SectionSection11 SSectionection PPreviewreview As you read, look for: The Executive Branch of • identify elected officials of the executive branch, State Government • list the duties and responsi- bilities of elected officials, Georgia was one of the original thirteen colonies and became a state after • identify nonelected members the American Revolution. Georgia adopted its first state constitution in 1777. of the executive branch, and In 1983, Georgians approved the state’s tenth constitution. Even though there • vocabulary terms: governor have been changes in the text of the various constitutions, the purpose of and lieutenant governor. all of them has been the same. The state constitution declares:

To perpetuate the principles of free government, insure justice to all, pre- serve peace, promote the interest and happiness of the citizens and of the family, and transmit to posterity the enjoyment of liberty, we the people of Georgia, relying upon the protection and guidance of Almighty God, do ordain and establish this Constitution.

Georgia’s constitution states, “All government, of right, originates with the people, is founded upon their will only, and is instituted for the good of the whole. Public officers are the trustees and ser- vants of the people and are at all times amenable to them.” In other words, any power the government has is given to it by the citizens and is for the good of everyone. Persons elected to public office in state government work for the people and are accountable to the voters for their actions. The constitution further states: “The people of this state have the inherent right of regulating their internal government. Gov- ernment is instituted for the protection, security and benefit of the people; and at all times they have the right to alter or reform the same whenever the public good may require it.” Therefore, Georgia’s government is meant to serve the people, and the constitution al- lows the people to change the government when it fails to serve their needs. The constitution gives voters the right to control state govern- ment by electing state officials. Citizens also may suggest laws that Above: Republican Sonny might improve the way the state is Perdue was elected governor governed. of Georgia in 2002. He is The largest branch of state gov- Did You Know? seen here with the First Lady ernment is the executive branch. of Georgia, Mary Perdue. The governor is the chief executive Based on the 2000 census, officer of the state. The governor is almost one-half million elected by a majority of the popu- of Georgia’s 8.3 million lar vote for a four-year term. The people work for the state constitution allows governors to government. serve two consecutive terms, so it is 530 Chapter 15: Government of the Empire State ? Figure 60 Georgia State Government

Georgia Voters

Public Service State School Secretary of Attorney GOVERNOR Commissioner Commissioner Commissioner Lieutenant Commission Superintendant State General OF GEORGIA of Insurance of Agriculture of Labor Governor

Courts General Assembly Supreme Court of Court Appeals Department Department Department Department Department Department State House of of Education of State of Law of Insurance of Agriculture of Labor Senate Representatives Superior District Courts Attorneys

Office of the Governor

Office of Planning Governor’s Department and Budget Office of Audits and Accounts

State Key Transportation Board

Elected Officials

Board of Board Department of Transportation Appointed Motor of Officials Vehicle Community Safety Health

Department Department Department Department Department Department of of of of of of Motor Vehicle Administrative Revenue Defense Banking and Community Safety Services Finance Health

State Board Board of Board of State Board of Forestry of Human Natural Personnel Juvenile Commission Public Safety Resources Resources Board Justice

Georgia Department Department Department State Merit System Department Bureau of of Public of Human of Natural of Personnel of Juvenile Investigation Safety Resources Resources Administration Justice

State Board Board Board State Board Board Board State Board Board of Veterans State Board Board Board of Pardons of of of Technical of of of Industry, Service of Workers’ of of and Corrections Community and Adult Commis- Regents Education Trade, and Board Compen- Trustees Trustees Paroles Affairs Education sioners Tourism sation

Department Department Department Georgia University Department Department Department Employees’ Teachers of of of Technical Student System of of Industry, of Retirement Retirement Corrections Community and Adult Finance of Education Trade, and Veterans System of System of Affairs Education Commission Georgia Tourism Service Georgia Georgia

Section 1: The Executive Branch of State Government 531 possible for one person to be the state’s chief executive officer for eight years. After a second term, an individual has to wait four or more years before be- ing able to run again. The constitution also outlines the qualifications required to be elected as Georgia’s chief executive. The candidate who wishes to become governor must be at least thirty years of age when tak- ing office, a citizen of the United States for Figure 61 at least fifteen years, and a resident of the Formal Powers of the Governor state for at least six years. If the governor dies or resigns, the lieu- Formal powers of the governor include: tenant governor becomes the state’s chief executive officer until the next general elec- managing the state’s budget (the plan for receiving and spend- • tion for members of the General Assembly. ing money), At that time, an election is held to choose • directing the attorney general to act as a representative of someone to complete the unexpired term the state in lower court cases involving state law, of the governor who died or resigned. Should both the governor and the lieu- • making an annual “State of the State” address to the legis- tenant governor die or resign from office in lature, the midst of a term, the speaker of the house of representatives serves as the chief • preparing budget bills for consideration by the Georgia house executive until a new governor is elected. of representatives, Formal Powers of the • serving as commander-in-chief of the Georgia National Guard, Governor The Georgia constitution describes the heading the state’s civil defense units, and • governor’s formal powers. They can be clas- • sending Georgia Highway Patrol officers and the Georgia sified as executive powers, legislative pow- Bureau of Investigation into communities in times of danger. ers, and judicial powers. Executive powers include being able to ap- point state officials and making sure that civil and criminal laws are enforced. Legislative powers include sending requests and messages to the legislature, Did You Know? signing bills into law, and being able to veto a bill so it does not become a law. The governor may also call special sessions of the legislature. The Georgia Bureau of Judicial powers include being able to pardon persons convicted of crimes Investigation was created in and appoint state justices to fill unexpired terms. Other formal powers are 1937. It was first called the included in Figure 59. Division of Identification, Detection, Prevention and Informal Powers of the Governor Investigation. Georgia’s governor also has many informal powers. Some are the result of tradition and custom; others are necessary to enforce the formal powers. ? Sometimes, the governor’s informal powers may seem more important than the formal powers. But a governor’s greatest influence is through his or her power to appoint individuals to boards and executive offices. For example, Governor Joe Frank Harris, who served from 1983 to 1990, appointed all fif- teen members of the Board of Regents (the board that controls the Univer- sity System of Georgia and all public colleges and universities). He named

532 Chapter 15: Government of the Empire State all ten members of the state Board of Education (the board that controls public elementary and secondary schools of the state). He also named a State Su- perintendent of Schools to complete an unexpired term. In addition, he appointed a panel of business leaders, legislators, and citi- zens to write a legislative package called Quality Basic Education (QBE). When this package became law in 1985, it af- fected all public school students in Georgia. For example, an eighth-grade Figure 62 student in Ocilla has the same study Informal Powers of the Governor objectives as an eighth-grade student in Columbus. Today, this standard state Informal powers of the governor include: curriculum is called the Georgia Perfor- communicating to the public a personal position on issues of in- mance Standards. In several grades, all • terest to all Georgians, students take a state-prepared test dur- ing the spring. First-time teachers in the • acting as honorary head of the political party that elected him or state of Georgia must pass tests during her to office, their first three years of teaching to show they are able to instruct students. • issuing proclamations to honor individuals, holidays, or special events This legislation also changed the way and, with the legislature’s approval, adding new state symbols, school systems are funded. In these ways, Governor Harris and his appoint- • representing the state in meetings with other state officials, fed- ment powers had a great effect on edu- eral officers, or foreign dignitaries, cation all over the state. • meeting with business and industry leaders from other states or Office of Lieutenant nations to encourage them to expand their businesses into Georgia, Governor working with members of the legislature to get laws passed, and The executive branch of state govern- • ment also includes the office of lieuten- • guiding state agencies. ant governor. The lieutenant governor is elected by popular vote at the same time the governor is elected. The lieu- tenant governor must meet the same qualifications for office as the govenor. However, unlike the governor, the lieutenant governor can serve an unlim- Did You Know? ited number of consecutive terms in office. For example, Zell Miller served The office of lieutenant four consecutive terms as lieutenant governor. governor was created when In the event of a governor’s death, resignation, or impeachment, the lieu- the state constitution was tenant governor becomes the state’s chief executive. The lieutenant governor rewritten in 1945. also serves as the chief executive officer when the governor is out of the state. The lieutenant governor is the presiding officer of the state senate. In that position, he or she makes senate committee appointments, assigns senate bills to committees, and recognizes members of the senate who wish to speak. ? Because of these powers, the lieutenant governor may affect the passage or failure of some senate bills. Georgia’s Other Elected Officials The governor and lieutenant governor are not the only elected members of Georgia’s executive branch. Voters statewide select the following officials: state

Section 1: The Executive Branch of State Government 533 attorney general, commissioner of agriculture, Figure 63 commissioner of labor, commissioner of insur- Georgia’s Elected Officials ance, public service commissioners, secretary of state, and the state school superintendent. State attorney general • is the chief legal officer for the All of these officials serve four-year terms state and the head of the Department of Law. of office, except for the five members of the Public Service Commission, who serve six-year Commissioner of agriculture is the head of the Agricul- • terms. ture Department. The commissioner directs agricultural or agribusiness programs, maintains state farmers’ markets, Appointed Officials, Boards, supervises services such as inspections, and expands mar- and Commissions ket opportunities for Georgia agriculture. In addition to the officials named in the • Commissioner of labor is the head of the Labor Depart- Georgia constitution, there are a large number ment. The labor commissioner regulates the health and of government officials known as statutory offi- safety of workers, enforces state labor laws, administers cials. Their positions are not provided for in the unemployment insurance programs, and maintains statisti- state’s constitution, nor are they are elected cal data on labor. officials. But their jobs are called for by statute (law). These officials are appointed either by the • Commissioner of insurance regulates insurance carri- governor or by the head or directing boards of ers and issues insurance licenses. the department in which they serve. For ex- ample, the chief drug inspector is appointed by • Public service commissioners regulate utilities in Geor- the commissioner of agriculture. gia and control the rates and services of transportation com- Another sector of Georgia’s government are panies, telephone companies, and electric companies. the boards and agencies that were created by the state constitution or by statute. Look again • Secretary of state maintains the state’s official records, at Figure 60 on page 531. You can see that there publishes laws passed by the legislature, supervises elec- are over thirty major agencies in our govern- tions, appoints examining boards, grants corporate charters, ment. The State Board of Pardons and Paroles, and regulates securities, stocks, and bonds. the Board of Natural Resources, and the State Personnel Board are examples of governing State school superintendent is the head of the Depart- • boards created by Georgia’s constitution. The ment of Education. The superintendent directs statewide Board of Human Resources and the Board of educational programs, enforces state education regulations Public Safety were created by state statute. Mem- and laws, administers state and federal education funds, bers of most boards are appointed by the gov- certifies and licenses teachers and other educators, and ernor. Usually, board members have staggered approves textbooks for use in Georgia schools. terms of office so that the terms of all members do not expire at the same time. Did You Know? IIt’st’s YYourour TTurnurn In 1997, Governor Zell Miller 1. How many consecutive terms can a Georgia governor serve? appointed Georgia’s first 2. What are the three classifications of the governor’s formal black state attorney general, powers? Thurbert E. Baker. 3. How does the lieutenant governor affect senate legislation? ? 4. Who is electedt to head the Georgia Department of Education? 534 Chapter 15: Government of the Empire State ★ ★ ★American★ Spotlight★★ JimmyJimmy CarterCarter

In the history of our nation, only one Georgian has served ★ ★as president of our country—James Earl “Jimmy” Carter, Jr. Carter was born in Plains on October 1, 1924. He grew up on the family farm at nearby Archery and attended the public schools of Plains. In 1946, he married a neighbor, Rosalynn Smith. Carter graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy at Annapolis in 1946 and served in the Navy for seven years. In 1954, Carter resigned his Navy commis- ★ sion to return to Plains and take over the family’s ware- ★house and cotton gin businesses and a peanut farm. In 1962, Carter was elected to the Georgia senate and elected governor in 1970. As governor, his emphasis was on ecology, efficiency in government, and the removal of racial barriers. He completely re-organized the state gov- ernment and reduced the number of state agencies. In 1974, Carter announced his candidacy for president ★ of the United States and began a two-year campaign across ★the country. Few gave the unknown governor from Georgia much of a chance, but he campaigned tirelessly on a plat- form of revival and reform in the Democratic party. Carter Above: Jimmy Carter waves from a train at Plains depot. defeated President Gerald R. Ford in November 1976 and served one term in office. ratification of the Panama Canal treaties and established During Carter’s term as president, he established a na- full diplomatic relations with the People’s Republic of China. tional energy policy, completed major civil service reforms, He also championed worldwide human rights. expanded the national park system, deregulated the truck- However, in 1979, militants took control of the★ U.S. ing and airline industries, and created the Department of Embassy in Iran and seized 52 Americans, holding them ★Education. Carter also appointed record numbers of women, captive for fourteen months. Iran did not release the hos- blacks, and Hispanics to government positions. However, tages until 1981 on the day that Carter left office. domestic economic problems plagued his term. Inflation Following his term as president, Carter returned to his and interest rates were extremely high, and his efforts to native Georgia where he established, in partnership with reduce them created a short-term recession. Long gaso- Emory University, the Carter Center. The Carter Center is line lines and high prices make the public uneasy. committed to human rights and the easing of human suf- In foreign policy, Carter will probably be best remembered fering. It attempts to resolve conflicts, enhance★ freedom for the 1978 Camp David Peace Accords between Israel and democracy, and improve health worldwide. Carter has ★and Egypt, the first peace treaty between Israel and an Arab been an active leader internationally since 1981 working neighboring state. His perseverance in the face of obstacles to monitor free elections throughout the world and to work to the peace efforts illustrate the Georgia character edu- toward peace in resolving national conflicts. He received cation term for this chapter. He obtained congressional the Nobel Peace Prize in 2002 for his many efforts. ★★★Section 1: The★ Executive Branch of State★ Government ★535