Recruitment Notification Junior Commissioned Officer (Religious Teacher) Rrt Courses 85 & 86
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Stamps of India Army Postal Covers (APO)
E-Book - 22. Checklist - Stamps of India Army Postal Covers (A.P.O) By Prem Pues Kumar [email protected] 9029057890 For HOBBY PROMOTION E-BOOKS SERIES - 22. FREE DISTRIBUTION ONLY DO NOT ALTER ANY DATA ISBN - 1st Edition Year - 8th May 2020 [email protected] Prem Pues Kumar 9029057890 Page 1 of 27 Nos. Date/Year Details of Issue 1 2 1971 - 1980 1 01/12/1954 International Control Commission - Indo-China 2 15/01/1962 United Nations Force - Congo 3 15/01/1965 United Nations Emergency Force - Gaza 4 15/01/1965 International Control Commission - Indo-China 5 02/10/1968 International Control Commission - Indo-China 6 15.01.1971 Army Day 7 01.04.1971 Air Force Day 8 01.04.1971 Army Educational Corps 9 04.12.1972 Navy Day 10 15.10.1973 The Corps of Electrical and Mechanical Engineers 11 15.10.1973 Zojila Day, 7th Light Cavalary 12 08.12.1973 Army Service Corps 13 28.01.1974 Institution of Military Engineers, Corps of Engineers Day 14 16.05.1974 Directorate General Armed Forces Medical Services 15 15.01.1975 Armed Forces School of Nursing 03.11.1976 Winners of PVC-1 : Maj. Somnath Sharma, PVC (1923-1947), 4th Bn. The Kumaon 16 Regiment 17 18.07.1977 Winners of PVC-2: CHM Piru Singh, PVC (1916 - 1948), 6th Bn, The Rajputana Rifles. 18 20.10.1977 Battle Honours of The Madras Sappers Head Quarters Madras Engineer Group & Centre 19 21.11.1977 The Parachute Regiment 20 06.02.1978 Winners of PVC-3: Nk. -
Himalaya Insight Special
HIMALAYA INSIGHT SPECIAL Duration: 08 Nights / 09 Days (Validity: May to September) Destinations Covered: Leh, Monasteries, Sham Valley, Indus Valley, Tsomoriri Lake, Tsokar Lake, Pangong Lake, Turtuk & Nubra Valley The Journey Begins Now! DAY 01: ARRIVE LEH Arrival Leh Kushok Bakula Airport (This must be one of the MOST SENSATIONAL FLIGHTS IN THE WORLD. On a clear day from one side of the aircraft can be seen in the distance the peaks of K2, Nanga Parbat, Gasherbrum and on the other side of the aircraft, so close that you feel you could reach out and touch it, is the Nun Kun massif.) Upon arrival you will met by our representative and transfer to Hotel for Check in. Complete day for rest and leisure to acclimatize followed by Welcome tea or Coffee at the Hotel. Evening Visit to LEH MARKET & SHANTI STUPA. Dinner & Overnight at Hotel. DAY 02: LEH TO SHAM VALLEY (92 KMS / 4 HRS) After breakfast you drive downstream along the River Indus on Leh – Kargil Highway. Enroute visiting GURUDWARA PATTHAR SAHIB Nestled deep in the Himalayas, which was built by the Lamas of Leh in 1517 to commemorate the visit of Guru Nanak Dev. A drive of another 4 km took us to MAGNETIC HILL which defies the law of gravity. It has been noticed that when a vehicle is parked on neutral gear on this metallic road the vehicle slides up & further Driving through a picturesque landscape we reached the CONFLUENCE OF THE INDUS AND ZANSKAR RIVER 4 km before Nimmu village, Just before Saspul a road to the right takes you for your visit to the LIKIR MONASTERY. -
Answered On:04.05.2000 Army Regiments Rasa Singh Rawat
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA DEFENCE LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO:5981 ANSWERED ON:04.05.2000 ARMY REGIMENTS RASA SINGH RAWAT Will the Minister of DEFENCE be pleased to state: (a) the names of different regiments in Indian Army as on date; (b) whether only the people of a particular caste and class are recruited in a particular regiment; (c) whether the Government propose to give equal recruitment opportunities to the people of all the communities; (d) if so, the reason for not recruiting the people of other communities in a regiment named under a particular community; (e) whether the Government have received any complaints in this regard; (f) if so, the details thereof and the steps being taken by the Government to remove this imbalance; (g) whether the Government have also received any proposals to raise some new regiments; (h) if so, the details thereof and the reaction of the Government thereto; (i) whether in the past, there had been a regiment named as `Azmer Regiment`; and (j) if so, the reasons for disbanding the same? Answer MINISTER OF DEFENCE (SHRI GEORGE FERNANDES) (a) A list of names of 29 regiments of the Indian Army is enclosed. (b) No, Sir. The regimental vacancies are filled up based on the class composition of the regiment which need not be confined to a particular caste or community. Besides, the class composition of the regiment does not include officers, clerks, cooks, washermen, barbars, safaiwalas and other tradesmen who are recruited on all-India all class vacancies. (c) & (d): Recruitment to the Army is open to all Indian nationals irrespective of class, caste, creed, religion or region subject to educational qualification and physical fitness. -
MY LADAKH DIARY- 4 LADAKH- a LAND of NATIONAL GLORY, VALOUR & PILGRIMAGE Lt Gen SK Singh, PVSM, UYSM, AVSM (Retd) Former
MY LADAKH DIARY - 4 Lt Gen SK Singh, PVSM, UYSM, LADAKH- A LAND OF AVSM (Retd) Former Vice Chief of the Army Staff, Army Commander NATIONAL GLORY, South Western Command and VALOUR & PILGRIMAGE Corps Commander, Ladakh. 2 On the pious occasion of 21st Anniversary of Kargil Vijay Diwas on 25- 26 July 2020, let us pay homage to our brave Martyrs who have made supreme sacrifice in defending Ladakh, which has been a scene of all wars India has fought since its independence, namely, Indo-Pak War of 1947-48, Indo-China War of 1962, Indo-Pak Wars of 1965 & 1971, OP MEGHDOOT in Siachen since 1984, Kargil War of 1999, and the recent clashes at Galwan between Indian and Chinese forces on 15 June 2020. In all countries of the world, the old battlefields become the places of pilgrimage, where the people of the nation, especially the young generation 3 are motivated and baptized with the spirit of patriotism. Australia and New Zealand sponsor and encourage all their citizens, especially the young, to visit far off island of Gallipoli in Turkey, where the Australian and New Zealand Corps had fought in the First World War. There is a saying amongst the Australians and New Zealanders about this war, “This is where our nationhood was born”. Ladakh has all the battlefields of post independence era to which the present generation can connect and be proud of. I had enunciated this vision in 2009 while celebrating the 10th Anniversary of Kargil Diwas at Drass, and I am happy to note the development of Kargil into a popular tourist hub. -
Answered On:27.07.2000 Gallantary Awards to Fighters of Kargil Conflict Simranjit Singh Mann
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA DEFENCE LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO:667 ANSWERED ON:27.07.2000 GALLANTARY AWARDS TO FIGHTERS OF KARGIL CONFLICT SIMRANJIT SINGH MANN Will the Minister of DEFENCE be pleased to state: the total number of gallantary awards awarded to the fighters of the Kargil Conflict with full particulars of recipients? Answer MINISTER OF DEFENCE (SHRI GEORGE FERNANDES) 300 gallantry awards have so far been awarded. The details are annexed. ANNEXURE - I REFERRED TO IN REPLY GIVEN TO LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION No. 667 FOR 27.07.2000. PARTICULARS OF THE RECIPIENTS OF GALLANTRY AWARDS AWARDED ON 15.08.1999 ONACCOUNT OF KARGIL CONFLICT LIST OF RECOMMENDED CASES OF OP VIJAY : INDEPENDENCE DAY 1999 PARAM VIR CHAKRA 1. IC-57556 LT VIKRAM BATRA, 13 JAK RIF (POSTHUMOUS) 2. IC-56959 LT MANOJ KUMAR PANDEY, 1/11 GR (POSTHUMOUS) 3. 13760533 RFN SANJAY KUMAR, 13 JAK RIF 4. 2690572 GDR YOGENDER SINGH YADAV, 18 GRENADIERS MAHA VIR CHAKRA 1. IC-45952 MAJ SONAM WANGCHUK, LADAKH SCOUTS (IW) 2. IC-51512 MAJ VIVEK GUPTA, 2 RAJ RIF (POSTHUMOUS) 3. IC-52574 MAJ RAJESH SINGH ADHIKARI, 18 GDRS (POSTHUMOUS) 4. IC-55072 MAJ PADMAPANI ACHARYA, 2 RAJ RIF (POSTHUMOUS) 5. IC-57111 CAPT ANUJ NAYYAR, 17 JAT (POSTHUMOUS) 6. IC-58396 CAPT NEIKEZHAKUO KENGURUSE, 2 RAJ RIF (POSTHUMOUS) 7 SS-37111 LT KEISHING CLIFFORD NONGRUM,12 JAK LI(POSTHUMOUS) 8. SS-37691 LT BALWAN SINGH, 18 GRENADIERS 9. 2883178 NK DIGENDRA KUMAR, 2 RAJ RIF VIR CHAKRA 1. IC-35204 COL UMESH SINGH BAWA, 17 JAT 2. IC-37020 COL LALIT RAI, 1/11 GR 3. -
Sainik 16-28 February Covers
In This Issue Since 1909 BIRTH ANNIVERSARY CELEBRATIONS Beating the Retreat 2018 4 (Initially published as FAUJI AKHBAR) Vol. 65 q No 4 27 Magha - 9 Phalguna, 1939 (Saka) 16-28 February 2018 The journal of India’s Armed Forces published every fortnight in thirteen languages including Hindi & English on behalf of Ministry of Defence. It is not necessarily an organ for the expression of the Government’s defence policy. The published items represent the views of respective writers and correspondents. Editor-in-Chief Hasibur Rahman Senior Editor Ms Ruby T Sharma Raksha Mantri felicitates 6 Raksha Mantri visits INS Editor Ehsan Khusro winners of Republic… Parundu and INS… 8 Sub Editor Sub Maj KC Sahu Coordination Kunal Kumar Business Manager Rajpal Our Correspondents DELHI: Col Aman Anand; Capt DK Sharma VSM; Wg Cdr Anupam Banerjee; Manoj Tuli; Nampibou Marinmai; Ved Pal; Divyanshu Kumar; Photo Editor: K Ramesh; ALLAHABAD: Gp Capt BB Pande; BENGALURU: Guruprasad HL; CHANDIGARH: Anil Gaur; CHENNAI: T Shanmugam; GANDHINAGAR: Wg Cdr Abhishek Matiman; GUWAHATI: Lt Col Suneet Newton; IMPHAL: Lt Col Ajay Kumar Sharma; JALANDHAR : Anil Gaur; JAMMU: Col Lt Col Devender Anand; JAIPUR: Lt Col Manish Ojha; KOCHI: Cdr Sridhar E Warrier ; KOHIMA: Col Chiranjeet Konwer; KOLKATA: 11 GOC Dakshin Bharat Area visits… Wg Cdr SS Birdi; Dipannita Dhar; LUCKNOW: Ms Gargi Malik Sinha; MUMBAI: Cdr Visit of Raksha Mantri to Rahul Sinha; Narendra Vispute; NAGPUR: Wg Cdr Samir S Gangakhedkar; PALAM: 14 Third Scorpene Submarine… Wg Cdr AR Giri;PUNE: Mahesh Iyengar; SECUNDERABAD: G Surendra Babu; 16 NCC cadets and students visit… 14 Corps Zone 10 Wg Cdr Ratnakar Singh; Col Rajesh Kalia; Lt SHILLONG; SRINAGAR: TEZPUR: 17 Passing Out Parade of Military… Col Sombit Ghosh; THIRUVANANTHAPURAM: Ms Dhanya Sanal K; UDHAMPUR: Col NN Joshi; VISAKHAPATNAM: Cdr CG Raju. -
Making of a Soldier “IF DEATH STRIKE BEFORE I PROVE MY BLOOD, I SWEAR I ‘LL KILL DEATH” - CAPT MANOJ KUMAR PANDEY
No. 02/2018BAATCHEETwww.indianarmy.gov.in | February 2018 MAKING OF A SOLDIER “IF DEATH STRIKE BEFORE I PROVE MY BLOOD, I SWEAR I ‘LL KILL DEATH” - CAPT MANOJ KUMAR PANDEY INDIAN ARMY IS GUIDED BY THOUGHTS OF INDIAN PEOPLE AND IDEAS OF EXCELLENCE War memorial (A series covering War Memorials across the country to remember our soldiers who sacrificed their lives in the line of duty) TANOT WAR MEMORIAL The history of Tanot War Memorial is associated with two major wars fought between India and Pakistan in the years 1965 and 1971. A Victory Stupa stands tall in the temple premises bearing testimony to the success and valour of Indian Army in both the wars. It serves as a mark of remembrance for the glorious sacrifices made by our soldiers in line of duty. It salutes the brave hearts who feared nothing and laid down their lives while defending their motherland. SADHEWALA WAR MEMORIAL The heroic saga of the ‘Battle of Laungewala’ remains incomplete without the mention of the action at Sadhewala, a small hamlet in the midst of the Thar Desert. In memory of those who laid down their life for their motherland, this memorial was constructed by 3 GRENADIERS during their tenure in Jaipur . 2 | February 2018 In this Issue……. FROM THE EDITOR’S DESK Every citizen plays his role as per his ability but the role, which a soldier plays while safeguarding the frontiers of the motherland, is most important and unique. A soldier lives for the nation and dies for her dignity. Hence the training of a soldier is a bedrock of Indian Army. -
Foot and Hoof Mobility in Teh Mountains
IDSA Policy Brief IDSIDSAA POLICYPOLICY BRIEFBRIEF1 Back to the Basics: Foot and Hoof Mobility in the Mountains Virander Kumar and P.K. Gautam Col Virander Kumar and Col P. K. Gautam are Research Fellow at the Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses (IDSA), New Delhi. Summary India needs to be prepared for mountain warfare. Some excellent commentaries emphasize capacity building for better fire power including appropriate precision guided munitions, communications, heliborne operations, and intelligence. While these capacities must be built up, at the same time non-material factors are also equally important, foot mobility being one among them. This Brief argues that foot mobility is central to mountain warfare. It first uses historical evidence to show the advantageous use of this capacity by the victor. It then argues for preserving this 'military biodiversity' by including indigenous breeds of animals. It further co-relates the factor of ethos of physical fitness and endurance of the troops. In essence all troops must share the attributes of mountaineers. In conclusion, consolidated policy suggestions are offered. Back to the Basics: Foot and Hoof Mobilty in the Mountains 2 Smokin’ my pipe on the mountings, sniffin’ the morning cool, I walks in my old brown gaiter along o’ my old brown mule Rudyard Kipling (Screw- Guns) Introduction While the Himalayan terrain is likely to remain unchanged, it may be affected by climate change. The Indian military is destined to be deployed in the Himalayan region for a long time. The bulk of the military is deployed in the mountains of Jammu and Kashmir (J & K), Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh. -
S. No. Rank & Name Service Mahavir Chakra Ic-64405M
S. NO. SERVICE RANK & NAME MAHAVIR CHAKRA 1. IC-64405M COLONEL BIKUMALLA SANTOSH BABU ARMY 16 TH BATTALION THE BIHAR REGIMENT (POSTHUMOUS) KIRTI CHAKRA 1. JC-413798Y SUBEDAR SANJIV KUMAR ARMY 4TH BATTALION THE PARACHUTE REGIMENT (SPECIAL FORCES) (POSTHUMOUS) 2. SHRI PINTU KUMAR SINGH, INSPECTOR /GD, MHA CRPF (POSTHUMOUS) 3. SHRI SHYAM NARAIN SINGH YADAVA, HEAD MHA CONSTABLE/GD, CRPF (POSTHUMOUS) 4. SHRI VINOD KUMAR, CONSTABLE, CRPF (POSTHUMOUS) MHA 5. SHRI RAHUL MATHUR, DEPUTY COMMANDANT, CRPF MHA VIR CHAKRA 1. JC-561645F NAIB SUBEDAR NUDURAM SOREN ARMY 16 TH BATTALION THE BIHAR REGIMENT (POSTHUMOUS) 2. 15139118Y HAVILDAR K PALANI ARMY 81 FIELD REGIMENT (POSTHUMOUS) 3. 15143643M HAVILDAR TEJINDER SINGH ARMY 3 MEDIUM REGIMENT 4. 15439373K NAIK DEEPAK SINGH ARMY THE ARMY MEDICAL CORPS, 16 TH BATTALION THE BIHAR REGIMENT (POSTHUMOUS) S. NO. SERVICE RANK & NAME 5. 2516683X SEPOY GURTEJ SINGH ARMY 3RD BATTALION THE PUNJAB REGIMENT (POSTHUMOUS) SHAURYA CHAKRA 1. IC-76429H MAJOR ANUJ SOOD ARMY BRIGADE OF THE GUARDS, 21 ST BATTALION THE RASHTRIYA RIFLES (POSTHUMOUS) 2. G/5022546P RIFLEMAN PRANAB JYOTI DAS ARMY 6TH BATTALION THE ASSAM RIFLES 3. 13631414L PARATROOPER SONAM TSHERING TAMANG ARMY 4TH BATTALION THE PARACHUTE REGIMENT (SPECIAL FORCES) 4. SHRI ARSHAD KHAN, INSPECTOR, J&K MHA POLICE (POSTHUMOUS) 5. SHRI GH MUSTAFA BARAH, SGCT, J&K MHA POLICE (POSTHUMOUS) 6. SHRI NASEER AHMAD KOLIE, SGCT, CONSTABLE, J&K MHA POLICE (POSTHUMOUS) 7. SHRI BILAL AHMAD MAGRAY, SPECIAL POLICE OFFICER, MHA J&K POLICE (POSTHUMOUS) BAR TO SENA MEDAL (GALLANTRY) 1. IC-65402L COLONEL ASHUTOSH SHARMA, BAR TO SENA ARMY MEDAL (POSTHUMOUS) BRIGADE OF THE GUARDS, 21 ST BATTALION THE RASHTRIYA RIFLES 2. -
Ladakh Studies 12
INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR LADAKH STUDIES LADAKH STUDIES _ 12, Autumn 1999 CONTENTS Page: Editorial 2 News from the Association: From the Hon. Sec. 3 Ninth IALS Colloquium at Leh: A Report Martijn van Beek 4 Biennial Membership Meeting John Bray 7 News from Ladakh: 8 The conflict in Ladakh: May-July 1999 MvB 11 Special Report: A Nunnery and Monastery Are Robbed: Zangskar in the Summer of 1998 Kim Gutschow 14 News from Members 16 Obituary: Michael Aris Kim Gutschow 18 Articles: Day of the Lion: Lamentation Rituals and Shia Identity in Ladakh David Pinault 21 A Self-Reliant Economy: The Role of Trade in Pre-Independence Ladakh Janet Rizvi 31 Dissertation Abstracts 39 Book reviews: Bibliography – Northern Pakistan, by Irmtraud Stellrecht (ed.) John Bray 42 Trekking in Ladakh, by Charlie Loram Martijn van Beek 43 Ladakhi Kitchen, by Gabriele Reifenberg Martin Mills 44 Book announcement 46 Bray’s Bibliography Update no. 9 47 Notes on Contributors 56 Drawings by Niels Krag Production: Repro Afdeling, Faculty of Arts, Aarhus University Layout: MvB Support: Department of Ethnography and Social Anthropology, Aarhus University. 1 EDITORIAL This issue of Ladakh Studies is, I hope you will agree, a substantial one in terms of size and the quality of contributions. Apart from the usual items of Ladakh-related news, there are reports on the recent Ninth Colloquium and the membership meeting of the IALS, two major articles, and a large issue of Bray’s Bibliographic Update. Interspersed are smaller items, including an obituary for Michael Aris by Kim Gutschow. Throughout this issue, you will find some line drawings of characters you may recognize. -
S. No. RANK and NAME SERVICE KIRTI CHAKRA SHRI ABDUL
S. No. RANK AND NAME SERVICE KIRTI CHAKRA 1. SHRI ABDUL RASHID KALAS, HEAD CONSTABLE, JAMMU AND KASHMIR MHA POLICE (POSTHUMOUSLY) SHAURYA CHAKRA 1. IC-68482Y LIEUTENANT COLONEL KRISHAN SINGH RAWAT, SENA MEDAL ARMY FIRST BATTALION THE PARACHUTE REGIMENT (SPECIAL FORCES) 2. IC-73334X MAJOR ANIL URS ARMY 4TH BATTALION THE MARATHA LIGHT INFANTRY 3. 3003914X HAVILDAR ALOK KUMAR DUBEY ARMY THE RAJPUT REGIMENT, 44TH BATTALION THE RASHTRIYA RIFLES 4. WING COMMANDER VISHAK NAIR (28993) FLYING (PILOT) AIR FORCE 5. SHRI AMIT KUMAR, DEPUTY INSPECTOR GENERAL OF POLICE, JAMMU AND KASHMIR POLICE MHA 6. LATE SHRI MAHAVEER PRASAD GODARA, SUB-INSPECTOR (EXECUTIVE), CISF (POSTHUMOUSLY) MHA 7. LATE SHRI ERANNA NAYAKA, HEAD CONSTABLE, CISF (POSTHUMOUSLY) MHA 8. LATE SHRI MAHENDRA KUMAR PASWAN, CONSTABLE/DCPO, CISF (POSTHUMOUSLY) MHA 9. LATE SHRI SATISH PRASAD KUSHWAHA, CONSTABLE (FIRE) ONGC, MUMBAI, MHA CISF (POSTHUMOUSLY) BAR TO SENA MEDAL(GALLANTRY) 1. IC-65911K LIEUTENANT COLONEL AMIT KANWAR, SENA MEDAL ARMY THE PUNJAB REGIMENT, 22ND BATTALION THE RASHTRIYA RIFLES 2. IC-66127H LIEUTENANT COLONEL AMRENDRA PRASAD DWIVEDI, SENA MEDAL ARMY THE ASSAM REGIMENT, 42ND BATTALION THE RASHTRIYA RIFLES 3. IC-72542A MAJOR AMIT SAH, SENA MEDAL ARMY THE GARHWAL RIFLES, 14TH BATTALION THE RASHTRIYA RIFLES 4. IC-75350N MAJOR AKHIL KUMAR TRIPATHI, SENA MEDAL THE RAJPUT REGIMENT, 10TH BATTALION ARMY THE RASHTRIYA RIFLES 5. JC-4141561Y NAIB SUBEDAR ANIL KUMAR, SENA MEDAL ARMY 9TH BATTALION THE PARACHUTE REGIMENT (SPECIAL FORCES) SENA MEDAL(GALLANTRY) 6. IC-63375N LIEUTENANT COLONEL MANOJ KUMAR BHARDWAJ ARMY THE REGIMENT OF ARTILLERY, 36TH BATTALION THE RASHTRIYA RIFLES 7. IC-67124F LIEUTENANT COLONEL RAKESH KUMAR ARMY 19TH BATTALION THE GARHWAL RIFLES 8. -
Contemporary Ladakh: Communal Divide in Kargil &
Issue Brief # 234 August 2013 Innovative Research | Independent Analysis | Informed Opinion Contemporary Ladakh Communal Divide in Kargil & Leh Gulzar Hussain Jawaharlal Nehru University Ladakh consisting of two districts Kargil similarities; historically the two districts and Leh predominantly follows two Kargil and Leh had a commercial and major religions: Buddhism and Islam. In social relationship. Leh district, majority of people are followers of Buddhism with a small However, since the early 1980s the number of Muslims, Hindus and traditional bonding and communal Christians. In Kargil district majority follow harmony dramatically changed due to Islam with a small number of Buddhists, many incidents of communal clashes. Hindus and Sikhs. Along with the gap of mistrust, doubt and suspicion between the two Traditionally Ladakhi people are communities of Ladakh had started to renowned for their honesty, simplicity, grow. and peace loving nature. Their glorious past reveals their unique cultural This essay addresses two issues. The first identity, religious tolerance, goodwill issue is related to the causes and events and inter-religious marriage. Inter- of communalism in the two districts of religious marriage was common until the Ladakh after the early 70s. The questions 1970s. (Ganhar & Ganhar 1956, pp.10- which need to be answered in this 11) The people of Kargil and Leh have respect include: Whether Kargil and Leh social, cultural, linguistic and ethnic have acute social and political differences? Do the people of Kargil and Leh have separate identity to achieve separate social, economic and This essay was initially presented in a political goals for their respective conference organized by the IPCS in collaboration with the India districts? International Centre (IIC) Second issue that the essay focuses is on Views expressed are author’s own.