogue, 317 , 323 individual popes) wealth of sixth-century commentaries Acacian Schism, 224–225, 269–270 on, 316 barbarian elites, ecclesiastical Plutarch of Athens, 318 , 329 cooperation with, 456 pnneumonic plague, 148, 150 Christological controversies, Rome’s polemical writings role in, see Christological Christian texts as Jewish source controversies material, 408 Constantinople, Second Council of Jewish texts, 406 (Fifth Ecumenical Council), politics (see also government 234–235, 285 administration and bureaucracy) doctrinal independence from emperor anti-Chalcedonianism as form of Ostrogothic rule of Italy leading to, political identity, 254–257, 269–270 261–262 Pelagius’ assertion of, 285

614

Index

reconquest of Italy and Three Three Chapters controversy, Western Chapters controversy, period perspective on, see Three following, 286–287 Chapters controversy Theopaschite formula, 272, 278 Union of May 519 Three Chapters controversy, events leading to, 270–272 consequences of, 281, 285, political relationship of church with 286–287 Italian kings, effect on, 273–274 Union of 519 Western relationship with effect of, 271 Constantinople, papal Western condemnation of Justinian’s monopolization of, 268 caesaropapism, 233 population foreign dignitaries entertained at Arabia and rise of Islam, 518 Constantinople, 79 barbarians as minority population in imperial permission for pope to be barbarian kingdoms, 456 consecrated, 286 Constantinople, 67, 72–73, 74, 76 John I and Theoderic’s mission to Jews in empire, 139–143, 410 Constantinople, 274–275 plague Justinian’s accession, effect of, cause of plague, demographics as, 275–276 152 list of popes in Age of Justinian, effect of plague on population, 118, 268 153 –156 , 519 North Italian schism, 285–286 towns and cities, 88, 92 political relationship of church with war’s effect on, 126–128 Italian kings Porphyreon, 100, 101 Agapetus’ negotiations with Porphyry, 322 Justinian, 277–279 portraits independence from emperor’s bust of noblewoman, 348 control and reliance on local mummy portraits and other funerary rulers, 268–270 paintings, 353 Roman senatorial involvement with signiﬁcance of, 348 Eastern policy and execution of postal service, curtailment or cessation Albinus and Boethius, 274, 462 of, 38, 51 Union of 519 Praechter, Karl, 324 effect of, 273–274 praepositus sacri cubiculi, 45 reconquest of Ostrogothic Italy by Praetor of the People (Plebs), 70, Justinian 177 Agapetus’ negotiations with praetorian prefectures, 43, 49 Justinian, 277–279 prefect of the city, Constantinople, 64, effect of, 276–277 68, 69, 70, 71–72 Silverius’ reception of imperial presbyters as Jewish leaders, 414 army into Rome, 279 Priscian Roman aristocracy, balance of power gathering and codiﬁcation of with, see Roman aristocracy knowledge, 19 Rome as city, papal control of, 98 North African community in success/lack of success in appealing to Constantinople, 74, 390 emperor, 286 refuge at Persian court, 320, 330 Theopaschite Formula, 226, 228, 231, surviving works of, 336 242, 272–273, 275, 278 Priscilla (Montanist), 525

615

Index

private fisc (res privata), 40, 44, 45 Persia and Persian wars, 478, 487 processions, see ritual, ceremonial, and personal identification with native city, procession 87, 89 Proclus plague, 134, 139, 154 differences between Alexandrian and popularity of, 394 Athenian schools of thought, 324, public post, curtailment or cessation 325 of, 38, 51 John Philoponus’ criticism of, 326, 328 rioting and violence in leadership of Athens school, 329 Constantinople, 72 students of, 318 , 319 , 323, 335 Samaritan revolt and Caesarean Procopius of Caesarea farmlands, 100 African refugees in Constantinople, 75 silk trade, 349, 502 Arabian tribes, empire’s relationship towns and cities described by, 89, 90, with, 499, 502 96, 97, 98, 99, 103, 109 architectural patronage of Justinian, Tzani, 498 355–361, 364 war and military, 114, 116, 117, 121, background and career, 382, 385–386, 124, 125, 126, 127, 129 387, 391 Procopius of Gaza, 20 barbarian kingdoms Proculus, imperial quaestor, 487 art and architecture, 366, 367 prophecy, concept of, 525–526 crises of, 463, 464, 465 prostitutes criticism of Justinian regarding, 471 Convent of Repentance for shelter of, northern barbarians, 468, 469 432 Roman vs. “Germanic” culture, Theodora portrayed as former 448, 449, 453 prostitute, 434 Belisarius and, 87, 115, 385, 387 women working as, 438 Britain, 468 protektores domestiki, 64, 66 Christological controversies, role of Pseudo-Athanasius, 218, 219, 524 Theodora and Justinian in, 227, Pseudo-Dionysios the Areopagite, 235, 229 295, 323 Cosmas and Damian, therapeutic cult Pseudo-Joshua the Stylite of, 306–308 life, career, and works, xxii educational system, debates on, 21 towns and cities, 95, 107 equestrian statue of Justinian in war, 115, 120 Augoustaion, 203–205, 345 Pseudo-Methodius, 524 Evagrius’ use of History of, 392 public baths, 66, 68, 103 gender roles as defined by, see gender public buildings and infrastructure of roles towns and cities, 102–107, 357 historians’ reliance on, 394 public post, curtailment or cessation of, Iberians, 497 38, 51 imperial ideology, 185, 187, 193, 197, public readings and recitals, 378–379, 383 203–205 Pulcheria, 61, 221 intensification of Christian influence, Purcell, Nicholas, 100 18 Jews, information about, 407, 411 Qillir, Eleazar, 404, 418, 419 law and legal practice, 170, 203–205 quaesitor of Constantinople, 73, 177 life, career, and works, xxii quaestor sacri palatii, 42, 166 origins of, 74 quaestura exercitus, 50, 120

616

Index

Quinquaginta Decisiones (Fifty Decisions), silk church furnishings, 349 165 successors of Justinian, 369–370 Qur’an ceremonies and processions, see ritual, apocalypticism, 524 ceremonial, and procession “people of the book,” 521 Chalcedonianism (catholicism), see piety, 525 Chalcedonianism religious groups referred to by, 516 Christologies, see Christological social egalitatianism of, 520, 524 controversies Western attitudes towards, 511 codification of religious texts, 521 Quraysh, 516, 518 common Christian bonds with frontier peoples, Roman exploitation of, rabbinic Judaism, concept of, 491–493, 497, 500 401–403 division of Eastern Orthodox and rabbis, 415 Oriental Orthodox Churches, Rabbula Gospels, 257 215, 223, 234, 235–236 racial concepts and Western writing eulogia and tactile piety, 302–305, 31 0 , about Islam, 512 311 Raetia, 93 foreign policy and doctrinal difference, rain, liturgical procession in prayer for, 491 301 gender roles and Christianity, 431, Ravenna, 99 441–442, 443, 444 book production in, 378 icons and image piety, 31 0 –311 plague in, 138 imperial ideology, 21–23, 186 San Vitale, see San Vitale, Ravenna art and architecture, 343, raw materials, 32–33 344–346 Reccared, 15 doctrine, power of emperor to relics and reliquaries determine, see imperial ideology Andrew, Luke, and Timothy, 79 law and God’s divine support of Constantinopolitan churches built as emperor, 186, 191, 200–201, saint’s shrines, 306 202 eulogia and tactile piety, 302–305, 31 0 , intensification of Christian influence, 311 17–18 Pelagius I (pope), relics sent to Islam, see Islam, rise of Eutychius by, 287 Judaism, see Jews and Judaism; pubic hair of St. Cosmas, 308 synagogues and synagogue life religious processions, relics carried in, judicial system, involvement of 79 Church and ecclesiastical figures religious contours of Age of Justinian, 4, in, 178–180 14–17, 291–292 law anti-Chalcedonians, see Christianization of, 163, 167–168, anti-Chalcedonians 180 art and architecture (see also specific divine support of emperor, 186, churches) 191, 200–201, 202 imperial ideology and, 343, life of Justinian, 6 344–348, 369–370 liturgical practice, see liturgy Justinian’s architectural patronage, missionary activity and expansion of 357–361 Christianity, 240, 248–251, liturgical vessels, 351 491–493

617

Index

religious contours (cont.) papal control of Rome following papacy and Roman Church, see popes decline of, 98 and papal relationship with rebellion of Athanagild in Visigothic empire and Eastern Church Spain, 464 philosophy, Christian vs. pagan senate, end of, 97, 98, 102, 463 involvement in, see philosophy union with East favored by, 270 piety, see piety and religious practice Roman Church, see popes and papal pilgrimage, 302–305 relationship with empire and routinization of Christian practice, 291 Eastern Church universal rule, concept of, 517 Roman Empire Remigius of Reims, 456 collapse of authority and breakup of, res privata (private fisc), 40, 44, 45 10–14 Resh Pirka, 414 continued used of term by eastern Revel-Neher, Elisabeth, 425 empire, 23 Rhesion Gate, Constantinople (Yeni imperial ideology and Roman law, Levelvihane Kapisi), 71 188–191 “ridda” wars (al-ridda), 526, 533 Jewish metaphors for, 418, 419 Riha Paten, 295, 309, 352 Principate vs. Dominate periods, 188 ritual, ceremonial, and procession, 21 relationship of Age of Justinian to, barbarian imitations of Roman 3–4 practices, 367 republican origins of, 190 Constantinople and imperial court, romanization, process of, 188, 452, 76–80 458–459 description of Justinian’s return to Romano-Persian relationship, see Constantinople, 559, 60–67, 76 Persian-Roman relationship Jerusalem processions, 96 Romanos the Melode military triumphs, 78 Akathistos Hymn, 393 roads and streets, 33–34 ecclesiastical employment of, 382 infrastructure of empire, 33–34 innovative work of, 393 Mese (“Middle Street”), Jews and Judaism, 409 Constantinople, 64, 65, 66, 77, life, career, and works, xxii, 297, 79 393 porticoed thoroughfares, 102, 103 night vigil services, 297–300 Strata Diocletiana, 500 oral delivery as first mode of, 379 towns and cities, 102, 103 popularity of, 394 “Robber Synod,” 220 Virgin Mary, association with, 393 Roman aristocracy Romanus (Roman dux), 501 balance of power with clergy, 269, Rome 274 book production in, 378 barbarian elites, cooperation with, 456 decline of, 97–98 foreign policy involvement and Ostrogothic kingdom, reconquest of, execution of Albinus and 463 Boethius, 274, 462 papal control of, 98 gender roles, 430–431 plague in, 135, 138 letter requesting Justinian not invade sacks by Visigoths and Vandals, 463 Italy, 278 senatorial/aristocratic classes, see Ostrogothic kingdom, succession Roman aristocracy conflicts in, 462 sieges of, 97–98, 126, 128, 463

618

Index

Romulus, 196 Sayf ibn Dhi Yazan, 515 Romulus Augustus, 4 Scetis (Wadi al-Natrun), 253, 257, 259 Rossano Gospels, 348, 350 scholae palatinae, 41, 64, 67 routinization of Christian practice, School of Alexandria, see Alexandria 291 School of Athens, see Athens, school of Rufinus, 389 philosophy at Rufinus family, as diplomats, 481 School of Nisibis, 258 schools generally, see education and Sabas (saint), 308 educational system Sabir Huns, 471, 496 Scott, Susan, 148 sacrae largitiones (sacred largesses), 44, 45, Scythia, 93 50, 53 Scythian monks, Christological Saffrey, Henri, 334 formulations of, 231, 242, 272 sages as Jewish leaders, 415 Scythopolis-Beth Shean, 97, 103, 104 saints, cult of, 305–31 0 (see also specific Sea of Marmara, 60, 61 name for individual saints (e.g. Sebeos, 524 Thecla), and see entries at San or Seleucia, 305, 307, 489 St. for churches named after Selymbria, 60 saints) semiotics, 325 gender roles, 442 senatorial classes medical cures sought at saints’ shrines, elements of, 39–41 305, 306–308 Justinian’s entry into Constantinople, pilgrimages to saints’ shrines, 305 559, 64 votive offerings at saint’s shrines, 308 Romans, see Roman aristocracy Sajah (prophetess), 526 Septimus Severus (emperor), 480 Salˆıhids, 499 Sergiopolis, 500 Sallares, Robert, 149 Sergius of Antioch, 252 “salvation-historical” approach to rise of Sergius the interpreter, 388 Islam, 511 Sergius of Ras Ayin, 322 Samaritans, 410 Sergius (saint), 306, 500 Jafnid assistance in crushing uprising (see also Sts. Sergius and Bacchus) of, 500 Severus of Antioch philosophical schools, involvement in, anti-Chalcedonian communities, 241, 322, 407 242, 245, 246, 250 San Marco, Venice (church), 361 Armenian condemnations of, 261 San Vitale, Ravenna (church) Christological controversies, 225–227, Aachen, Charlemagne’s palace church 230, 232, 241 at, 366 death of, 247 architecture of, 365–366 divisions amongst anti-Chalcedonians, mosaics of, 99, 346–348 252–254 Saradi, Helen, 90 Jews and Judaism, 408 Sardis, 94, 96, 103, 406 law and legal practice, 172, 179 Sarris, Peter, 155 writings of, 256 Sasan (founder of Sasanids), 478 Severus of Arles, 108 Sasanids and Sasanian Persian empire, see sex (see also gender roles; prostitution) entries at Persian Christianity and expectations of sexual Satala, 496 behavior, 431, 441–442 Saxons, 462, 468 distinguished from gender, 427

619

Index

sex (cont.) Islam’s rise and social/cultural aspects law and sexual behavior, 437–438 of Byzantine/Persian conflict, prostitutes, Convent of Repentance 513, 517, 519–520 for, 432 peasant classes, 38, 47 Shrewsbury, J. F. D., 148, 151 senatorial classes Shrine of Holy Sion, 309 elements of, 39–41 sickness, see entries at medicine; plague Justinian’s entry into Sidonius Apollinaris, 102 Constantinople, 559, 64 siege warfare, 123–124, 126, 128 Romans, see Roman aristocracy Sigibert, 471 towns and cities, see towns and cities silk and silk trade, 349, 369, 501–503 Socratic dialogue, 317 , 323 Silko, 491 Sogdia, 501, 503 silver, mining and trade in, 33, 501 Solomon, Byzantine architecture Silverius, 279, 280 compared to Temple of, 365 silverwork Solomon (general), 122 classical themes, 351, 370 Solon of Athens, 109 David Plate, 352, 370 Sophia (empress), 442–443 Justin II and Sophia, silver cross of, Sophronius, patriarch of Jerusalem, 369 307 liturgical vessels as artworks, 351 spectabiles, 39–41 Riha Paten, 295, 309, 352 speeches, literature beginning as, 379 Simeon ben Megas, 404 spies, imperial, 41 Simeon of Bet Arsham, 243, 257 St. Catherine, Mt. Sinai, monastery of, Simon, Robert, 518 352 Simplicius of Cilicia Blessing Christ icon, 352 Athenian School as represented by, Justinian’s architectural patronage of, 324 357 Jews, information about, 407 Transfiguration mosaic, 354 John Philoponus, rebuttal of, 326, 327 Sts. Cosmas and Damian (church), life, career, and works, 319 Constantinople, 306–308 refuge at Persian court, 330 St. Diomedes (church), Constantinople, students, existence of, 320 301 Sittas, 121, 481, 496 St. Eirene (church), Constantinople, 61, Slavs, 9–10, 12, 54, 124, 469–470, 471 79 (see also Balkans) St. Euphemia (church), Constantinople, “sleepless monks” (Akoimetoi monks), 439 224–225, 229, 232, 276, 278 St. Irene at Sykai (church), 79 Smyrna, 387 St. John (church), Ephesus, 359, 359, social class and culture, 38–41 360 anti-Chalcedonianism as form of social St Michael Archangel, or cultural identity, 254–257 Constantinopolitan churches of, Arabia, lack of social stratification in, 357 520 Sts. Peter and Paul (church), art, elite tastes in, see art Constantinople, 79, 361 Constantinople, 73–76 St. Plato (church), Constantinople, diverse nature of, 34, 73–76 301 gender roles according to Roman St. Polyeuktos (church), Constantinople, social elite, 430–431 64, 75, 364, 389, 439–440

620

Index

Sts. Sergius and Bacchus (church), 61, liturgy of synagogue, 405, 416–418, 79, 350, 361–362 419 Hagia Sophia compared, 362, 363, organization and leadership, 364 414–415 importation of cults of saints, 306 Sardis, synagogue of, 406 Justinian’s inscription at, 440 use of human ﬁgures as decoration, San Vitale, Ravenna compared, 416 365–366 Syria II, monks of, 246 Stalin, Justinian compared to, 4 Syria, towns and cities of, 95 Stephanus, 19 Syrian anti-Chalcedonian community Stephen of Aila, 358 Edict on Heretics, 244–245 Stephen (deacon and apocrisarius), 280, foundations of ecclesiastical structure, 281 251–252 stipendium, 119 identity, anti-Chalcedonianism as form stone, 32–33 of, 254–257, 261–262 Stontzas, 455 Jacobites, known as, 252 Strata Diocletiana, 500 Justin I, treatment under, 241–242 Strategikon (Treatise on Strategy), xix, literature of, 256, 257 115 lowest point of, 247 Strategion, Constantinople, 70 manuscripts, 257 streets, see roads and streets schism with Egyptian community, 252, the Suda, xxii, 319 , 322, 330, 409 254 Suebi, 455, 464 Syrianus, 324 (see also barbarians and barbarian kingdoms) tactile piety, 302–305, 31 0 , 311 Sulla, 196, 208 Taft, Robert, 293 Summa (constitutio), 161–162 Takrit, 260 suqs, 103 talmud, 405 Sura, 500 Babylonian Talmud or Bavli, 402, 405, Sykai, 61 411, 521 Sykeon, 135 Palestinian Talmud or Yerushalmi, Symeon (Armenian leader), 496 402, 405 Symeon the Elder Stylite, 302, 31 0 tanistry, 462 Symeon the Younger Stylite, 31 0 Tannaitic Age, 402 Symmachus (father-in-law of Boethius), Tanta (constitutio), 167, 201 75, 274, 462 targum, 405 Symmachus (pope), 269 Tarquins, 190 synagogues and synagogue life, Tauresium, birthplace of Justinian, 5 415–418 taxation archaeological evidence, value of, barbarian kingdoms, attempts to tax, 406 454, 459–462 Beth Alpha Synagogue mosaics, 406, Byzantine system, 35, 37, 43, 44, 46, 416 48 Dura Europus synagogue, 425 Persian system, 485 Gaza synagogue, 416 teﬁllin, public wearing of, 425 Gerasa ( Jerash), synagogue of, 406 textiles, 349, 369 Laodicea synagogues destroyed by theaters, 104 earthquakes, 408 Thecla (saint), 305, 306, 307

621

Index

Theodahad, 277, 278, 462, 463 refugee monks, shelter for, 73 Theoderic San Vitale mosaic of Theodora and Albinus and Boethius, execution of, attendants in procession, 346–348 274, 462 tomb of, 63 art and architecture, 347, 368–369 Theodora (philosopher), 320 death of, 462 Theodore of Alexandria, 252 embassy of525/526 to Constantinople, Theodore Askidas, 233 274–275 Theodore of Bostra, 248–251 far-ﬂung diplomatic connections of, Theodore of Mopsuestia, 24, 219, 230, 467 232–233, 235, 248, 257, 258, foundation of Ostrogothic kingdom in 280 (see also Three Chapters Italy by, 456 controversy) Hormisdas’ consultation with, 273 Theodore (saint), 306 independence of Roman church from Theodore of Tarsus, 14 Eastern empire, 268 Theodoret of Cyrrhus, 24, 220, 221, 223, Liberius serving under, 464 230, 232, 233, 234, 248, 258, literature and literary culture, 390 280 (see also Three Chapters mausoleum in Ravenna, 368–369 controversy) Odoacer’s kingdom taken over by, Theodorus (bishop), 75 455 Theodorus the decurion, 389 peacefulness of reign of, 457 Theodosian Code, 162, 164 title used by, 455 Christological controversies, 236 towns and cities, 99 imperial ideology, 209 Visigothic throne taken by, 464 Islam, rise of, 520 Theodora, Church of (Constantinople), Jews and Judaism, 420 79 Theodosius I (the Great) Theodora (empress), 5 Anicia Juliana and women’s patronage, actress,, circus, or prostitute 439, 440, 441 background, 5, 104, 381, 386, Constantinople, 65, 76 434 Jews and Judaism, 420 Aphrodito, as special patron of, 438 relative peace of reign, 457 “burial shroud” speech (Procopius), war, 114 429–430 Theodosius II (see also Theodosian Code) Chalcedonian controversy, role and intentions regarding, 227, 229, Aelia Eudocia (wife and empress), 64, 248 439, 440, 441 coronation as Augusta, 77 death of, 221 death of, 8, 63 Dioscorus, support for, 220 foreign ofﬁcials and potentates, Jews, 405, 406 entertainment of, 78 Notitia in reign of, 74 funeral of, 77 Persian king as guardian of, 477, 480 gender roles, explicating, see gender Persian wars, 481 roles university of Constantinople founded legal advice of, 170 by, 380 political role of, 5, 212 walls of Constantinople, 381 portraits of, 346–348 Theodosius of Alexandria, 246, 247, Procopius’ treatment of, 435 248, 250, 251, 252–254 profectio to hot springs at Pythia, 76 Theodosius of Antioch, 75, 232

622

Index

Theodosius, son of emperor Maurice, Tiberius II Constantine, 9–10, 54, 387, 392 392 Theodosius and Philip, dialogue of, 409 Tibur, 126 Theopaschite Formula (Unus de Trinitate Tiburtine Sibyl, 524 crucifixus, or “one of the Trinity timber as natural resource and trade was crucified”), 226, 228, 231, commodity, xxxii, 32–33 242, 272–273, 275, 278 time charts, see chronologies Theophanes, 501 time of celebration of Easter/Passover, Theophanes Confessor, xxiii, 301 407, 423 Theophylact Simocatta, xxiii, 18 time, ritual and ceremonial indicating “theory of the two swords,” 269 passage of, 77 Theotokos, Church of (Constantinople), Timothy Aelurus (Timothy the “Cat”), 297 patriarch of Alexandria, 256, 261 theotokos, Mary as, 218, 220, 235, 299 Timothy and Aquila, disputation Thessaloniki, 138 between, 409 Theudebert I, 366, 462 Timothy IV, Patriarch of Alexandria, Theudis, 464 241, 244, 253 Thomas of Dara, 260 Toldoth Yeshu, 406 Thomas, School of Nisibis, 259 Tome of Leo, 221, 225, 230, 246 Thrasamund, 99, 459 Torre de Palma, 102 Three Chapters controversy (see also Ibas torture, judicial use of, 177 of Edessa; Theodore of Totila, 104, 123, 131, 281, 282, 348, 379, Mopsuestia; Theodoret of 448, 452, 453, 463, 464 Cyrrhus) towns and cities, 87–89 (see also specific condemnation of, 232–233, 234–235, locations) 248 ancient type, comparison with, 88, Justinian’s efforts to achieve religious 89–90 unity, 8 architectural patronage of Justinian, origins of term, 24 357 San Vitale mosaics, 347 baths, public, 66, 68, 103 Vigilius and, see Vigilius bishops, role of, 90, 92, 93, 102, 107 Western perspective on, 129, characterstics of, 88, 89 279–280 churches as primary public doctrinal authority, issues of, 281, construction in, 89, 93, 98, 106, 285, 286–287 107 initial Roman position, 280–282 countryside, connection to, 88, North Italian schism, 285–286 100–102 Pelagius’ acceptance of fortifications, 103 condemnation, repercussions of, governance of, 107–109 282, 284–285 Islam, rise of, 110, 518, 529 Vigilius’ surrender to imperial will, landholding and landownership, 88 282–284 countryside and town, connection Thrice Holy (Trisagion) hymn, 224, 296 between, 100–102 Thucydides, 114, 187, 385, 429 Korykos as example of small polis, Thuringians, 462 94 Tiberias as seat of Jewish learning, 411, liturgical processions making use of 414 urban landscape, 77, 300–302 Tiberius I, 196, 197, 198, 489 major cities, 97–100

623

Index

towns and cities (cont.) Turks, 12, 467, 471, 489, 503 patronage of urban elites, loss of, 93, Tuscany, 125, 126 104 Twelve Tables, 165 personal identification with native city, Twigg, Graham, 148 87, 89, 95 tyche or fortune of emperor, 211 population of, 88, 92 typhus, 150 prosperity or decline of, 52–53, typology, 296, 297, 31 0 90–97 tyranny distinguished from lawful rule, public buildings and infrastructure, 195–198, 206 102–107, 357 Tzani, 491, 496, 498 refuges for rural populations Tzath, 486, 491, 496 (Fliehburgen), shrinking to, 90, 92 ruralization of western Roman Union of May 519 empire, 90–97, 102 events leading to, 270–272 social class and culture political relationship of Roman ancient cities, comparison of sixth Church with Italian kings, effect century cities with, 90 on, 273–274 Korykos as example of small polis, universal rule, concept of, 517 94 Unus de Trinitate crucifixus (“one of the patronage of urban elites, loss of, 93, Trinity was crucified”) formula 104 (Theopaschite Formula), 226, Roman senatorial elite, end of, 97, 228, 231, 242, 272–273, 275, 278 98, 102, 463 Uranius, 323, 378 urban elites, 88, 107–109 urban environments, see towns and cities streets and thoroughfares, 102, 103 urinary retention, Cosmas and Damian suqs, 103 healing case of, 308 villages related to, 101 Utigur Huns, 470, 471 villas, 102 war’s effect on, 125, 128 Vaga, 90 trade, see commerce and trade Valens, Aqueduct of, 64 trade guilds, Constantinople, 64 Valentinian III, 164 Trajan, 480 Vandals Trajan’s Forum in Rome, Forum of Arianism of, 7, 456 Theodosius built in imitation of, Carthage, 99 65 Constantinople, African refugees in, 75 Transfiguration of Christ mosaic, geopolitical contours of empire, 10, Monastery of St. Catherine, Mt. 11, 12 Sinai, 354 reconquest of Vandal kingdom in transportation, 33–34 Africa, 7 Treatise on Strategy (Strategikon), xix, 115 Chalke mosaic, 344 Tribonian, 167, 168, 170, 199, 390 economy of empire, effect on, 36, 37 Tricamarum, 465 geopolitical contours of empire, 10, Trisagion (Thrice Holy) hymn, 224, 296 11, 12 tritheism, 254 imperial ideology, victory over triumphator, 66 Vandals as support of, 194 triumphs, military, 78 infrastructure of war, 116 Troy, statue of Apollo in Constantinople instability of Byzantine regime from, 65 following, 465

624

Index

Rome, sack of, 463 settlement on Roman soil, 455 settlement on Roman soil, 455 towns and cities, 93, 108 succession conflicts, 462 Vitalian, 227, 228, 242 Vasiliev, Alexander, 242 Vitigis, 279 Venethi, Slavs known as, 469 Vivarium founded by Cassiodorus, 390 Verona, 138 votive offerings at saint’s shrines, 308 Verrycken, Koenraad, 325 Vouille,´ battle of, 464 Vespasian, 89 Victor of Tunnuna, 74, 75, 390 Wacho, 473 Victor of Vita, 456 Wadi al-Natrun (Scetis), 253, 257, Vigilius 259 abduction to Sicily, 281 walls, fortified art and architecture, 347 Long Walls, 50, 60 Christological controversies, 233, towns and cities, 103 234 war (see also entries at military; specific Constantinople, visit to, 79, 282–284 campaigns and enemies, e.g. election of, 280 Persian wars) literature and literary culture, 379 barbarian soldiers in Roman army, see supposed murder by Pelagius, 285 barbarians and barbarian Three Chapters controversy kingdoms abduction of Vigilius to Sicily, discipline of Roman troops, 122, 453, 281 454 Constantinople, surrender to expansionist wars, see military imperial will in, 282–284 expansion of empire/reconquests initial responses while in Italy, 281 gender roles, 427 Vikan, Gary, 304 impact on non-combatants, 125–129 villages, 101 infrastructure and resources, 115–121 villas, 102 irregular or guerilla warfare, 124 Virgin, Church of (Blachernae palace Jewish involvement in, 411 complex, Constantinople), 61, Justinian’s comparison of law-making 301 to, 113 Virgin Mary Justinian’s lack of direct involvement gender roles and, 444 in, 113, 129 Roman the Melode’s On Mary at the military effectiveness, determining, Cross, 298–300 121–125 theotokos, Mary as, 218, 220, 235, 299 paperwork and records required by, virtues and gender roles, 430, 431, 436, 119 442 Persian army, 486 Visigoths, 10 pitched battles, role of, 122 Alaric II, 459 siege warfare, 123–124, 126, 128 Arianism of, 10, 15 size of armies, 117 cooperation with Church and civil sources on sixth century practices, elites, 456 114 Frankish defeat of, 15 , 464–465 strain on resources created by, 54–55, Islam, rise of, 466 116, 118, 454 reconquest of part of Mediterranean towns and cities, effect on, 125, 128 coast from, 11 water bodies surrounding Rome, sack of, 463 Constantinople, 61

625

Index

water supply Yannai, 404, 418, 419 Caesarea Palestinae, 92 Yathrib (Medina), 516, 523 Constantinople, 62, 64, 68–69 Yazdgerd I, 477, 480, 481 Justinian’s architectural patronage, 357 Yazdgushnasp, 78, 477, 482 Nika revolt, 69 Yehudah, 404 Ostrogothic Italy, destruction of water Yemen, see Himyarites supplies in reconquest of, 463 Yersinia pestis, see bubonic plague water, transportation by, 34 Yose ben Yose, 419 Watt, William Montgomery, 518 Yusuf Asar or Ash’ar (Dhu Nuwas), 411, Watts, Edward, 332 414, 502, 515 Western Church, see popes and papal relationship with empire and Zabergan, 470 Eastern Church Zacchaeus and Athanasius, disputation White, Evylyn, 253 between, 409 Whittow, Mark, 109 Zacharias Scholasticus (Zacharias of widows and the law, 437 Mytilene) Wilson, Nigel, 327 Jews, information about, 408 wine as trade commodity, xxxii, 35, 36 law and legal practice, 172, 179 Witigis, 463, 466, 472 Life of Severus, 172 women (see also gender roles, and names philosophy, 317 , 318 , 323 of speciﬁc women) Zamanarzos, 78 Amazons, 427, 437 Zand, 521 arbitrators, 181 Zaradushtakan, see Mazdakite movement Athens school of philosophy, Zeller, Eduard, 316 –318 association with, 320 Zeno, 164, 224, 269, 319 , 329 emotional control, beliefs regarding, Zeuxippos, Baths of, 66, 68 435 Zich (Isdigousnas), 78 exclusion of women from later Zo¨ılus, patriarch of Alexandria, 247, Byzantine stage, 444 281 head of household, categorization in Zora, 135 relation to, 430 Zoroastrianism “honorary men,” women becoming, anti-Chalcedonian community, 258, 442 259 legal status, restrictions, and Armenian and Iberian resistance to, protections, 179, 181, 436–438 489, 497 Mazdakite movement, 483 compilation of Avesta and Zand, patronage by, 438–441 521 public vs. private sphere, 435, 436, 438 Islam, rise of, 513, 516, 519, 523 virtues associated with, 430, 431, 436, Mazdakite movement as threat to, 442 483 widows and the law, 437 social caste structure of, 519 world chronicles, 18 Zoticus, 384 Wulﬁla, 452 Zurvanite Zoroastrians, 523

626