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How Russia Tried to Start a Race War in the United States
Michigan Journal of Race and Law Volume 24 2019 Virtual Hatred: How Russia Tried to Start a Race War in the United States William J. Aceves California Western School of Law Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjrl Part of the Communications Law Commons, Internet Law Commons, and the Law and Race Commons Recommended Citation William J. Aceves, Virtual Hatred: How Russia Tried to Start a Race War in the United States, 24 MICH. J. RACE & L. 177 (2019). Available at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjrl/vol24/iss2/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Michigan Journal of Race and Law by an authorized editor of University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. VIRTUAL HATRED: HOW RUSSIA TRIED TO START A RACE WAR in the UNITED STATES William J. Aceves* During the 2016 U.S. presidential election, the Russian government engaged in a sophisticated strategy to influence the U.S. political system and manipulate American democracy. While most news reports have focused on the cyber-attacks aimed at Democratic Party leaders and possible contacts between Russian officials and the Trump presidential campaign, a more pernicious intervention took place. Throughout the campaign, Russian operatives created hundreds of fake personas on social media platforms and then posted thousands of advertisements and messages that sought to promote racial divisions in the United States. This was a coordinated propaganda effort. -
Hate Speech and Persecution: a Contextual Approach
V anderbilt Journal of Transnational Law VOLUME 46 March 2013 NUMBER 2 Hate Speech and Persecution: A Contextual Approach Gregory S. Gordon∗ ABSTRACT Scholarly work on atrocity-speech law has focused almost exclusively on incitement to genocide. But case law has established liability for a different speech offense: persecution as a crime against humanity (CAH). The lack of scholarship regarding this crime is puzzling given a split between the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia on the issue of whether hate speech alone can serve as an actus reus for CAH-persecution. This Article fills the gap in the literature by analyzing the split between the two tribunals and concluding that hate speech alone may be the basis for CAH- persecution charges. First, this is consistent with precedent going as far back as the Nuremberg trials. Second, it takes into account the CAH requirement that the speech be uttered as part of a widespread or systematic attack against a civilian population. Third, the defendant must be aware that his speech ∗ Associate Professor of Law, University of North Dakota School of Law, and Director, UND Center for Human Rights and Genocide Studies; former Prosecutor, International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda; J.D., UC Berkeley School of Law. The author would like to thank his research assistants, Lilie Schoenack and Moussa Nombre, for outstanding work. The piece also benefited greatly from the insights of Kevin Jon Heller, Joseph Rikhof, and Benjamin Brockman-Hawe. Thanks, as always, to my family, especially my wife, whose incredible support made this article possible. -
“Not Worth the Risk” Threats to Free Expression Ahead of Kenya’S 2017 Elections
“Not Worth the Risk” Threats to Free Expression Ahead of Kenya’s 2017 Elections HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH “Not Worth the Risk” Threats to Free Expression Ahead of Kenya’s 2017 Elections Copyright © 2017 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 978-1-6231-34761 Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch defends the rights of people worldwide. We scrupulously investigate abuses, expose the facts widely, and pressure those with power to respect rights and secure justice. Human Rights Watch is an independent, international organization that works as part of a vibrant movement to uphold human dignity and advance the cause of human rights for all. Human Rights Watch is an international organization with staff in more than 40 countries, and offices in Amsterdam, Beirut, Berlin, Brussels, Chicago, Geneva, Goma, Johannesburg, London, Los Angeles, Moscow, Nairobi, New York, Paris, San Francisco, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto, Tunis, Washington DC, and Zurich. For more information, please visit our website: http://www.hrw.org ARTICLE 19 Eastern Africa is an independent not-for profit organization that promotes freedom of expression and access to information as a fundamental human right as well as an empowerment right. ARTICLE 19 Eastern Africa was registered in Kenya in 2007 as an affiliate of ARTICLE 19 international. ARTICLE 19 Eastern African has over the past 10 years implemented projects that included policy and legislative advocacy on media and access to information laws and review of public service media policies and regulations. The organization has also implemented capacity building programmes for journalists on safety and protection and for a select civil society organisation to engage with United Nations (UN) and African Union (AU) mechanisms in 14 countries in Eastern Africa. -
The Bank of the European Union (Sabine Tissot) the Authors Do Not Accept Responsibility for the 1958-2008 • 1958-2008 • 1958-2008 Translations
The book is published and printed in Luxembourg by 1958-2008 • 1958-2008 • 1958-2008 1958-2008 • 1958-2008 • 1958-2008 15, rue du Commerce – L-1351 Luxembourg 3 (+352) 48 00 22 -1 5 (+352) 49 59 63 1958-2008 • 1958-2008 • 1958-2008 U [email protected] – www.ic.lu The history of the European Investment Bank cannot would thus mobilise capital to promote the cohesion be dissociated from that of the European project of the European area and modernise the economy. 1958-2008 • 1958-2008 • 1958-2008 The EIB yesterday and today itself or from the stages in its implementation. First These initial objectives have not been abandoned. (cover photographs) broached during the inter-war period, the idea of an 1958-2008 • 1958-2008 • 1958-2008 The Bank’s history symbolised by its institution for the financing of major infrastructure in However, today’s EIB is very different from that which 1958-2008 • 1958-2008 • 1958-2008 successive headquarters’ buildings: Europe resurfaced in 1949 at the time of reconstruction started operating in 1958. The Europe of Six has Mont des Arts in Brussels, and the Marshall Plan, when Maurice Petsche proposed become that of Twenty-Seven; the individual national 1958-2008 • 1958-2008 • 1958-2008 Place de Metz and Boulevard Konrad Adenauer the creation of a European investment bank to the economies have given way to the ‘single market’; there (West and East Buildings) in Luxembourg. Organisation for European Economic Cooperation. has been continuous technological progress, whether 1958-2008 • 1958-2008 • 1958-2008 in industry or financial services; and the concerns of The creation of the Bank was finalised during the European citizens have changed. -
Speech, Crime and Law Course Code: SLGC2LP2
School of Law, Governance and Citizenship Ambedkar University, Delhi Course Outline: Speech, Crime and Law Course Code: SLGC2LP208 Title: Speech, Crime and Law Cohort for which it is compulsory: None Cohort for which it is elective: M.A. in Law Politics and Society No of Credits: 4 Semester and Year Offered: 3rd Semester course for M.A 2nd year students (Monsoon Sem 2018) Course Coordinator and Team: Anushka Singh Email of course coordinator: [email protected] Pre-requisites: None Course Aim: Political philosophy in its quest for theorizing human existence has often dwelled upon the idea of political which is assumed to be intrinsic to human beings. This immanence of political within human beings is more often than not, attributed to the fact that human beings possess speech hence are capable of deliberation and decision making which forms the core of the activity of politics. Speech, therefore, emerges both as a constitutive and an enabling right. One of the central concerns of the rights discourse in liberal-democratic societies has been the issue of free speech. The concern however, more often than not, takes form of the binary debate between right to and restrictions on freedom of expression. This course, while keeping the centrality of this debate intact, aims to engage with the question of speech and harm. The course explores the critical location of speech within human society and politics by placing it within the discourse of restriction on and criminalization of speech. A brief description of the Course: The course offers to explore the criticality of speech while juxtaposing the idea of speech as a right with the notion of speech as harm to identify and conceptualize those forms of expressions that are criminalized in a society. -
The Hartford Guidelines on Speech Crimes in International Criminal Law
The Hartford Guidelines on Speech Crimes in International Criminal Law The Hartford Guidelines on Speech Crimes in International Criminal Law Richard Ashby Wilson and Matthew Gillett Colophon This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) - creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ISBN: 978-94-6345-389-9 Published by Peace and Justice Initiative www.peaceandjusticeinitiative.org [email protected] For more information contact: Richard Ashby Wilson School of Law, University of Connecticut 65 Elizabeth Street Hartford, Connecticut 06105 USA [email protected] Matthew Gillett Peace and Justice Initiative, The Hague the Netherlands [email protected] Cover photo: People gather as Serbian Radical Party (SRS) ultra-nationalist leader Vojislav Šešelj (C) gives a speech during a anti-government demonstration, protest- ing ICTY's decision for Radovan Karadžić on March 24, 2016 after Radovan Karadžić trial at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in The Hague of Netherlands. Cover design, layout and typesetting by Robin Berghuijs Printing by multicopy.nl This book is typeset in Freight Text Pro and Freight Sans Pro. Richard Ashby Wilson and Matthew Gillett gratefully acknowledge the support of The Peace and Justice Initiative (The Hague) and The Humanities Institute, The Human Rights Institute, and the School of Law of the University of Connecticut. This work was also supported in part through a visiting scholarship for Richard A. Wilson from the Russell Sage Foundation. Any opinions expressed are those of the authors and should not be construed as representing the opinions of any of the spon- soring organizations. -
Future of Europe
FUTURE OF EUROPE The White Paper process: from Rome to the European Parliament elections in 2019 The White Paper on the Future of Europe was presented by President Juncker on 1 March. It marks the beginning of a process for the EU27 to decide on the future of their Union. A series of ‘Future of Europe Dialogues’ will be held across Europe’s cities and regions. As part of the White Paper process, the Commission will also present a series of five Reflection Papers on key themes for Europe’s future. President Juncker’s State of the Union Speech in September 2017 will take these ideas forward before first conclusions could be drawn at the December 2017 European Council. This will help to decide on a course of action to be rolled out in time for the European Parliament elections in June 2019. 01/03 March 2017 Commission White Paper on the Future of Europe 09/03 - 10/03 European Council / Meeting of EU27 25/03 Rome Summit at the event of the 60th anniversary of the Treaties of Rome 26/04 April European Pillar of Social Rights, accompanied by initiatives on access to social protection, the revision of the Written Statement Directive, the implementation of the Working Time Directive and the challenges of work-life balance faced by working families April Commission reflection paper on the social dimension of Europe 29/04 Extraordinary European Council May May Commission reflection paper on harnessing globalisation May Commission reflection paper on the deepening of the Economic and Monetary Union 26/05 - 27/05 G7 Summit, Taormina, Italy June June -
Marica Karakaš Obradov Croatian Institute of History Zagreb, Croatia
STUDIA HUMANISTYCZNO-SPOŁECZNE (HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL STUDIES) 13 Edited by Radosław Kubicki and Wojciech Saletra 2016 Marica Karakaš Obradov Croatian Institute of History Zagreb, Croatia MIGRATIONS OF THE CROATS DURING AND IMMEDIATELY AFTER WORLD WAR II Introduction In the “dark decade” between 1939 to 1949, which was marked by the World War II, an exceptionally large number of people in Europe was ,,on the move“. Around 60 million pople were migrating in different directions, most of them within Central and Eastern Europe. Immediately after the war, 20 million people were displaced.1 During that period, all national/ethnic groups in Croatia were affected by different kinds of migration. As regards minorities, German and Italian populations were especially affected by migrations, Hungarian to a lesser extent. These minorities had a signifi- cant share in the overall population. Smaller national/ethnic groups, such as Czechs2, Poles and Jews3 were also moving after the war.4 Serb population was the target of the NDH revenge, as a reaction to the oppression against the Croats in the Yugoslav 1 D. Stola, Forced Migrations in Central European History, “International Migration Re- view”, no. 2, 1992, p. 330; M. Mesić, Izbjeglice i izbjegličke studije (Uvod u problematiku), “Revija za socijalnu poltiku”, no. 2, 1994, pp. 113-123. 2 S. Selinić, Jugoslovensko-čehoslovački odnosi 1945–1955, Beograd 2010, pp. 333-351. 3 During the war, some Jews from Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina saved themselves by fleeing to safer areas, and some were spared, because they were in the so-called mixed mar- riages. Some individuals were awarded the status of the so-called „Honorary Aryan“ for „hav- ing obliged the Croatian people“, in the opinion of represetatives of the Ustasha authorities. -
Internationale International ^^^^^^^.^ Court
ICC-01/09-01/11-74 02-05-2011 1/22 CB PT Cour Pénale ^ ^-^\ Internationale International ^^^^^^^.^ Criminal Court Original: English No.: ICC-01/09-01/11 Date: 2 May 2011 PRE-TRIAL CHAMBER II Before: Judge Ekateiina Trendafilova, Single Judge SITUATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF KENYA IN THE CASE OF THE PROSECUTOR V. WILLIAM SAMOEI RUTO, HENRY KIPRONO KOSGEY AND JOSHUA ARAP SANG Public Document Decision on the "Prosecution's Application for leave to Appeal the 'Decision Setting the Regime for Evidence Disclosure and Other Related Matters' (ICC-01/09-01/11-44)" No. ICC-01/09-01/11 1/22 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/7ea8aa/2 May 2011 ICC-01/09-01/11-74 02-05-2011 2/22 CB PT Decision to be notified, in accordance with regulation 31 of the Regulations of the Court, to: The Office of the Prosecutor Counsel for William Samoei Ruto Luis Moreno-Ocampo, Prosecutor Joseph Kipchumba Kigen-Katwa, David Fatou Bensouda, Deputy Prosecutor Hooper and Kioko Kilukumi Musau Counsel for Henry Kiprono Kosgey George Odinga Oraro Counsel for Joshua Arap Sang Joseph Kipchumba Kigen-Katwa Legal Representatives of the Victims Legal Representatives of the Applicants Unrepresented Victims Unrepresented Applicants for Participation/Reparation The Office of Public Counsel for The Office of Public Counsel for the Victims Defence States Representatives Amicus Curiae REGISTRY Registrar & Deputy Registrar Defence Support Section Silvana Arbia, Registrar Didier Preira, Deputy-Registrar Victims and Witnesses Unit Detention Section Victims Participation and Reparations Other Section No. ICC-01/09-01/11 2/22 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/7ea8aa/2 May 2011 ICC-01/09-01/11-74 02-05-2011 3/22 CB PT Judge Ekaterina Trendafilova, acting as Single Judge on behalf of Pre-Trial Chamber II (the ''Chamber'')^ of the International Criminal Court (the "Court''), hereby renders the decision on the "Prosecution's Application for leave to Appeal the 'Decision Setting the Regime for Evidence Disclosure and Other Related Matters' (ICC-01/09- 01/ll-44)"2 (the "Application"). -
A Statistical Portrait of Croatia in the European Union
A statistical portrait ofCroatia in the European Union 1 July 2013 28 A statistical portrait of Croatia in the European Union 1 July 2013 A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the National and University Library in Zagreb under 847054 ISBN 978-953-273-051-7 © Croatian Bureau of Statistics, 2013 Reproduction of content other than photos is authorised, provided that the source is acknowledged. Those using data from this publication are requested to state the source: ‘A statistical portrait of Croatia in the European Union, 1 July 2013’ Cover illustration: © Croatian Bureau of Statistics Photos: chapters 1, 3, 6, 7, 8 © Andrew Redpath; Cover, key data and chapters 2, 5, 9, 10, 11 and 13 © Simon Allen; chapter 4 © Vlado Bartolić; chapter 12 and annex © Marianne Iđaković Reproduction of photos is allowed for non-commercial purposes and within the sole context of this publication. Typeset in Calibri. Foreword Zagreb 1 July 2013 This publication —A statistical portrait of Croatia in the European Union — provides a wide range of statistical analysis showing the place of Croatia within the European Union (EU) on the day of its accession. The data presented include economic, social and environmental statistics providing an overview of the position of Croatia with respect to the 27 other members of the European Union and the EU candidate countries. As well as becoming the 28th member of the European Union, Croatia has applied to become a member of the European economic area (EEA); beyond the 28 EU Member States the EEA includes three of the four countries of the European free trade area (EFTA) and so this publication also includes data for the EFTA countries. -
CROATIAN ACCESSION to the EUROPEAN UNION Economic and Legal Challenges CROATIAN ACCESSION to the EUROPEAN UNION Economic and Legal Challenges
CROATIAN ACCESSION TO THE EUROPEAN UNION Economic and legal challenges CROATIAN ACCESSION TO THE EUROPEAN UNION Economic and legal challenges Editor Katarina Ott Institute of Public Finance Friedrich Ebert Stiftung Zagreb Publishers Institute of Public Finance, Zagreb, Katanèiæeva 5 http://www.ijf.hr Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Zagreb, Medvešèak 10 http://www.fes.hr For publishers Katarina Ott Rüdiger Pintar Editor Katarina Ott English translation Graham McMaster Cover design Vesna Ibrišimoviæ Copies 1000 Design and Print Gipa Zagreb d.o.o., Zagreb, Magazinska 11 CIP - Katalogizacija u publikaciji Nacionalna i sveuèilišna knjinica - Zagreb UDK 339.923(497.5:4-67 EU)(082) 061.1(497.5:4-67 EU)(082) CROATIAN accession to the European Union : economic and legal challenges /editor Katarina Ott ; <English translation Graham McMaster>. - Zagreb : Institute of Public Finance : Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, 2003. Izv. stv. nasl.: Pridruivanje Hrvatske Europskoj uniji. ISBN 953-6047-30-6 (Institut). - ISBN 953-7043-05-3 (Zaklada) 1. Ott, Katarina I. Europska unija — Hrvatska — Gospodarska prilagodba 430314079 CONTENTS Authors vii Foreword xii Acknowledgements xiv Abbreviations xv 1. Croatian accession to the European Union: economic and legal challenges 1 Katarina Ott 2. Macroeconomic aspects of Croatia’s accession to the European Union 25 Dubravko Mihaljek 3. Banking and financial matters on Croatia’s road to the European Union 67 Velimir Šonje 4. Comparison and harmonisation of the Croatian tax system with the tax systems in the European Union 89 Hrvoje Arbutina, Danijela Kuliš, Mihaela Pitareviæ 5. State aid in the European Union and Croatia 113 Marina Kesner-Škreb, Mia Mikiæ 6. The European Union as determinant of Croatian trade policy 139 Ana-Maria Boromisa, Mia Mikiæ 7. -
Major Research Paper Uhuru Kenyatta Vs. The
1 Major Research Paper Uhuru Kenyatta vs. The International Criminal Court: Narratives of Injustice & Solidarity Stefanie Hodgins Student Number: 5562223 Supervisor: Professor Rita Abrahamsen University of Ottawa Graduate School of Public and International Affairs Date: July 23rd, 2015 2 Abstract The intent of this paper is to explore the dominant narratives used by Uhuru Kenyatta to discredit the legitimacy of the International Criminal Court within Kenya and Africa. Using a framing analysis as a theoretical approach, this paper identified four primary arguments, which pertained to issues of neo-colonialism, sovereignty, ethnic polarization, and national reconciliation. This paper argues that these arguments supported narratives of injustice and solidarity and were evoked by Kenyatta in order to mobilize a domestic and regional support base throughout the course of his trial at The Hague. This paper examines how these narratives were used in the context of the 2013 Kenyan election and at Kenyatta's various appearances at the African Union. Overall, this analysis offers new insights into the effectiveness of global criminal justice and considers the importance of addressing local perceptions and realities. 3 Table of Contents 1.0 - Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 4 2.0 - Theoretical and Methodological Approach ..................................................................................... 7 3.0 - Kenya's 2007-08 Post-Election