Muck Vegetable Cultivar Trial & Research Report 2010
M.R. McDonald S. Janse L. Riches M. Tesfaendrias K. Vander Kooi
Office of Research & Muck Crops Dept. of Plant Agriculture Research Station Report No. 60 Kettleby, Ontario Research and Cultivar Trial Report for 2010
University of Guelph Office of Research & Department of Plant Agriculture Muck Crops Research Station
1125 Woodchoppers Lane R.R. # 1 Kettleby, Ontario L0G 1J0 Phone (905) 775-3783 Fax: (905) 775-4546
www.uoguelph.ca/muckcrop/
INDEX Page
Index ...... 1-3 Staff ...... 4 Co-operators ...... 5 Seed Sources – 2010 ...... 6 Legend of Seed Sources ...... 7 Introduction and Acknowledgements ...... 8 Weather Data: Precipitation ...... 10-11 Mean Temperature ...... 12-13 Extreme Temperature ...... 14-15 Growing Degree Days ...... 16
RESEARCH PROJECTS
Carrots
1. Comparison of Various Insecticide Seed Treatments and Foliar Sprays for Control of Damage by Carrot Rust Fly & Carrot Weevil in Carrots, 2010 ...... 18-20 2. Evaluation of Various Coloured Carrots for Susceptibility to Cavity Spot, 2010 ...... 21-23 3. Evaluation of Fungicides on Carrot Inoculated with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum for Sclerotinia Rot of Carrot Disease Control, 2009-2010 ...... 24-25 4. Evaluation of Ranman for Control of Cavity Spot on Carrots, 2010 ...... 26-27 5. Evaluation of Fungicides and Canopy Trimming to Manage Sclerotinia Rot of Carrot, 2010 ...... 28-29 6. Detection of Ascospores of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Provides Accurate Timing for Managing Sclerotinia Rot of Carrot...... 30-31 7. Comparison of Various Carrot Cultivars Inoculated with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum for Resistance to Sclerotinia Rot of Carrot, 2009-2010 ...... 32-33 8. Demonstration of Carrot Foliage Trimming Technology for the Control and Management of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Sclerotinia Rot of Carrots in Ontario, 2010 ...... 34-35 9. Herbicide Tolerance in Carrots and Celery, 2009 ...... 36 10. Evaluation of Different Coloured Carrots for Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity, 2009 ...... 37-39
…/continued
RESEARCH PROJECTS – continued Page
Cole Crops
11. Evaluation of Various Soil-Applied Insecticides for Control of Insect Pests of Cauliflower, 2010 ...... 40-41 12. Evaluation of Silver-Based Fungicides for Control of Black Leaf Spot (Alternaria brassicicola) and Downy Mildew (Personospora parasitica) on Cauliflower and Broccoli, 2010 ...... 42-44 13. Comparison of Various Broccoli, Green & Napa Cabbage Cultivars for Resistance & Susceptibility to Clubroot, 2010 ...... 45-47 14. Evaluation of Biofungicides & Fungicides for Clubroot Control on Shanghai Pak Choi, 2010 ...... 48-49 15. Efficacy of Biofungicides & Fungicides for the Reduction of Clubroot Incidence and Severity in Napa Cabbage, 2010 ...... 50-51
Onion
16. Evaluation of Various Seed Treatments for Control of Onion Maggot in Yellow Cooking Onions, 2010 ...... 52-54 17. Comparison of Products to Control Onion Thrips in Large Plot Field Trials, 2010 ...... 55-57 18. Evaluation of Rancona Seed Treatments for Control of Onion Smut in Yellow Cooking Onions, 2010 ...... 58-60 19. Evaluation of Various Seed Treatments for Control of Onion Smut in Yellow Cooking Onions, 2010 ...... 61-63 20. Evaluation of Phostrol for Control of Downy Mildew (Peronospora destructor) in Onions, 2010 ...... 64-65 21. Comparison of Various Rates of Experimental Fungicides for Control of Downy Mildew (Peronospora destructor) in Onions, 2010 ...... 66-67 22. Comparison of Various Onion Cultivars for Resistance to Downy Mildew (Peronospora destructor) in Onions, 2010 ...... 68-69 23. Comparison of Various Fungicides for Control of Downy Mildew (Peronospora destructor) in Onions, 2010 ...... 70-72 24. Onion Herbicide Performance, 2010 ...... 73-74 25. Phosphorus Management in Organic (Muck) Soil, Small Scale (Tarp) Plots, 2010 ...... 75-77 26. Phosphorus Management in Organic (Muck) Soil, Large Scale Plots, 2010 ...... 78-83 27. Evaluation of Phosphorus Requirements on Organic (Muck) Soil, 2010 ...... 84-87 28. Phosphorus Management in Organic (Muck) Soil and Storage Quality, 2009-2010 ...... 88-89 29. Evaluation of Crop Nutrition on Onion Total Phenolic Content and Total Antioxidant Activity, 2009 ...... 90-91
Canola
30. Evaluation of Biofungicides and Fungicides on Incidence and Clubroot Symptom Development in Canola at Different Seeding Dates, 2010 ...... 92-93 31. Potential for Seed Transmission of Plasmodiophora brassicae Inoculum on Canola Seeds, 2010 ...... 94-95 32. Host Screening of Plasmodiophora brassicae for Resistance and Susceptibility, 2010 ...... 96-97 33. Assessing the Disease Reaction of Brassica Lines to Plasmodiophora brassicae Pathotype 3, 2010 ...... 98-99 34. Influence of Temperature and pH on Incidence and Severity of Clubroot in Canola Grown in Controlled Environment Trials, 2010 ...... 100-103 35. Evaluation of Boron Formulations for the Control of Clubroot on Canola, 2010 ...... 104-108
Miscellaneous
36. Evaluation of Phostrol for Control of Downy Mildew (Peronospora farinosa) on Spinach, 2010 ...... 109 37. Evaluation of an Experimental Fungicide for Control of Sclerotinia Drop on Inoculated Lettuce, 2010 ...... 110-111 38. Evaluation of Fungicides for Control of Downy Mildew (Bremia lactucae) on Lettuce, 2010 ...... 112-114 39. Evaluation of Fungicides and Their Rates for Control of Downy Mildew (Bremia lactucae) on Lettuce, 2010 ...... 115-117
…/continued RESEARCH PROJECTS – continued Page
40. Evaluation of Biological Fungicide for Control of White Mould on Inoculated Snap Beans, 2010 ...... 118-119 41. Tolerance of Leeks to Herbicides, 2010 ...... 120 42. Efficacy of Residual Herbicides on Muck Soil, 2010...... 121 43. Evaluation of Crop Phosphorus Requirements on Organic (Muck) Soil, 2009-2010 ...... 122-125 44. The Effect of Phoslock Slurry in Greenhouse Grown Vegetables, 2009-2010 ...... 126-129 45. The Effect of Irrigation Water Containing Phoslock on Muck Vegetables in the Holland Marsh, 2010 ...... 130-134
Integrated Pest Management
46. The 2010 IPM Program of the Muck Crops Research Station ...... 136-145
CULTIVAR TRIALS
Carrot -Seasonal Summary ...... 148-149 -Management Procedures ...... 150-153 -Main ...... 154-161 -Main Evaluation Notes ...... 162-165 -Long Term Averages ...... 166-167 -Adaptation ...... 169-171 -Adaptation Evaluation Notes ...... 172-173 -Storage Trial 2009-2010 ...... 174-175 -Storage Trial Evaluation Notes ...... 176-177 -Long Term Averages Storage ...... 178-179
Onion – Yellow -Seasonal Summary ...... 180-181 -Management Procedures ...... 182-185 -Main ...... 186-194 -Main Evaluation Notes ...... 195-200 -Long Term Averages ...... 202-203 -Storage Trial 2009-2010 ...... 204-206 -Storage Trial Evaluation Notes ...... 207-209 -Long Term Averages Storage ...... 210-211 STAFF - 2010
UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH Office of Research & Department of Plant Agriculture
MUCK CROPS RESEARCH STATION
Shawn Janse Research Station Manager
Mary Ruth McDonald, Ph.D., P.Ag. Research Scientist
Kevin Vander Kooi Agricultural Technician
Laura Riches Research Assistant
Miško Mitrović Research Assistant
Michael Tesfaendrias Research Associate
Jessica Levesque Research Assistant
Dennis VanDyk Research Assistant
Seasonal Contracts:
Alexandra Segouin Summer Assistant Ellen Letts Summer Assistant Colin Adema Summer Assistant David Klic Summer Assistant Alex Grant Summer Experience
Graduate Students:
Monica Parker Department of Plant Agriculture Abhinanden Deora Department of Plant Agriculture Hema Kasinathan Department of Plant Agriculture
IPM Supervisor: Scouts:
Michael Tesfaendrias Bailey Pollock Shane Roberts
CO-OPERATING COMPANIES
Special thanks for supplying seed used in many of the research projects at the Muck Crops Research Station.
Stokes Seed Ltd Jim Robinson Bejo Jan Van Der Heide
CO-OPERATING RESEARCH STAFF - EDUCATION/RESEARCH/GOVERNMENT
Clarence Swanton Dept. of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada Kevin Chandler Dept. of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada Greg Boland Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada Ivan O’Halloran Ridgetown Collage, University of Guelph, Ridgetown, Ontario, Canada Donna Speranzini Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Rural Affairs, Guelph, Ontario Christoph Kessel Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Rural Affairs, Guelph, Ontario Bruce Gossen Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, Canada Gary Peng Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, Canada Alan Taylor Dept. Horticultural Science, Cornell University, New York, U.S.A. Phil Simon University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A. Mike Walters Lake Simcoe Region Conservation Authority, Newmarket, Ontario
CO-OPERATING RESEARCH STAFF - INDUSTRY/PRIVATE SECTOR
Greg Patterson A & L Canada Laboratories Inc, London, Ontario, Canada Jeff Holmes Holmes Agro Ltd, Orangeville, Ontario, Canada Jim Behm FMC Corp., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Trevor Kraus BASF Canada, London, Ontario, Canada Beth Conner Valent Canada Inc, Guelph, Ontario, Canada Jennifer Foster Syngenta Crop Protection, Guelph, Ontario, Canada Michael Harding Innovotech Inc, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Pamela Livingston DuPont Canada, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada Neil Carter Engage Agro, Guelph, Ontario, Canada SEED SOURCES - 2010 - CULTIVAR TRIALS
Bejo Bejo Seeds Inc., 1088 Healey Road, Geneva, New York, 14456, U.S.A. Tel: (308) 789-4155
Cro Crookham Company, P O Box 520, Caldwell, Indiana, 83606, U.S.A. Tel: (208) 459-7451
Nun Nunhems, 8850 59th Avenue N.E., Brooks, Oregon, 97305, U.S.A. Tel: (503) 393-3243
Nor Norseco Inc, 2914 Boulevard Cure-Labelle, Laval, Quebec, H7P 5R9, Canada Tel: (514) 332-2275
RZ Rijk Zwaan Export B.V., P.O. Box 40, 2678, 2G Delier, Holland Tel: 0174-532300
Sem Seminis Vegetable Seeds, 2700 Camino Del Sol, Oxnard, California, 93030, U.S.A. Tel: (866) 334-1056
Sol Solar Seeds Inc., Box 1158, Bradford, Ontario, L3Z 2B5, Canada Tel: (800) 227-7687
Sto Stokes Seed Ltd., 296 Collier Rd, Box 10, Thorold, Ontario, L2V 5E9, Canada Tel: (800) 396-9238
Tak American Takii Inc., 301 Natividad Rd., Salinas, California, 93906, U.S.A. Tel: (408) 443-4901
UNF Coop Uniforce, 291 rue Cooperative, Sherrington, Quebec, J0L 2N0, Canada Tel: (450) 454-3986
Vil Vilmorin Inc., 2551 N Dragoon Street # 131, Tucson, Arizona, 85745, U.S.A. Tel: (520) 884-0011
We would like to thank our seed suppliers for the various cultivar trial submissions in 2010. LEGEND OF SEED SOURCES
A&C Abbott & Cobb Inc. Pol Polonica International
Aris Aristogenes Inc. Rio Rio Colorado Seeds Inc.
Asg Asgrow Seed Co. Rog Rogers Seed
BBI Bakker Brothers of Idaho, Inc. RS Royal Sluis Inc.
Bejo Bejo Seeds Inc. RZ Rijk Zwaan Export B.V.
BO Brinker-Orsetti Seed Co. Sak Sakata Seed America Inc.
Car Cardinal Seed Co. Inc. SC Seed Science Inc.
Chr Chriseed Sham Shamrock Seed Co.
Cro Crookham Company Sem Seminis Vegetable Seeds
CS Campbell Soup Co. Sieg Siegers Seed Co.
CU Cornell University Sol Solar Seed Co.
DF Daehnfeldt Sto Stokes Seeds Ltd.
E.J. Erie James Ltd. Sun Sun Seeds
FAIR Fairbanks Selected Seed Co. SW Seedworks
FM Ferry-Morse Seed Co. Swy Seedway Inc.
FFS Fred Fuller Seeds Tak American Takii Inc.
HM Harris Moran Seeds Toz A. L. Tozer Ltd.
Nor Norseco Inc. Wis University of Wisconsin
Nun Nunhems USA Inc VDH Vanderhave
NZ Nickerson-Zwaan B.V. UNF Co-op Uniforce
Pal D. Palmer Seed Co. Inc. Vil Vilmorin Inc.
PETO Petoseed Co. ZW Zwaan Seeds, Inc INTRODUCTION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The Muck Crops Research Station, as part of the Department of Plant Agriculture and the Office of Research, University of Guelph is responsible for conducting and coordinating research projects to solve problems in the production of vegetables grown in organic soils. The Ontario Root, Bulb & Leafy Vegetable Research and Services Subcommittee representing researchers, industry, growers and crop advisors, makes recommendations for research on an annual basis.
In 2010, Muck Crops Research Station staff conducted, and/or co-operated on research projects with researchers from the Department of Plant Agriculture and School of Environmental Sciences at the University of Guelph; researchers from OMAFRA, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, and Cornell, Wisconsin and California State Universities; research departments of the Crop Production Chemical Industry, numerous seed companies, and growers.
This report consists of two sections; the first contains highlights of research projects which were conducted in 2010 under the supervision of Professor Mary Ruth McDonald and other researchers at the University of Guelph. The second section contains highlights of various muck crops cultivar evaluations in 2010 in-field and storage trials, under the supervision of the Research Station Manager, Shawn Janse. The results published in this report should be treated as a progress report. Some of the chemicals used in the trials are not registered for use on the crops they were applied to. Additional trials may be necessary before firm conclusions and recommendations can be made.
The Muck Crops Research Station is an active participant in the training of new researchers on muck vegetables through the Graduate Student Program of the University of Guelph. Presently the Muck Crops Research Station has three M.Sc. graduate students; one PhD graduate student and one Post Doctoral Fellow working on muck vegetables.
The Muck Crops Research Station continues to conduct research to assist in the future registration of chemicals for muck vegetables. Recently, research programs with Dr. Clarence Swanton has aided in the registration of Chateau herbicide for onions.
We would like to take this opportunity to express our sincere appreciation to the staff for their efforts in conducting these research projects, cultivar evaluation trials and producing this report. Many thanks also to all the co-operating researchers, technicians, industry personal, and growers for their continued support and interest in muck crops.
Mary Ruth McDonald, PhD Shawn Janse Professor Research Station Manager Department of Plant Agriculture Office of Research
Weather Data 2010 PRECIPITATION
Month 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Rain Snow Rain Snow Rain Snow Rain Snow Rain Snow Rain Snow mm cm mm cm mm cm mm cm mm cm mm cm
January 23 5 20 23 10 17 0 22 4 53 20 20
February 10 42 36 30 27 12 0 36 5 9 17 34
March 26 1 1 8.5 43 0 0 37 65 6 13 0
April 68 10 33 0 77 0 20 7 56 0 74 0
May 160 0 85 0 113 0 105 0 108 0 14 0
June 173 0 63 0 106 0 75 0 50 0 63 0
July 86 0 60 0 76 0 29 0 102 0 33 0
August 56 0 32 0 18 0 81 0 104 0 56 0
September 90 0 53 0 40 0 111 0 25 0 53 0
October 28 0 111 0 49 0 78 0 26 0 41 0
November 58 1 78 0 43 30 91 15 54 4 87 14
December 11 62 27 15 12 22 36 11 43 36 38 34
Annual 789 121 599 76 614 81 626 128 642 108 509 102 Total Precip. 910 675 695 754 750 611
LTA = Long Term Average for U of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture - Kettleby 1125 Woodchoppers Lane, R.R. #1, Kettleby, ON, L0G 1J0. 36 Years (1975-2010) PRECIPITATION
Month 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 LTA Rain Snow Rain Snow Rain Snow Rain Snow Rain Snow Rain Snow mm cm mm cm mm cm mm cm mm cm mm cm
January 32 17 21 29 27 22 0* 44 9* 21 18 29
February 25 21 6 33 31 56 48* 26 189* 33 20 24
March 15 3 24 10 19 47 56* 5 36* 0 30 15
April 44 2 54 0 44 0 105 0 12 0 54 4
May 65 0 43 0 56 0 117 0 52 0 73 0
June 64 0 29 0 68 0 49 0 170 0 77 0
July 72 0 27 0 137 0 135 0 146 0 85 0
August 41 0 33 0 62 0 89 0 74 0 79 0
September 174 0 40 0 81 0 51 0 95 0 83 0
October 102 0 32 0 54 0 62 0 60 0 67 1
November 67 0 54 20 30* 13 31 2 41 0 55 10
December 25 9 22 77 13* 63 46 9 61 72 25 29
Annual 726 52 385 169 622 201 789 86 775 126 666 111 Total Precip. 778 554 823 875 901 777
LTA = Long Term Average for U of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture - Kettleby * Data collected from Egbert, ON 1125 Woodchoppers Lane, R.R. #1, Kettleby, ON, L0G 1J0. 36 Years (1975-2010) MEAN TEMPERATURE (°C)
Month 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min.
January -1.8 -12.6 -1.3 -9.8 1.6 -5.1 -5.0 -15.1 -6.6 -17.1 -3.4 -13.7
February 0.9 -10.0 -0.4 -9.6 2.0 -7.6 -3.5 -15.2 0.0 -12.2 1.8 -9.1
March 8.8 -1.4 2.2 -6.0 4.0 -4.9 3.9 -8.9 5.2 -11.7 2.8 -5.9
April 10.4 0.6 13.2 1.3 10.9 1.8 10.2 -1.3 10.6 0.7 12.5 0.7
May 19.0 7.2 20.2 7.6 16.0 3.8 17.1 5.9 18.6 6.3 17.8 3.7
June 23.2 11.4 25.2 11.4 24.2 12.2 23.9 10.6 22.9 9.6 27.7 14.7
July 24.2 12.6 25.1 12.6 28.8 14.6 26.4 13.5 25.3 13.2 28.8 14.7
August 24.8 11.8 27.8 13.3 26.9 12.3 26.9 14.0 23.9 11.8 26.8 13.0
September 20.4 8.0 21.4 7.9 25.0 10.0 21.6 8.4 23.7 9.6 24.1 9.4
October 15.8 3.3 14.6 4.3 12.2 2.3 13.5 2.4 14.7 3.5 14.8 5.2 0.0 November 6.5 -1.9 10.9 1.6 5.4 -1.6 7.7 0.1 8.5 -0.3 9.0 -0.6
December -3.9 -14.0 4.1 -3.2 0.8 -7.7 1.9 -5.4 8.5 -0.3 -1.7 -8.1
Mean 12.4 1.3 13.6 2.6 13.1 2.5 12.1 0.7 12.9 1.1 13.4 2.0
LTA = Long Term Average for U of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture - Kettleby 1125 Woodchoppers Lane, R.R. #1, Kettleby, ON, L0G 1J0. 36 Years (1975-2010)
MEAN TEMPERATURE (°C)
Month 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 LTA Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min.
January 2.9 -4.0 -0.4 -9.3 0.2 -7.4 -6.2* -16.2* -3.8* -11.6* -2.7 -11.3
February -1.8 -10.5 -5.2 -14.2 -2.1 -10.7 -0.8* -10.5* -2.4* -8.9* -1.4 -10.5
March 4.2 -4.5 4.4 -5.2 -0.8 -9.0 4.5* -6.3* 7.4* -2.9* 3.0 -5.6
April 13.2 1.4 10.1 0.5 14.4 2.7 12.7 0.8 16.2 3.4 11.4 1.2
May 19.9 7.6 20.7 4.5 17.0 4.4 18.7 5.5 22.6 7.6 18.8 6.7
June 24.5 12.3 26.3 11.3 24.8 13.6 22.3 10.2 23.9 12.9 23.9 11.4
July 28.2 15.5 26.0 12.4 26.6 14.1 23.6 11.7 29 15.6 26.4 14.0
August 25.8 12.5 26.7 12.8 25.1 11.0 25.2 13.0 27.8 14.4 25.3 12.9
September 19.3 9.3 23.8 8.7 21.7 8.2 21.9 7.5 21.1 9.8 20.8 9.0
October 12.8 3.0 18.5 6.5 13.2 1.5 11.9 2.8 15.2 3.5 13.5 3.6
November 8.6 1.3 5.5 -3.4 5.3* -3.4 * 9.7 -0.4 7.9 -1 6.6 -0.9
December 4.6 -1.8 -1.0 -8.6 -1.7* -9.9 * 0.3 -6.0 -4.6 -6.7 0.1 -7.0
Mean 13.5 3.5 13.0 1.3 12.0 1.3 12.0 1.0 13.4 3.0 12.1 2.0
LTA = Long Term Average for U of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture - Kettleby * Data collected from Egbert, ON 1125 Woodchoppers Lane, R.R. #1, Kettleby, ON, L0G 1J0. 36 Years (1975-2010) EXTREME TEMPERATURE (°C)
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Month H L H L H L H L H L H L
January 4.0 -27.3 10.4 -16.4 4.3 -28.8 12.4 -31.7 15.8 -30.2 11.4 -13.1
February 7.7 -24.5 12.9 -20.7 6.2 -29.3 7.9 -25.2 6.5 -17.4 6.6 -22.3
March 8.6 -18.9 17.3 -12.5 16.9 -27.7 16.8 -11.7 16.0 -14.2 18.9 -14.1
April 25.5 -4.3 29.2 -9.7 26.9 -12.8 23.7 -8.1 27.4 -3.3 22.6 -5.7
May 29.6 -1.4 28.1 -1.5 23.7 -1.4 29.3 -1.4 26.2 -1.6 34.6 -2.8
June 33.0 3.1 31.9 2.7 34.6 3.2 32.4 2.4 35.0 6.1 33.2 6.3
July 32.2 5.0 34.4 6.9 33.4 7.4 30.1 5.2 35.0 7.1 33.3 9.2
August 36.3 7.2 33.4 5.0 33.0 5.9 28.8 3.4 32.8 7.0 36.0 4.9
September 30.6 1.3 34.4 0.5 28.5 1.3 29.0 1.7 31.9 1.6 27.1 0.7
October 26.7 -4.4 29.0 -5.4 26.6 -2.0 26.5 -2.9 28.8 -2.7 25.5 -1.4
November 18.3 -3.6 16.1 -8.4 17.7 -8.1 13.6 -6.5 18.8 -14.4 15.4 -3.4
December 16.8 -13.8 7.7 -20.0 8.8 -17.2 10.1 -28.4 4.2 -22.1 10.9 -13.2
Annual 36.3 -27.3 34.4 -20.7 34.6 -29.3 32.4 -31.7 35.0 -30.2 36.0 -22.3 High & Low Extreme Temperatures for U of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture - Kettleby 1125 Woodchoppers Lane, R.R. #1, Kettleby, ON, L0G 1J0. 36 Years (1975-2010) EXTREME TEMPERATURE (°C)
2007 2008 2009 2010 EXTREME TEMPERATURES Month H L H L H L H L H Year L Year
January 11.1 -25.5 13.8 -26.7 1.9 * -30.3 * 4.3* -25.8* 15.8 2005 -36.0 1977
February 3.2 -23.4 6.6 -20.9 8.9 * -2.7 * 2.5* -16.1* 14.5 1984 -33.0 1979
March 20.8 -24.5 8.1 -25.5 15.3 * -18.9 * 18.7* -10.7* 24.0 1986 -29.0 1984
April 24.3 -8.0 25.7 -2.6 27.3 -5.3 26.2 -2.7 30.0 1990 -14.0 1983
May 32.6 -2.6 27.4 -2.6 29.9 -1.8 32.3 -0.5 34.6 2006 -4.0 1983
June 33.4 3.7 33.6 8.1 32.2 1.7 31.1 5.2 35.5 1988 -2.0 1977
July 32.9 5.1 31.6 6.4 27.6 4.9 35.4 7.4 36.0 1988 2.5 1984
August 34.7 4.2 33.8 3.7 31.3 4.5 35.1 7.0 36.3 2001 0.5 1982
September 33.5 0.9 31.1 1.8 26.6 -0.7 33.2 4.0 34.4 2002 -6.5 1991
October 30.0 -1.4 27.3 -4.9 18.2 -6.1 24.4 -2.4 30.0 89 & 07 -9.0 1975
November 14.3 -16.2 20.2 * 17.5 * 18.8 -7.2 14.5 -5.4 24.0 1990 -22.0 1977
December 6.5 -23.0 8.2 * -20.5 * 9.8 -15.7 11.1 -5.4 20.0 1982 -31.5 1980
Annual 34.7 -25.5 33.6 -26.7 32.2 -30.3 35.4 -25.8 36.3 -36.0 High & Low Extreme Temperatures for U of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture - Kettleby * Data collected from Egbert, ON 1125 Woodchoppers Lane, R.R. #1, Kettleby, ON, L0G 1J0. 36 Years (1975-2010) GROWING DEGREE DAYS (5°C Base)
Month 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 LTA
January 0 0 1 0 3 3 4 6 13 0* 0* 1
February 8 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1* 0* 1
March 31 0 7 17 19 8 14 23 0 7* 15* 13
April 57 81 99 67 57 58 98 73 147 84 147 79
May 251 276 156 202 233 182 226 205 178 220 312 232
June 369 378 396 368 318 487 401 405 427 338 395 380
July 417 389 518 463 442 519 523 439 477 391 536 468
August 413 395 452 477 397 462 439 457 404 436 499 434
September 276 247 375 300 349 352 279 337 299 291 314 294
October 147 147 106 100 126 154 101 233 95 72 139 123
November 30 61 27 29 25 59 42 11 37* 29 14 31
December 0 19 0 2 0 0 6 0 0* 0 2 3
Annual 1999 1993 2139 2025 1969 2284 2133 2189 2077* 1869* 2373* 2059 LTA = Long Term Average for U of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture - Kettleby * Some data collected from Egbert, ON 1125 Woodchoppers Lane, R.R. #1, Kettleby, ON, L0G 1J0 36 Years (1975-2010)
Research Reports 2010 CROP: Carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang.), cv. Cellobunch PESTS: Carrot rust fly (Psila rosae (Fabricius)) Carrot weevil (Listronotus oregonensis (LeConte))
AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR1, VAN DYK D1 & TAYLOR A2 1 University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station 2 Cornell University, Dept. of Horticultural Science, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station
TITLE: COMPARISON OF VARIOUS INSECTICIDE SEED TREATMENTS AND FOLIAR SPRAYS FOR CONTROL OF DAMAGE BY CARROT RUST FLY AND CARROT WEEVIL IN CARROTS, 2010
MATERIALS: ENTRUST (spinosad 80%), CRUISER 5 FS (thiamethoxam 47.6%), SEPRESTO 75WS (clothianidin 56.25%, imidacloprid 18.75%), THIRAM 50 WP (thiram 50%), MOVENTO 240 SC (spirotetramat 240 g/L), RIPCORD 400 EC (cypermethrin 407 g/L), PERMA-GUARD FOSSIL SHELL FLOUR® (diatomaceous earth 100%), HGW86/CYAZYPYR (cyantraniliprole 47 %), DERMACOR X- 100 (chlorantraniliprole 50%), MATADOR 120 EC (cyhalothrin-lambda 120 g/L), SURROUND WP (kaolin clay 95%)
METHODS: The trial was conducted at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, in organic soil (pH ≈ 7.1, organic matter ≈ 76.1%). Carrots were direct seeded (75-80 seeds/m) onto raised beds using a push V-belt seeder on 4 June. A randomized complete block arrangement with six replicates per treatment was used. Each experimental unit consisted of two rows, 86 cm apart and 5 m in length. Treatments were a seed film coating of ENTRUST at 2.58 and 5.16 g ai + CRUISER at 5.16 g ai, SEPRESTO at 4.65 and 8.11 g ai, HGW86/CYAZYPYR at 5.16 g ai, DERMACOR X-100 at 5.16 g ai, SEPRESTO at 8.11 g ai + MOVENTO at 375 mL/ha and foliar application of MOVENTO at 375 mL/ha, PERMA-GUARD at 1 kg/ha, MATADOR at 83 mL/ha, RIPCORD at 175 mL/ha and SURROUND at 25kg/500L water. An untreated check was also included. All seed treatments were expressed as g ai/100 g of seeds and all treatments included 250 mg ai THIRAM 50 WP (fungicide) per 100 g of seed. Foliar sprays were applied on 16, 30 July and 11 August using a CO2 backpack sprayer equipped with a single TeeJet 11004 fan nozzle calibrated to deliver 500 L/ha at 250 kPa. On 4 August, 30 carrots were pulled, washed by hand, assessed visually for carrot rust fly and carrot weevil and numbers of each recorded. On 19, 20 October carrots in a 1.16 m section of row were harvested from each replicate. On 21, 22 and 25 October and 16 November carrots were washed in a small drum washer to reveal damage caused by both carrot rust fly and carrot weevil. Assessments were made by inspecting each carrot for damage and weighing the damaged and marketable carrots. The percentage of carrots damaged by either pest was calculated. Compared to the averaged previous 10 years, the air temperatures in 2010 were average for June (18.4°C), September (15.5°C) and October (9.4°C), above average for July (22.3°C) and August (21.1°C). The long term previous 10 year average temperatures were: June 18.4°C, July 20.0°C, August 19.3°C, September 15.5°C and October 8.9°C. Monthly rainfall was below the previous long term 10 year average for October (60.4 mm), and above average for June (170 mm), July (146 mm), August (74 mm) and September (95 mm). The long term previous 10 years average rainfall were: June 74 mm, July 76 mm, August 57 mm, September 72 mm and October 58.3 mm. Data was analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.9. Means separation was obtained using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance.
RESULTS: as presented in Tables 1 & 2
CONCLUSIONS: There were no significant differences among the treatments in percent rust fly damage, percent weevil damage, percent total damage or marketable yield at either assessment date (Tables 1 & 2).
Table 1. Insect damage assessed on 4 August, in carrots treated with insecticide seed treatments and foliar applications, grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010. Type of Rate % Total Insect % Rust Fly % Carrot Weevil Treatment treatment (g ai/100 seeds) Damage Damage Damage
SEPRESTO Seed 4.65 2.4 ns1 1.2 ns 1.2 ns
HGW86 Seed 5.16 2.6 1.2 1.4
MATADOR Foliar 83mL/ha 3.0 1.2 1.9
PERMA GUARD Foliar 1kg/ha 3.3 0.7 2.6 ENTRUST + Seed 2.58 + 5.16 3.5 2.3 1.1 CRUISER SEPRESTO + Seed + 8.11 + 3.6 1.9 1.7 MOVENTO Foliar 375 mL/ha RIPCORD Foliar 175 mL/ha 4.2 0.6 3.6
Check ------4.5 1.9 2.6 ENTRUST + Seed 5.16 + 5.16 5.9 2.6 3.3 CRUISER SURROUND Foliar 25kg/500L water 6.2 3.6 2.5
MOVENTO Foliar 375 mL/ha 6.2 5.1 1.1
DERMACOR X-100 Seed 5.16 9.5 5.7 3.8
SEPRESTO Seed 8.11 11.1 7.3 3.9 1 ns= not significantly different, P = 0.05 Fisher’s Protected LSD Test
Table 2. Effects of seed treatments and insecticide foliar spray on damage to carrots by carrot rust fly and carrot weevil, Holland Marsh, Ontario 2010. Type of Rate (g ai/ % Total Insect % Carrot Rust % Weevil Marketable Treatment treatment 100 seeds) Damage Fly Damage Damage Yield (t/ha) SEPRESTO + Seed + 8.11 + 7.0 ns1 1.7 ns 4.9 ns 69.5 ns MOVENTO Foliar 375 mL/ha ENTRUST + Seed 5.16 + 5.16 4.9 2.8 2.0 69.2 CRUISER SEPRESTO Seed 8.11 9.3 4.6 4.8 68.6 ENTRUST + Seed 2.58 + 5.16 11.8 7.0 4.4 65.4 CRUISER SEPRESTO Seed 4.65 5.3 3.4 1.9 64.9
RIPCORD Foliar 175 mL/ha 5.6 1.9 3.8 64.9
MOVENTO Foliar 375 mL/ha 8.9 3.9 5.0 64.5 DERMACOR Seed 5.16 12.3 3.7 8.3 63.9 X-100 Check ------6.6 6.0 0.6 63.6
MATADOR Foliar 83 mL/ha 5.4 2.1 3.3 63.1 PERMA Foliar 1 kg/ha 8.4 4.5 3.7 62.1 GUARD 25 kg/500L SURROUND Foliar 11.3 3.0 8.2 62.1 water HGW86 Seed 5.16 6.8 4.4 2.4 62.0 1 ns= not significantly different, P = 0.05 Fisher’s Protected LSD Test
Funding for this project was supplied by the Bradford Cooperative and Storage Ltd through the Holland Marsh Growers’ Association, the OMAFRA/University of Guelph Plant Production Systems Program and the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station. Cornell University provided support for seed treatment application of new chemistry seed treatments. CROP: Carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang.) PEST: Cavity spot (Pythium intermedium de Bary, Pythium irregulare Buisman, Pythium sulcatum Pratt & Mitchell, Pythium sylvaticum W.A. Campbell & J.W. Hendrix, Pythium ultimum Trow and Pythium violae Chesters & C.J. Hickman)
AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR & RICHES L University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station
TITLE: EVALUATION OF VARIOUS COLOURED CARROTS FOR SUSCEPTIBILITY TO CAVITY SPOT, 2010
MATERIALS: carrot breeding lines from the University of Wisconsin; Mello Yello, White Satin, and Purple Haze from Bejo Seeds Inc.; Cellobunch from Seminis Vegetable Seeds; and Atomic Red from Johnny’s Select Seeds
METHODS: The trial was conducted on organic soil (pH ≈ 6.5, organic matter ≈ 74.6%) naturally infested with Pythium spp. at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario. A randomized complete block design with four replicates per treatment was used. Carrots were direct seeded (70-80 seeds/m) on raised beds using a push V-belt seeder on 21 May. Each experimental unit consisted a twin row (1 hill), spaced 86 cm apart, 6 m in length. On 1, 2 September, a random sample of 25 carrots was removed from each replicate and assessed for cavity spot. A 50-carrot sample was harvested on 26 and 27 October, placed into cold storage and assessed for cavity spot on 24, 25 November. Carrots at both assessments were washed in a small drum washer, visually examined for cavity spot lesions and sorted into classes based on the size of the largest lesion (measured as horizontal length). The six classes were: no disease, very light (< 1mm), light (1-2 mm), medium (3-5 mm), heavy (6-10 mm), very heavy (> 10 mm). Carrots were grouped by colour and by cultivar when assessed for disease incidence and severity. The disease severity index (DSI) was determined by the following equation: ∑ [(class no.)(no. of carrots in each class)] DSI = x 100 (total no. carrots per sample)(no. classes -1) Compared to the averaged previous 10 years, the air temperatures in 2010 were average for June (18.4°C), September (15.5°C) and October (9.4°C), above average for May (15.1°C), July (22.3°C) and August (21.1°C). The long term previous 10 year average temperatures were: May 13.1°C, June 18.4°C, July 20.0°C, August 19.3°C, September 15.5°C and October 8.9°C. Monthly rainfall was below the previous long term 10 year average for May (51.7 mm) and October (60.4 mm), and above average for June (170 mm), July (146 mm), August (74 mm) and September (95 mm). The long term previous 10 years average rainfall were: May 87 mm, June 74 mm, July 76 mm, August 57 mm, September 72 mm and October 58.3 mm. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix 9. Means separation was obtained using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance.
RESULTS: as presented in Tables 1, 2 & 3
CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences in incidence and severity of cavity spot were found among the cultivars at both assessment dates (Table 1). At the 1 September assessment date Purple Haze had significantly lower cavity spot incidence than White Satin, Red 653-1, Purple 665-1, Yellow 102-6, Mello Yello and Atomic Red. Purple Haze, POr 70460, Dark Orange 101-23, POr 727-1 and PPPOr/Y 84108 had significantly lower cavity spot incidence than Mello Yello and Atomic Red. Also, at the 1 September assessment date Purple Haze, POr 70460, Dark Orange 101-23, POr 727-1, PPPOr/Y 84108 had a significantly lower severity of cavity spot than Mello Yello and Atomic Red. At the 24 November assessment date POr 70458, POr 70460, POr 727-1 and Purple Haze had significantly lower cavity spot incidence than Dark Orange 101-23, Red 653-1, Purple 665-1, Mello Yello and Atomic Red. At the 1 September assessment date Purple Haze, POr 70460, POr 727-1, Dark Orange 101-23 and PPPOr/Y 84108 had significantly lower cavity spot severity than Mello Yello and Atomic Red. At the 24 November assessment date POr 70458, POr 70460, Purple Haze, POr 727-1 and Cellobunch had significantly less disease severity than Mello Yello, Red 653-1, Purple 665-1 and Atomic Red. The plant stand was low for POr 70458, Purple 106-6, Red 104-3 and White 105-7 and therefore were not assessed in September. When carrots were grouped by colour, significant differences were found in incidence and severity of cavity spot (Table 2). Purple carrots had significantly less incidence of cavity spot than white, yellow or red carrots. Purple carrots had significantly less cavity spot severity than yellow or red carrots. Red carrots had significantly higher cavity spot severity than any of the other carrots. Plant stands were low in September, consequently colour classes were not well represented and therefore could not be grouped for analysis at the September assessment. Significant differences in incidence and severity of cavity spot were found among cultivars of purple carrots (Table 3). Purple 665-1 had significantly higher cavity spot incidence than the other purple cultivars. Purple 665-1 had significantly higher severity than POr 70458, POr 70460, POr 727-1 and Purple Haze.
Table 1. Disease incidence and severity index (DSI) of cavity spot in coloured carrots grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010. Disease Incidence (%) DSI2 Cultivar Source1 Colour 1 Sept 24 Nov 1 Sept 24 Nov POr 70458 UW Purple --- 7.0 a --- 2.6 a POr 70460 UW Purple 6.2 ab 8.0 a 4.3 ab 3.9 ab Purple Haze Bejo Purple 0.0 a 12.5 abc 0.0 a 4.4 ab POr 727-1 UW Purple 11.9 abc 11.2 ab 5.4 ab 5.0 ab Cellobunch Sem Orange 25.5 bcde 21.0 abcd 10.4 abc 8.6 abc Purple 106-6 UW Purple --- 21.8 abcd --- 12.2 abcd Red 104-3 UW Red --- 23.7 abcd --- 13.0 bcde White 105-7 UW White --- 29.4 bcde --- 13.1 bcde PPPOr/Y 84108 UW Yellow 13.0 abc 22.9 abcd 6.3 ab 13.4 bcde White Satin Bejo White 25.7 bcde 31.0 cde 12.0 bc 13.4 bcde Yellow 102-1 UW Yellow 33.2 cde 29.6 bcde 14.4 bcd 16.3 cde Dark Orange 101-23 UW Orange 17.5 abcd 35.9 de 5.4 ab 18.0 cde Mello Yello Bejo Yellow 40.6 de 47.0 ef 19.6 cd 19.6 de Red 653-1 UW Red 29.2 bcde 37.3 de 12.4 bc 22.6 de Purple 665-1 UW Purple 33.5 cde 42.8 ef 14.1 bcd 23.4 e Atomic Red JSS Red 45.1 e 59.6 f 25.3 d 34.4 f 1 UW = University of Wisconsin, Sem = Seminis Vegetable Seed, Bejo = Bejo Seeds Inc., JSS = Johnny’s Selected Seeds 2 Disease severity index (DSI) was determined using the following equation: ∑ [(class no.)(no. of carrots in each class)] DSI = (total no. carrots per sample)(no. classes -1) x 100 3 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter were not significantly different at P=0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD Test.
Table 2. Disease incidence and severity of cavity spot assessed on 24 November, of various coloured carrots grouped by colour, grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010. Colour Disease Incidence (%) DSI1 Purple 17.2 a2 8.6 a Orange 28.4 ab 13.2 ab White 30.2 b 13.3 ab Yellow 33.2 b 16.4 b Red 40.2 b 23.4 c 1 Disease severity index (DSI) was determined using the following equation: ∑ [(class no.)(no. of carrots in each class)] DSI = (total no. carrots per sample)(no. classes -1) x 100 2 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter were not significantly different at P=0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD Test.
Table 3. Disease incidence and severity of cavity spot assessed on 24 November, of various purple coloured carrots, grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010. Cultivar Disease Incidence (%) DSI1 POr 70458 7.0 a 2.6 a POr 70460 8.0 a 3.9 a POr 727-1 11.2 a 4.4 a Purple Haze 12.5 a 5.1 a Purple 106-6 21.8 a 12.2 ab Purple 665-1 42.8 b 23.4 b 1 Disease severity index (DSI) was determined using the following equation: ∑ [(class no.)(no. of carrots in each class)] DSI = (total no. carrots per sample)(no. classes -1) x 100 2 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter were not significantly different at P=0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD Test.
Funding was provided by the OMAFRA/University of Guelph Plant Production Systems Program. CROP: Carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang.), cvs. Envy, Cellobunch PEST: Sclerotinia rot of carrot, (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary)
AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR1, VANDER KOOI K1 & GOSSEN BD2 1University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station 2Agriculture and Agri-Food, Saskatoon
TITLE: EVALUATION OF FUNGICIDES ON CARROTS INOCULATED WITH SCLEROTINIA SCLEROTIORUM FOR SCLEROTINIA ROT OF CARROT DISEASE CONTROL, 2009-2010
MATERIALS: PRISTINE (pyraclostrobin 25.2%, boscalid 12.8%), LANCE (boscalid 70%)
METHODS: In separate trials, carrots, cvs. Envy (Trial 1) and Cellobunch (Trial 2) (Stokes Seeds), were direct seeded (82 seeds/m) on raised hills, into organic soil (pH ≈ 5.8, organic matter ≈ 78.6%) on 26 May 2009 using a Stanhay Precision Seeder near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh Ontario. A randomized complete block arrangement with three replicates per treatment was used. Each experimental unit consisted of four hills, 5 m in length, 86 cm apart. Treatments were: PRISTINE at 737 g/ha on carrots inoculated and not inoculated with sclerotinia and LANCE at 630 g/ha on carrots inoculated and not inoculated with sclerotinia. Untreated checks, both inoculated and non-inoculated, were also included. Treatments were applied on 7, 19 and 28 August 2009 using a pull-type plot sprayer with TeeJet D-3 hollow cone nozzles at 690 kPa (boom) in 500 L/ha of water. On 30 July 2009 treatments were inoculated by evenly spreading paper strip inoculum, 1.5 g/m, on the soil in the 2 intercrop rows per experimental unit. Inoculum was provided by Dr. B. Gossen, AAFC. At harvest on 26 October 2009, a 2.32 m yield sample was pulled and roots were placed in storage. On 23 September 2010, the storage sample was removed, assessed for disease and healthy and diseased carrots weighed. The air temperatures in the 2009 growing season were below the long term (10 year) average for June (16.5°C), July (17.9°C) and October (7.3°C), and average for May (12.6°C), August (19.4°C) and September (14.9°C). The long term (10 year) average temperatures were: May 12.1°C, June 18.2°C, July 19.9°C, August 19.3°C, September 15.5°C and October 8.9°C. Monthly rainfall was below the long term (10 year) average for June (49 mm) and September (51 mm), and above average for May (117 mm), July (135 mm), August (89 mm) and October (62 mm). The long term (10 year) rainfall averages were: May 86 mm, June 74 mm, July 76 mm, August 57 mm, September 72 mm and October 59 mm.
RESULTS: as presented in Tables 1 & 2
CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences were found among the treatments in marketable carrots after storage for carrot cv. Cellobunch (Table 1). Carrots, both inoculated and non-inoculated, treated with either LANCE or PRISTINE, had significantly more marketable carrots than the untreated non-inoculated and inoculated checks. There were no significant differences in percent disease among the treatments, however, numerically, carrots treated with either LANCE or PRISTINE had lower percent disease after storage than the untreated check. No significant differences in percent disease or yield of marketable carrots after storage were found among the treatments for carrots, cv. Envy (Table 2).
Table 1. Evaluation of LANCE and PRISTINE for control of sclerotinia rot in carrots, cv. Cellobunch, inoculated with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum grown and stored at Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2009 - 2010. Marketable Yield Treatment Inoculation Rate (g/ha) % Diseased After Storage After Storage (t/ha) LANCE Inoculated 630 0.3 ns1 92.8 a2 LANCE Non-inoculated 630 0.4 83.1 a PRISTINE Non-inoculated 737 0.2 81.8 a PRISTINE Inoculated 737 0.4 80.8 a Check Non-inoculated -- 19.8 54.5 b Check Inoculated -- 32.8 38.9 b 1 Not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test. 2 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test.
Table 2. Evaluation of LANCE and PRISTINE for control of sclerotinia rot in carrots, cv. Envy, inoculated with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum grown and stored at Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2009 - 2010. Marketable Yield Treatment Inoculation Rate (g/ha) % Diseased After Storage After Storage (t/ha) Check Non-inoculated -- 0.5 ns1 83.2 ns PRISTINE Non-inoculated 737 0.0 82.3 PRISTINE Inoculated 737 0.3 79.2 LANCE Non-inoculated 630 0.9 77.9 LANCE Inoculated 630 0.7 75.7 Check Inoculated -- 2.6 74.1 1 Not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test.
Funding for this project was supplied by the OMAFRA/University of Guelph Plant Production Systems Program. CROP: Carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang.), cv. Envy PEST: Cavity spot (Pythium intermedium de Bary, Pythium irregulare Buisman, Pythium sulcatum Pratt & Mitchell, Pythium sylvaticum W.A. Campbell & J.W. Hendrix, Pythium ultimum Trow and Pythium violae Chesters & C.J. Hickman)
AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR & RICHES L University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station
TITLE: EVALUATION OF RANMAN FOR CONTROL OF CAVITY SPOT ON CARROTS, 2010
MATERIALS: RANMAN® 400 SC (cyazofamid 34.5%), RIDOMIL GOLD® 1 G (metalaxyl-M and S- isomer 1.0%), SYLGARD 309 (siloxylated polyether 76%)
METHODS: The trial was conducted on organic soil (pH ≈ 7.1, organic matter ≈ 76.1 %) naturally infested with Pythium spp. at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario. A randomized complete block design with four replicates per treatment was used. Carrots, cv. Envy, were direct seeded (82 seeds/m) on raised beds using a Stanhay Precision Seeder on 4 June. Each experimental unit consisted of two rows, 86 cm apart, 6 m in length (≈ 11700 linear m/ha). Treatments were: RANMAN at 440 ml/ha applied 3 days after seeding (DAS) (7 June), RANMAN at 440 mL/ha + SYLGARD at 150 mL/ha, 3 and 14 DAS (7 and 18 June) and RIDOMIL at 735 g/ha applied 3 DAS (7 June) in a banded drench using a CO2 backpack sprayer equipped with a TeeJet 8002 nozzle, using a spray volume of 600 L/ha (51 mL/m), followed by irrigation to move the product into the root zone. An untreated check was also included. On 3 September, a random sample of 25 carrots was removed from each replicate, and assessed for cavity spot. On 25, 26 October a random sample of 50 carrots were removed from each treatment and placed into cold storage and assessed for cavity spot caused by Pythium on 29 November. On both assessment dates carrots were washed in a small drum washer, examined for cavity spot lesions and sorted into classes based on the size of the largest lesion (measured as horizontal length). The six classes were: no disease, very light < 1 mm, light 1-2 mm, medium 3-5 mm, heavy 6-10 mm, and very heavy > 10 mm. The disease severity index (DSI) was determined by the following equation: ∑ [(class no.)(no. of carrots in each class)] DSI = x 100 (total no. carrots per sample)(no. classes -1) Compared to the averaged previous 10 years, the air temperatures in 2010 were average for June (18.4°C), September (15.5°C) and October (9.4°C), above average for July (22.3°C) and August (21.1°C). The long term previous 10 year average temperatures were: May 13.1°C, June 18.4°C, July 20.0°C, August 19.3°C, September 15.5°C and October 8.9°C. Monthly rainfall was below the previous long term 10 year average for October (60.4 mm), and above average for June (170 mm), July (146 mm), August (74 mm) and September (95 mm). The long term previous 10 years average rainfall were: June 74 mm, July 76 mm, August 57 mm, September 72 mm and October 58.3 mm. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix 9. Means separation was obtained using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance.
RESULTS: as presented in Table 1
CONCLUSIONS: No significant differences were found in cavity spot incidence or severity among the treatments on both the 3 September and 29 November assessment dates (Table 1). Table 1. Disease incidence and severity (DSI) of cavity spot for carrots, cv. Envy, treated with various fungicides, grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010. Application 2 Rate Disease Incidence (%) DSI Timing Treatment (mL/ha) (DAS) 3 Sep 29 Nov 3 Sep 29 Nov RANMAN 440 3 65.1 ns1 68.7 ns 24.6 ns 25.7 ns SYLGARD 150 3 53.9 74.2 24.8 30.3
RANMAN + SYLGARD 440 + 150 14 70.3 76.5 29.9 33.7 RIDOMIL GOLD 1 G 735 (g/ha) 3 56.8 77.1 25.9 31.9
RANMAN + SYLGARD 440 + 150 3 68.5 78.6 30.0 33.5 Check -- -- 72.8 79.1 28.3 32.7 1 ns indicates no significant difference, P = 0.05 2 Disease severity index (DSI) was determined using the following equation: ∑ [(class no.)(no. of carrots in each class)] DSI = x 100 (total no. carrots per sample)(no. classes -1)
Funding for this project was supplied by FMC Corp. and the OMAFRA/University of Guelph Sustainable Production Systems Program. CROP: Carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang.), cv. Enterprise PEST: Sclerotinia rot of carrot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary)
AUTHORS: PARKER M1, MCDONALD MR1 & BOLAND GJ2 1University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station 2University of Guelph, School of Environmental Sciences
TITLE: EVALUATION OF FUNGICIDES AND CANOPY TRIMMING TO MANAGE SCLEROTINIA ROT OF CARROT, 2010
MATERIALS: LANCE (boscalid 70%), ELEXA-4 (chitosan 4%)
METHODS: The field trial was conducted at the Muck Crops Research Station in the Bradford Marsh in 2010 in organic soil naturally infested with sclerotinia rot of carrot. Carrots were seeded (80 seeds/m) using a Stanhay Precision Seeder on 1 June. A randomised complete block arrangement with four replicates per treatment was used. Each replicate consisted of 2 rows, 5 m in length and 86 cm apart centre-to-centre having a 40 cm wide growing area. LANCE (441 g/ha BASF Canada Inc) and ELEXA-4 (56 L/ha Plant Defense Boosters, Inc) were applied after carrot canopy closure on 20 Aug and 10, 24 Sep. Both treatments were applied using a CO2 backpack sprayer equipped with four TeeJet 11002 fan nozzles spaced 40 cm apart and calibrated to deliver 400 L/ha at 240 kPa. Each treatment was also combined with trimming 30 cm from the carrot canopy between the rows using a hedge trimmer. Trimming occurred on 26 August. The incidence of sclerotinia rot on carrot foliage was evaluated as the percentage of plants in the assessment area that had at least one lesion per leaf or petiole. These values were used to calculate the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) using the following equation:
Where y = percent disease at the jth observation, t = time (days) since the previous percent disease at the jth observation and n = total number of observations.
The air temperatures in 2010 averaged the long term (10 year) average for June (18.4oC), September (15.5oC) and October (9.4oC) and were above average for May (15.1oC), July (22.3oC) and August (21.1oC). The long term (10 year) average temperatures were: May 13.1oC, June 18.4oC, July 20.0oC, August 19.3oC, September 15.5oC and October 8.9oC. Monthly rainfall was below the long term (10 year) average for May (51.7 mm), average for October (60.4 mm), and above average for June (170 mm), July (146 mm), August (74 mm) and September (95 mm). The long term (10 year) rainfall averages were: May 87 mm, June 74 mm, July 76 mm, August 57 mm, September 72 mm and October 58.3 mm. Data were analysed using the proc glm procedure of SAS version 9.1. Means separation was obtained using the Tukey’s test with P = 0.05 level of significance.
RESULTS: as presented in Table 1
CONCLUSIONS: 2010 was characterised by a low disease year; therefore, none of the treatments differed from the checks.
Table 1. Field evaluation of BOSCALID, ELEXA-4 and canopy trimming for management of sclerotinia rot of carrot, 2010. Treatment Dose ai/ha Total yield (t/ha) AUDPC LANCE + trimming 309 g 87.4 ns1 0 ns ELEXA-4 + trimming 2.24 L 81.7 6 LANCE 309 g 87.6 0 ELEXA-4 2.24 L 79.6 51 Trimmed check -- 78.4 0 Untrimmed check -- 86.0 25 1Not significantly different at P = 0.05, Tukey’s Test.
Funding for this project was provided by the National Research Council of Canada (NSERC) and the OMAFRA/University of Guelph Sustainable Production Systems Program. CROP: Carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang.), cvs. Envy and Nevada PEST: Sclerotinia rot of carrot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary)
AUTHORS: PARKER M1, MCDONALD MR1 & BOLAND GJ2 1University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station 2University of Guelph, School of Environmental Sciences
TITLE: DETECTION OF ASCOSPORES OF SCLEROTINIA SCLEROTIORUM PROVIDES ACCURATE TIMING FOR MANAGING SCLEROTINIA ROT OF CARROT
MATERIALS: LANCE (boscalid 70%), ELEXA-4 (chitosan 4%)
METHODS: The field trial was conducted at the Muck Crops Research Station in the Bradford Marsh in 2009 in organic soil naturally infested with sclerotinia rot of carrot. Carrots were seeded (80 seeds/m) using a Stanhay Precision Seeder on 25 May. A split plot design with treatment as the main plot arranged as a randomised complete block and cultivar allocated to each replicate as the sub-plot was used. Each replicate consisted of 4 rows, 2 rows side by side of each cultivar, 5 m in length and 86 cm apart centre- to-centre having a 40 cm wide growing area with four replicates per treatment. LANCE (630 g/ha BASF Canada Inc) was applied on 5, 12, 26 Aug when within field detected ascospores of S. sclerotiorum surpassed the sclerotinia forecast model threshold of 5 detected ascospores using the Blue Plate Test on sclerotinia semi-selective medium. ELEXA-4 (25 L/ha Plant Defense Boosters, Inc) was applied beginning at carrot canopy closure on 31 July and biweekly afterwards on 12, 26 Aug and 9, 23 Sep. Both treatments were applied using a CO2 backpack sprayer equipped with four TeeJet 11002 fan nozzles spaced 40 cm apart and calibrated to deliver 500 L/ha at 240 kPa. Each treatment was also combined with trimming 30 cm from the carrot canopy between the rows using a hedge trimmer. Trimming occurred on 12 Aug when ascospore counts surpassed the forecast threshold after canopy closure. The incidence of sclerotinia rot on carrot foliage was evaluated as the percentage of plants in the assessment area that had at least one lesion per leaf or petiole. These values were used to calculate the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) using the following equation:
nj-1 yj + yj+1 AUDPC = ∑ tj+1 - tj j=1 2
Where y = percent disease at the jth observation, t = time (days) since the previous percent disease at the jth observation and n = total number of observations.
The air temperatures in 2009 were below the long term (10 year) average for June (16.5°C), July (17.9°C) and October (7.3°C), and average for May (12.6°C), August (19.4°C) and September (14.9°C). The long term (10 year) average temperatures were: May 12.1°C, June 18.2°C, July 19.9°C, August 19.3°C, September 15.5°C and October 8.9°C. Monthly rainfall was below the long term (10 year) average for June (49 mm) and September (51 mm), and above average for May (117 mm), July (135 mm), August (89 mm) and October (62 mm). The long term (10 year) rainfall averages were: May 86 mm, June 74 mm, July 76 mm, August 57 mm, September 72 mm and October 59 mm. Data were analysed using the proc glm procedure of SAS version 9.1. Means separation was obtained using the Tukey’s test with P = 0.05 level of significance.
RESULTS: as presented in Table 1
CONCLUSIONS: LANCE and ELEXA-4 were equally effective in reducing disease incidence when applied as a standalone treatment. Canopy trimming combined with ELEXA-4 or LANCE treatment significantly reduced disease incidence compared to either treatment alone. Disease developed in trimming treatments after the canopy closed when environmental conditions were conducive to disease development. The results demonstrate that managing sclerotinia rot of carrot is effective when accurately timed according to the number of detected ascospores within the crop.
Table 1. Field evaluation of BOSCALID, ELEXA-4 and canopy trimming for management of sclerotinia rot of carrot, 2009.
Treatment Dose ai/ha Total yield (t/ha) AUDPC
1 79.5 ns 2 LANCE & trimming 441 g 22 a
ELEXA-4 & trimming 1 L 66.2 70 a
LANCE 441 g 79.7 215 b
ELEXA-4 1 L 71.4 252 b
Check 70.3 564 c 1Not significantly different at P = 0.05, Tukey’s Test. 2Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Tukey’s Test.
Funding for this project was provided by the National Research Council of Canada (NSERC) and the OMAFRA/University of Guelph Sustainable Production Systems Program. CROP: Carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang.), cvs. Cellobunch, Nevada, Envy, and Maverick
PEST: Sclerotinia rot of carrot, (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary)
AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR1, VANDER KOOI K1 & GOSSEN BD2 1University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station 2Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon
TITLE: COMPARISON OF VARIOUS CARROT CULTIVARS INOCULATED WITH SCLEROTINIA SCLEROTIORUM FOR RESISTANCE TO SCLEROTINIA ROT OF CARROT, 2009-2010
MATERIALS: Cellobunch, Envy (Seminis Vegetable Seeds), Nevada (Bejo Seeds) and Maverick (Nunhems Seeds)
METHODS: Carrots of various cultivars were direct seeded (82 seeds/m) into raised beds of organic soil (pH ≈ 5.8, organic matter ≈ 78.6%) on 26 May 2009 using a Stanhay Precision Seeder at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh Ontario. The eight treatments were: carrot cultivars Envy, Cellobunch, Maverick and Nevada, both inoculated and non-inoculated. A randomized complete block arrangement with four replicates per treatment was used. Each experimental unit consisted of two 6 m long rows, 86 cm apart. Inoculum was obtained from Dr. B. Gossen AAFC. On 28 July 2009, inoculated paper strips were evenly spread in the cultivars to be inoculated (4 in total) at the rate of 1.5 g/m, on the soil of the 2 inside rows of the 2-row experimental unit. At harvest on 21 October 2009, carrots in a 2.32 m section of row were pulled. The roots were placed in plastic totes, one per experimental unit, and placed in Filacell storage at ≈ 1° C, 95% RH. On 22 September 2010, the storage sample was removed and assessed for disease. Healthy and diseased carrots were weighed and weights recorded. The air temperatures in the 2009 growing season were below the long term (10 year) average for June (16.5 C°), July (17.9 C°) and October (7.3 C°), and average for May (12.6 C°), August (19.4 C°) and September (14.9 C°). The long term (10 year) average temperatures were: May 12.1 C°, June 18.2 C°, July 19.9 C°, August 19.3 C°, September 15.5 C° and October 8.9 C°. Monthly rainfall was below the long term (10 year) average for June (49 mm) and September (51 mm), and above average for May (117 mm), July (135 mm), August (89 mm) and October (62 mm). The long term (10 year) rainfall averages were: May 86 mm, June 74 mm, July 76 mm, August 57 mm, September 72 mm and October 59 mm. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.9. Means separation was obtained using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance.
RESULTS: as presented in Table 1
CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of sclerotinia rot was very low in this trial. No significant differences in percent disease were found among the treatments (Table 1). Significant differences were found in marketable yield, however, differences in carrot phenotypes most likely influenced overall yield (Table 1). Table 1. Percentage of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection of various carrot cultivars, both non-inoculated and inoculated in the field with S. sclerotiorum, after five months in Filacell storage at Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2009-2010. % Carrots Infected with Marketable Yield after Cultivar Inoculation Sclerotinia after Storage Storage (t/ha) Envy Non- Inoculated 0.7 ns1 72.5 a2 Cellobunch Inoculated 11.1 67.8 a Cellobunch Non- Inoculated 0.7 66.1 ab Envy Inoculated 22.2 53.4 abc Nevada Non- Inoculated 0.3 51.7 abc Nevada Inoculated 0.0 49.5 abc Maverick Inoculated 4.7 43.7 bc Maverick Non- Inoculated 30.1 33.2 c 1 ns indicates no significant differences were found among the treatments 2 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter were not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test.
Funding for this project was supplied by the OMAFRA/University of Guelph Plant Production Systems Program. CROP: Carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang), cvs. Enterprise, Dominion PEST: Sclerotinia rot of carrot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary)
AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR & VAN DYK D University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station
TITLE: DEMONSTRATION OF CARROT FOLIAGE TRIMMING TECHNOLOGY FOR THE CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT OF SCLEROTINIA SCLEROTIORUM AND SCLEROTINIA ROT OF CARROTS IN ONTARIO, 2010
METHODS: The field trials were conducted at two sites in the Holland Marsh, Ontario in organic soil naturally infested with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Carrots, cv. Enterprise, were direct seeded (66 seeds/m) into raised hills 71 cm apart (pH ≈ 7.5, organic matter ≈ 49.9%) on 26 May (Site 1). At site 2, a commercial carrot field, carrots cv. Dominion, were seeded into raised hills 76 cm apart on 18 May. On 17 September (Site 1) and 24 September (Site 2) carrot foliage was trimmed using a tractor mounted custom built carrot trimmer. At Site 1, trimmed and untrimmed blocks were 6 hills wide, and 60 m long. At the commercial field (Site 2), two 12-hill wide blocks, ≈ 800 m long were trimmed, separated by 24 untrimmed hills ≈ 800 m in length. A replicated measurement t-Test design with four replicates per treatment was used at both sites. On 18 October (Site 1) and 8 October (Site 2), two 1.16 m sections of row were harvested to determine yield and a 2 m section was visually assessed for sclerotinia infection in petioles and in the between-row foliage mat. The incidence of sclerotinia rot on carrot foliage was evaluated as the percentage of plants in the assessment area that had at least one lesion per leaf or petiole. Pulled carrots were placed in plastic tote boxes, weighed to determine yield, stacked on pallets and stored in Filacell storage at ≈ 1° C, 95% RH. On 8 December (Site 2) and 17 December (Site 1) carrots were assessed by rating percent disease coverage from 0 to 6, where 0 = 0 %, 1 = < 5% diseased, 2 = 6-10 % diseased, 3 = 11-25 % diseased, 4 = 26-50 % diseased, 5 = 51-75 % diseased, 6 = 76-100 % diseased. The disease severity index (DSI) was determined by the following equation: ∑ [(class no.)(no. of carrots in each class)] DSI = x 100 (total no. carrots per sample)(no. classes -1) Compared to the averaged previous 10 years, the air temperatures in 2010 were average for June (18.4°C), September (15.5°C) and October (9.4°C), above average for July (22.3°C) and August (21.1°C). The long term previous 10 year average temperatures were: June 18.4°C, July 20.0°C, August 19.3°C, September 15.5°C and October 8.9°C. Monthly rainfall was below the previous long term 10 year average for October (60.4 mm), and above average for June (170 mm), July (146 mm), August (74 mm) and September (95 mm). The long term previous 10 years average rainfall were: June 74 mm, July 76 mm, August 57 mm, September 72 mm and October 58.3 mm. Data was analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.9. Means separation was obtained using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance.
RESULTS: as presented in Tables 1, 2 & 3
CONCLUSIONS: Disease pressure was low at Site 1. No significant differences were found in the percentage of carrots infected with sclerotinia, average number of mats or in yield (Table1). At Site 2 significant differences were found in percent of plants infected with sclerotinia (Table 2). Carrots that were trimmed with the carrot trimmer had a significantly lower percentage of carrots infected with sclerotinia than untrimmed carrots. In trimmed carrots, sclerotinia developed in the mat of dead leaves between the rows rather than in petioles attached to the plant as in the untrimmed carrots. There were no significant differences in average number of mats or in yield at Site 2 (Table 2). No significant differences were found in percent sclerotinia, DSI or marketable yield at Site 1 or Site 2 after 2 months in storage (Table 3).
Table 1. Field sclerotinia assessment and yield evaluation of canopy trimming with the carrot trimmer for the management of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, at Site 1, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010. Treatment % Carrots Infected With Sclerotinia Average Number of Mats2 Yield (t/ha) Trimmed 1.5 ns1 1.0 ns 90.8 ns Untrimmed 1.8 0.5 96.5 1ns indicated no significant differences were found among the treatments 2Number of mats indicates sclerotinia found in the dead leaves between 2m of row and not attached to a carrot.
Table 2. Percent sclerotinia and yield evaluation of canopy trimming with the carrot trimmer for the management of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, at Site 2, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010. Treatment % Carrots Infected With Sclerotinia Average Number of Mats3 Yield (t/ha) Trimmed 0.0 a1 5.2 ns2 61.7 ns Untrimmed 12.0 b 2.5 62.2 1 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter were not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test. 2 ns indicated no significant differences were found among the treatments 3 Number of mats indicates sclerotinia found in the dead leaves between 2m of row and not attached to a carrot.
Table 3. Percent sclerotinia, DSI and yield on 8 December (Site 2) and 17 December (Site 1) after 2 months of storage, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010. % Carrots Infected With Marketable Yield After DSI2 Treatment Sclerotinia After Storage Storage (t/ha) Site 1 Site 2 Site 1 Site 2 Site 1 Site 2 Trimmed 6.4 ns 2.2 ns 1.4 ns 0.8 ns 73.5 ns 54.6 ns Untrimmed 12.2 1.4 3.5 0.5 74.4 54.5 1 ns indicated no significant differences were found among the treatments 2 Disease severity index (DSI) was determined using the following equation: ∑ [(class no.)(no. of carrots in each class)] DSI = (total no. carrots per sample)(no. classes -1) x 100
Funding for this project was supplied by the Risk Reduction Program of Agriculture and Agri- Food Canada and the OMAFRA/University of Guelph Plant Production Systems Program. CROP: Carrot (Daucus carota.), cv. Envy and Celery (Apium graveolens) cv. Sabroso
AUTHORS: SWANTON C J, JANSE S & CHANDLER K University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station
TITLE: HERBICIDE TOLERANCE IN CARROTS AND CELERY, 2010
MATERIALS: DUAL II MAGNUM (s-metolachlor/benoxacor 91.5%), CHATEAU (flumioxazin 51%), NORTRON (ethofumesate 48%).
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate DUAL II MAGNUM, CHATEAU, and NORTRON for crop tolerance and efficacy in carrots and celery on muck soils.
METHODS: The trial was conducted at a site with organic soil (organic matter 75%, pH 6.5) on the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh. Plots consisted of 2 hills, 86 cm apart and 4m long arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. On 1 June, one hill was seeded with carrots cv. Envy and the other hill planted with celery cv. Sabroso (seeded in greenhouse on 20 April). The trial consisted of 4 treatments including an untreated control. Herbicide treatments were applied in 200 L/ha of water on 8 June. At this time, carrots seedlings had not emerged and celery transplants had 3 leaves. Efficacy evaluations were made up to 5 July, at which time 1125 gai/ha of Lorox was applied over all treatments and plots were maintained weed-free for the remainder of the season. Recommended management practices for soil fertility and pest control were followed. Visual assessments for crop injury were conducted periodically over the growing season. Carrots and celery were harvested at maturity. Data was analyzed by ANOVA and means separated using Fisher’s Protected LSD test (P=0.05).
RESULTS: as presented in Table 1
CONCLUSIONS: Carrot and celery tolerance to DUAL II MAGNUM and NORTRON was excellent. CHATEAU, however, reduced carrot population and caused leaf burn on celery. CHATEAU gave >90% control of redroot pigweed and marsh yellow cress at 27 DAT. DUAL II MAGNUM gave >90% control of redroot pigweed but <80% control of marsh yellow cress. NORTRON gave >80% control of redroot pigweed but was ineffective on marsh yellow cress. Carrot yields were similar in all treatments but reduced early season weed control with NORTRON reduced celery yield compared to DUAL II MAGNUM and CHATEAU.
Table 1. Herbicide tolerance in carrots and celery, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010. Dose Redroot Marsh Yellow ------Carrot------Celery------Treatment1, 2 gai/ha pigweed Cress 27 27 9 27 Yield 9 27 Yield DAT DAT DAT DAT DAT DAT ------% control------% injury---- t/ha --- % injury--- kg/5plants
Untreated 0 0 0 0 44.9 0 0 4.74
Nortron 1175 85 0 0 0 56.8 0 0 4.96
Dual II Magnum 1373 93 78 0 0 60.5 0 0 6.01
Chateau 107 100 90 40 24 57.2 18 10 5.85
LSD (P=0.05) 9 9 7 11 NS 2 0 0.81 1 Preemergence to carrots/3 leaf celery; 2 1125 gai/ha of Lorox all treatments at 27 DAT (Days after Treatment).
Funding for this project was supplied by the OMAFRA/University of Guelph Sustainable Production Systems Program. CROP: Carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang.)
AUTHORS: HU CL1, TSAO R2 & MCDONALD MR1 1University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station 2Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph Food Research Centre
TITLE: EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT COLOURED CARROTS FOR TOTAL PHENOLIC CONTENT AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY, 2009
MATERIALS: Carrot breeding lines from the University of Wisconsin, commercial carrot cultivars: Mello Yello F1, Nevada, Purple Haze, and White Satin from Bejo Seeds Inc., Atomic Red from Johnny’s Selected Seeds, Envy and Cellobunch from Seminis Vegetable Seeds, Choctaw from Nunhems Vegetable Seeds, and Chantenay Red Cored from Vesey Seed. All carrot samples were freeze-dried and ground into powder before solvent extraction.
METHODS: The trial was conducted on organic soil (pH ≈ 6.3, organic matter ≈ 74.0%) near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario. A randomized complete block design with four replicates per treatment was used. Carrots were direct seeded (70-80 seeds/m) on raised beds using a push V-belt seeder on 1 June, 2009. Each replicate consisted of two rows, 86 cm apart, 6 m in length. A 10- carrot sample was harvested on 23 October, washed in a small drum washer and placed into Filacell storage at ≈1 º C, 95% RH. For each replicate, approximately 100 g carrot sample was taken from 10 carrot sample and freeze dried on 24, February. The carrot freeze dried powder was extracted and assessed for antioxidant activity on October, 2010. The air temperatures in 2009 were below the long term (10 year) average for June (16.5°C), July (17.9°C) and October (7.3°C), and average for August (19.4°C) and September (14.9°C). The long term (10 year) average temperatures were: June 18.2°C, July 19.9°C, August 19.3°C, September 15.5°C and October 8.9°C. Monthly rainfall was below the long term (10 year) average for June (49 mm) and September (51 mm) and above average for July (135 mm), August (89 mm) and October (62 mm). The long term (10 year) rainfall averages were: June 74 mm, July 76 mm, August 57 mm, September 72 mm and October 59 mm. The Folin-Ciocalteu method was used for the determination of total phenolic content (TPC) of the samples. Briefly, each fraction (0.2 ml) was mixed with 1 ml of the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and 0.8 ml of 7.5% sodium carbonate solution. The mixture was allowed to stand at room temperature for 30 min, and then the absorbance was measured at 765 nm in a visible-UV microplate kinetics reader (EL 340, Bio-Tek Instruments, Inc., Winooski, VT). A standard curve was generated with gallic acid, concentration range is from 0 to 100 µg/ml (0-100 ppm), from which TPCs in the various fractions were calculated and expressed as milligrams of gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per gram of dry weight vegetable. It may be necessary to dilute some of the samples so that the phenolic concentration will fall within the range of the standard curve. The antioxidant activities were determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH·) induced free radical assay and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) Assay. In DPPH assay, samples were prepared for five concentrations and four repetitions were done for each sample reaction. A standard or sample solution (100µl) was added to 100µL of DPPH• solution. The absorbance of the mixture was then determined at 515 nm in a visible-UV microplate kinetics reader (EL 340, Bio- Tek Instruments, Inc., Winooski, VT) after 1 hour when the reaction reached a plateau at room temperature. The antioxidant activity was expressed as DPPH-EC50, which is defined as the milligram of dry weight vegetable (an antioxidant) at which 50% of the 1µg DPPH initial absorbance is reduced. A lower DPPH-EC50 value indicates a higher antioxidant activity. The FRAP assay measures the ability of the antioxidants in the vegetable samples to reduce ferric-tripyridyltriazine (Fe3+-TPTZ) complex to the blue colored ferrous form (Fe2+) which absorbs light at 593 nm. Briefly, standard or sample extract (10 µl) were mixed with 300 µl of ferric-TPTZ reagent (prepared by mixing 300mM acetate buffer, pH 3.6, 10mM TPTZ in 40mM HCl and 20mM FeCl3 in the ratio of 10:1:1 (v/v/v)) and added to the wells. The plate was incubated at 37 °C for the duration of the reaction. The absorbance readings were taken at 593nm at 0 and 4 min using a visible–UV microplate kinetic reader (EL 340, Bio-Tek Instruments, Inc., Winooski, VT). TAC (total antioxidant capacity) of the samples was calculated on the basis of 500 mM L-ascorbic acid and expressed as µmol ascorbic acid equivalents (AAE) per gram of dry weight vegetable. The higher the FRAP value, the stronger the antioxidant capacity. Data were analyzed using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) with MIXED procedure of SAS institute (1989).Means separation was obtained using Tukey’s method at P = 0.05 level of significance.
RESULTS: As presented in Tables 1 and 2.
CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences were found among cultivars for total phenolic content and total antioxidant activity (Table 2). Commercial variety Purple Haze has significantly higher TPC and TAC in FRAP assay than all other color carrots, followed by Atomic Red and breeding line Purple. The results of hydrophilic fraction of purple samples in DPPH assay are not available due to the initial color there is in sample interfere in the 515 nm absorbance measurement. It should take possible interferences in to account in DPPH assay. When carrots were grouped by color, significant differences were found for TPC and TAC (Table 1). The purple color had significantly higher TPC and TAC than all other color groups, followed by red color group. Carrot pigment may influence the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of carrots. Although no significant was found from the results of lipophilic fraction in DPPH assay, the conclusion should be drawn with the reference of other parameters and the interferences of colour should be taken into account for interpret of the result. The more colour there is in a sample, the smaller the absorbance decrease and the less antioxidant activity is measured in DPPH assay.
Table 1. Total phenolic contents and total antioxidant capacity of different colored carrots grouped by color, grown near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2009. TAC3 TPC2 FRAP (µmol DPPH Colour1 (m/g) /g) EC50 (mg DW/μg DPPH) Hydrophilic extract Lipophilic extract Purple 1.98 a4 15.04 a DL5 0.63 ns Red 0.87 b 5.09 b 0.02 c 0.63 Orange 0.71 b 3.75 b 0.15 b 0.41 Yellow 0.68 b 3.44 b 0.24 ab 0.39 White 0.53 b 2.95 b 0.36 a 0.49 1 Cultivars of similar colour were grouped for analysis 2 TPC: total phenolic content expressed as mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per gram dry weight. 3 TAC: total antioxidant capacity expressed as µmol ascorbic acid equivalent (AAE) per gram dry weight in FRAP assay and DPPH- EC50: Milligrams of sample required to reduce absorbance of 1 ug DPPH concentration by 50% in DDPH assay. 4 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter were not significantly different at P=0.05, Tukey's Test. 5 DL: Detection Limited
Table 2. Total phenolic contents and total antioxidant capacity in different colored carrots, grown near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2009. TAC3 FRAP Cultivar Source1 Colour TPC2 (mg/g) DPPH EC50 (mg DW/μg DPPH) (µmol /g) Hydrophilic Lipophilic extract extract Purple Haze Bejo purple 3.07 a4 23.15 a DL5 0.74 ab Atomic Red JSS red 1.01 b 6.13 b 0.001 fg 0.59 abcde Purple UW purple 0.88 c 6.94 b DL 0.51 bcde Chantenay Red VS orange 0.81 cd 4.34 cd 0.004 g 0.25 de Cored Dark Orange UW orange 0.78 cd 4.55 c 0.006 g 0.67 abcd Red UW red 0.73 de 4.04 cd 0.027 fg 0.68 abc Six Park II HMS orange 0.72 de 3.86 cde 0.036 efg 0.21 e Yellow UW yellow 0.72 de 4.12 cd 0.140 def 0.32 cde Choctaw Nun orange 0.71 de 3.54 c-g 0.167 de 0.24 e Apache Nun orange 0.70 de 3.71 c-f 0.205 cd 0.23 e Envy Sem orange 0.69 def 3.50 defg 0.240 abcd 0.50 bcde Mello Yello Bejo yellow 0.65 ef 2.76 fg 0.330 abc 0.46 bcde Cellobunch Sem orange 0.63 ef 3.50 d-g 0.243 abcd 0.24 e Nevada Bejo orange 0.60 efg 3.01 efg 0.227 bcd 0.92 a White UW white 0.57 fg 3.38 d-g 0.353 ab 0.58 abcde
White Satin Bejo white 0.48 g 2.54 g 0.361 a 0.40 bcde 1 Sources: Bejo = Bejo Seeds Inc., JSS = Johnny’s Selected Seeds, Nun = Nunhems Vegetable Seeds, Sem = Seminis Vegetable Seed, UW = University of Wisconsin breeding lines 2 TPC: total phenolic content expressed as mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per gram dry weight. 3 TAC: total antioxidant capacity expressed as µmol ascorbic acid equivalent (AAE) per gram dry weight in FRAP assay and DPPH- EC50: Milligrams of sample required to reduce absorbance of 1 ug DPPH concentration by 50% in DDPH assay. 4 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter were not significantly different at P=0.05, Tukey’s Test. 5 DL: Detection Limited
Funding for this project was supplied by the OMAFRA/University of Guelph Sustainable Production Systems Program. CROP: Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis), cv. Snow Crown PESTS: Swede midge (SM), (Contarinia nasturtii (Keiffer) Imported cabbageworm (ICW), (Artogeia rapae (L.)
AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR & RICHES L Muck Crops Research Station, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph
TITLE: EVALUATION OF VARIOUS SOIL-APPLIED INSECTICIDES FOR CONTROL OF INSECT PESTS OF CAULIFLOWER, 2010
MATERIALS: experimental insecticides from Syngenta: A16971, A16901 and A15452B; ACTARA® 240 SC (thiamethoxam 21.6%), ADMIRE® 240 F (imidacloprid 21.4%), CORAGEN® 200 SC (chlorantroaniliprole 18.4%)
METHODS: Cauliflower was seeded on 11 May into 128-cell plug trays, grown in the greenhouse and hand transplanted on 5 July into organic soil (organic matter ≈ 76.0%, pH ≈ 6.3) at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario. Each experimental unit consisted of two 5 m long rows, 86 cm apart with in-row spacing of 45 cm (≈ 25,500 plants/ha). A randomized complete block arrangement with four replicates per treatment was used. Treatments were applied as a soil drench at the time of transplanting at the rate of 100 mL per plant (2,550 L/ha). Treatments were: as shown in Table 1. On 30 July and 14 September the leaf most severely damaged by imported cabbageworm (ICW) feeding on 10 randomly chosen plants was visually examined for feeding damage and rated on a scale of 0 to 5 where 0 = no feeding damage, 1 = 1-4% damage, 2 = 5-9% damage, 3 = 10-14% damage, 4 = 15-19% damage and 5 ≥ 20% damage. ICW damage incidence was determined as a percentage of ten leaves with feeding damage. ICW-damage severity index (DSI) was determined using the following equation: ∑ [(class no.)(no. of leaves in each class)] DSI = x100 (total no. leaves per sample)(no. classes – 1) On 10 September all marketable heads were cut, counted and weighed to determine weight per head. On 13 September all remaining plants were examined for swede midge (SM) damage and missing and unmarketable heads were counted and numbers recorded. Compared to the averaged previous 10 years, the air temperatures in 2010 were average for September (15.5°C), above average for July (22.3°C), and August (21.1°C). The long term previous 10 year average temperatures were: July 20.0°C, August 19.3°C and September 15.5°C. Monthly rainfall when compared to the previous long term 10 year average was above average for July (146 mm), August (74 mm) and September (95 mm). The long term previous 10 year rainfall averages were: July 76 mm, August 57 mm, and September 72 mm. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.9. Means separation was obtained by using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance.
RESULTS: as presented in Tables 1 & 2
CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences in incidence and severity of ICW-feeding damage to cauliflower were observed among the treatments at the 30 July assessment (Table 1). Plants treated with A16901 at 750 g/ha or A16971 at 225 or 375 g/ha, A15452 at 750 mL/ha or CORAGEN at 375 mL/ha had significantly lower incidence and severity of feeding damage than plants treated with ADMIRE at 730 mL/ha, or ACTARA at 375 or 625 mL/ha and the untreated check. No significant differences in the DSI were observed among the treatments at the 14 September assessment and ICW feeding damage was 100% (Table 1). Significant differences in the percentage of cauliflower plants damaged by SM were observed among the treatments (Table 2). Plants treated with A16901 at 750 g/ha, A15452B at 750 mL/ha, A16971 at 375 g/ha, ACTARA at 375 or 625 mL/ha, ADMIRE at 730 mL/ha or CORAGEN at 375 mL/ha had significantly less swede midge damage than the untreated check. There were no significant differences in weight per head among the treatments (Tables 1 & 2).
Table 1. Imported cabbageworm (ICW) feeding damage incidence and severity index (DSI) for cauliflower, cv. Snow Crown, treated with various insecticides applied to the soil at transplanting, grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010. 30 July 14 Sept Wgt/Head Treatment Rate/ha ICW Feeding Damage DSI2 DSI (g) Incidence (%)1 A16901 750 g 42.5 a3 10.6 a 37.5 ns4 1537.9 ns A16971 375 g 55.0 a 14.4 a 41.5 1560.2 A16971 225 g 50.0 a 14.4 a 46.5 1761.8 A15452B 750 mL 62.5 ab 16.3 ab 37.5 1484.0 CORAGEN 200 375 mL 65.0 ab 18.1 ab 37.0 1608.0 CORAGEN 200 225 mL 85.0 bc 24.4 b 39.5 1483.8 ADMIRE 240 F 730 mL 95.0 c 36.9 c 40.5 1460.7 ACTARA 240 SC 375 mL 97.5 c 34.4 c 45.0 1595.8 ACTARA 240 SC 625 mL 100.0 c 33.1 c 38.5 1343.9 Check -- 100.0 c 33.1 c 44.0 1035.5 1 Percentage of 10 leaves/plot damaged by ICW feeding. 2 ICW damage severity index (DSI) was determined using the following equation: ∑ [(class no.)(no. of leaves in each class)] DSI = x 100 (total no. leaves per sample)(no. classes-1) 3 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly differently at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD test. 4 ns = no significant differences were found among the treatments
Table 2. Swede midge damage and weight per head for cauliflower, cv. Snow Crown, treated with various soil-applied insecticides at transplanting, Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010. % Plants with Swede Treatment Rate/ha Wt/Head (g) Midge Damage A16901 750 g 20.7 a1 1537.9 ns2 A15452B 750 mL 29.7 ab 1484.0 A16971 375 g 33.9 abc 1560.2 ACTARA 240 SC 625 mL 41.0 abc 1343.9 ACTARA 240 SC 375 mL 41.6 abc 1595.8 ADMIRE 240 F 730 mL 42.5 abc 1460.7 CORAGEN 200 375 mL 43.8 bc 1608.0 A16971B 225 g 52.3 cd 1761.8 CORAGEN 200 225 mL 52.3 cd 1483.8 Check -- 68.5 d 1035.5 1 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly differently at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD test. 2 ns = no significant differences were found among the treatments
Funding for this project was supplied by Syngenta Crop Protection, Guelph, Ontario. CROPS: Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis), cv. Fremont Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. Italia), cv. Emerald Pride PESTS: Alternaria leaf blight (Alternaria brassicicola) Downy mildew (Personospora parasitica (Pers.:Fr.) Fr.)
AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR & RICHES L Muck Crops Research Station, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph
TITLE: EVALUATION OF SILVER-BASED FUNGICIDES FOR CONTROL OF BLACK LEAF SPOT (ALTERNARIA BRASSICICOLA) AND DOWNY MILDEW (PERSONOSPORA PARASITICA) ON CAULIFLOWER AND BROCCOLI, 2010
MATERIALS: Silver periodate (sodium diperiodatoargentate 99%), AGRESS® (oxysilver nitrate 95%), BRAVO® 500 (chlorothalonil 500 g/L)
METHODS: Broccoli, cv. Emerald Pride and cauliflower, cv. Fremont, were seeded on 25 May into 128-cell plug trays, grown in the greenhouse and hand transplanted at two separate plot locations on 8 July into organic soil (organic matter ≈ 76.0%, pH ≈ 6.3) (broccoli) and (organic matter ≈ 42.2%, pH ≈ 8.0) (cauliflower) at or near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, respectively. Experimental units consisted of three, 5 m long rows, 55 cm apart with in-row spacing of 30 cm (broccoli) or four 5 m long rows, 86 cm apart with in-row spacing of 45 cm (cauliflower). The outside two rows acted as guard rows with disease assessments conducted on the inner one (broccoli) or two (cauliflower) rows per replicate. A randomized complete block arrangement with four replicates per treatment was used. Treatments were: BRAVO 500 at 2.5 L/ha, AGRESS at 0.08 kg/ha, silver periodate at 0.16 kg/ha, BRAVO 500 at 2.5 L/ha + AGRESS at 0.08 kg/ha and BRAVO 500 at 2.5 L/ha + silver periodate at 0.16 kg/ha. Treatment were applied on 30 Jul, 6, 18, 27 August and 10 September using a CO2 backpack sprayer equipped with four TeeJet 11002 fan-type nozzles spaced 40 cm apart and calibrated to deliver 400 L/ha. On 13 (broccoli and cauliflower) and 30 August (broccoli) plots were inoculated with 10,000 spores/L of Alternaria brassicicola in 0.01% Tween 80 solution at the rate of 250 L/ha. On 8 (broccoli) and 28 (cauliflower) September all marketable heads were cut, counted and weighed. On 24 (broccoli) and 28 (cauliflower) September all plants in the middle one (broccoli) and two (cauliflower) rows were cut and 5 wrapper leaves per plant removed and assessed for downy mildew (DM) and alternaria lesions were counted and recorded. DM was visually assessed on a scale of 0 to 6 where 0 = no disease, 1 = 1 – 2% disease, 2 = 3 – 5% disease, 3 = 6 – 10% disease, 4 = 11 – 20% diseased, 5 = 21 – 30% disease and 6 = >30% diseased. DM damage severity index (DSI) was determined using the following equation: ∑ [(class no.)(no. of leaves in each class)] DSI = x100 (total no. leaves per sample)(no. classes – 1) Compared to the averaged previous 10 years, the air temperatures in 2010 were average for September (15.5°C), above average for July (22.3°C) and August (21.1°C). The long term previous 10 year average temperatures were: July 20.0°C, August 19.3°C, and September 15.5°C. Monthly rainfall was above the previous long term 10 year average for July (146 mm), August (74 mm) and September (95 mm). The long term previous 10 year rainfall averages were: July 76 mm, August 57 mm, and September 72 mm. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.9. Means separation was obtained by using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance.
RESULTS: as presented in Tables 1 & 2
CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences were found in alternaria lesions per leaf, downy mildew incidence and disease severity on broccoli, cv. Emerald Pride (Table 1). Broccoli treated with AGRESS, silver periodate, BRAVO alone or in combination had significantly fewer black spot lesions, less incidence and lower severity of DM than the untreated check. DM incidence ranged from ≈ 20 to 26% in broccoli treated with BRAVO, AGRESS, silver periodate alone or in combination compared to 47.6% in the untreated check. No significant differences were found in DM incidence or severity in cauliflower treated with BRAVO, AGRESS, silver periodate alone or in combination compared to the untreated check. The significant differences in alternaria lesions among the treatments are inexplicable and should be disregarded (Table 2). No significant differences in weight per head were found among the treatments for either crop. Neither DM nor alternaria affect the marketable portion of the plant and thus do not cause the heads to be unmarketable.
Table 1. Alternaria lesions per leaf, downy mildew (DM) incidence and severity index (DSI) and yield data for broccoli, cv. Emerald Pride, treated with silver based fungicides, grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010. Alternaria DM Incidence Weight/head Treatment Rate per ha DSI1 Lesions/leaf (%) (g) BRAVO 2.5 L 2.8 a2 23.2 a 6.9 a 500.9 ns3 AGRESS 0.08 kg 4.2 a 26.1 a 7.8 a 479.2 Silver periodate 0.16 kg 3.2 a 19.8 a 8.5 a 462.4 BRAVO + AGRESS 2.5 L + 0.08 kg 2.7 a 21.6 a 8.0 a 419.5 BRAVO + silver periodate 2.5 L + 0.16 kg 2.5 a 23.3 a 7.3 a 509.6 Check -- 6.8 b 47.6 b 16.2 b 457.7 1 DSI = downy mildew severity index based on the following equation: ∑ [(class no.)(no. of leaves in each class)] DSI = x 100 (total no. leaves per sample)(no. classes-1) 2 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly differently at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD test. 3 ns = no significant differences were found among the treatment
Table 2. Alternaria lesions per leaf, downy mildew (DM) incidence and disease severity index (DSI) and yield data for cauliflower, cv. Fremont, treated with silver based fungicides, grown near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010. DM Alternaria Weight/head Treatment Rate per ha Incidence DSI1 Lesions/leaf (kg) (%) BRAVO 2.5 L 2.2 a2 4.7 ns3 1.1 ns 1.3 ns AGRESS 0.08 kg 4.3 b 2.5 0.8 1.2 Silver periodate 0.16 kg 4.2 b 2.5 0.8 1.5 BRAVO + AGRESS 2.5 L + 0.08 kg 3.5 ab 5.0 1.8 1.6 BRAVO + silver periodate 2.5 L + 0.16 kg 2.2 a 7.4 2.2 1.4 Check -- 3.2 a 7.7 1.8 1.3 1 DSI = downy mildew severity index based on the following equation: ∑ [(class no.)(no. of leaves in each class)] DSI = x 100 (total no. leaves per sample)(no. classes-1) 2 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly differently at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD test. 3 ns = no significant differences were found among the treatment
Funding was provided by Inovotech Inc, Edmonton, Alberta. CROPS: Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata), cvs. Kilaton, Kilaxy, Tekila, Kilaherb & Bronco Napa (Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis), cvs. Emiko, Mirako, Yuki, & China Gold Broccoli (Brassica oleracae var. Italia), cvs. BC 7540 & Diplomat PEST: Clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin)
AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR & RICHES L Muck Crops Research Station, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph
TITLE: COMPARISON OF VARIOUS BROCCOLI, GREEN AND NAPA CABBAGE CULTIVARS FOR RESISTANCE AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO CLUBROOT, 2010
MATERIALS: Four napa cabbage cultivars: Emiko, Mirako, (Bejo Seeds), Yuki, & China Gold (Sakata Seed America Inc.), five green cabbage cultivars: Kilaton, Tekila, Kilaxy, Kilaherb (Stokes Seeds Inc.) and Bronco (Bejo Seeds) and two broccoli cultivars: BC 7540 and Diplomat (Sakata Seed America Inc.), ALLEGRO (fluazinam 40%)
METHODS: The trial was conducted at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, in organic soil (organic matter ≈ 74.7%, pH ≈ 6.3) naturally infested with Plasmodiophora brassicae. On 5, 6 and 11 May, several new cultivars of green cabbage (Kilaton, Kilaxy, Tekila, and Kilaherb), napa cabbage (Emiko, Yuki and China Gold) and broccoli (BC 7540) all with resistance to the clubroot pathogen, and susceptible cultivars Bronco, Mirako and Diplomat (green cabbage, napa and broccoli respectively) were seeded into 128-cell plug trays and grown in the greenhouse. On 8 June plants were hand-transplanted into three 7.5 m rows, 55 cm apart with 30 cm in-row spacing (napa and broccoli), and two 7.5 m rows 86 cm apart with 45 cm in-row spacing (green cabbage). A randomized complete block arrangement with four replicates per treatment was used. ALLEGRO fungicide at 50 mL/100L was applied as a drench at the rate of 100 mL per plant immediately following transplanting (8 June) to green cabbage cultivar Bronco as a commercial standard treatment. On 15 July (Emiko, Mirako, Yuki, and China Gold), 5 (BC 7540 and Diplomat), 11 (Tekila and Kilaherb) and 24 (Bronco, Kilaton and Kilaxy) of August, mature heads of napa, broccoli and green cabbage (24, 30 and 20 respectively) were harvested and weighed for a yield assessment. The roots were examined for clubroot. On 20 August all remaining plants of BC 7540, Diplomat and Mirako were assessed for clubroot and the ratings included in calculations for total clubroot incidence and severity. The disease severity index (DSI) was calculated using a scale of 0 to 3: 0 = no clubbing, 1 = <1/3 of root clubbed, 2 = 1/3 – 2/3 of roots clubbed and 3 = > 2/3 of roots clubbed. Disease severity index (DSI) was determined using the following equation: ∑ [(class no.)(no. of roots in each class)] DSI = x100 (total no. roots per sample)(no. classes – 1) Compared to the averaged previous 10 years, the air temperatures in 2010 were average for June (18.4°C), and above average for July (22.3°C) and August (21.1°C). The long term previous 10 year average temperatures were: June 18.4°C, July 20.0°C, and August 19.3°C. Monthly rainfall compared to the previous long term 10 year average was above average for June (170 mm), July (146 mm), and August (74 mm). The long term previous 10 year rainfall averages were: June 74 mm, July 76 mm, and August 57 mm. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.9. Means separation was obtained by using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance.
RESULTS: as presented in Tables 1, 2 and 3
CONCLUSIONS: Clubroot incidence and severity was high in the susceptible cultivars in this trial. Significant differences were found among cultivars of napa cabbage in susceptibility to clubroot. The three resistant napa cabbage cultivars, Yuki, China Gold and Emiko, had significantly less clubroot and lower disease severity than Mirako, the susceptible cultivar. Cultivars China Gold and Emiko had no incidence of disease. No differences were found in harvest weights among the napa cultivars (Table1). Among the green cabbage cultivars, significant differences were found in disease incidence, disease severity and yield. The four clubroot resistant cultivars, Kilaton, Tekila, Kilaxy and Kilaherb had significantly lower clubroot incidence and severity than Bronco, the susceptible check or Bronco + ALLEGRO transplant drench. Cultivars Kilaxy and Kilaton had no disease and other resistant cultivars (Kilaton and Tekila) had ≈ 1% disease. There were no significant differences in disease incidence or severity between Bronco untreated and Bronco treated with the ALLEGRO transplant drench. Differences in harvest weight were also observed among the cultivars. All the resistant cultivars had significantly higher weights per head than Bronco, both untreated and treated with ALLEGRO. However, these differences may in part be attributed to the type of cabbage, whether storage or early season cultivars, rather than clubroot severity (Table 2). Significant differences in clubroot incidence and severity were found between the susceptible (Diplomat) and resistant (BC 7540) broccoli cultivars. Broccoli cultivar BC 7540 had significantly lower clubroot incidence and severity index compared to Diplomat. Weight per head was significantly higher for BC 7540 compared to Diplomat (Table 3). All resistant cultivars tested had high levels of resistance to clubroot.
Table 1. Comparison of various napa cultivars for susceptibility to clubroot, grown in soil naturally infested with the clubroot pathogen at the Muck Crops Research Station, Ontario, 2010. Clubroot Incidence Weight/Head2 Cultivar Seed Supplier DSI1 (%) (kg) Emiko Bejo 0.0 a3 0.0 a 1.7 ns3 China Gold Sakata 0.0 a 0.0 a 1.4 Yuki Sakata 1.0 a 1.0 a 1.6 Mirako Bejo 98.0 b 82.8 b 1.7 1 Disease severity index (DSI) was determined using the following equation: ∑ [(class no.)(no. of plants in each class)] DSI = x 100 (total no. plants per sample)(no. classes – 1) 2 Average of 24 heads 3 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test.
Table 2. Comparison of various green cabbage cultivars for susceptibility to clubroot, grown in soil naturally infested with the clubroot pathogen at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010. Clubroot Incidence Weight/Head2 Cultivar Seed Supplier DSI1 (%) (kg) Kilaxy Syngenta 0.0 a3 0.0 a 1.7 b Kilaherb Syngenta 0.0 a 0.0 a 2.0 ab Kilaton Syngenta 0.8 a 0.8 a 2.3 a Tekila Syngenta 1.3 a 1.3 a 2.1 ab Bronco + ALLEGRO Bejo 100.0 b 97.6 b 1.2 c Bronco Bejo 100.0 b 98.1 b 1.0 c 1 Disease severity index (DSI) was determined using the following equation: ∑ [(class no.)(no. of plants in each class)] DSI = x 100 (total no. plants per sample)(no. classes – 1) 2 Average of 20 heads 3 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test.
Table 3. Comparison of two broccoli cultivars for susceptibility to clubroot grown in soil naturally infested with the clubroot pathogen at the Muck Crops Research Station, Ontario, 2010. Clubroot Incidence Weight/Head2 Cultivar Seed Supplier DSI1 (%) (g) BC 7540 Sakata 29.1 a3 9.7 a 322.9 a Diplomat Sakata 100.0 b 93.3 b 84.7 b 1 Disease severity index (DSI) was determined using the following equation: ∑ [(class no.)(no. of plants in each class)] DSI = x 100 (total no. plants per sample)(no. classes – 1) 2 Average of 30 heads 3 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test.
Funding was provided by The Fresh Vegetable Growers of Ontario through the Farm Innovation Program (FIP) that is part of Growing Forward, a federal-provincial-territorial initiative. The FIP program is administered by the Agricultural Adaptation Council, and the OMAFRA University of Guelph Plant Production Systems Program. CROP: Shanghai pak choi (Brassica rapa L. var. communis Tsen and Lee), cv. Mei Qing PEST: Clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin)
AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR1, RICHES L1 & PENG G2 1University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station 2Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon
TITLE: EVALUATION OF BIOFUNGICIDES AND FUNGICIDES FOR CLUBROOT CONTROL ON SHANGHAI PAK CHOI, 2010
MATERIALS: ACTINOVATE® SP (0.371% Streptomyces lydicus strain WYEC 108), ALLEGRO500F (40% fluazinam), MYCOSTOP® WP (30% Streptomyces griseoviridis, strain K61), PRESIDIO® (39.5% fluopicolide), PRESTOP® WP (32% Gliocladium catenulatum strain J1446), RANMAN 400 SC (34.5% cyazofamid), SERENADE® ASOTM (1.34% Bacillus subtilis QST 713)
METHODS: The trial was conducted at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, in organic soil (organic matter ≈ 66.2%, pH ≈ 6.6) naturally infested with Plasmodiophora brassicae. On 25 June Shanghai pak choi, cv. Mei Qing, was hand-seeded using a peg board with pegs 4 cm apart (25 seed/m). A randomized complete block design with four replicates was used. Each experimental unit consisted of four rows 5 m in length, 40 cm apart (25,000 linear m/ha). Fungicide treatments were: ALLEGRO at 2.9 L/ha and RANMAN at 1.85 L/ha. The biofunigicide treatments were: ACTINOVATE at 3.6 kg/ha, MYCOSTOP 0.05% suspension, PRESIDIO at 560 mL/ha, PRESTOP 1% solution, and SERENADE ASO at 50 L/ha. A water check was also included. All treatments were applied as a drench application to the seeds in the open furrow at the rate of 50 mL/m using a CO2 backpack sprayer equipped with a single TeeJet 11004 nozzle except MYCOSTOP which was applied at the rate of 200 mL/m by hand using a beaker. The furrows were then closed with a rake. On 5 August, two 1 m sections were dug, tops weighed and roots examined for clubroot incidence and grouped by severity using a scale of 0 to 3: 0 = no clubbing, 1 =<1/3 of root clubbed, 2 = 1/3 – 2/3 of roots clubbed and 3 = > 2.3 of roots clubbed. Disease severity index (DSI) was determined using the following equation: ∑ [(class no.)(no. of plants in each class)] DSI = x100 (total no. plants per sample)(no. classes – 1) Compared to the averaged previous 10 years, the air temperatures in 2010 were average for June (18.4°C), above average for July (22.3°C) and August (21.1°C). The long term previous 10 year average temperatures were: June 18.4°C, July 20.0°C, and August 19.3°C. Monthly rainfall was above average for June (170 mm), July (146 mm), and August (74 mm). The long term previous 10 year rainfall averages were: June 74 mm, July 76 mm, and August 57 mm. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.9. Means separation was obtained by using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance.
RESULTS: as presented in Table 1
CONCLUSIONS: No significant differences in clubroot incidence or severity were found among the treatments. There were no significant differences in top weights among the treatments (Table 1). The incidence of clubroot was relatively high in this trial, but incidence varied within the plot area, regardless of treatment.
Table 1. Clubroot incidence and severity index (DSI) for Shanghai pak choi, cv. Mei Qing, treated with various biofungicide and fungicide soil drenches at seeding, grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010. Clubroot Weight/plant Treatment Rate1 DSI2 Incidence (%) (g) PRESTOP 1% solution (10 g/L) 72.7 ns 68.3 ns 59.8 ns MYCOSTOP 0.05% suspension 75.9 58.4 45.3 ALLEGRO 2.9 L/ha 83.9 63.2 43.7 SERENADE ASO 50 L/ha 94.6 75.7 45.7 RANMAN 1.85 L/ha 95.4 73.7 53.3 ACTINOVATE 3.6 kg/ha 95.9 77.4 45.5 PRESIDIO 560 mL/ha 99.2 94.1 63.6 Check -- 96.8 79.7 57.4 1 Treatments were applied as a seed furrow drench at the rate of 50 mL/m (1,250 L/ha) except for MYCOSTOP which was applied at 200 mL/m (5,000 L/ha). Pak choi row spacing of 40 cm = 25,000 linear m/ha. 2 Clubroot disease severity index was determined using the following equation: ∑ [(class no.)(no. of plants in each class)] DSI = x 100 (total no. plants per sample)(no. classes-1)
Funding was provided by the Clubroot Mitigation Project of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, the Plant Production Systems Program of the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs and the University of Guelph and by the Fresh Vegetable Growers of Ontario through the Farm Innovation Program (FIP) that is part of Growing Forward, a federal-provincial-territorial initiative. The FIP program is administered by the Agricultural Adaptation Council. CROP: Napa cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. Pekinensis), cv. Mirako PEST: Clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin)
AUTHORS: KASINATHAN H1, MCDONALD MR1, GOSSEN BD2 1University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Guelph 2Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon
TITLE: EFFICACY OF BIOFUNGICIDES AND FUNGICIDES FOR THE REDUCTION OF CLUBROOT INCIDENCE AND SEVERITY IN NAPA CABBAGE, 2010
MATERIALS: Biofungicides: MYCOSTOP® WP (30% Streptomyces griseoviridis, strain K61), ACTINOVATE® SP (0.371% Streptomyces lydicus, strain WYEC 108), PRESTOP® WP (32% Gliocladium catenulatum, strain J1446) and SERENADE ® ASOTM (1.34% Bacillus subtilis QST 713); Fungicides: ALLEGRO 500 F (fluazinam 40%), RANMAN 400 SC (cyazofamid 34.5%) and PRESIDIO (fluopicolide 39.5%)
METHODS: The trial was conducted at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, in organic soil (pH ≈ 6.7, organic matter ≈ 69%) naturally infested with Plasmodiophora brassicae pathotype 6. Napa cabbage was seeded on 21 May into 128-cell plastomer plug trays and hand- transplanted on 17 June into three rows 5 m long and 30 cm apart. There were three plants per meter. A randomized complete block design with four replicates per treatment was used. Treatments were applied as a drench application to the seedlings at the time of transplanting. The eight treatments were: four biofungicides, three fungicides and one non-treated control. The biofungicides, PRESTOP at 10 g/L, SERENADE at 40 mL/L, ACTINOVATE at 0.6 g/L and MYCOSTOP at 0.5 g/L were applied in solution at the rate of 100 mL/plant. The fungicides PRESIDIO at 9 mL/100 L, ALLEGRO at 50 mL/100 L and RANMAN at 30 mL/100 L were also applied in solution at the rate of 100 mL/plant. On 26 July all the heads from each replicate plot were harvested and assessed for yield. The roots were pulled out and examined for clubroot incidence and severity. Disease severity was rated using a 0–3 scale, where 0 = no clubbing, 1 < 1/3 of root clubbing, 2 = 1/3 to 2/3 of root clubbing, and 3 > 2/3 of root clubbing. A disease severity index (DSI) was calculated using the following equation: ∑ [(class no.)(no. of plants in each class)] DSI = x 100 (total no. plants per sample)(no. classes -1) Compared to the averaged previous 10 years, the air temperatures in 2010 were average for June (18.4°C), September (15.5°C) and October (9.4°C), above average for May (15.1°C), July (22.3°C) and August (21.1°C). The long term previous 10 year average temperatures were: May 13.1°C, June 18.4°C, July 20.0°C, August 19.3°C, September 15.5°C and October 8.9°C. Monthly rainfall was below the previous long term 10 year average for May (51.7 mm), average for October (60.4 mm), and above average for June (170 mm), July (146 mm), August (74 mm) and September (95 mm). The long term previous 10 year rainfall averages were: May 87 mm, June 74 mm, July 76 mm, August 57 mm, September 72 mm and October 58.3 mm.
RESULTS: as presented in Table 1
CONCLUSIONS: None of the treatments reduced the incidence of clubroot as compared to the untreated check. Napa cabbage treated with RANMAN had lower clubroot severity than napa treated with any of the biofungicides, PRESIDIO and the untreated check. The biofungicides were not effective in reducing clubroot incidence or severity and all had clubroot incidence higher than plants treated with RANMAN. The fungicide PRESIDIO did not reduce clubroot incidence or severity. There were no differences in yield among the treatments. Table 1. Evaluation of biofungicides and fungicides for control of clubroot in napa cabbage, grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010. 2 1 DSI Harvest Weight/ Plant Treatment CI (%) (0-100) (g) Susceptible check 87.0 ab3 71.5 ab 1.4 ns4 Bio-fungicides MYCOSTOP 95.0 a 72.7 ab 1.2 ACTINOVATE 99.0 a 74.3 ab 1.3 PRESTOP 100.0 a 84.0 a 1.2 SERENADE 100.0 a 91.0 a 1.1 Fungicides RANMAN 51.0 b 25.7 c 1.3 ALLEGRO 68.0 ab 35.3 bc 1.4 PRESIDIO 95.0 a 71.3 ab 1.1 1CI- Clubroot incidence 2 Disease severity index (DSI) was calculated as:
DSI = ∑ [(class no.)(no. of plants in each class)] x 100 (total no. plants per sample)(no. classes -1) 3 Values in the column followed by same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Tukey’s test. 4 Not significant at P=0.05
Funding for this project was provided by the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Clubroot Mitigation Initiative. CROP: Yellow cooking onions (Allium cepa L.), cv. Pulsar PESTS: Onion maggot, (Delia antiqua (Meigen))
AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR1, VAN DYK D & TAYLOR AG2 1 University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station 2 Cornell University, Dept. of Horticultural Science, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station
TITLE: EVALUATION OF VARIOUS SEED TREATMENTS FOR CONTROL OF ONION MAGGOT IN YELLOW COOKING ONIONS, 2010
MATERIALS: ARIA (flonicamid 50%), AVICTA 400 (avermectin 37%), CRUISER 5 FS (thiamethoxam 47.6%), DERMACOR X-100 (chlorantraniliprole 50%), ENTRUST (spinosad 80%), EXP 3 (thiodicarb 35.7%), HGW86/CYAZYPYR (cyantraniliprole 47%), RAXIL (tebuconazole 28.4%), SEPRESTO (clothianidin 56.25% + imidacloprid 18.75%), THIRAM (thiram 42%), TRIGARD (cyromazine 75%).
METHODS: Various seed treatments for yellow cooking onions were evaluated in a field trial on organic soil (pH ≈ 5.8, organic matter ≈ 78.6%) naturally infested with Delia antiqua pupae at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario. Treatments are shown in Table 1. All seeds were also treated with RAXIL at 250 mg ai/ 100 g seed, and THIRAM 42 S at 188 mg ai/100 g seed. Seeds were treated at Cornell University by Alan Taylor. Treatments were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Each replicate consisted of 4 rows (42 cm apart), 5 m in length. All seed treatments were seeded on 3, 4 May using a push cone-seeder. Six random 2 m sections were staked out, and germination counts were conducted on a weekly basis to determine initial stands prior to first generation assessment. Plants were examined for onion maggot (OM) or damage caused by other pests within the staked-out sections on a weekly basis throughout June and July. Damaged plants were rogued out and the cause recorded. Damage was recorded two weeks after the end of the first (30 June) and second (19 August) generation peaks and at harvest (13 September) (onion bulb maturity). On 20 September onions from two 2.33 m sections of row were harvested and graded and weighed on 16 and 17 November to determine yield. Compared to the averaged previous 10 years, the air temperatures in 2010 were average for June (18.4°C), and September (15.5°C), above average for May (15.1°C), July (22.3°C) and August (21.1°C). The long term previous 10 year average temperatures were: May 13.1°C, June 18.4°C, July 20.0°C, August 19.3°C, and September 15.5°C. Monthly rainfall was below previous long term 10 years average for May (51.7 mm), and above average for June (170 mm), July (146 mm), August (74 mm) and September (95 mm). The long term previous 10 years average rainfall were: May 87 mm, June 74 mm, July 76 mm, August 57 mm, and September 72 mm. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistics V.9. Mean separation was obtained using Fisher’s Protected LSD test with P =0.05 level of significance.
RESULTS: as presented in Tables 1 and 2
CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences in OM losses were found at the 1st and 2nd generation and total season assessments among the treatments (Table1). At the 1st generation assessment the seed treatments ENTRUST + CRUISER 5 FS, SEPRESTO, TRIGARD, AVICTA 400, AVICTA 400 + CRUISER 5 FS and ENTRUST had significantly lower OM losses than EXP 3 or the untreated check. At the 2nd generation assessment the seed treatments ENTRUST + CRUISER 5 FS, SEPRESTO, TRIGARD, AVICTA 400, AVICTA 400 + CRUISER 5 FS and ENTRUST had significantly lower OM losses than ARIA, DERMACOR X-100, HGW86/CYAZYPYR, EXP 3 or the untreated check. Over the total season the seed treatments ENTRUST + CRUISER 5 FS, SEPRESTO, TRIGARD, AVICTA 400 and AVICTA 400 + CRUISER 5 FS had significantly fewer OM losses than EXP 3 and the untreated check. Significant differences in marketable yield, percent jumbo, large and medium onions were found among the treatments (Table 2). Yields of onions treated with ENTRUST, ENTRUST + CRUISER 5FS, AVICTA 400 + CRUISER 5 FS, TRIGARD, AVICTA 400 or SEPRESTO were significantly higher than yields of onions treated with EXP 3 or the untreated check. Onions treated with HGW86/CYAZYPYR and the untreated check had significantly higher percent jumbo than onions treated with SEPRESTO, TRIGARD, ENTRUST + CRUISER 5FS, or EXP 3. Onions treated with EXP 3, HGW86/CYAZYPYR and onions from the untreated check had significantly lower percent large onions than all of the other treatments. Onions treated with ENTRUST + CRUISER 5FS, SEPRESTO, TRIGARD, AVICTA 400 + CRUISER 5FS or ENTRUST had significantly higher percent medium onions than the untreated check.
Table 1. Percent onion maggot (OM) damage to onions, cv. Pulsar, treated with seed dressings and grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010. Rate Product % Onion Maggot Losses Treatments (g ai/100 g st nd seed) 1 Generation 2 Generation Bulb Maturity ENTRUST + CRUISER 5 FS 5.13 + 5.13 2.7 a1 21.8 a 10.9 a SEPRESTO 6.15 3.3 a 27.7 a 23.0 ab TRIGARD 5.0 7.3 a 37.9 a 24.9 ab AVICTA 400 5.13 8.7 a 33.1 a 27.5 ab AVICTA 400 + CRUISER 5 FS 5.13 + 5.13 10.3 a 34.6 a 28.0 ab ENTRUST 5.13 17.7 ab 38.9 a 32.4 b ARIA 5.13 31.2 bc 74.4 b 72.2 c DERMACOR X-100 5.13 40.1 c 70.0 b 64.7 c HGW86/CYAZYPYR 5.13 41.1 c 73.9 b 68.7 c EXP 3 5.13 67.3 d 91.4 b 95.0 cd Untreated Check --- 73.8 d 88.6 b 83.7 d 1 Numbers in a column followed by a different letter are significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test.
Table 2. Marketable yield and size distribution of onions, cv. Pulsar, treated with seed dressings and grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010. Size Distribution Marketable Treatments Weight (t/ha) % Jumbo % Large % Medium % Small (>76mm) (64-76mm) (45-64mm) (<45mm) ENTRUST 58.8 a1 34.4 cd 31.1 abc 34.6 abcd 0.0 ns2 ENTRUST + 57.9 a 5.5 d 29.6 abc 59.8 a 5.0 CRUISER 5 FS AVICTA 400 + 54.1 a 16.1 cd 41.8 ab 40.8 abc 1.4 CRUISER 5 FS TRIGARD 53.4 a 6.9 d 45.7 a 43.0 ab 4.4 AVICTA 400 48.0 a 32.3 cd 38.3 ab 26.9 bcde 2.4 SEPRESTO 45.6 a 9.9 d 38.9 ab 49.5 ab 1.6 DERMACOR X-100 27.9 b 42.7 bc 26.9 abc 28.4 bcde 2.1 ARIA 25.8 b 30.1 cd 38.0 ab 20.6 bcde 11.2 HGW86/CYAZYPYR 21.5 b 70.9 ab 23.3 bcd 5.8 de 0.0 Untreated Check 11.7 bc 75.4 a 16.1 cd 0.0 e 8.6 EXP 3 2.1 c 4.2 d 4.1 d 12.5 cde 4.2 1 Numbers in a column followed by a different letter are significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test. 2 ns indicated no significant differences were found among the treatments
Funding for this project was supplied by the Bradford Co-operative and Storage Ltd through the Holland Marsh Growers Association and the California Onion and Garlic Research Advisory Board. The New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University provided support for seed treatment application of new chemistry seed treatments. CROP: Yellow cooking onions (Allium cepa L.) cv. Hamlet PEST: Onion thrips (Thrips tabaci L.)
AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR, VAN DYK D & MITROVIC M University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station
TITLE: COMPARISON OF PRODUCTS TO CONTROL ONION THRIPS IN LARGE PLOT FIELD TRIALS, 2010
MATERIALS: AGRI-MEK (abamectin 1.9%), CARZOL (formetanate hydrochloride 92%), CONCEPT (imidacloprid 75 g/L + deltamethrin 10 g/L), DELEGATE (spinetoram 25 %), DIBROM (naled 87.4%), MOVENTO (spirotetramat 240 g/L), SYLGARD 309 (siloxylated polyether 76 %)
METHODS: Onions, cv. Hamlet, were direct seeded (34 seeds/m) on 4 and 5 May using a Stanhay Precision Seeder into organic soil (organic matter ≈ 50.4 %, pH ≈ 7.4) near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario. A randomized complete block arrangement with three replicates per treatment was used. Each replicate consisted of two beds each with four twin rows (40 cm apart), 16 m in length. Treatments were applied on 22 July, 4, 13 and 20 August at 120 psi, using a tractor-mounted sprayer fitted with 7 AI TeeJet® Air Induction Even Flat spray tips (AI9504 EVS) spaced 50 cm apart on a 7 m boom and calibrated to deliver 500 L water/ha. Nozzles were angled at 0°. The treatments were as outlined in Table 1. On 20 and 29 July, 10, 16 and 24 August, 25 plants from each plot were destructively sampled and the numbers of onion thrips (OT) (adults and nymphs) on the inner 3 leaves were recorded. These values were used to calculate the area under disease progress curve (AUDPC). AUDPC was calculated using the following equation:
Where j is the order index for the times and nj is the total number of assessments, yj is the average OT count at day tj, yj+1 is the average OT count at day tj+1 and (tj+1 - tj) is the number of days between two assessments. On 24 August plots were rated based on the greenness of the leaves on a scale of 1-5 where 1= no greenness, 2=25% green, 3=50% green, 4=75% green and 5=100% green. On 13 September onions from two 2.33 m sections of row were harvested and stored. On 11 November onions were removed from storage and bulbs counted and weighed to determine yield. Compared to the averaged previous 10 years, the air temperatures in 2010 were average for June (18.4°C) and September (15.5°C), above average for May (15.1°C), July (22.3°C) and August (21.1°C). The long term previous 10 year average temperatures were: May 13.1°C, June 18.4°C, July 20.0°C, August 19.3°C and September 15.5°C. Monthly rainfall was below the previous long term 10 year average for May (51.7 mm) and October (60.4 mm), and above average for June (170 mm), July (146 mm), August (74 mm) and September (95 mm). The long term previous 10 year rainfall averages were: May 87 mm, June 74 mm, July 76 mm, August 57 mm, and September 72 mm. Data was analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.9. Means separation was obtained by using the Fisher’s Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance.
RESULTS: as presented in Tables 2 & 3 CONCLUSIONS: While OT pressure was high throughout the 2010 season differences among treatments were significant only on the 24 August thrips count. Onions treated with CARZOL, DELEGATE, MOVENTO + CARZOL, MOVENTO + DELEGATE, or AGRI-MEK had significantly fewer OT than onions treated with CONCEPT or onions in the untreated control plots. On 20, 29 July, 10 and 16 August OT counts no significant differences were found (Table 2). Significant differences were recorded between the treatments in AUDPC (Table 2). Onions treated with CARZOL, DELEGATE or MOVENTO + DELEGATE had a significantly lower AUDPC than onions treated with CONCEPT or onions in the untreated check. On 24 August significant differences among the treatments were found in plot greenness ratings (Table 3). Onions treated with CARZOL or DELEGATE were significantly greener than onions treated with any of the other treatments. As well, onions treated with MOVENTO + CARZOL, MOVENTO + DELEGATE or MOVENTO + CONCEPT were significantly greener than onions treated with CONCEPT, DIBROM + SYLGARD, MOVENTO or SYLGARD, or onions from the untreated check. Significant differences in marketable yield and percent large onions were found among the treatments (Table 3). Plots treated with DELEGATE or CARZOL had significantly higher yields than plots treated with AGRI-MEK or MOVENTO. Plots treated with MOVENTO + CARZOL or MOVENTO + DELEGATE and the untreated check plots had significantly higher yields than plots treated with MOVENTO. Plots treated with CARZOL, MOVENTO + CARZOL, DELEGATE or MOVENTO + DELEGATE had a significantly higher percentage of large onions than plots treated with MOVENTO, SYLGARD or DIBROM + SYLGARD. No significance differences in percent medium or small onions were found among the treatments (Table 3).
Table 1. Insecticide spray programs for control of thrips on onions, cv. Hamlet, grown near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010. Tmt 1st App 2nd App 3rd App 4th App Treatment Product/ha No. 22 Jul 4 Aug 13 Aug 20 Aug 1 CONCEPT 650 mL CONC CONC CONC CONC 2 DELEGATE WG 400 mL DELE DELE DELE DELE 3 MOVENTO 240 SC 375 mL MOVE MOVE MOVE MOVE 4 AGRI-MEK EC 1 L AG-MEK AG-MEK AG-MEK AG-MEK 550 mL + DIBR + DIBR + DIBR + DIBR + 5 DIBROM + SYLGARD 0.375% v/v SYLG SYLG SYLG SYLG 6 SYLGARD 0.375% v/v SYLG SYLG SYLG SYLG 7 MOVENTO 240 SC & 375 mL & DIBR + DIBR + MOVE MOVE (DIBROM + SYLGARD) (550 mL+0.375% v/v) SYLG SYLG 8 MOVENTO 240 SC & 375 mL & MOVE MOVE CARZ CARZ CARZOL SP 1.4 kg 9 MOVENTO 240 SC & 375 mL & MOVE MOVE DELE DELE DELEGATE 400 mL 10 MOVENTO 240 SC & 375 mL & MOVE MOVE CONC CONC CONCEPT 1.4 kg 11 CARZOL SP 1.4 kg CARZ CARZ CARZ CARZ 12 no treatment ------
Table 2. Onion thrips counts for onions, cv. Hamlet, treated with various insecticides grown near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010. Tmt Mean # OT/Plant AUDPC1 No. Jul 20 Jul 29 Aug 10 Aug 16 Aug 24 11 17.7 ns1 12.7 ns 12.7 ns 2.4 ns 0.8 a2 357.2 a 2 24.0 12.1 12.1 1.2 1.1 a 421.5 a 9 16.9 25.3 25.3 2.6 2.2 a 490.7 a 4 18.5 22.0 22.0 8.7 7.4 a 535.7 ab 7 19.6 21.5 21.5 10.1 14.8 ab 567.6 abc 6 16.9 17.7 17.7 11.4 36.4 ab 598.6 abc 8 20.7 44.0 44.0 4.1 2.2 a 699.5 abc 10 17.7 24.1 24.1 6.7 54.4 abc 715.6 abc 5 27.0 20.9 20.9 13.6 32.4 ab 736.2 abc 3 20.8 34.7 34.7 24.1 66.5 abc 1006.2 bcd 12 23.7 23.8 23.8 10.3 112.4 c 1036.5 cd 1 27.3 46.0 46.0 35.6 78.8 bc 1321.3 d 1 Area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) = ∑ (Yi+Yi+1)/2(ti+1-ti) 2 ns indicates no significant differences were found among the treatments 3 Means within a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P>0.05) as determined with ANOVA and Fisher’s Protected LSD.
Table 3. Yield data for onions, cv. Hamlet, treated with various insecticides, grown near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010. Average Size Distribution (%) Tmt Marketable Treatment Name Greenness Small Medium Large No. Yield (t/ha) Rating1 (<45mm) (45-64mm) (64-76mm) 2 DELEGATE 4.3 a 56.8 a2 10.3 ns3 72.3 ns 17.4 ab 11 CARZOL 4.0 a 56.5 a 6.3 72.3 21.4 a 8 MOVENTO & CARZOL 3.3 b 54.8 ab 6.3 74.9 18.8 ab 9 MOVENTO & DELEGATE 3.3 b 54.5 ab 5.0 78.6 16.3 ab 12 Check 2.0 d 48.6 ab 8.2 80.0 11.9 bcd 6 SYLGARD 2.0 d 46.0 abc 10.8 83.8 5.4 cd MOVENTO & 7 2.7 c 45.7 abc 10.1 76.0 13.9 abc (DIBROM + SYLGARD) 5 DIBROM + SYLGARD 2.0 d 45.0 abc 9.9 85.7 4.4 d 10 MOVENTO & CONCEPT 3.3 b 44.5 abc 14.7 73.3 11.9 bcd 1 CONCEPT 2.0 d 44.5 abc 9.7 78.6 11.7 bcd 4 AGRI-MEK 3.0 bc 42.2 bc 12.9 74.9 12.1 abcd 3 MOVENTO 2.0 d 33.3 c 25.9 67.4 6.7 cd 1 On 24 Aug onion leaves in each plot were rated for greenness on a scale of 1 to 5 where 1= no green, 2=25% green, 3=50% green, 4=75% green and 5=100% green. 2 Means within a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P>0.05) as determined with ANOVA and Fisher’s Protected LSD. 3 ns indicates no significant differences were found among the treatments
Funding for this project was supplied by the Bradford Co-operative and Storage Ltd. through the Holland Marsh Growers’ Association. CROP: Yellow cooking onions (Allium cepa L.), cv. Pulsar PEST: Onion smut (Urocystis colchici var. cepulae Cooke)
AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR1, VAN DYK D1 & TAYLOR AG2 1Muck Crops Research Station, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph 2Cornell University, Dept. of Horticultural Science, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station
TITLE: EVALUATION OF RANCONA SEED TREATMENTS FOR CONTROL OF ONION SMUT IN YELLOW COOKING ONIONS, 2010
OBJECTIVE: to test film coated onion seed to control onion smut
MATERIALS: RANCONA (ipconazole 41%), DITHANE (mancozeb 75%), PRO-GRO (thiram 50%, carboxin 30%), SEPRESTO (clothianidin 56.25%, imidacloprid 18.75%).
METHODS: Seed treatments for yellow cooking onions, cv. Pulsar, were evaluated in a field trial on organic soil (pH ≈ 5.8, organic matter ≈ 78.6%) naturally infested with Urocystis colchici at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario. Treatments were: RANCONA at 100, 150 and 250 mg ai/100 g seed, PRO-GRO at 2.0 g ai/100 g seed + RANCONA at 10, 50, 100 and 150 mg ai/100 g seed, DITHANE at 8.8 kg/ha + PRO-GRO at 2.0 g ai/100 g seed and PRO-GRO at 2.0 g ai/100 g seed. An untreated check was also included. DITHANE was applied using a push V-belt seeder at a rate of 0.35 g/m. All seeds were treated with SEPRESTO 75WS (insecticide) at 6.15 g ai/100 g seed. Seeds were treated at Cornell University by Al Taylor. Treatments were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Each experimental unit consisted of four rows (42 cm apart), 5 m in length. All seed treatments were seeded on 4 May using a push cone-seeder. Three random 2 m sections were staked out, and germination counts were conducted on 25 and 31 May to determine initial stands prior to the first generation assessment. Plants were examined for onion smut (OS) or damage caused by other pests within the staked-out sections on a weekly basis throughout June and July. Damaged plants were rogued out and the cause recorded. At one (10 June), and three (7 June) true leaves, one of the 2m sections was harvested and bulbs and leaves were visually evaluated for OS. The remaining 2 m section was evaluated throughout the season in the same manner until plants reached maturity (30 September) to assess OS losses for the total season. On 20 September onions in a 2.33 m section of row were harvested and on 17 November the bulbs were removed from storage, counted, and weighed to determine yield. Compared to the averaged previous 10 years, the air temperatures in 2010 were average for June (18.4°C), and September (15.5°C), above average for May (15.1°C), July (22.3°C) and August (21.1°C). The long term previous 10 year average temperatures were: May 13.1°C, June 18.4°C, July 20.0°C, August 19.3°C, and September 15.5°C. Monthly rainfall was below the previous long term 10 year average for May (51.7 mm), and above average for June (170 mm), July (146 mm), August (74 mm) and September (95 mm). The long term previous 10 year rainfall averages were: May 87 mm, June 74 mm, July 76 mm, August 57 mm, and September 72 mm. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.9. Means separation was obtained by using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance.
RESULTS: as presented in Tables 1 & 2
CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences were found in percent onion smut at the 1st and 3rd leaf stages but not at the mature bulb stage (Table 1). At the 1st leaf stage, onions grown from seeds treated with RANCONA at 100 or 150 mg ai or RANCONA at 10 mg ai + PRO-GRO at 2000 mg ai had significantly fewer OS losses than onions grown from seeds treated with PRO-GRO alone, PRO-GRO + DITHANE, PRO-GRO + RANCONA at 150 mg ai or the untreated check. Onions grown from seeds treated with any rate of RANCONA either alone or in combination with PRO-GRO had significantly lower OS losses than PRO-GRO alone or the untreated check. At the 3rd leaf stage, onions grown from seeds treated with any rate of RANCONA used alone had significantly fewer OS losses than onions grown from RANCONA at 150 mg ai + PRO-GRO, PRO-GRO alone or the untreated check. At both the 1st and 3rd leaf stages, increasing rates of RANCONA when used alone or when combined with PRO-GRO did not improve OS control. Onions grown from seeds treated with RANCONA at 150 mg ai alone had significantly lower OS losses than RANCONA at 150 mg ai + PRO-GRO at both 1st leaf and 3rd leaf stages The addition of PRO-GRO to RANCONA as a seed treatment did not improve OS control and this may indicate that PRO-GRO interferes with RANCONA. No significant differences were found in marketable yield or percent yield among the treatments (Table 2).
Table 1. Percent onion smut (OS) for onions, cv. Pulsar, grown from seeds treated with various fungicides, grown at Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010. Rate % OS Losses within assigned 2 m sections Treatment (mg ai/100 g of seed) 1st Leaf 3rd Leaf Bulb Maturity RANCONA 150 5.0 a1 27.5 a 7.7 ns2 RANCONA 100 11.0 a 30.3 a 5.3 PRO-GRO + RANCONA 2,000 + 10 12.3 a 31.6 ab 1.1 PRO-GRO + RANCONA 2,000 + 50 18.8 ab 36.5 ab 4.5 PRO-GRO + RANCONA 2,000 + 100 19.8 ab 33.8 ab 15.4 RANCONA 250 20.5 ab 28.8 a 11.9 PRO-GRO + RANCONA 2,000 + 150 36.0 bc 45.9 bc 14.4 PRO-GRO + DITHANE 2,000 + 8.8 kg/ha 42.0 cd 38.9 ab 12.9 PRO-GRO 2,000 56.1 d 55.5 c 22.1 Check --- 75.5 e 57.3 c 31.4 1 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s protected LSD test. 2 ns= not significantly different, P = 0.05 Fisher’s Protected LSD Test
Table 2. Marketable yield and size distribution for onions, cv. Pulsar, grown from seeds treated with various fungicides, grown at Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010. Rate Size Distribution Marketable Treatment (mg ai/100 g Yield (t/ha) % Jumbo % Large % Medium % Small of seed) (>76mm) (64-76mm) (45-64mm) (<45mm) PRO-GRO + 2,000 + 50 62.4 ns1 41.6 ns 43.5 ns 14.8 ns 0.0 ns RANCONA RANCONA 100 61.7 31.8 64.2 4.0 3.8 PRO-GRO + 2,000 + 10 58.7 24.8 43.7 31.5 0.0 RANCONA RANCONA 250 57.5 45.7 38.5 15.7 0.0 RANCONA 150 52.5 37.1 50.4 12.4 0.0 PRO-GRO + 2,000 + 100 50.4 58.2 23.6 14.4 0.0 RANCONA PRO-GRO + 2,000 + 150 49.6 53.0 38.6 8.3 0.0 RANCONA PRO-GRO 2,000 41.9 55.6 31.0 11.7 1.7 PRO-GRO + 2,000 + 32.7 78.8 18.6 2.6 0.0 DITHANE 8.8 kg/ha Check --- 28.7 56.9 27.9 14.7 0.5 1 ns= not significantly different, P = 0.05 Fisher’s Protected LSD Test
Funding for this project was supplied by Chemtura and the OMAFRA/University of Guelph Sustainable Production Systems Program. The New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University provided support for seed treatment application of new chemistry seed treatments. Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of Cornell University or those of Rutgers, State University of New Jersey.
CROP: Yellow cooking onions (Allium cepa L.), cv. Pulsar PEST: Onion smut (Urocystis colchici var. cepulae Cooke)
AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR1, VAN DYK D1, RICHES L1 & TAYLOR AG2 1Muck Crops Research Station, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph 2Dept. of Horticultural Science, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station
TITLE: EVALUATION OF VARIOUS SEED TREATMENTS FOR CONTROL OF ONION SMUT IN YELLOW COOKING ONIONS, 2010
MATERIALS: BAS 700 03 F (fluxapyroxad 28.70%), PRO-GRO (thiram 50%, carboxin 30%), SEPRESTO (clothianidin 56.25%, imidacloprid 18.75%), and ALLEGIANCE (metalaxyl 28.4%)
METHODS: Seed treatments for yellow cooking onions, cv. Pulsar, were evaluated in a field trial on organic soil (pH ≈ 6.8, organic matter ≈ 71.8%) naturally infested with Urocystis colchici and in a greenhouse trial on organic soil (pH ≈ 6.6, organic matter ≈ 66.2%) naturally infested with Urocystis colchici at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario. Treatments were: PRO-GRO at 2.0 g ai/100 g seed, BAS 700 03 F at 125, 250, 500 mg ai/100 g seed. An untreated check was also included. All seeds except the check were treated with SEPRESTO 75WS at 6.15 g ai/100 g seed. All seeds except PRO-GRO were treated with ALLEGIANCE at 30 mg ai/100 g seed. Treatments were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Each experimental unit consisted of four rows (42 cm apart), 5 m in length in the field trial and 200-cell plug tray/experimental unit in the greenhouse trial. All seed treatments in the field trial were seeded on 20 May using a push-cone seeder. Three randomly chosen 2 m sections were staked out, and a germination count conducted on 4 June to determine initial stands prior to the first generation assessment. Plants were examined for onion smut (OS) or damage caused by other pests within the staked-out sections on a weekly basis throughout June and July. Damaged plants were rogued out and the cause recorded. At one (16 June), and three (9 July) true leaves, one of the 2 m sections was pulled and bulbs and leaves were visually evaluated for OS. The remaining 2 m section was evaluated throughout the season in the same manner until plants reached maturity (30 September) to assess OS losses for the total season. On 23 September onions in a 2.33 m section were harvested and on 12 November removed from storage and bulbs counted and weighed to determine yield. Due to the loss of the untreated check to onion maggot in the field trial, the 1st and 3rd leaf assessments were repeated in a greenhouse trial. Seed treatments for yellow cooking onions, cv. Pulsar were seeded on 1 October and placed on a stacking cart in a temperature controlled dark room at 10°C ± 3.0°C for 14 days to delay emergence and to encourage smut development. The trays were then removed and placed on ebb and flow benches in the greenhouse. On 12, 15 and 16 November while the flag leaf was still attached and on 7 December at the 3rd true leaf stage 100 plants per replicate were destructively assessed for onion smut. Percent germination was determined by the number of plants assessed/100. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.9. Means separation was obtained by using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance. Compared to the averaged previous 10 years, the air temperatures in 2010 were average for June (18.4°C), and September (15.5°C), and above average for May (15.1°C), July (22.3°C) and August (21.1°C). The long term previous 10 year average temperatures were: May 13.1°C, June 18.4°C, July 20.0°C, August 19.3°C and September 15.5°C. Monthly rainfall was below the previous long term 10 year average for May (51.7 mm) and above average for June (170 mm), July (146 mm), August (74 mm) and September (95 mm). The long term previous 10 years average rainfall were: May 87 mm, June 74 mm, July 76 mm, August 57 mm and September 72 mm.
RESULTS: as presented in Tables 1, 2, 3, 4 & 5
CONCLUSIONS: There was a low smut infestation rate in the field trial. No significant differences were found in percent onion smut losses at all growth stages (Table 1). No significant differences were found in marketable yield, percent jumbo, large, medium or small onions (Table 2). Significant differences in percent onion maggot losses were found at all growth stages (Table 3). There was significantly higher onion maggot losses in the untreated check compared to all the other treatments and may be due to the lack of SEPRESTO seed treatment. In the greenhouse trial significant differences were found in percent onion smut and percent germination at the 1st leaf stage (Table 4). Onions treated with BAS 700 03 F at all rates had significantly lower percent onion smut than onions treated with PRO-GRO or the untreated check. Onions treated with PRO- GRO or BAS 700 03 F at 125 mg ai/100 g seed (low rate) had significantly better germination rates than the untreated check. Onions treated with BAS 700 03 F at 250 and 500 mg ai/100 g seeds (medium and high rates) had germination rates not significantly different than the untreated check. This may be due to a phytotoxic effect of BAS 700 03 F when used at higher rates. No significant differences were found in percent damped off. Significant differences were found in percent onion smut among the treatments at the 3rd leaf stage (Table 5). The untreated check had significantly higher percent onion smut than all other treatments. Onions treated with BAS 700 03F at 500 or 250 mg ai had significantly lower percent onion smut than onions treated with BAS 700 03F at 125 mg ai or PRO-GRO. No significant differences were found in percent damped off and percent germination (Table 5).
Table 1. Percent onion smut (OS) for onions, cv. Pulsar, treated with various fungicides, grown in a field trial at Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010. % OS losses Treatment Rate (mg ai/100 g seed) 1st True Leaf 3rd True Leaf Bulb Maturity BAS 700 03 F 250 2.7 ns1 0.4 ns 1.9 ns PRO-GRO 2000 2.9 1.4 1.5 BAS 700 03 F 125 3.3 0.8 1.8 BAS 700 03 F 500 5.5 0.4 1.8 Check -- 6.1 0.6 ---2 1 ns indicates no significant differences were found among the treatments. 2no onions present.
Table 2. Yield data for onions, cv. Pulsar, treated with various fungicides, grown in a field trial at Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010. Marketable Size Distribution Rate Treatment Yield % Jumbo % Large % Medium % Small (mg ai/100 g seed) (t/ha) (>76mm) (64-76mm) (45-64mm) (<45mm) BAS 700 03 F 500 38.8 ns1 20.5 ns 37.4 ns 37.4 ns 4.6 ns BAS 700 03 F 250 38.1 11.7 34.2 44.5 9.7 PRO-GRO 2000 35.1 5.6 31.1 50.8 12.5 BAS 700 03 F 125 31.3 5.1 27.4 55.3 12.2 Check ------1 ns indicates no significant differences were found among the treatments
Table 3. Percent onion maggot (OM) for onions, cv. Pulsar, treated with various fungicides, grown in a field trial at Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010. % Onion Maggot Losses Treatments Rate (g ai/100 g seed) 1st True Leaf 3rd True Leaf BAS 700 03 F 125 0.0 a1 0.4 a PRO-GRO 2000 0.4 a 1.4 a BAS 700 03 F 500 1.4 a 3.5 a BAS 700 03 F 250 1.8 a 2.2 a Check -- 50.8 b 60.9 b 1 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s protected LSD test
Table 4. Percent onion smut (OS), percent damped off and percent germination for onions, cv. Pulsar, treated with various seed treatments at the 1st leaf stage, grown in a greenhouse at Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010. Rate Treatment % Onion Smut % Damped Off % Germination (mg ai/100 g seed) BAS 700 03 F 250 3.5 a1 0.3 ns2 87.3 bc BAS 700 03 F 500 3.8 a 0.5 90.0 abc BAS 700 03 F 125 6.1 a 0.3 93.5 ab PRO-GRO 2000 17.9 b 0.3 95.0 a Check --- 23.3 b 0.6 84.8 c 1 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s protected LSD test. 2 ns indicates no significant differences were found among the treatments
Table 5. Percent onion smut (OS), percent damped off and percent germination for onions, cv. Pulsar, treated with various seed treatments at the 3rd leaf stage, grown in a greenhouse at Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010. Rate Treatment % Onion Smut % Damped Off % Germination (mg ai/100 g seed) BAS 700 03 F 500 2.7 a1 0.0 ns2 89.0 ns BAS 700 03 F 250 2.8 a 0.3 87.3 BAS 700 03 F 125 6.5 b 0.0 91.8 PRO-GRO 2000 6.6 b 0.3 90.8 Check --- 11.7 c 0.5 90.0 1 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s protected LSD test. 2 ns indicates no significant differences were found among the treatments
Partial funding for this project was supplied by BASF and the OMAFRA/University of Guelph Plant Production Systems Program. The New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University provided support for seed treatment application of new chemistry seed treatments. Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of Cornell University. CROP: Yellow cooking onions (Allium cepa L.), cv. Hamlet PEST: Downy mildew (Peronospora destructor Berk. Casp. In Berk)
AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR, TESFAENDRIAS MT & RICHES L Muck Crops Research Station, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph
TITLE: EVALUATION OF PHOSTROL FOR CONTROL OF DOWNY MILDEW (PERONOSPORA DESTRUCTOR) IN ONIONS, 2010
MATERIALS: PHOSTROL® (Mono- and dibasic sodium, potassium and ammonium phosphites 53.6%), ALIETTE® WDG (fosetyl-al 80%)
METHODS: Onions, cv. Hamlet, were direct seeded (34 seeds/m) on 28 April using a Stanhay Precision Seeder into organic soil (organic matter ≈ 69 %, pH ≈ 6.8) at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario. A randomized complete block arrangement with four replicates per treatment was used. Each replicate consisted of eight rows (42 cm apart), 5 m in length. Treatments were applied on 29 July, 5 and 12 August using a using a CO2 backpack sprayer equipped with 4 TeeJet 11002 fan nozzles spaced 40 cm apart and calibrated to deliver 400 L/ha at 240 kPa (boom). The treatments were: PHOSTROL at 2.9 and 4.3 L/ha and ALIETTE at 2.8 kg/ha. An untreated check was also included. Recommended control procedures for weeds and insects were followed. On 25 August, plants in two randomly selected 1/2 m sections of row per replicate were pulled. Plants were counted, leaves examined for downy mildew lesions and the numbers of lesions, dead and green leaves were counted and recorded. On 13 September onions in two 2.32 m sections of row from each replicate were pulled for a yield sample. The onions were weighed and graded for size on 10 November. Compared to the averaged previous 10 years, the air temperatures in 2010 were average for June (18.4°C) and September (15.5°C), above average for May (15.1°C), July (22.3°C) and August (21.1°C). The long term previous 10 year average temperatures were: May 13.1°C, June 18.4°C, July 20.0°C, August 19.3°C and September 15.5°C. Monthly rainfall was below the previous long term 10 years average for May (51.7 mm) and above average for June (170 mm), July (146 mm), August (74 mm) and September (95 mm). The long term previous 10 year average rainfall averages were: May 87 mm, June 74 mm, July 76 mm, August 57 mm and September 72 mm. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.9. Means separation was obtained using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance.
RESULTS: as presented in Tables 1 & 2
CONCLUSIONS: In 2010 onion downy mildew pressure was very low. DOWNCAST, the onion downy mildew predictive model, predicted a sporulation infection period around mid-July. The first downy mildew was confirmed on onion fields in the Holland Marsh east of highway 400 in late July. The risk of downy mildew incidence remained low to moderate. The disease did not spread to other locations in the Marsh. No downy mildew was found in this trial, which resulted in no significant differences among the treatments (Table 1). No significant differences in the number of dead or healthy leaves were observed among the treatments. No significant differences were found in marketable yield or size distribution among the treatments (Table 2). However, onions treated with ALIETTE, PHOSTROL at 2.9 L/ha and the untreated check had a lower number of small onions than onions treated with PHOSTROL at 4.3 L/ha. All products tested were non-phytotoxic on the crop.
Table 1. Downy mildew (DM) rating, number of green and dead leaves per plant for onions, cv. Hamlet, treated with PHOSTROL grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010. DM Green Dead Treatment Rate/ha lesions/plant leaves/plant leaves/plant PHOSTROL 4.3 L 0.0 ns1 3.7 ns 4.8 ns1 ALIETTE 2.8 kg 0.0 3.5 5.5 PHOSTROL 2.9 L 0.0 3.2 5.6 Check -- 0.0 2.3 5.9 1 ns indicates that there were no significant differences found among the treatments
Table 2. Yield data for onions, cv. Hamlet, treated with PHOSTROL grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010. Marketable Size Distribution Treatment Rate/ha Yield % Jumbo % Large % Medium % Small (t/ha) (>76mm) (64-76 mm) (45–64 mm) (<44mm) ALIETTE 2.8 kg 49.2 ns1 2.7 ns 25.8 ns 62.4 ns 9.2 ab2 Check -- 47.2 3.1 25.9 63.6 7.5 a PHOSTROL 4.3 L 30.9 0.1 21.8 58.5 19.8 c PHOSTROL 2.9 L 28.0 4.5 35.1 44.7 15.8 bc 1 ns indicates that there were no significant differences found among the treatments. 2 Numbers in a column followed by a different letter were significantly different at P = 0.05, based on Fisher’s Protected LSD test.
Funding for this project was supplied by Engage Agro Corporation, Guelph, Ontario. CROP: Yellow cooking onions (Allium cepa L.), cv. Ricochet PEST: Downy mildew (Peronospora destructor Berk. Casp. In Berk)
AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR, TESFAENDRIAS MT & RICHES L Muck Crops Research Station, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph
TITLE: COMPARISON OF VARIOUS RATES OF EXPERIMENTAL FUNGICIDES FOR CONTROL OF DOWNY MILDEW (PERONOSPORA DESTRUCTOR) IN ONIONS, 2010
MATERIALS: BAS 651 (experimental, BASF), ALIETTE® WDG (fosetyl-al 80%), RIDOMIL GOLD® MZ 68 WP (metalaxyl 4%, mancozeb 64%), PRISTINE® (pyraclostrobin 12.8%, boscalid 25.2%), SYLGARD® 309 (siloxylated polyether 76%)
METHODS: Onions, cv. Ricochet, were direct seeded (34 seeds/m) on 3 May using a Stanhay Precision Seeder into organic soil (organic matter ≈ 69%, pH ≈ 6.8) at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario. A randomized complete block arrangement with four replicates per treatment was used. Each replicate consisted of eight rows (42 cm apart), 6.5 m in length. Treatments were applied on 29 July, 6 and 16 August using a pull type plot sprayer with TeeJet 19504 air assisted nozzles at 690 kPa (boom) in 500 L/ha of water. The treatments were: BAS 651 at 1.0 L/ha, BAS 651 + SYLGARD at 1.0 L/ha + 0.375% v/v, BAS 651 at 1.0 L/ha alternated with RIDOMIL at 2.5 kg/ha, RIDOMIL alternated with ALIETTE at 2.5kg/ha or 2.8 kg/ha, BAS 651 at 1.0L/ha + SYLGARD 0.375% v/v alternated with PRISTINE at 1.2 kg/ha and RIDOMIL at 2.5 kg/ha. An untreated check was also included. Recommended control procedures for weeds and insects were followed. On 18 August, 25 plants from the middle 6 rows per replicate were pulled. Leaves were examined for downy mildew lesions and the numbers of lesions, dead and green leaves were counted and recorded. On 10 September onions in two 2.32 m section of row from each replicate were pulled for a yield sample. The onions were weighed and graded for size on 22 November. Compared to the averaged previous 10 years, the air temperatures in 2010 were average for June (18.4°C) and September (15.5°C), above average for May (15.1°C), July (22.3°C) and August (21.1°C). The long term previous 10 year average temperatures were: May 13.1°C, June 18.4°C, July 20.0°C, August 19.3°C and September 15.5°C. Monthly rainfall was below the previous long term 10 years average for May (51.7 mm) and above average for June (170 mm), July (146 mm), August (74 mm) and September (95 mm). The long term previous 10 year average rainfall averages were: May 87 mm, June 74 mm, July 76 mm, August 57 mm and September 72 mm. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.9. Means separation was obtained by using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance.
RESULTS: as presented in Tables 1 & 2
CONCLUSIONS: In 2010 onion downy mildew pressure was very low around the Holland Marsh. DOWNCAST, the onion downy mildew predictive model, predicted a sporulation infection period around mid-July. The first downy mildew was confirmed on onion fields in the Holland Marsh east of highway 400 in late July. The risk of downy mildew incidence remained low to moderate throughout the growing season. The disease did not spread to other locations in the Marsh. No downy mildew was found in the trial, which resulted in no significant differences among the treatments (Tables 1 and 2). No significant differences were observed in the number of dead and healthy leaves and in yield or size distribution among the treatments (Tables 1 and 2). All the products tested were non-phytotoxic to the crop. Table 1. Downy mildew (DM) rating, number of green and dead leaves per plant for onions, cv. Ricochet, treated with various fungicides grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010. DM Green Dead Treatment Rate/ha lesion/plant leaves/plant leaves/plant BAS 651 + SYLGARD2 1.00 L + 0.375% v/v 0.0 ns1 6.2 ns 2.8 ns alternated with PRISTINE3 or 1.2 kg RIDOMIL 2.5 kg 0.0 5.9 3.8
Check -- 0.0 5.9 3.9 RIDOMIL2 alternated 2.5 kg or 2.8 kg 0.0 5.8 3.8 with ALIETTE3 BAS 6512 alternated 1.00 L or 2.5 kg 0.0 5.2 3.9 with RIDOMIL3 BAS 651 1.00 L 0.0 4.8 3.9
BAS 651 + SYLGARD 1.00 L + 0.375% v/v 0.0 4.3 4.3 1 ns indicates that there were no significant differences found among the treatments 2Sprayed twice on 29 July and 6 August 3Sprayed once on 16 August
Table 2. Marketable (Mkb) yield and size distribution for onions, cv. Ricochet, treated with various fungicides grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010. Size Distribution Mkb yield Treatment Rate/ha (t/ha) % Jumbo % Large % Medium % Small (>76 mm) (64–76 mm) (45–64 mm) (<44 mm) RIDOMIL2 alternated 2.5 kg or 49.8 ns1 3.8 ns 39.4 ns 48.3 ns 8.5 ns with ALIETTE3 2.8 kg 1.00 L + BAS 651 + SYLGARD 48.6 2.2 34.2 55.7 7.8 0.375% v/v BAS 651 + SYLGARD2 1.00L+0.375% 48.4 1.6 41.4 46.0 11.0 alternated with PRISTINE v/v or 1.2 kg RIDOMIL3 2.5 kg 48.2 1.1 32.0 55.4 11.6
BAS 651 1.00 L 47.3 3.9 26.4 59.0 10.8
Check -- 46.7 6.5 42.6 42.1 8.8 BAS 6512 alternated 1.00 L or 46.3 3.1 31.0 56.9 9.1 with RIDOMIL3 2.5 kg 1 ns indicates that there were no significant differences found among the treatments. 2Sprayed twice on 29 July and 6 August 3Sprayed once on 16 August
Funding for this project was provided by BASF Canada, Mississauga, Ontario. CROP: Yellow cooking onions (Allium cepa L.), cv. various PEST: Downy mildew (Peronospora destructor Berk. Casp. In Berk)
AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR, TESFAENDRIAS MT & RICHES L University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station
TITLE: COMPARISON OF VARIOUS ONION CULTIVARS FOR RESISTANCE TO DOWNY MILDEW (PERONOSPORA DESTRUCTOR) IN ONIONS, 2010
MATERIALS: Six onion cultivars from various seed companies
METHODS: Onions of cultivars Yankee (Bejo Seeds Inc.), Hamlet, Ricochet, Mars (Seminis Vegetable Seeds), Tahoe (Norseco Inc.) and Stanley (Solar Seeds Inc.) were direct seeded (34 seeds/m) using a Stanhay Precision Seeder (Hamlet, Ricochet, Mars, Tahoe and Stanley) and a V-belt push seeder (Yankee) on 11 May, into organic soil (organic matter ≈ 49.9%, pH ≈ 7.5) near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario. A randomized complete block arrangement with four replicates per treatment was used. Each experimental unit consisted of four rows, 42 cm apart, 6 m in length. Recommended control procedures for weeds and insects were followed. On 31 August, plants in two randomly selected 1/2 m sections of row per replicate were pulled. Plants were counted, leaves examined for downy mildew lesions and the numbers of lesions, dead and green leaves were counted and recorded. On 13 September onions in two 2.32 m sections of row from each replicate were pulled for a yield sample. The onions were weighed and graded for size on 17 November. Compared to the averaged previous 10 years, the air temperatures in 2010 were average for June (18.4°C) and September (15.5°C), above average for May (15.1°C), July (22.3°C) and August (21.1°C). The long term previous 10 year average temperatures were: May 13.1°C, June 18.4°C, July 20.0°C, August 19.3°C and September 15.5°C. Monthly rainfall was below the previous long term 10 years average for May (51.7 mm) and above average for June (170 mm), July (146 mm), August (74 mm) and September (95 mm). The long term previous 10 year average rainfall averages were: May 87 mm, June 74 mm, July 76 mm, August 57 mm and September 72 mm. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.9. Means separation was obtained using Fisher’s Protected LSD test with P = 0.05 level of significance.
RESULTS: No downy mildew was found in the trial, which resulted in no significant differences among the cultivars in number of dead leaves per plant (Table 1). Significant differences were found among the cultivars in green leaves per plant (Table 1). Yankee had significantly more green leaves per plant than Hamlet and Ricochet. Significant differences in marketable yield and percent size distribution were found among the cultivars (Table 2). Onion cultivars Mars, Richochet, Stanley and Hamlet had higher marketable yield than Tahoe and Yankee. The proportion of large size (64-76 mm) onions was higher in cultivar Mars than the remaining cultivars.
CONCLUSIONS: In 2010 onion downy mildew pressure was very low. DOWNCAST, the onion downy mildew predictive model, predicted a sporulation infection period around mid-July. The first downy mildew was confirmed on onion fields in the Holland Marsh east of highway 400 in late July. The risk remained low to moderate. The disease did not spread to other locations in the Marsh. The differences in marketable yield and percent size distributions observed in this trial may be related to plant stand and differences in phenotype rather than to downy mildew damage. The variation in number of green leaves per plant could also be associated with diseases other than downy mildew such as stemphylium leaf blight, purple blotch or botrytis leaf blight.
Table 1. Downy mildew (DM) ratings and number of green and leaves per plant for various onion cultivars grown near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010. Green Dead Cultivar DM lesions/plant leaves/plant leaves/plant Yankee 0.0 ns1 2.8 a2 6.8 ns Stanley 0.0 2.4 ab 6.4 Tahoe 0.0 2.4 ab 5.9 Mars 0.0 2.2 ab 6.7 Hamlet 0.0 1.9 b 6.8 Ricochet 0.0 0.4 c 7.0 1 ns indicates that no significant differences were found among the treatments. 2 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, based on Fisher’s Protected LSD test.
Table 2. Comparison of marketable yield and size distribution of onion cultivars with various degrees of resistance to downy mildew, grown near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010. Marketable Yield Size Distribution Cultivar % Jumbo % Large % Medium % Small t/ha bushel/A (> 76 mm) (64 - 76 mm) (45 - 64 mm) (< 45 mm) Mars 44.6 a1 721.6 a 2.5 a 35.5 a 52.4 b 9.7 a Ricochet 38.4 a 621.8 a 0.0 b 11.3 b 72.1 a 16.6 ab Stanley 38.3 a 620.2 a 0.0 b 9.5 bc 73.3 a 17.2 ab Hamlet 37.3 a 602.9 a 0.0 b 1.5 cd 76.1 a 22.5 abc Tahoe 24.2 b 391.6 b 1.1 ab 3.6 bcd 66.0 ab 29.4 bc Yankee 22.6 b 366.3 b 0.0 b 1.2 d 65.2 ab 33.7 c 1 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, based on Fisher’s Protected LSD test.
Funding was provided by the Bradford Cooperative and Storage Ltd. through the Holland Marsh Growers’ Association, the Fresh Vegetable Growers of Ontario through the Farm Innovation Program (FIP) that is part of Growing Forward, a federal-provincial-territorial initiative. The FIP program is administered by the Agricultural Adaptation Council. CROP: Yellow cooking onions (Allium cepa L.), cv. Hamlet PEST: Downy mildew (Peronospora destructor Berk. Casp. In Berk)
AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR, TESFAENDRIAS MT & RICHES L Muck Crops Research Station, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph
TITLE: COMPARISON OF VARIOUS FUNGICIDES FOR CONTROL OF DOWNY MILDEW (PERONOSPORA DESTRUCTOR) IN ONIONS, 2010
MATERIALS: RIDOMIL GOLD® MZ 68 WP (metalaxy-M 4%, mancozeb 64%), ALIETTE® WDG (fosetyl-al 80%), RANMAN® 400 SC (cyazofamid 34.5%), REVUS® 250 SC (mandipropamid 23.3%), REASON® 500 SC (fenamidone 50%), DITHANE® DG (mancozeb 75 %), PRESIDIO® (fluopicolide 39.5%), CABRIO® EG (pyraclostrobin 20%), QGU 42 (experimental, DuPont), PHOSTROL® (Mono- and dibasic sodium, potassium and ammonium phosphites 53.6%), SERENADE® MAX (Bacillus subtilis (QST 713 Strain) 7.3 x 109 CFU/g), and AGRAL® 90 (nonylphenoxy polyethyoxyethanol 90%).
METHODS: Onions, cv. Hamlet, were direct seeded (34 seeds/m) on 6 May using a Stanhay Precision Seeder into organic soil (organic matter ≈ 69%, pH ≈ 6.6) at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario. A randomized complete block arrangement with four replicates per treatment was used. Each replicate consisted of eight rows (42 cm apart), 5 m in length. Treatments were applied on 29 July, 6 and 13 August using a CO2 backpack sprayer equipped with 4 TeeJet 11002 fan nozzles spaced 40 cm apart and calibrated to deliver 400 L/ha at 240 kPa (boom). The treatments were: ALIETTE at 2.8 kg/ha, RANMAN at 200 mL/ha, REVUS + AGRAL 90 (non-ionic adjuvant) at 600 mL + 0.125% v/v, REASON at 400 mL/ha, RIDOMIL alternated with ALIETTE at 2.5 or 2.8 kg/ha, MANCOZEB at 3.25 kg/ha, PRESIDIO + MANCOZEB at 292 mL + 3.25 kg/ha respectively, CABRIO at 840 g/ha, SERENADE MAX at 6.0 kg/ha, PHOSTROL at 4.3 L/ha and QGU 42 at 350 mL/ha. An untreated check was also included. Recommended control procedures for weeds and insects were followed. On 23 August, 25 plants from the middle 6 rows per replicate were pulled. Leaves were examined for downy mildew lesions and the numbers of lesions, dead and green leaves were counted and recorded. On 10 September onions in two 2.32 m sections of row from each replicate were pulled for a yield sample. The onions were weighed and graded for size on 18 November. Compared to the averaged previous 10 years, the air temperatures in 2010 were average for June (18.4°C) and September (15.5°C), above average for May (15.1°C), July (22.3°C) and August (21.1°C). The long term previous 10 year average temperatures were: May 13.1°C, June 18.4°C, July 20.0°C, August 19.3°C and September 15.5°C. Monthly rainfall was below the previous long term 10 years average for May (51.7 mm) and above average for June (170 mm), July (146 mm), August (74 mm) and September (95 mm). The long term previous 10 year average rainfall averages were: May 87 mm, June 74 mm, July 76 mm, August 57 mm and September 72 mm. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.9. Means separation was obtained using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance.
RESULTS: No downy mildew was found in this trial, which resulted in no significant differences among the treatments (Table 1). No significant differences in the number of dead or healthy leaves were observed among the treatments. No significant differences were found in yield, percent marketable or size distribution among the treatments (Table 2). However, there was negative correlation (r = -0.7, P = 0.01) between number of green leaves/plant and the proportion of small (culls) onions. All products tested were non-phytotoxic on the crop.
CONCLUSIONS: In 2010 onion downy mildew pressure was very low. DOWNCAST, the onion downy mildew predictive model predicted a sporulation infection period around mid-July. The first downy mildew was confirmed in onion fields in the Holland Marsh east of highway 400 in late July. The risk remained low to moderate. The disease did not spread to other locations in the Marsh. Table 1. Downy mildew (DM) rating, number of green and dead leaves per plant for onions, cv. Hamlet, treated with various fungicides grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010. DM Green Dead Treatment Rate/ha lesions/plant leaves/plant leaves/plant CABRIO 840 g 0.0 ns1 4.7 ns 3.3 ns
ALIETTE 2.8 kg 0.0 4.4 3.3
Check -- 0.0 4.1 3.5
PHOSTROL 4.3 L 0.0 4.1 3.8
PRESIDIO+DITHANE 292 mL+3.25 kg 0.0 4.8 3.9
REVUS + AGRAL 90 600 ml + 0.125% v/v 0.0 4.1 3.9
REASON 400 mL 0.0 5.1 4.1
RANMAN 200 mL 0.0 4.0 4.2
SERENADE MAX 6.0 kg 0.0 3.7 4.3 RIDOMIL alternated with 2.5 or 3.25 kg 0.0 3.7 4.5 ALIETTE2 DITHANE 3.25 kg 0.0 3.7 4.6
QGU 42 350 mL 0.0 3.1 4.6 1 ns indicates that there were no significant differences found among the treatments. 2RIDOMIL MZ was applied on 29 July and 13 August and ALIETTE was applied on 6 August.
Table 2. Marketable yield and size distribution for onions, cv. Hamlet, treated with various fungicides grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010. Marketable Size Distribution Treatment Rate/ha Yield % Jumbo % Large % Medium % Small (t/ha) (>76 mm) (64-76 mm) (45–64 mm) (<44 mm) CABRIO 840 g 45.9 ns1 1.2 ns 29.5 ns 57.2 ns 12.1 ns 292mL+ PRESIDIO+DITHANE 44.1 1.8 32.9 57.4 8.0 3.25 kg RIDOMIL alternated 2.5 or 3.25 44.0 3.2 31.9 50.2 14.8 with ALIETTE2 kg ALIETTE 2.8 kg 42.3 0.6 26.8 63.3 9.4 600 ml + REVUS + AGRAL 90 41.3 1.4 30.7 58.9 9.0 0.125% v/v PHOSTROL 4.3 L 37.9 1.5 22.1 61.9 14.5
DITHANE 3.25 kg 36.6 1.5 24.2 59.6 14.8
SERENADE MAX 6.0 kg 34.8 2.1 18.2 64.6 15.1
QGU 42 350 mL 34.7 0.0 23.2 57.1 19.7
REASON 400 mL 34.7 1.3 29.1 58.3 11.3
RANMAN 200 mL 32.5 0.0 20.2 64.5 15.3
Check -- 32.4 0.0 15.3 66.5 18.3 1 ns indicates that there were no significant differences found among the treatments. 2RIDOMIL MZ was applied on 29 July and 13 August and ALIETTE was applied on 6 August.
Funding was provided by the Bradford Cooperative and Storage Ltd. through the Holland Marsh Growers’ Association, the Fresh Vegetable Growers of Ontario through the Farm Innovation Program (FIP) that is part of Growing Forward, a federal-provincial-territorial initiative. The FIP program is administered by the Agricultural Adaptation Council. CROP: Onion (Allium cepa L.), cv. Fortress
AUTHORS: SWANTON C J, JANSE S & CHANDLER K University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station
TITLE: ONION HERBICIDE PERFORMANCE, 2010
MATERIALS: PROWL H2O (pendimethalin 45.5%), FRONTIER MAX (dimethenamid-p 72%), CHATEAU (flumioxazin 51%), PARDNER (bromoxynil 28%).
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate alternative use patterns for herbicides in dry bulb onions.
METHODS: The trial was conducted on the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh (organic matter 79%, pH 6.1). Plots were 4m long and 1.5m wide and arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. In each plot 4 rows of Fortress onions were seeded (33 seed /m) on 3 May in 43 cm rows. The trial consisted of 8 treatments including a weedy check (see Table 1 for details). Herbicides were applied when onions were at the loop, 1-2 leaf, and 4 leaf stages on 23 May, 8 June, and 5 July, respectively. All treatments were applied in 200 L/ha of water. Recommended management practices for soil fertility and pest control were followed. Visual assessments for crop injury and efficacy were conducted periodically over the growing season. Onions were harvested at maturity. Data was analyzed by ANOVA and means separated using Fisher’s Protected LSD test (P=0.05).
RESULTS: as presented in Table 1
CONCLUSIONS: Crop injury was similar with all herbicide treatment (P>0.1, excluding the weedy check, data not presented). Treatments consisting of sequential single herbicide applications of PROWL H2O and FRONTIER MAX when onions were at the loop and 2 leaf stages gave generally reduced weed control and onion yield compared to tank-mixtures plus additional PROWL H2O. PROWL H2O followed by FRONTIER MAX and FRONTIER MAX followed by PROWL H2O gave less than 80% mid-season control of redroot pigweed and marsh yellow cress and yields less than 50 t/ha. In comparison tank- mixtures with PROWL H2O plus full or half-rate FRONTIER MAX plus an additional application of PROWL H2O gave greater than 80% control of both weed species and yields greater than 65 t/ha. Efficacy and yield was reduced with 1500 gai/ha of PROWL H2O tank-mixed with 930 gai/ha of FRONTIER MAX at the loop stage compared to the full rate combinations of both herbicides.
Table 1. Evaluation of herbicides for weed control in onions, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010. Dose Timin Redroot Pigweed Yellow Marsh Cress Market Treatment (gai/ha) g 8 5 28 8 5 28 Yield June July July June July July
------% control ------t/ha Weedy 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.3
Prowl H2O 3000 loop 88 81 50 79 79 53 36.3 Frontier Max 930 2 leaf Château 71.4 4 leaf
Frontier Max 930 loop 99 90 76 84 73 25 49.7 Prowl H2O 3000 2 leaf Château 71.4 4 leaf
ProwlH2O+FrontierMax 3000+93 loop 10 100 94 100 90 81 67.9 Prowl H2O 0 2 leaf 0 Chateau 3000 4 leaf 71.4 Prowl H2O 3000 loop 88 93 73 100 85 66 61.2 ProwlH2O+FrontierMax 3000+93 2 leaf Chateau 0 4 leaf 71.4 ProwlH2O+FrontierMax 3000+46 loop 86 98 85 70 88 85 65.7 ProwlH2O+FrontierMax 5 2 leaf Chateau 3000+46 4 leaf 5 71.4 ProwlH2O+FrontierMax 1500+93 loop 94 98 75 90 79 53 56.0 Prowl H2O 0 2 leaf Chateau 3000 4 leaf 71.4 Frontier Max 930 loop 96 95 100 85 83 40 28.1 Pardner 120 2 leaf Chateau 71.4 4 leaf
12 9 19 27 8 28 10.8 LSD (P=0.05)
Funding for this project was supplied by the OMAFRA/University of Guelph Sustainable Production Systems Program. CROP: Yellow cooking onions (Allium cepa L.), cvs. Stanley, Highlander and Tahoe
AUTHORS: LEVESQUE J1, SPERANZINI D2, KESSEL C2, O’HALLORAN I3, MCDONALD MR1 1 University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station 2 Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs 3 University of Guelph, School of Environmental Science, Ridgetown Campus
TITLE: PHOSPHORUS MANAGEMENT IN ORGANIC (MUCK) SOIL, SMALL SCALE (TARP) PLOTS, 2010
MATERIALS: mono-ammonium phosphate (11% NH4, 52% P2O5, 1.5% SO4)
METHODS: This was the second year of a three year trial. The trial was conducted on muck (organic) soil at 3 sites across the Holland Marsh, Ontario. Pre-plant soil tests were collected between 15 April and 3 May. Between 19 April and 3 May treatment areas were designated by covering unfertilized soil with tarps (9.1 x 15.2 m) in a randomized design. To assure the tarps were flush with the soil, the edges of the tarps were pinned down with aluminum pegs. The grower’s regular pre-plant fertilizer program was then broadcast over the whole field. The tarps were removed exposing unfertilized muck soil. Two randomized phosphorus (P) fertilizer treatments were applied: an untreated check (0 kg P2O5/ha) and a reduced P rate (40 kg P2O5/ha). Nitrate (90 kg NO3/ha) and potash (250 kg K2O/ha) were applied to these treatment areas. A third treatment the same size as the tarps (representing the grower’s regular P rate of 100 kg P2O5/ha) was marked out after the fertilizer was spread. Each treatment was replicated three times and treatment area locations were recorded with a handheld GIS device. Onions were direct seeded or transplanted (Site 10-11) between 23 April and 6 May. On 4 May HOBO temperature data loggers were installed at Sites 10-5 and 10-11 to record soil temperature at a depth of 5 cm below the surface. SG Borosilicate pore water samplers (suction lysimeters) (I-802-SG, UMS, München, Germany) were installed on 10 May at Site 10-11. Soil water samples were collected from a depth of 60 and 90 cms bi-weekly from 31 May to 30 July. Results are pending. From 13 to 29 July onion foliar tissue samples were collected from all sites. Deep-core (0 - 120 cm) soil samples were collected on 17 (Site 10-11) and 19 August (Site 10-5). Onions in a 4.6 m section of row were harvested for a yield sample between 22 July and 14 September. Between 9 August and 14 September post-harvest soil samples (surface (0-30 cm)) were collected at all sites. Onions were weighed and graded for size from 19 October – 5 November. Samples of onion bulb tissue were collected for P analysis. Tissue, soil and water samples were sent to Agri-Food Laboratories, Guelph, Ontario and Ivan O’Halloran Laboratory, Guelph, Ontario for nutrient analysis. P levels were determined using sodium bicarbonate extraction at both laboratories. At Sites 10-5 and 10-11, average soil temperature (at 5 cm below the surface) ranged from 18.2 – 19.5°C over the growing season. Compared to the averaged previous 10 years, the air temperatures in 2010 were average for June (18.4°C) and September (15.5°C), and above average for May (15.1°C), July (22.3°C) and August (21.1°C). The long term previous 10 year average temperatures were: May 13.1°C, June 18.4°C, July 20.0°C, August 19.3°C, and September 15.5°C. Monthly rainfall was below the previous long term 10 year average for May (51.7 mm), and above average for June (170 mm), July (146 mm), August (74 mm) and September (95 mm). The long term previous 10 year rainfall averages were: May 87 mm, June 74 mm, July 76 mm, August 57 mm and September 72 mm. Data were analyzed using Statistic V. 9, and a General Analysis of Variance for linear models was used. Means were compared using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance.
RESULTS: As presented in Tables 1 through 6 Soil P levels before planting ranged from 131.0 – 312.0 ppm. Soil P levels at harvest ranged from 57.3 – 246.0 ppm. No significant differences in harvest soil P content were found among the treatments. Similarly, there were no significant differences in the amount of P removed from the soil over the growing season among all treatments (Table 1). The average foliar tissue P level from all sites ranged from 0.3 – 0.5% which is within the suggested sufficiency range of 0.2 – 0.5% (Suggested sufficiency ranges: Table 9-57, OMAFRA Publication 363, Vegetable Production Recommendations 2008 - 2009). No significant differences in foliar tissue P content were found among the treatments (Table 2). No significant differences in onion bulb tissue content were found among the treatments at all sites (Table 3). At all sites, no significant differences in yield were found among the treatments. Similarly, at all sites, no significant differences in size distribution were found among the treatments (Tables 4 - 6).
CONCLUSIONS: Based on the data from 2010, all sites displayed no significant differences in yield or size distribution of yellow cooking onions. This study was site-specific and therefore differences between sites may be related to individual site conditions. No significant differences in foliar tissue or onion bulb tissue P content were found among the treatments. No significant differences in post-harvest soil P content or the amount of P removed from the soil over the growing season were found among all treatments. These results are very similar to the 2009 growing season study results. P applied in the current growing season may not influence the yield or size distribution of onions grown in that season; however the mono-ammonium phosphate fertilizer may be utilized by crops in future growing seasons. An addition trial in the 2011 growing season will provide important information regarding phosphate management in muck soils.
Table 1. Phosphorus (P) content and the amount of P removed over the growing season of soil samples taken from onion fields fertilized with various rates of P fertilizer at multiple sites in the Holland Marsh, 2010. Rate of P1 Pre-plant P2 Post-harvest P P Removed Site (kg/ha) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) 0 240.3 ns 71.7 ns3 10-1 40 312 246.0 66.0 100 222.0 90.0 0 57.3 ns 90.7 ns 10-5 40 148 59.0 89.0 100 76.0 72.0 0 109.3 ns 21.7 ns 10-11 40 131 115.7 15.3 100 114.0 17.0 1 Rate of P2O5 from mono-ammonium phosphate fertilizer 2 Soil samples collected as a site composite 3 ns indicates that no significant differences were found among the treatments
Table 2. Foliar tissue phosphorus (P) content of onions fertilized with various rates of P fertilizer, grown at multiple sites in the Holland Marsh, 2010. Rate Foliar P Content (%) Treatment (kg P2O5/ha) Site 10-1 Site 10-5 Site 10-11 Check 0 0.3 ns2 0.3 ns 0.4 ns MAP1 40 0.4 0.3 0.5 MAP 100 0.3 0.3 0.4 1 MAP is mono-ammonium phosphate 2 ns indicates that no significant differences were found among the treatments Table 3. Onion bulb tissue phosphorus (P) content of onions fertilized with various rates of P fertilizer, grown at multiple sites in the Holland Marsh, 2010. Rate Onion Bulb P Content (%) Treatment (kg P2O5/ha) Site 10-1 Site 10-5 Site 10-11 Check 0 0.3 ns 2 0.3 a3 0.4 ns MAP1 40 0.3 0.3 a 0.4 MAP 100 0.3 0.4 b 0.4 1 MAP is mono-ammonium phosphate 2 ns indicates that no significant differences were found among the treatments 3 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test.
Table 4. Yield and size distribution of onions, cv. Stanley, grown in soil with various rates of phosphorus (P) fertilizer at Site 10-1, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010. Rate Size Distribution (%) Treatment t/ha bu/A (kg P O /ha) Jumbo Large Medium Culls 2 5 (> 76 mm) (64–76 mm) (44–64 mm) (<44 mm) No P 0 54.5 ns2 882.4 ns 1.8 ns 20.5 ns 67.1 ns 10.6 ns MAP1 40 60.2 973.8 3.0 22.5 65.1 9.4 MAP 100 53.4 864.0 0.0 19.4 67.6 13.0 1 MAP is mono-ammonium phosphate 2 ns indicates no significant differences were found among the treatments
Table 5. Yield and size distribution of onions, cv. Highlander, grown in soil with various rates of phosphorus (P) fertilizer at Site 10-5, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010. Size Distribution (%) Rate Treatment t/ha bu/A (kg P O /ha) Jumbo Large Medium Culls 2 5 (> 76 mm) (64–76 mm) (44–64 mm) (<44 mm) No P 0 72.5 ns2 1173.1 ns 21.5 ns 61.6 ns 15.7 ns 1.1 ns MAP1 40 72.3 1170.1 26.6 56.2 17.0 0.2 MAP 100 74.5 1205.9 21.0 54.1 24.5 0.4 1 MAP is mono-ammonium phosphate 2 ns indicates no significant differences were found among the treatments 3 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test.
Table 6. Yield and size distribution of onions, cv. Tahoe, grown in soil with various rates of phosphorus (P) fertilizer at Site 10-11, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010. Rate Size Distribution (%) Treatment t/ha bu/A (kg P O /ha) Jumbo Large Medium Culls 2 5 (>76 mm) (64–76 mm) (44–64 mm) (<44 mm) No P 0 63.4 ns2 1026.1 ns 0.0 ns 43.6 ns 56.3 ns 0.2 ns MAP1 40 63.6 1028.5 0.5 36.8 61.2 1.5 MAP 100 64.7 1047.4 1.8 38.5 58.0 1.8 1 MAP is mono-ammonium phosphate 2 ns indicates no significant differences were found among the treatments 3 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test.
Funding for this project was provided by the Ontario Soil and Crop Improvement Association, Environment Canada, and Holland Marsh Growers’ Association. CROPS: Yellow cooking onions (Allium cepa L.), cvs. Fortress, Hamlet, Milestone and Tahoe Beets (Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris), cv. Solo
AUTHORS: LEVESQUE J1, SPERANZINI D2, KESSEL C2, O’HALLORAN I3, MCDONALD MR1 1 University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station 2 Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs 3 University of Guelph, School of Environmental Science, Ridgetown Campus
TITLE: PHOSPHORUS MANAGEMENT IN ORGANIC (MUCK) SOIL, LARGE SCALE PLOTS, 2010
MATERIALS: mono-ammonium phosphate (11% NH4, 52% P2O5, 1.5% SO4)
METHODS: The trial was based on a smaller trial conducted in the previous growing season and was designed to satisfy a desire expressed by local Holland Marsh growers to repeat the trial on a larger scale. The trial was conducted on muck (organic) soil at 6 sites across the Holland and Keswick Marshes, Ontario. Pre-plant soil tests were collected between 14 - 29 April. Treatment areas were 21.3 x 42.7 m (Sites 10-2, 10-7 and 10-12), 30.5 x 30.5 m (Sites 10-6 and 10-8) and 14.0 x 30.0 m (Site 10-4). Each treatment was replicated three times and treatment area locations were recorded with a handheld GIS device. Between 20 - 30 April phosphorus (P) fertilizer treatments were broadcast by air flow and spinner truck. With the exception of Site 10-4, the treatments were 50, 75 and 100 kg P2O5/ha. At Site 10-4 the treatments were 40 and 120 kg P2O5/ha. An untreated check (0 kg P2O5/ha) was also included at all sites. At each site nitrate (78 - 100 kg NO3/ha) and potash (159 - 300 kg K2O/ha) were applied to the treatment areas. Onions were direct seeded between 22 April – 7 May. Beets (Site 10-8) were direct seeded 8 July. From 4 – 13 May HOBO temperature data loggers were installed at each site to record soil temperature at a depth of 5 cm below the surface. Samples of agricultural tile water (3 sites) and river water (1 site) were collected from locations in the Holland and Keswick Marshes from 18 March – 8 June. The river water site was from a river that flowed from the City of Keswick into Lake Simcoe. SG Borosilicate pore water samplers (suction lysimeters) (I-802-SG, UMS, München, Germany) were installed on 10 May (Site 10- 12), 25 May (Site 10-7) and 16 July (Site 10-8). Soil water samples were collected from a depth of 60 and 90 cm bi-weekly from 31 May – 30 July (Sites 10-7 and 10-12) and 30 July – 27 August (Site 10-8). Results are pending. From 16 - 27 July (onion) and 12 August (beet) foliar tissue samples were collected from all sites. Deep-core (0 - 120 cm) soil samples were collected between 11 August – 15 September at all sites, with the exception of Sites 10-2 and 10-4. Onions in a 4.6 m section of row were harvested for a yield sample between 26 August – 17 September. Beet yield samples were harvested from a 2.0 m section of row on 16 September. Between 26 August – 20 September post-harvest soil samples (surface (0-30 cm)) were collected at all sites°. Onions and beets were weighed and graded for size from 27 September – 19 November. A sample of onion bulb tissue was collected from each treatment. Tissue (onion bulb and foliar), soil and water samples were sent to Agri-Food Laboratories, Guelph, Ontario and Ivan O’Halloran Laboratory, Guelph, Ontario for nutrient analysis. P levels were determined using sodium bicarbonate extraction at both laboratories. Compared to the averaged previous 10 years, the air temperatures in 2010 were average for June (18.4°C) and September (15.5°C),and above average for May (15.1°C), July (22.3°C) and August (21.1°C). The long term previous 10 year average temperatures were: May 13.1°C, June 18.4°C, July 20.0°C, August 19.3°C, and September 15.5°C. Monthly rainfall was below the previous long term 10 year average for May (51.7 mm), and above average for June (170 mm), July (146 mm), August (74 mm) and September (95 mm). The long term previous 10 year rainfall averages were: May 87 mm, June 74 mm, July 76 mm, August 57 mm and September 72 mm. Data were analyzed using Statistic V. 9, and a General Analysis of Variance for linear models was used. Means were compared using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance.
RESULTS: as presented in Tables 1 through 9 and Figures 1 and 2 Soil P levels before planting ranged from 45.7 – 166.0 ppm. Soil P levels at harvest ranged from 29.7 – 151.7 ppm. With the exception of Site 10-6, no significant differences in harvest soil P content were found among the treatments. At Site 10-6 the untreated check and the areas fertilized with 75 kg P2O5/ha had significantly higher harvest soil P content than the other treatments. Similarly, there were no significant differences in the amount of P removed from the soil over the growing season among all treatments (with the exception of Site 10-6) (Table 1). The average foliar tissue P level from all sites ranged from 0.3 – 0.6% which is within or above the suggested sufficiency range of 0.2 – 0.5% (Suggested sufficiency ranges: Table 9-57, OMAFRA Publication 363, Vegetable Production Recommendations 2008 - 2009) (Table 2). With the exception of Site 10-2, no significant differences in foliar tissue P content were found among the treatments. At Site 10-2 all treatments were significantly different from each other with the untreated check having the least foliar P, and the 75 kg P2O5/ha treatment having the most foliar P (Table 2). No significant differences in onion bulb tissue content were found among the treatments at all sites (Table 3). At all sites, no significant differences in yield were found among the treatments with the exception of Site 10-2 (Tables 5 - 9). At Site 10-2 there was a significant increase in onion yield when onions had been grown in soil with no P fertilizer applied compared to onions that had been grown in soil fertilized with 75 or 100 kg P2O5/ha (Table 4). At all sites, no significant differences in size distribution were found among the treatments, with the exception of Site 10-12. At Site 10-12 there was a significant decrease in the percentage of ‘Large’ onions that had been grown in soil fertilized with 100 kg P2O5/ha. There were no other significant differences in size distribution (in all remaining sizes) at Site 10-12 among all treatments (Table 9). Rainfall is not related to P content in agricultural tile run-off water. June (170 mm) had more than 3 times the amount of rainfall than the month of May (51.7 mm), however P levels (both total and soluble) were higher in May than in June. At all sites over the whole season of sample collection, soluble P made up just below 50% of the total P contained in the agricultural tile run-off water. At both sites, the average peak in P content (both soluble and total) of tile run-off water occurred at approximately the same time, the first week of May. This coincides with the time fertilizer was applied to these areas. It can also be noted that the P content of the water from the City of Keswick had less P (both soluble and total) than the P content of the water from any of the agricultural tile run-off sources (Figures 1 and 2).
CONCLUSIONS: Based on data from 2010, the majority of sites displayed no significant differences in yield of yellow cooking onions and beets. This study was site specific and therefore differences between sites may be related to individual site conditions. With the expectation of one site, no significant differences in post-harvest soil P content or the amount of P removed from the soil over the growing season were found among the treatments. Rainfall does not seem to have an effect on the P content in agricultural tile run-off water. The peak for P content in tile run-off water seems to coincide with fertilizer application. Agricultural tile run-off seems to contain more P than municipal run-off water. With the exception of one site, no significant differences were found in foliar tissue P content. At all sites, no significant differences in onion bulb tissue P content were found among the treatments. P applied in the current growing season may not influence the yield or size distribution of onions grown in that season; however the mono-ammonium phosphate fertilizer may be utilized by crops in future growing seasons. Additional trials in the 2011 growing season will provide more important information regarding phosphate management in muck soils.
Table 1. Phosphorus (P) content and the amount of P removed over the growing season of soil samples taken from onion fields fertilized with various rates of P fertilizer at multiple sites in the Holland and Keswick Marshes, 2010. Rate of P1 Pre-plant P2 Post-harvest P P Removed Site (kg/ha) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) 0 60.0 ns3 33.0 ns 50 54.7 38.3 10-2 93.0 75 61.3 31.7 100 63.3 29.7 0 117.3 ns -38.6 ns 10-4 40 78.7 105.0 -26.3 120 115.3 -36.6 0 133.0 a4 33.0 b 50 145.0 b 21.0 a 10-6 166.0 75 130.0 a 36.0 b 100 151.3 b 14.7 a 0 109.7 ns 7.0 ns 50 103.7 13.0 10-7 116.7 75 94.3 22.4 100 105.0 11.7 0 38.3 ns 7.4 ns 50 29.7 16.0 10-8 45.7 75 30.7 15.0 100 33.3 12.4 0 83.7 ns -6.7 ns 50 85.0 -8.0 10-12 77.0 75 95.7 -18.7 100 118.7 -41.7 1 Rate of P2O5 from mono-ammonium phosphate fertilizer 2 Soil samples collected as a replication composite 3 ns indicates that no significant differences were found among the treatments 4 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test.
Table 2. Foliar tissue phosphorus (P) content of onions fertilized with various rates of P fertilizer, grown at multiple sites in the Holland and Keswick Marshes, 2010. Rate Foliar P Content (%) Treatment (kg P2O5/ha) Site 10-2 Site 10-4 Site 10-6 Site 10-7 Site 10-8 Site 10-12 Check 0 0.49 a2 0.38 ns3 0.46 ns 0.47 ns 0.31 ns 0.48 ns MAP1 40-50 0.52 b 0.42 0.43 0.52 0.46 0.55 MAP 75 0.58 d -- 0.44 0.48 0.55 0.52 MAP 100-120 0.56 c 0.36 0.43 0.45 0.44 0.51 1 MAP is mono-ammonium phosphate 2 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test. 3 ns indicates that no significant differences were found among the treatments
Table 3. Onion bulb tissue phosphorus (P) content of onions fertilized with various rates of P fertilizer, grown at multiple sites in the Holland and Keswick Marshes, 2010. Rate Onion Bulb P Content (%) Treatment (kg P2O5/ha) Site 10-2 Site 10-4 Site 10-6 Site 10-7 Site 10-12 Check 0 0.4 ns2 0.4 ns 0.3 ns 0.4 ns 0.3 ns MAP1 40-50 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 MAP 75 0.4 - 0.3 0.4 0.3 MAP 100-120 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 1 MAP is mono-ammonium phosphate 2 ns indicates no significant differences were found among the treatments
Table 4. Yield and size distribution of onions, cv. Hamlet, grown in soil with various rates of phosphorus (P) fertilizer at Site 10-2, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010. Size Distribution (%) Rate Treatment t/ha bu/A (kg P O /ha) Jumbo Large Medium Culls 2 5 (> 76 mm) (64 – 76 mm) (44 – 64 mm) (< 44 mm ) No P 0 66.8 a2 1081.4 a 4.6 ns3 52.8 ns 41.1 ns 4.4 ns MAP1 50 63.2 ab 1022.3 ab 4.2 51.4 42.5 2.0 MAP 75 57.2 b 926.0 b 8.4 55.6 34.6 1.3 MAP 100 54.3 b 878.8 b 6.0 51.3 40.2 2.5 1 MAP is mono-ammonium phosphate 2 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test. 3 ns indicates no significant differences were found among the treatments
Table 5. Yield and size distribution of onions, cv. Tahoe, grown in soil with various rates of phosphorus (P) fertilizer at Site 10-4, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010. Rate Size Distribution (%) Treatment t/ha bu/A (kg P O /ha) Jumbo Large and Medium Culls 2 5 (> 76 mm) (44 – 76 mm) (< 44 mm) No P 0 29.4 ns2 476.1 ns 0.7 ns 80.4 ns 18.9 ns MAP1 40 37.5 606.7 1.2 87.5 11.3 MAP 120 29.9 483.0 1.0 81.8 17.2 1 MAP is mono-ammonium phosphate 2 ns indicates no significant differences were found among the treatments
Table 6. Yield and size distribution of onions, cv. Fortress, grown in soil with various rates of phosphorus (P) fertilizer at Site 10-6, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010. Size Distribution (%) Rate Treatment t/ha bu/A (kg P O /ha) Jumbo Large Medium Culls 2 5 (> 76 mm) (64 – 76 mm) (44 – 64 mm) (< 44 mm ) No P 0 58.6 ns2 948.1 ns 0 ns 22.5 ns 73.6 ns 3.9 ns MAP1 50 50.2 811.7 0 15.1 78.5 6.3 MAP 75 55.2 893.7 0 21.8 74.4 3.8 MAP 100 61.9 1000.7 0 26.8 70.5 2.7 1 MAP is mono-ammonium phosphate 2 ns indicates no significant differences were found among the treatments
Table 7. Yield and size distribution of onions, cv. Tahoe, grown in soil with various rates of phosphorus (P) fertilizer at Site 10-7, Keswick Marsh, Ontario, 2010. Rate Size Distribution (%) Treatment t/ha bu/A (kg P O /ha) Jumbo Large Medium Culls 2 5 (> 76 mm) (64 – 76 mm) (44 – 64 mm) (< 44 mm ) No P 0 59.0 ns2 954.9 ns 0.6 ns 18.9 ns 75.3 ns 5.2 ns MAP1 50 54.2 877.2 0.0 14.3 82.0 3.7 MAP 75 58.1 939.5 0.8 17.8 78.7 2.7 MAP 100 56.5 914.7 0.0 12.7 82.2 5.0 1 MAP is mono-ammonium phosphate 2 ns indicates no significant differences were found among the treatments
Table 8. Yield and size distribution of beets, cv. Solo, grown in soil with various rates of phosphorus (P) fertilizer at Site 10-8, Keswick Marsh, Ontario, 2010. Rate Size Distribution (%) Treatment t/ha bu/A (kg P O /ha) Jumbo Large Medium Culls 2 5 (> 76 mm) (64 – 76 mm) (44 – 64 mm) (< 44 mm ) No P 0 31.2 ns2 505.6 ns 1.4 ns 62.3 ns 33.7 ns 2.5 ns MAP1 50 30.9 500.6 4.5 61.2 31.5 2.8 MAP 75 33.0 534.3 2.2 55.6 37.0 2.3 MAP 100 30.4 491.8 4.8 65.8 27.1 2.2 1 MAP is mono-ammonium phosphate 2 ns indicates no significant differences were found among the treatments
Table 9. Yield and size distribution of onions, cv. Milestone, grown in soil with various rates of phosphorus (P) fertilizer at Site 10-12, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010. Rate Size Distribution (%) Treatment t/ha bu/A (kg P O /ha) Jumbo Large Medium Culls 2 5 (> 76 mm) (64 – 76 mm) (44 – 64 mm) (< 44 mm ) No P 0 43.4 ns 702.2 ns2 36.2 ns 35.3 a3 27.3 ns 1.2 ns MAP1 50 51.4 831.7 22.5 49.1 bc 26.2 2.2 MAP 75 48.1 778.3 23.3 51.8 c 23.5 1.3 MAP 100 43.1 697.4 41.1 38.3 ab 19.0 1.1 1 MAP is mono-ammonium phosphate 2 ns indicates no significant differences were found among the treatments 3 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test.
Total Phosphorus Content of Agricultural Tile Run-off 1.2 MCRS 1 Site 10-8 Site 10-4 0.8 City Run-off
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Figure 1. Total phosphorus content of agricultural tile run-off water collected at 3 sites in the Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010.
Soluble Phosphorus Content of Agricultural Tile Run-off 0.8 MCRS 0.7 Site 10-8 0.6 Site 10-4 0.5 City Run-off
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Figure 2. Soluble phosphorus content of agricultural tile run-off water collected at 3 sites in the Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010.
Funding for this project was provided by the Ontario Soil and Crop Improvement Association, Environment Canada, and Holland Marsh Growers’ Association. CROP: Yellow cooking onions (Allium cepa L.), cvs. Trailblazer and Ricochet.
AUTHORS: LEVESQUE J1, SPERANZINI D2, KESSEL C2, O‟HALLORAN I3, VANDER KOOI K1, MCDONALD MR1. 1 University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station 2 Ontario Ministry of Agriculture Food & Rural Affairs 3 University of Guelph, School of Environmental Science, Ridgetown Campus
TITLE: EVALUATION OF PHOSPHORUS REQUIREMENTS ON ORGANIC (MUCK) SOIL, 2010
MATERIALS: mono ammonium phosphate (11% NH4, 52% P205, 1.5% SO4), AVAIL (maleic itaconic copolymer 40%)
METHODS: The trial was conducted on organic soil at 2 sites in the Holland Marsh, Ontario. On 7 and 11 of May fertilizer treatments were applied at both Site 1, Muck Crops Research Station (organic matter ≈ 75.9 %, pH ≈ 6.5, P ≈ 97.3 ppm) and Site 2, near the Muck Crops Research Station (organic matter ≈ 69.1 %, pH ≈ 6.9, P ≈ 119.7 ppm). Treatments were 25, 50, 75, 100 and 150 kg P2O5/ha, 25 kg P2O5/ha + AVAIL and 50 kg P2O5/ha banded. An untreated check was also included. Nitrate (90 kg NO3/ha) and potash (200 kg K2)/ha) were also applied to the treatment area. A randomized complete block design with four replicates per treatment was used. Each replicate consisted of 8 rows (42 cm apart), 10 m in length. On 10 and 11 May onions, cvs. Trailblazer (Site 1) and Ricochet (Site 2) respectively, were direct seeded (34 seeds/m) using a Stanhay Precision Seeder. On 19 June (Site 2) and 25 June (Site 1) onions from the 2009 trial were removed from the Filacell storage and graded for quality. Onion foliar samples were collected on 20 July (Site 2) and 27 July (Site 1). A composite post-harvest soil sample was taken from each replication on 14 and 15 September from Sites 1 and 2 respectively. On 8 September (Site 1) and 13 September (Site 2) a 4.6 m length of row was harvested from each treatment and on 12 October (Site 2) and 14 October (Site 1) onions were graded for size and weighed. Onion foliar and bulb tissue and soil samples were sent to Agri-Food Laboratories, Guelph, Ontario for nutrient analysis. Compared to the averaged previous 10 years, the air temperatures in 2010 were average for June (18.4°C), September (15.5°C) and October (9.4°C), above average for May (15.1°C), July (22.3°C) and August (21.1°C). The long term previous 10 year average temperatures were: May 13.1°C, June 18.4°C, July 20.0°C, August 19.3°C, September 15.5°C and October 8.9°C. Monthly rainfall was below the previous long term 10 year average for May (51.7 mm), average for October (60.4 mm), and above average for June (170 mm), July (146 mm), August (74 mm) and September (95 mm). The long term previous 10 year rainfall averages were: May 87 mm, June 74 mm, July 76 mm, August 57 mm, September 72 mm and October 58.3 mm.
RESULTS: as presented in Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6
CONCLUSIONS: This is the second year of a three year study. At both Site 1 and 2, no significant differences in yield or foliar phosphorus content were found in the yellow cooking onions. These results are similar to the 2009 trial results. Based on data from both 2009 and 2010, phosphorus applied in the current growing season may not influence the yield or quality of onions grown in that season; however, that fertilizer may be utilized by crops in future growing seasons. Additional trials in the 2011 growing season will provide more information regarding phosphorus management on muck soils. Soil phosphorus levels before planting were 97.3 ppm (Site 1) and 119.7 ppm (Site 2). Soil levels above 80 ppm are rated as “no response” because more plant-available phosphorus is contained in the soil than is required by the crop (Phosphorus and Potassium Requirements: Vegetables on Muck Soils: Table 1-11, OMAFRA publication 363, Vegetable Production Recommendations 2010-2011). At both sites no significant differences in yield were found among all treatments (Tables 1 and 2). At Site 1, the untreated check had significantly fewer „Large‟ sized onions (64-76 mm) than the other treatments, except onions treated with MAP + Avail. However, the lower percentage of large onions was partly related to a higher percentage of Jumbo onions. No significant differences were found in the remaining size categories (Table 1). At Site 2, no significant differences were found in quality among all treatments (Table 2). Post harvest soil samples averaged 90.0 ppm at Site 1 and 144.1 ppm at Site 2 (Table 3). A yield response is not expected when soil test results are above 80 ppm (Phosphorus and Potassium Requirements: Vegetables on Muck Soils: Table 1-11, OMAFRA publication 363, Vegetable Production Recommendations 2010-2011). This is consistent with the yield results at both sites. The average foliar phosphorus content at Site 2 (0.4 % P) is within the suggested sufficiency range of 0.2- 0.5% (Suggested sufficiency ranges: Table 9-57, OMAFRA publication 363, Vegetable Production Recommendations 2008-2009). At both sites, no significant differences in foliar or bulb tissue phosphorus content were found among the treatments (Table 4). At both Sites 1 and 2, no significant differences in storage quality (percentage of rot, sprouting or softness) were found among all treatments (Tables 5 and 6). These results support the OMAFRA recommendations that there is no benefit to adding phosphorous fertilizer when the soil test results show over 80 ppm in the soil.
Table 1. Yield of onions, cv. Trailblazer, fertilized with various rates of phosphorus fertilizer, grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Site 1, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010. Marketable Yield (%) Rate Treatment t/ha bu/A Jumbo Large Medium Culls (kg/ha) (> 76 mm) (64-76 mm) (44-64 mm) (< 44 mm) Check 0 74.1 ns2 1199.1 ns 20.6 ns 53.6 a3 25.4 ns 0.4 ns MAP1 25 75.1 1214.3 15.1 66.7 b 17.5 0.6 MAP 50 73.5 1188.6 14.4 64.8 b 20.1 0.7 MAP 75 71.7 1160.5 12.8 66.1 b 20.4 0.6 MAP 100 71.2 1151.4 16.5 63.2 b 19.7 0.7 MAP 150 71.5 1156.7 11.1 62.9 b 25.3 0.6 MAP + Avail 25 73.0 1180.5 15.1 58.6 ab 24.8 1.5 MAP (Banded) 50 71.7 1199.5 13.6 65.5 b 20.3 0.6 1 MAP is mono-ammonium phosphate 2 ns indicates that no significant differences were found among the treatments 3 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher‟s protected LSD test.
Table 2. Yield of onions, cv. Ricochet, fertilized with various rates of phosphorus fertilizer, grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Site 2, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010. Marketable Yield (%) Rate Treatment t/ha bu/A Jumbo Large Medium Culls (kg/ha) (> 76 mm) (64–76 mm) (44–64 mm) (< 44 mm) Check 0 35.0 ns2 565.8 ns 1.5 ns 42.1 ns 52.9 ns 3.5 ns MAP1 25 29.8 481.4 7.8 48.7 40.5 3.0 MAP 50 35.3 571.9 8.3 40.7 47.5 3.5 MAP 75 34.8 563.2 3.9 44.1 48.4 3.5 MAP 100 27.4 443.7 7.1 49.9 40.3 2.7 MAP 150 25.6 413.9 8.4 45.2 43.8 2.6 MAP + Avail 25 36.2 585.0 4.1 38.4 54.0 3.6 MAP (Banded) 50 47.7 772.8 5.2 45.3 44.7 4.8 1 MAP is mono-ammonium phosphate 2 ns indicates that no significant differences were found among the treatments Table 3. Pre-plant and post-harvest phosphorus (P) content of soil samples taken from onions fields fertilized with various rates of phosphorus fertilizer, grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Sites 1 and 2, Holland Marsh, Ontario 2010. Site 1 Site 2 Rate of P Treatment Pre-plant P2 Post-harvest P Pre-plant P Post-harvest P (kg P O /ha) 2 5 (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) Check 0 72.0 147.0 MAP1 25 77.0 156.0 MAP 50 69.0 158.0 MAP 75 80.0 143.0 97.3 119.7 MAP 100 135.0 156.0 MAP 150 133.0 168.0 MAP + Avail 25 75.0 115.0 MAP (Banded) 50 79.0 110.0 1 MAP is mono-ammonium phosphate 2 Soil samples collected as a repetition composite
Table 4. Foliar and onion bulb tissue phosphorus (P) content of onions, cvs. Trailblazer (Site 1) and Ricochet (Site 2), grown in soil with various rates of phosphorus fertilizer, grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Sites 1 and 2, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010. Rate of P O Foliar Tissue P (%) Bulb Tissue P (%) Treatment 2 5 (kg/ha) Site 1 Site 2 Site 1 Site 2 Check 0 0.7 ns2 0.4 ns 0.3 ns 0.3 ns MAP1 25 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 MAP 50 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 MAP 75 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.3 MAP 100 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 MAP 150 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.3 MAP + Avail 25 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.4 MAP (Banded) 50 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 1 MAP is mono-ammonium phosphate 2 ns indicates that no significant differences were found among the treatments
Table 5. Quality assessment of onions, cv. Tahoe, fertilized with various rates of phosphorus fertilizer, stored in a Filacell storage for 8 months at Muck Crops Research Station, Site 1, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2009-2010. Rate of P O Weight Lost Marketable Decay Soft Sprouts Treatment 2 5 (kg/ha) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) Check 0 2.3 ns2 85.7 ns 7.8 ns 1.7 ns 6.5 ns MAP1 25 2.2 91.1 6.6 0.4 2.9 MAP 50 3.0 88.4 10.0 0.0 1.6 MAP 75 2.0 92.9 5.0 1.8 0.5 MAP 100 2.1 88.8 9.2 0.4 2.4 MAP 150 2.0 90.6 7.6 0.0 2.2 MAP + Avail 25 1.6 91.5 8.2 0.0 0.8 MAP (Banded) 50 2.1 92.1 5.9 0.6 2.1 1 MAP is mono-ammonium phosphate 2 ns indicates that no significant differences were found among the treatments Table 6. Quality assessment of onions, cv. Trailblazer, fertilized with various rates of phosphorus fertilizer, stored in a Filacell storage for eight months at Muck Crops Research Station, Site 2, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2009-2010. Rate of P O Weight Lost Marketable Decay Soft Sprouts Treatment 2 5 (kg/ha) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) Check 0 7.3 ns2 0.8 ns 5.2 ns 0.0 ns 94.1 ns MAP1 25 8.5 0.8 21.0 0.0 80.4 MAP 50 6.9 1.1 6.9 0.9 91.8 MAP 75 6.2 1.4 8.0 0.8 91.2 MAP 100 6.2 0.0 6.8 0.0 93.3 MAP 150 7.8 2.2 12.8 0.0 84.9 MAP + Avail 25 6.7 0.7 10.6 0.0 89.1 MAP (Banded) 50 6.8 1.9 9.6 0.8 88.5 1 MAP is mono-ammonium phosphate 2 ns indicates that no significant differences were found among the treatments
Funding for this project was provided by the Ontario Soil and Crop Improvement Association, Environment Canada, and Holland Marsh Growers’ Association. CROP: Yellow cooking onions (Allium cepa L.), cvs. Arsenal, Hamlet, Milestone and Trailblazer
AUTHORS: LEVESQUE J1, SPERANZINI D2, KESSEL C2, O’HALLORAN I3, MCDONALD MR1 1 University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station 2 Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs 3 University of Guelph, School of Environmental Science, Ridgetown Campus
TITLE: PHOSPHORUS MANAGEMENT IN ORGANIC (MUCK) SOIL AND STORAGE QUALITY, 2009 – 2010
MATERIALS: mono-ammonium phosphate (11% NH4, 52% P2O5, 1.5% SO4)
METHODS: The trial was conducted on muck (organic) soil at 3 sites across the Holland Marsh, Ontario. Between 29 April and 12 May, treatment areas were designated by covering unfertilized soil with tarps (9.1 x 15.2 m) in a randomized design. The grower’s regular pre-plant fertilizer was broadcast over the whole field. The tarps were removed exposing unfertilized muck soil upon which two randomized phosphorus fertilizer treatments were applied. They were: an untreated check (0 kg P2O5/ha) and a reduced phosphorus rate (20 - 40 kg P2O5/ha). Nitrate (90 kg NO3/ha) and potash (250 kg K2O/ha) were also applied to these treatment areas. The third treatment was created by marking out a tarp-sized area of the field that had been fertilized with the grower’s pre-plant mix which ranged from 52 – 171 kg P2O5/ha. Treatments were replicated three times and treatment area locations were recorded with a handheld GIS device. Onions were direct seeded between 9 – 20 May. At all sites no additional phosphorus fertilizer was applied during the growing season. Onion yield samples were pulled from two 2.3 m sections of row between 11 September and 1 October. Onions were weighed and graded for size from 28 September – 28 October. Onions were put in a mesh bag, one per experimental unit, and placed in a Filacel storage at ≈ 1°C, 70% RH. Between 16 – 24 June the storage sample was removed and assessed for quality (decay, sprouting and softness). Healthy and diseased onions were weighed. Data were analyzed using Statistic V. 9, and a General Analysis of Variance for linear models was used. Means were compared using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance. The air temperatures in the 2009 growing season were below the long term (10 year) average for June (16.5°C), July (17.9°C) and October (7.3°C), and average for May (12.6°C), August (19.4°C) and September (14.9°C). The long term (10 year) average temperatures were: May 12.1°C, June 18.2°C, July 19.9°C, August 19.3°C, September 15.5°C and October 8.9°C. Monthly rainfall was below the long term (10 year) average for June (49 mm) and September (51 mm), and above average for May (117 mm), July (135 mm), August (89 mm) and October (62 mm). The long term (10 year) rainfall averages were: May 86 mm, June 74 mm, July 76 mm, August 57 mm, September 72 mm and October 59 mm.
RESULTS: as presented in Tables 1, 2 and 3
CONCLUSIONS: At all sites, no significant differences in loss of weight were found among the treatments (Tables 1, 2 and 3). At all sites no significant differences in marketable yield were found among the treatments (Tables 1, 2 and 3). At all sites, no significant differences in the percentage of decay or sprouting were found among the treatments (Tables 1, 2 and 3). At Site 09-3 there was a significant increase in the percentage of soft onions where onions were grown in soil fertilized with 52 kg P2O5/ha (Table 1). At Sites 09-7 and 09-8, there were no significant differences in the percentage of soft onions among the treatments (Tables 1 and 2). Overall, the amount of phosphorus fertilizer used did not have a significant effect on either onion quality after storage. Further trials in the 2010 – 2011 growing and storage season will provide additional information regarding phosphorus management in muck soils.
Table 1. Quality assessment of onions, cv.Trailblazer, fertilized with various rates of phosphorus fertilizer, stored in a Filacell storage for 8 months at Muck Crops Research Station, Site 09-3, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2009-2010. Rate of P O Treatment 2 5 % Weight Lost % Marketable % Decay % Soft % Sprouts (kg/ha) Check 0 11.0 ns2 26.6 ns 7.1 ns 0.0 a 69.7 ns MAP1 20 8.2 7.1 2.6 0.0 a 91.5 MAP 52 9.4 12.4 4.1 3.5 b 82.3 1 MAP is mono-ammonium phosphate 2 ns indicates that no significant differences were found among the treatments
Table 2. Quality assessment of onions, cvs. Hamlet and Arsenal, fertilized with various rates of phosphorus fertilizer, stored in a Filacell storage for 8 months at Muck Crops Research Station, Site 09-7, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2009-2010. Rate of P O Treatment 2 5 % Weight Lost % Marketable % Decay % Soft % Sprouts (kg/ha) Check 0 0.5 ns2 87.4 ns 6.3 ns 1.2 ns 6.3 ns MAP1 40 0.7 76.6 9.7 1.4 13.0 MAP 115 4.6 86.1 6.3 3.4 5.4 1 MAP is mono-ammonium phosphate 2 ns indicates that no significant differences were found among the treatments
Table 3. Quality assessment of onions, cvs. Trailblazer and Milestone, fertilized with various rates of phosphorus fertilizer, stored in a Filacell storage for 8 months at Muck Crops Research Station, Site 09-8, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2009-2010. Rate of P O Treatment 2 5 % Weight Lost % Marketable % Decay % Soft % Sprouts (kg/ha) Check 0 0.1 ns2 29.1 ns 12.3 ns 0.8 ns 59.0 ns MAP 171 0.1 33.1 10.7 1.8 55.3 1 MAP is mono-ammonium phosphate 2 ns indicates that no significant differences were found among the treatments
Funding for this project was provided by the Ontario Soil and Crop Improvement Association, Environment Canada, and Holland Marsh Growers’ Association.
CROP: Yellow cooking onions (Allium cepa L.), cv. Trailblazer1
AUTHORS: HU CL1, TSAO R2 & MCDONALD MR1 1University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station 2Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph Food Research Centre
TITLE: EVALUATION OF CROP NUTRITION ON ONION TOTAL PHENOLIC CONTENT AND TOTAL ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY, 2009
MATERIALS: Mono ammonium phosphate (11% NH4, 52% P2O5), AVAIL (maleic itaconic copolymer 40%)
METHODS: The trial was conducted on organic soil (organic matter ≈ 73.9%, pH ≈ 6.2, P (ppm) ≈ 35) at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario. The treatments include: 25, 50, 75, 100 and 150 kg P2O5 /ha, 25 kg P2O5 /ha+AVAIL and 25 kg P2O5 /ha banded. An untreated check was also used. Nitrite (90 kg NO3/ha) and potash (250 kg/K2O/ha) were also added to the treatment area. Each replicate consisted of 8 rows (42 cm apart), 10 m in length. Onions were direct seeded (34 seeds/m) using a Stan Hay Precision seeder. All onions were harvested on September 17, and were analyzed for total phenolic content and antioxidant activity at Agri-Food lab on March, 2010. The Folin-Ciocalteu method was used for the determination of total phenolic content (TPC) of the samples. Briefly, each fraction (0.2 ml) was mixed with 1 ml of the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and 0.8 ml of 7.5% sodium carbonate solution. The mixture was allowed to stand at room temperature for 30 min, and then the absorbance was measured at 765 nm in a visible-UV microplate kinetics reader (EL 340, Bio-Tek Instruments, Inc., Winooski, VT). A standard curve was generated with gallic acid, concentration range is from 0 to 100 µg/ml (0-100 ppm), from which TPCs in the various fractions were calculated and expressed as milligrams of gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per gram of dry weight vegetable. It was necessary to dilute some of the samples so that the phenolic concentration fell within the range of the standard curve. The antioxidant activities were determined using Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity assay (ORAC) and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) Assay. ORAC was used to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of water-soluble phytochemicals. All reagents were prepared at 75 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). Briefly, 25 μl sample/ standard/ blank were added in 96 well plates and 150μl of 8.68×10-5mM fluorescein (a target of free radical attack) working solution was added into all experimental wells. The plate was allowed to equilibrate by incubating for a minimum of 30 min in the Synergy HT Multi-Detection Microplate Reader at 37°C. Then reactions were initiated by the addition of 25 μl of 2, 2’-Azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) reagent followed by shaking at maximum intensity for 10 seconds. The fluorescence was then monitored kinetically with data taken every minute. Final results were calculated using the differences of areas under the FL decay curves between the blank and a sample and the results were expressed as micromoles Trolox equivalent (TE).The more oxygen radicals a food can absorb, the higher its ORAC score. The FRAP assay measures the ability of the antioxidants in the vegetable samples to reduce ferric-tripyridyltriazine (Fe3+-TPTZ) complex to the blue colored ferrous form (Fe2+) which absorbs light at 593 nm. Briefly, standard or sample extract (10 µl) were mixed with 300 µl of ferric- TPTZ reagent (prepared by mixing 300mM acetate buffer, pH 3.6, 10mM TPTZ in 40mM HCl and 20mM FeCl3 in the ratio of 10:1:1 (v/v/v)) and added to the wells. The plate was incubated at 37°C for the duration of the reaction. The absorbance readings were taken at 593nm at 0 and 4 min using a visible–UV microplate kinetic reader (EL 340, Bio-Tek Instruments, Inc., Winooski, VT). TAC (total antioxidant
1 In this trial, two onion cultivars (Hamlet and Trailblazer) were seeded at the Muck Research Station and near the Muck Research Station respectively. There was some confusion about the source of the onion sample and we are not 100% certain that the onions were from Muck Research Station. We cannot be certain from which site the onion samples were obtained and therefore the cultivar used was either Trailblazer or Hamlet.
capacity) of the samples was calculated on the basis of 500 mM L-ascorbic acid and expressed as µmol ascorbic acid equivalents (AAE) per gram of dry weight vegetable. The higher the FRAP value, the stronger the antioxidant capacity. The air temperatures in 2009 were below the long term (10 year) average for June (16.5°C), July (17.9°C) and October (7.3°C), and average for August (19.4°C) and September (14.9°C). The long term (10 year) average temperatures were: June 18.2°C, July 19.9°C, August 19.3°C, September 15.5°C and October 8.9°C. Monthly rainfall was below the long term (10 year) average for June (49 mm) and September (51 mm) and above average for July (135 mm), August (89 mm) and October (62 mm). The long term (10 year) rainfall averages were: June 74 mm, July 76 mm, August 57 mm, September 72 mm and October 59 mm. Data were analyzed using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) with MIXED procedure of SAS institute (1989).Means separation was obtained using Tukey’s test at P = 0.05 level of significance.
RESULTS: as presented in Table 1
CONCLUSIONS: No significant differences were found in the total phenolic content of yellow cooking onions among treatments. For yellow cooking onion’s antioxidant capacity assay, onions without treatment had the highest antioxidant capacity followed by the onions treated with phosphate at 50 kg/ha in FRAP assay. However, no significant differences were found in total antioxidant activity in ORAC assay for any of the treatments (Table 1).
Table 1. Total phenolic contents and total antioxidant capacity in onions treated with different crop nutrition, grown near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2009. 2 TAC3 Treatment1 Rate TPC (kg/ha) (mg/g) FRAP (μmol/g) ORAC (μmol/g) check 0 1.63 ns4 5.07 a3 114.83 ns4 MAP 50 1.68 4.98 ab 112.52 MAP 100 1.72 4.87 abc 116.40 MAP 75 1.50 4.87 abc 89.06 MAP 25 1.54 4.75 abc 96.57 MAP 150 1.62 4.73 abc 103.67 MAP+Avail 25 1.62 4.09 bc 96.86 MAP (Banded ) 25 1.54 4.03 bc 105.03 1 MAP = monoammonium phosphate (52% P) 2 TPC: total phenolic content expressed as mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per gram dry weight. 3 TAC: total antioxidant capacity expressed as µmol ascorbic acid equivalent (AAE) per gram dry weight in FRAP assay and as μmol Trolox equivalent (TE) per gram dry weight in ORAC method. 4Numbers in a column followed by the same letter were not significantly different at P=0.05, Tukey’s Test.
Funding for this project was supplied by the OMAFRA/University of Guelph Sustainable Production Systems Program.
CROP: Canola (Brassica napus L.): Pioneer cultivars - 46A76 & 45H21 PEST: Clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin)
AUTHORS: KASINATHAN H1, MCDONALD MR1, GOSSEN BD2 1University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Guelph 2Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon
TITLE: EVALUATION OF BIOFUNGICIDES AND FUNGICIDES ON INCIDENCE AND CLUBROOT SYMPTOM DEVELOPMENT IN CANOLA AT DIFFERENT SEEDING DATES, 2010
MATERIALS: Biofungicides: MYCOSTOP® WP (30% Streptomyces griseoviridis, strain K61), ACTINOVATE® SP (0.371% Streptomyces lydicus, strain WYEC 108), PRESTOP® WP (32% Gliocladium catenulatum, strain J1446) and SERENADE ® ASOTM (1.34% Bacillus subtilis QST 713); Fungicides: ALLEGRO 500 F (fluazinam 40%), RANMAN 400 SC (cyazofamid 34.5%)
METHODS: The trial was conducted to determine efficacy of biofungicides and fungicides in reducing the clubroot incidence and the symptom development in canola on different seeding dates. Canola (susceptible to pathotype 6) Pioneer line 46A76, was seeded in organic soil (pH ≈ 6.7, organic matter ≈ 69%), naturally infested with Plasmodiophora brassicae pathotype 6 at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario. Canola was hand-seeded using a peg board with pegs 4 cm apart on three seeding dates, 14 May, 4 June and 25 June, 2010. A randomized complete block design with four replicates per treatment was used. Each experimental unit consisted of two 3 m long rows, 40 cm apart. The eight treatments were (Table 1): four biofungicides, two fungicides, one resistant canola (Pioneer 45H21) non-treated control and one susceptible non-treated control. Treatments were applied as a drench application to the seeds in the open furrow using a CO2 backpack sprayer equipped with a single TeeJet 11004 fan nozzle. Seeds were then covered using a rake. The biofungicides were applied at five times the label rate while fungicides were applied at the label rates and controls were treated with water. At 50 days after seeding (2 July, 23 July and 13 August) 25 plants/experimental unit from the first two seeding dates and 50 plants/experimental unit from the third seeding date were pulled, examined for the clubroot incidence and symptom development. The disease severity was rated using a 0–3 scale where 0 = no clubbing, 1 < 1/3 of root clubbing, 2 = 1/3 to 2/3 of root clubbing, and 3 > 2/3 of root clubbing. A disease severity index (DSI) was calculated using the following equation: ∑ [(class no.)(no. of plants in each class)] DSI = x 100 (total no. plants per sample)(no. classes -1) Compared to the averaged previous 10 years, the air temperatures in 2010 were average for June (18.4° C) above average for May (15.1° C), July (22.3° C) and August (21.1° C). The long term previous 10 year average temperatures were: May 13.1° C, June 18.4° C, July 20.0° C and August 19.3° C. Monthly rainfall was below the previous long term 10 year average for May (51.7 mm), above average for June (170 mm), July (146 mm) and August (74 mm).The long term previous 10 year rainfall averages were: May 87 mm, June 74 mm, July 76 mm and August 57 mm.
RESULTS: as presented in Table 2
CONCLUSIONS: There were differences in clubroot incidence among seeding dates. Clubroot incidence was higher on canola seeded on 25 June than on the two earlier seeding dates. There was no seeding date by treatment interaction. The disease severity of resistant check (Pioneer 45H21) was very low, compared to other treatments. No differences in clubroot severity were identified. There were no significant differences in disease incidence or severity among the susceptible untreated canola and any of the fungicide and biofungicides treatments on any seeding date.
Table: 1. The labeled and application rates for the biofungicides and fungicides, 2010. Appl’n Solution Label rate per Label rate Treatment Company rate (g/L applied/m area (g/L water) water) (mL) Biofungicides
ACTINOVATE® Natural Industries Inc 40 g/acre 0.4 3 52 PRESTOP® Verdera OY 10 g/L/10m2 1.5 8 50 SERENADE® ASO Agraquest Inc. 40 ml/L 1% v/v 5% v/v 50 MYCOSTOP® Verdera OY 10 g/L/10m2 0.1 0.5 200 Fungicides
50mL/100 ALLEGRO® 500F ISK Bioscience Corp 50 mL/100 L/ha 0.5mL 50 L RANMAN® 400SC ISK Bioscience Corp 1.85 L/ha 935L/100L 2ml/L 37.4
Table 2. The effect of seeding dates, biofungicides and fungicides on the clubroot incidence and the symptom development in canola grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010. 14 May 4 June 25 June Treatment DSI 2 DSI DSI 1 CI 1(%) CI (%) CI (%) (0-100) (0-100) (0-100) Resistant check 1.0 b 3 0.3 b 5.0 b 1.7 ns 4 49.0 b 26.7 b Susceptible check 79.1 a 62.4 a 80.6 a 69.2 84.9 a 62.2 ab Bio-fungicides
MYCOSTOP 72.6 a 60.5 a 90.1 a 71.8 92.1 ab 81.1 a SERENADE 83.8 a 73.2 a 78.5 a 70.7 94.6 ab 81.4 a ACTINOVATE 84.0 a 68.2 a 70.5 ab 64.0 96.0 ab 81.7 a PRESTOP 97.2 a 88.7 a 69.1 ab 57.4 96.5 ab 79.2 a Fungicides
ALLEGRO 63.4 a 58.5 ab 87.0 a 75.3 97.8 ab 80.3 a RANMAN 79.9 a 57.1 ab 76.2 ab 68.61 91.1 ab 76.7 ab 1CI- Clubroot incidence 2 Disease severity index (DSI) was calculated as: ∑ [(class no.)(no. of plants in each class)] DSI = x 100 (total no. plants per sample)(no. classes -1) 3 Values followed by the same letter within a column are not significantly different (P=0.05) according to Tukey’s test. 4 Not significant at P=0.05
Funding for this project was provided by the Clubroot Mitigation Initiative of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. CROP: Canola (Brassica napus L.), cv. 34-65RR PEST: Clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin)
AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR1, RICHES L1, GOSSEN BD2 & STRELKOV S3 1University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station 2 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon 3 University of Alberta, Dept. of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science
TITLE: POTENTIAL FOR SEED TRANSMISSION OF PLASMODIOPHORA BRASSICAE INOCULUM ON CANOLA SEEDS, 2010
METHODS: In 1st-year phase trials conducted in 2009 and 2010, canola seed, line 34-65RR (Dekalb), inoculated with various concentrations of spores of Plasmodiophora brassicae (pathotype 3) at the University of Alberta, was direct seeded at ≈ 40 seeds/m using an Earthway push seeder into soil free of Plasmodiophora brassicae (organic matter ≈ 4.5%, pH ≈ 7.6)(2009) and (organic matter ≈ 42.4%, pH ≈ 7.7)(2010) near Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, on 15 July, 2009 and 15 June, 2010. Levels of inoculum were: 106, 105, 104, 103 (102, 101, 100 in 2010 only). In the 2nd-year phase of the trial conducted in 2010, non-inoculated canola seed, line 34-65RR was seeded at ≈ 40 seeds/m using an Earthway push seeder on 4 June, 2010 into the exact location of the plot used in 2009 for the 1st-year phase of the trial. For all trials a randomized complete block design with four replicates was used. Each experimental unit consisted of four 5 m long rows, 40 cm apart. On 3 September, and 4 October (1st Year) and 4 October (2nd Year), 50 plants per replicate were harvested, and roots washed and examined for clubroot incidence. As well, all four replications of canola roots grown from seeds inoculated with 106 spore concentration from the 2010 trial, were shipped to the Dr. Strelkov for further examination of roots for very small clubs. Clubroot was classified by severity using a scale of 0 to 3: 0 = no clubbing, 1 =<1/3 of root clubbed, 2 = 1/3 – 2/3 of roots clubbed and 3 = > 2.3 of roots clubbed. Disease severity index (DSI) was determined using the following equation: ∑ [(class no.)(no. of plants in each class)] DSI = x100 (total no. plants per sample)(no. classes – 1) Compared to the averaged previous 10 years, the air temperatures in 2010 were average for June (18.4°C), September (15.5°C) and October (9.4°C), above average for July (22.3°C) and August (21.1°C). The long term previous 10 year average temperatures were: June 18.4°C, July 20.0°C, August 19.3°C, September 15.5°C and October 8.9°C. Monthly rainfall was average compared to the previous long term 10 year average for October (60.4 mm), and above average for June (170 mm), July (146 mm), August (74 mm) and September (95 mm). The long term previous 10 year rainfall averages were: June 74 mm, July 76 mm, August 57 mm, September 72 mm and October 58.3 mm. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.9. Means separation was obtained by using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance.
RESULTS: as shown in Table 1
CONCLUSIONS: No clubroot symptoms were found in canola plants grown directly from seeds inoculated with any concentration of Plasmodiophora brassicae or in plants grown from non-inoculated seed in soil used previously to grow canola inoculated with any concentration of Plasmodiophora brassicae (Table 1). Thus, we could not demonstrate infection of canola from P. brassicae resting spores on seed.
Table 1. Clubroot incidence and disease severity index (DSI) for canola, line 34-65RR,grown from seeds inoculated with various rates of clubroot spores or grown from non inoculated canola seeded into soil which in the previous season grew canola from seeds inoculated with various rates of clubroot spores, near Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010. Clubroot Incidence (%) DSI Rate of Inoculum 1st Year Phase1 2nd Year Phase2, 3 1st Year Phase 2nd Year Phase Check 0.0 ns3 0.0 ns 0.0 ns 0.0 ns 100 0.0 -- 0.0 -- 101 0.0 -- 0.0 -- 102 0.0 -- 0.0 -- 103 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 104 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 105 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 106 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1 Canola grown from seeds inoculated with various rates of Plasmodiophora brassicae (pathotype 3) 2 Canola grown in soil which was previously used to grow canola from seeds inoculated with various rates of Plasmodiophora brassicae (pathotype 3) 3 In the 1st-year phase conducted in 2009 at this location, clubroot incidence was zero for all levels of inoculation. 4 ns indicates that no significant differences were found among the treatments
Funding for this project was provided by the Clubroot Mitigation Project of Agriculture and Agri- Food Canada, and the Plant Production Systems Program of the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs and University of Guelph. CROPS: Canola (Brassica napus L.): Invigor 5030 LL, Viterra lines: 9552, 9553, 9555, 9556, Xceed 8470 and Xceed 8571, Pioneer lines: 46A76 and 45H21 Rapid Cycling Brassica Collection: Brassica carinata A. Braun, B. juncea (L.) Czern. B. nigra L., standard rapid cycling, B. rapa L., atrazine resistant, B. oleracea L., B. napus L. Shanghai pak choi (Brassica rapa L. var. communis Tsen and Lee), cv. Mei Qing PEST: Clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin)
AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR1, RICHES L1 & GOSSEN BD2 1University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Guelph 2Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon
TITLE: HOST SCREENING OF PLASMODIOPHORA BRASSICAE FOR RESISTANCE AND SUSCEPTIBILITY, 2010
METHODS: Field trials were conducted at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, in organic soil (pH ≈ 6.3, organic matter ≈ 74.7%) naturally infested with Plasmodiophora brassicae. Seven different types of canola (InVigor 5030 LL, Viterra 9552, 9553, 9555, 9556, Xceed 8571 and 8470), and a susceptible check (Pioneer 46A76) were seeded on 9 June (Canola Screening Trial). In a separate trial, five different Brassica sp. obtained from the Rapid Cycling Brassica Collection (RCBC), two Pioneer canola lines (46A76 and 45H21) and Shanghai pak choi, cv. Mei Qing choi (susceptible check) were seeded on 3 August (Rapid Cycling Trial). Both trials were seeded using an Earthway push seeder using the cabbage disc. There were four replications with two rows (40 cm apart), 3m long, arranged in a randomized complete block design. Six weeks after seeding, on 22 July (Canola Variety) and 15 September (RCBC), 25 plants from each replicate were pulled and assessed for clubroot incidence and severity and separated into classes using a scale of 0 to 3: 0 = no clubbing, 1 = <1/3 of root clubbing, 2 = 1/3 to 2/3 of root clubbing, and 3 = >2/3 of root clubbing. The disease severity index (DSI) was calculated using the following equation: ∑ [(class no.)(no. of plants in each class)] DSI = x 100 (total no. plants per sample)(no. classes -1) Compared to the averaged previous 10 years, the air temperatures in 2010 were average for June (18.4°C) and September (15.5°C), above average for July (22.3°C) and August (21.1°C). The long term previous 10 year average temperatures were: June 18.4°C, July 20.0°C, August 19.3°C, and September 15.5°C. Monthly rainfall was above average compared to the previous long term 10 year average for June (170 mm), July (146 mm), August (74 mm) and September (95 mm). The long term previous 10 year rainfall averages were: June 74 mm, July 76 mm, August 57 mm, and September 72 mm. All data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.9. Means separation was obtained using Fisher’s Protected LSD test with P= 0.05 level of significance.
RESULTS: as presented in Table 1
CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences in clubroot severity were found among the various canola lines in the canola screening trial (Table 1). Canola lines InVigor 5030 LL, Viterra 9553 and Viterra 9556 had significantly lower clubroot severity than line Xceed 8470. No significant differences in clubroot incidence were found among canola lines. Disease development was high in the trial, ranging from 77 to 100 percent. Significant differences in clubroot incidence and severity were found among the various Brassica crops included in the Rapid Cycling trial. Brassica napus L., canola 45H21 and Brassica oleracea L. had significantly less incidence and lower clubroot severity than canola 46A76, Brassica juncea L., Brassica carinata A. Braun, Brassica rapa L. and Mei Qing choi. As well Brassica napus L. and canola line 45H21 had significantly less clubroot incidence and lower severity than Brassica oleracea L. (Table 1).
Table 1. Clubroot incidence and severity for different Brassica crops grown in organic soil naturally infested with clubroot pathogen grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010. Clubroot Treatment Seed Source DSI1 Incidence (%) Canola Varieties InVigor 5030 LL Bayer Crop Science, ON 77.0 ns2 49.0 a3 Viterra 9553 Viterra Inc., SK 83.0 58.5 ab Viterra 9556 Viterra Inc., SK 83.0 70.3 ab 46A76 Pioneer Hi-Bred, ON 91.0 80.0 bc Viterra 9555 Viterra Inc., SK 93.0 73.3 abc Xceed 8571 Viterra Inc., SK 97.0 84.0 bc Viterra 9552 Viterra Inc., SK 100.0 84.3 bc Xceed 8470 Viterra Inc., SK 100.0 99.0 c Rapid Cycling Brassica Crops Brassica napus L. RCBC4, Wisconsin 4.1 a 2.7 a 45H21 canola Pioneer Hi-Bred, ON 6.7 a 2.8 a Brassica oleracea L. RCBC, Wisconsin 48.2 b 34.7 b 46A76 canola Pioneer Hi-Bred, ON 81.0 c 72.9 c Brassica juncea L. RCBC, Wisconsin 83.5 c 74.9 c Brassica carinata A. Braun RCBC, Wisconsin 85.3 c 82.1 c Brassica rapa L.; standard rapid cycling RCBC, Wisconsin 87.3 c 76.5 c Mei Qing choi Stokes Seeds Ltd, ON 96.2 c 84.7 c 1 Disease severity index (DSI) was calculated as: ∑ [(class no.)(no. of plants in each class)] DSI = x 100 (total no. plants per sample)(no. classes -1) 2 ns indicated no significant differences were found among the treatments 3 Numbers in a column followed by a different letter are significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test. 4 Rapid Cycling Brassica Collection
Funding for this project was provided by the Clubroot Mitigation Project of Agriculture and Agri- Food Canada, and the Plant Production Systems Program of the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs and University of Guelph. CROPS: Canola (Brassica napus L.) Invigor 5030, 45H21, 46A76 Shanghai pak choy (Brassica rapa L. var. communis Tsen and Lee), cv. Mei Qing Choi Rapid Cycling Brassica Collection (RCBC): (Brassica oleracea L.) C3-1 Brassicae rapa L. RCBC line. C1-33 Brassica napus L. RCBC line. C5-1 Brassicae juncea L. RCBC line. C4-1 Brassicae carinata A. Braun. RCBC line. C6-1 PEST: Clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin) Pathotype 3
AUTHORS: SANGSTER S1, MCDONALD MR1, GOSSEN BD2 1University of Guelph, Dept. Of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station 2Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon
TITLE: ASSESSING THE DISEASE REACTION OF BRASSICA LINES TO PLASMODIOPHORA BRASSICAE PATHOTYPE 3, 2010
METHODS: Plants were grown in tall narrow pots (4 cm diameter, 22 cm length) filled with soil-less mix Sunshine Professional Growing Mix LA4, SunGro, Lameque, NB, in a growth room at 24°/20°C (day/night) temperature, 70% relative humidity and 16 h photoperiod. There were ten plants per replication, and six replications per cultivar of the non-inoculated control. Plants were fertilized with NPK (20:20:20) and MgSO4 once a week. Five-day-old plants were inoculated with a 5 ml suspension of P. brassicae resting spores at 1 x 106 spores/mL. The plants were assessed for clubroot incidence and severity 42 days after inoculation based on a 0-3 scale, where 0 = no clubbing, 1 = < 1/3 of root clubbing, 2 = 1/3 to 2/3 of root clubbing, 3 = > 2/3 of root clubbing. A disease severity index (DSI) was calculated: Σ [(class no.)(no. of plant per class)] DSI = x 100 [(total plants per sample)(no. classes - 1)]
RESULTS: as presented in Table 1
CONCLUSIONS: As expected there were differences in clubroot incidence and severity among various Brassica crops. Clubroot incidence was high in the susceptible check Mei Qing Choi. Incidence was lowest in B. oleracea C3-1 at 16.7 %. In the other lines, incidence ranged from 54.0 % for B. juncea C4-1 to 25.0 % for B. napus C5-1. Disease severity was the lowest in B. oleracea and B. napus with a disease severity index of 6.1 and 8.3 respectively. The other lines were also relatively low DSI values ranging from 13 in 45H21 (canola) to moderate (49) in Mei Qing Choi. The differences in reaction to clubroot that were indentified can be utilized in developing a Canadian set of differential plants to determine the pathotype of P. brassicae.
Table 1. Clubroot incidence and severity (disease severity index, DSI) for Brassica spp. grown under controlled conditions and inoculated with Pathotype 3 Plasmodiophora brassicae, 2010. Incidence Cultivar Name Species Seed Source DSI1 (%)
Mei Qing Choi Pak choy Stokes Seeds LTD, ON 71 a3 49 e
C4-1 B. juncea RCBC2, Wisconsin 54 ab 24 d
C6-1 B. carinata RCBC, Wisconsin 42 abc 21 bcd
46A76 Canola Pioneer Hi-Bred, ON 43 abc 17 bcd
45H21 Canola Pioneer Hi-Bred, ON 30 bc 13 abc
Invigor 5030 Canola Bayer Crop Science, ON 32 bc 12 abc
C1-33 B. rapa RCBC, Wisconsin 30 bc 12 ab
C5-1 B. napus RCBC, Wisconsin 25 bc 8 a
C3-1 B. oleracea RCBC, Wisconsin 17 c 6 a 1 Disease severity index (DSI) was calculated as: Σ [(class no.)(no. of plant per class)] DSI = x 100 [(total plants per sample)(no. classes - 1)] 2 Rapid Cycling Brassica Collection, University of Wisconsin at Madison. 3 Values in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Tukey’s test.
Funding for this project was supplied by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada and the Agriculture Development Fund of Saskatchewan. CROP: Canola (Brassica napus L.), Pioneer cultivar - 46A76 PEST: Clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin)
AUTHORS: KASINATHAN H1, MCDONALD MR1, GOSSEN BD2 1University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Guelph 2Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon
TITLE: INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AND pH ON INCIDENCE AND SEVERITY OF CLUBROOT IN CANOLA GROWN IN CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT TRIALS, 2010
METHODS: Two similar trials were conducted to understand the interaction of a range of temperatures and soil pH on clubroot incidence and severity in canola roots under controlled environmental conditions in growth cabinets at the University of Guelph. The first trial assessed temperatures of 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30°C and pH of 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5 & 8.0. The second trial used temperatures of 15, 20 and 25°C and pHs of 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5 & 8.0. Individual canola seedlings were transplanted into tall plastic conetainers (164 mL, Stuewe & Sons, Inc.) containing autoclaved, non-calcareous sand with pH≈6.5 (Hutcheson sand, Hutcheson Sand & Mixes, Huntsville, ON). The plants in the first trial were watered with water adjusted to the desired pH using 5% acetic acid or 10% sodium hydroxide. The plants in the second trial were watered with water adjusted to the desired pH using biological buffers such as PIPES, MES and HEPES (Robiot Canada, Toronto, ON) In the second trial, temperatures 10 and 30°C were eliminated since there was minimal development of clubroot symptoms at 10°C and canola plants did not perform well at 30°C. Additional pH treatments of 5.0 and 5.5 were included to observe the effects of lower pH. In both trials, plants were transplanted, maintained at 20°C for five days, inoculated with the pathogen and then moved to their respective temperatures. A 14-hr photoperiod with a light intensity of 200 - 250 µmol.m-2.s-1 and 65% relative humidity was maintained throughout the trials. The plants were fertilized with diluted 15:15:18 NPK at weekly intervals. The experiments were arranged as a factorial randomized complete block with two factors, temperature and pH and three replicates per treatment. Each experimental unit had ten plants. The plants were inoculated on 25 May and 7 October for trials 1 and 2, respectively. Resting spores of pathotype 6 were extracted from clubbed roots of cabbage (stored at - 20°C) collected from the Muck Crops Research Station in 2008. A standard amount (3 g) of clubbed roots was macerated in 100 mL of sterile deionized water in a commercial blender. The resulting suspension was filtered through eight layers of cheese cloth. The concentrations of resting spores in the filtered solution were estimated using a haemocytometer and diluted with sterile deionized water to attain the desired concentration of 1x 106 spores per mL. Each canola seedling was inoculated with 5 mL of spore solution. Disease assessments were carried out 6 weeks after inoculation. The plants were destructively harvested and the roots washed and assessed for clubroot incidence (%) and severity using a 0–3 scale where 0 = no clubbing, 1 < 1/3 of root clubbing, 2 = 1/3 to 2/3 of root clubbing, and 3 > 2/3 of root clubbing. A disease severity index (DSI) was calculated using the following equation: ∑ [(class no.)(no. of plants in each class)] DSI = x 100 (total no. plants per sample)(no. classes -1) Data were analyzed using a general linear model analysis of variance (proc glm of SAS software version 9.2). Means were separated using the Tukey’s test at P = 0.05.
RESULTS: as presented in Table 1 and Figures 1 & 2
CONCLUSIONS: The data indicate that clubroot on canola is suppressed at high pH, but severe clubroot can still develop when other conditions are optimum (Fig: 1). Clubroot development at 25°C was relatively high (40-68%) even at pH 8. There was very little clubroot development at 10 and 15°C and there was little interaction between temperature and pH. The canola plants did not grow well at 30°C and there are no data from this temperature. In general, there were significant differences observed among temperatures for clubroot incidence irrespective of pH. Differences in disease severity between acidic and high alkaline pH ranges were consistently observed at temperatures of 20 and 25°C. The relationship between temperature and disease severity was linear, but the relationship between pH and disease severity was quadratic (Fig: 2).
Table 1. The effect of temperature on incidence and severity of clubroot in canola Pioneer cultivar - 46A76 grown in controlled environmental conditions of growth cabinets at the University of Guelph, 2010. Temperature Trial 1 Trial 2 pH (°C) CI DSI1 CI DSI 10 5 ------10 5.5 ------10 6 16.7 cde2 5.6 f -- -- 10 6.5 10.0 de 3.3 f -- -- 10 7 26.7 cde 8.9 f -- -- 10 7.5 0.0 e 0.0 f -- -- 10 8 0.0 e 0.0 f -- -- 15 5 -- -- 62.9 fg 34.3 f 15 5.5 -- -- 62.2 fg 31.6 fg 15 6 23.3 cde 8.9 f 52.8 gh 25.9 g 15 6.5 30.0 cde 15.6 ef 40.2 hi 19.1 h 15 7 36.7 cd 13.3 ef 29.0 ij 14.0 hi 15 7.5 33.3 cde 11.1 ef 30.6 ij 10.2 ij 15 8 10.0 de 3.3 f 16.7 j 5.6 j 20 5 -- -- 88.4 a-d 61.7 d 20 5.5 -- -- 79.8 cde 59.1 d 20 6 93.3 a 58.9 cd 83.4 bcd 60.2 d 20 6.5 80.0 ab 66.7 bcd 82.2 cde 58.7 d 20 7 80.0 ab 65.6 bcd 80.6 cde 50.0 e 20 7.5 48.8 bc 26.7 ef 73.8 def 46.6 e 20 8 30.0 cde 14.4 ef 50.0 gh 28.7 fg 25 5 -- -- 100.0 a 100.0 a 25 5.5 -- -- 100.0 a 100.0 a 25 6 100.0 a 98.9 a 100.0 a 98.9 a 25 6.5 100.0 a 94.4 ab 100.0 a 89.1 b 25 7 100.0 a 81.1 abc 97.2 ab 85.4 b 25 7.5 96.7 a 68.9 a-d 93.6 abc 78.2 c 25 8 40.0 cd 42.2 de 68.3 ef 46.7 e 1Disease severity index (DSI) was calculated as: ∑ [(class no.)(no. of plants in each class)] DSI = x 100 (total no. plants per sample)(no. classes -1) 2 Values followed by the same letter within a column do not differ significantly (P=0.05) according to Tukey’s test.
Figure 1. The effect of temperature and pH on clubroot severity in two trials on canola Pioneer cultivar - 46A76 inoculated with pathotype 6 of Plasmodiophora brassicae and grown under controlled environmental conditions at the University of Guelph, 2010.
Note: The open symbols with solid lines represent mean disease severity from trial 1 while closed symbols with dotted lines represent mean disease severity from trial 2.
Figure 2. The effect of pH on clubroot severity in two trials on canola Pioneer cultivar - 46A76 inoculated with pathotype 6 of Plasmodiophora brassicae and grown under controlled environmental conditions at the University of Guelph, 2010.
Note: The broken and solid lines represent the regression lines from trial 1 and 2 respectively whereas closed symbols represent the actual mean disease severity data points.
Partial funding for this project was provided by the Agriculture Development Fund of Saskatchewan, the Clubroot Mitigation Initiative of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada & the Plant Production Systems, Program of the OMAFRA/University of Guelph Partnership CROP: Canola (Brassica napus L.), cv. 46A76 PEST: Clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin)
AUTHORS: DEORA AD1,2, GOSSEN BD1, MCDONALD MR2 1Agriculture and Agri Food Canada, Saskatoon, 2University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station
TITLE: EVALUATION OF BORON FORMULATIONS FOR THE CONTROL OF CLUBROOT IN CANOLA, 2010
MATERIALS: SOLUBOR (20.5% B, Na2B8O13 · 4H20), BORONMAX (8.1% B, boron complexed with plant carbohydrates) and BORON (10% B, H3BO3)
METHODS: Trials were conducted in a growth room at the University of Guelph and in the field. Two trials were conducted in the growth room to study the efficacy of boron (B) formulations and concentrations on (i) root hair infection, and (ii) disease incidence and severity, at the University of Guelph. Plants of canola cv. 46H76 (Pioneer Hi-Bred), susceptible to Plasmodiophora brassicae pathotype 6, were grown in sterilized sand in 5-ml pipette tips (brim diam 1 cm, height 12 cm) for root hair infection trial, and in containers (brim diam 4 cm, height 19 cm) for the clubroot incidence and severity trial, and were kept at 24/20ºC (day/night) in a growth room with a 16 h photoperiod. The pathogen was inoculated by application of a suspension of 1 × 106 resting spore/ml at the base of 10-day- old seedlings grown in 5-ml tips (1 ml of suspension) and containers (5 ml of suspension). The watering was done twice a day using deionized water with pH of 7.0 until two days before the inoculation, and with pH of 6.0 thereafter, which adjusted the pH of the sand to 6.2 ± 0.2, to create favourable conditions for disease development. The B formulations were tested as a sand-drench with a series of concentrations equivalent to 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 kg/ha. For the root hair infection trial, treatments were applied immediately after sowing. For the clubroot incidence and severity trial, in the first run, B concentrations were applied at either: (i) immediately after sowing (early application), or (ii) 10 days after inoculation of the pathogen (late application). In the second run of both the trials, all the concentrations of the formulation (SOLUBOR), which was found most effective in the first run and three concentrations (0.25, 2 and 32 kg/ha) of other two products (BORONMAX and BORON) were tested. In the second run of the disease incidence and severity trial, additional treatments of an early plus late application of each concentration were included. For the root hair infection trial, a two way factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used with 3 levels of formulation of B and 9 concentrations (3 × 9), while for clubroot incidence and severity trial, a three way factorial arrangement in RCBD with an additional factor of timing of application (early, late, early + late) with three levels (3 × 9 × 3) was used. For both trials, each treatment was replicated four times with three plants per replicate in the first run and six plants in the second run. For the root hair infection assessment, the plants grown in 5-ml tubes were harvested 10 days after inoculation. Roots were washed to remove attached sand and kept in acetic acid: ethanol (1:1) solution. Infection of the root hair was observed by staining the roots with aniline blue solution at 125 ppm for 1 min. Two hundred root hairs were observed from 1 cm region below the hypocotyls under light microscope at 250× magnification. The infected root hairs were assessed as either: stage 1 (plasmodia), stage 2 (sporangia) or stage 3 (dehisced sporangia). For disease incidence and severity assessment, the plants grown in growth room were harvested six weeks after inoculation, while those grown in the field were harvested six weeks after sowing. The roots were washed and the severity of clubbing/gall development was rated, and plants were separated into classes based on 0-3 scale: 0 = no clubbing, 1 = <1/3 of root clubbed, 2 = 1/3 - 2/3 of roots clubbed and 3 = > 2/3 of roots clubbed. DSI was determined using the following equation: ∑ [(class no.)(no. of plants in each class)] DSI = × 100 (total no. plants per sample)(no. classes - 1) Field trials were conducted at the Muck Crop Research Station in muck soil (pH ≈ 6.3, organic matter ≈ 70%) at two adjacent sites naturally infested with P. brassicae pathotype 6. The population of P. brassicae per g of soil was 9 × 105 at site 1 and 6 × 105 spores at site 2. Canola, cv. 46A76, was sown on June 08, 2010 in the first trial and August 03, 2010 in the second trial. Each formulation was applied at 1 kg/ha in the first trial as a soil drench either at the time of sowing (early application) or 10 days after sowing (late treatments), using 300 ml of water per m. A two way factorial arrangement on RCBD with 3 levels of formulation of boron and 2 levels of timing of application (3 × 2) with four replicates was used. Each treatment consisted of two 5 m rows with 40 cm between rows, seeded at 25 seeds/m. Each block had 8 treatment combinations including two untreated controls. In the second trial, the rate was doubled to 2 kg/ha for all the formulations applied either as early or late application. In addition, early applications of 1, 4, 8 and 16 kg/ha were included among the treatments. Two untreated controls (water application) were kept for each repetition. The number of replications in the second trial was increased from four to six; however, the row size was reduced to 3 m.
Phytotoxicity of B was calculated as percent germination. The data were recorded from the plants grown in containers and field. The data obtained from all the trials were analyzed using an analysis of variance with MIXED procedure using SAS software (version 9.1). Means separation were obtained using Tukey test with P= 0.05 level of significance.
RESULTS: All B treatments >0.25 kg/ha could inhibit root hair infection of P. brassicae and a reduction was observed with an increase in the concentration of all the formulations in the first run on root hair infection study. There were no significant differences among the formulations for their response patterns, so the effects of B concentrations across the formulations were pooled (Table 1). The pathogen development was delayed with an increase in the concentration as reflected by an increase in proportion of undifferentiated plasmodia and decreases in proportions of differentiated zoosporangia and dehisced sporangia in the infected root hairs (Table 1). The concentrations selected from the first run exhibited a similar response in the second run (Table 2).
No significant differences were found among the formulations and the timing of application (early or late) for their response patterns in suppression of clubroot incidence (CI) and severity (DSI) during the first run of the growth room study; therefore, the effects of similar concentrations across the formulations and their timing of applications were pooled (Table 3). There were no significant differences in the germination inhibition observed within the same concentrations across formulations; therefore their effects were pooled (Table 3). Reductions in clubroot levels and germination were negatively correlated with increasing B concentrations. The second run which included the different timings of application of SOLUBOR suggested that the treatments with two timings of application (early + late) were better in suppression of clubroot than one-time application (early or late) at any given concentration (Tables 4 & 5).
No significant differences were found among the formulations applied at 1 kg/ha compared to the nontreated control in suppression of clubroot under field conditions in the first run (Table 6 Application of B at 2 kg/ha of any of the formulations had no significant effect in suppression of clubroot in the second run (Table 7). The 4 kg/ha rate was the most effective non-phytotoxic rate and reduced clubroot severity by 64% compared to the nontreated control.
CONCLUSIONS: The different B formulations were equally effective in suppression of root hair infection and clubroot incidence and severity in canola. B mainly suppresses the development of P. brassicae in root hairs. This effect is strongly correlated with subsequent reductions in clubroot incidence and severity. The most effective non-phytotoxic rate for all of the formulations in growth room conditions was 2 kg/ha, while in the field conditions it was 4 kg/ha.
Table 1. Pooled effects of B concentrations across the formulations on root hair infection and various developmental stages of P. brassicae in canola during first run under growth room conditions. Proportion of various developmental stages within infected roots Amount of B Root hair (kg/ha) infection (%) Undifferentiated Differentiated Dehisced plasmodia (%) Sporangia (%) sporangia (%) 0.0 70 a1 27 a 47 a 26 a 0.25 66 a 32 ab 48 a 20 b 0.5 56 b 39 b 42 ab 19 bc 1.0 54 b 49 c 35 bc 16 c 2.0 57 b 61 d 28 cd 11 d 4.0 52 b 70 ef 21 de 9 de 8.0 49 c 67 de 23 de 10 de 16.0 27 d 75 ef 18 e 7 e 32.0 24 d 79 e 15 e 6 e 1 Values followed by the same letter under each column do not differ at P = 0.05 based on Tukey’s Multiple Mean Comparison Test.
Table 2. Effects of B formulations on root hair infection and various developmental stages of P. brassicae in canola during second run under growth room conditions. Proportion of various developmental stages within infected Amount Root hair roots Formulation of B infection Undifferentiated Differentiated Dehisced (kg/ha) (%) plasmodia (%) sporangia (%) sporangia (%) SOLUBOR 0.0 74 a1 23 a 49 a 29 a 0.25 68 ab 29 ab 45 a 27 a 0.5 63 abc 36 b 40 ab 24 a 1.0 60 bcd 51 c 33 bc 16 bc 2.0 60 bcd 61 cd 27 cd 13 cd 4.0 60 bcd 60 cd 30 bc 10 cdef 8.0 49 de 70 de 23 cde 8 def 16.0 41 ef 80 ef 15 ef 5 def 32.0 36 f 88 f 9 f 3 f
BORONMAX 0.0 74 a 23 a 49 a 29 a 0.25 72 ab 28 ab 46 a 27 a 2.0 54 cd 60 cd 25 cde 17 c 32.0 37 ef 83 f 10 f 7 def
BORON 0.0 74 a 23 a 49 a 29 a 0.25 68 ab 31 ab 47 a 23 ab 2.0 62 bcd 56 c 33 bc 11 cde 32.0 24 f 70 ef 19 def 4 ef 1 Values followed by the same letter under each column do not differ at P = 0.05 based on Tukey’s Multiple Mean Comparison Test. Table 3. Pooled effects of B concentrations across the formulations and timings of application on clubroot in canola under growth room conditions - Run 1. Rate of application Clubroot incidence (CI) Disease severity index (DSI) Germination (%)* 0.0 95.8 a1 65.3 a 91.6 a 0.25 86.1 ab 47.6 b 90.2 a 0.5 77.7 abc 45.3 b 87.4 a 1.0 72.2 abc 37.4 bc 83.3 a 2.0 65.2 bc 27.7 c 79.1 a 4.0 68.0 bc 34.2 bc 75.0 ab 8.0 66.6 bc 32.3 bc 73.6 ab 16.0 63.8 bc 26.3 c 54.1 bc 32.0 56.9 c 20.8 c 47.2 c 1 Values followed by the same letter under each column do not differ at P = 0.05 based on Tukey’s Multiple Mean Comparison Test.
Table 4. Effect of SOLUBOR with a range of concentrations applied at different times on clubroot caused by P. brassicae in canola under growth room conditions – Run 2 CI DSI Rate of application Early Late Early + Late Early Late Early + Late application application application application application application 0.0 100.0 a1 100.0 a 100.0 a 90.2 ab 93.0 a 91.6 a 0.25 100.0 a 100.0 a ND 76.4 bc 68.0 cd -- 0.5 79.1 ab 75.0 abc 100.0 a 65.3 cd 56.9 def 55.5 def 1.0 75.0 abc 50.0 c-f 70.8 bc 58.3 de 43.0 fgh 38.8 ghi 2.0 66.6 bcd 50.0 c-f 54.1 b-f 44.4 efg 33.3 ghi 29.1 h-k 4.0 62.5 bcd 54.1 b-f 57.3 b-e 40.2 ghi 30.5 g-k 27.7 ijk 8.0 50.0 c-f 41.6 d-g 41.6 d-g 31.9 g-j 27.7 ijk 18.0 jkl 16.0 29.1 fgh 16.7 ghi 33.3 e-h 16.6 klm 9.7 lmn 12.5 lmn 32.0 16.6 ghi 8.3 hi 8.3 hi 8.3 lmn 4.1 lmn 2.8 mn 64.0 -- -- 0.0 i -- -- 0.0 n 1 Values followed by the same letter under each parameter (CI/DSI) do not differ at P = 0.05 based on Tukey’s Multiple Mean Comparison Test.
Table 5. Pooled effects of all the tested concentrations of SOLUBOR applied at different times on clubroot caused by P. brassicae in canola during second run under growth room conditions. Timing of application CI DSI Early 64.3 a1 47.9 a Late 55.0 b 40.7 b Early + Late 51.7 b 30.7 c 1 Values followed by the same letter under each column do not differ at P = 0.05 based on Tukey’s Multiple Mean Comparison Test.
Table 6. Efficacy of B formulations against clubroot in canola during first run under field conditions. Formulation CI DSI Clubbed-root weight
SOLUBAR 75.9 a1 51.6 a 22.2 a BORONMAX 69.2 a 44.1 a 28.4 a BORON 77.3 a 49.4 a 25.0 a Nontreated control 79.1 a 56.9 a 27.5 a 1 Values followed by the same letter under each column do not differ at P = 0.05 based on Tukey’s Multiple Mean Comparison Test.
Table 7. Efficacy of B formulations against clubroot in canola during second run under field conditions. Rate of Timing of Germination Formulation application CI DSI application (%) (kg/ha) Nontreated control 0 Late 77 a1 68 a 77.8 a SOLUBOR 2 Early 55 ab 40 abc 47.0 ab SOLUBOR 2 Late 57 ab 38 abc 57.1 ab BORONMAX 2 Early 44 ab 28 bc 72.0 ab BORONMAX 2 Late 50 ab 36 abc 68.1 ab BORON 2 Early 57 ab 40 abc 50.5 ab BORON 2 Late 54 ab 43 abc 63.0 ab SOLUBOR 1 Early 73 a 56 ab 63.8 ab SOLUBOR 4 Early 38 ab 24 bc 53.6 ab SOLUBOR 8 Early 43 ab 27 bc 38.3 b SOLUBOR 16 Early 21 ab 15 c 17.6 b 1 Values followed by the same letter under each column do not differ at P = 0.05 based on Tukey’s Multiple Mean Comparison Test.
Table 8. Weather conditions during field trials. Mean air temperature Mean soil Period Rainfall (mm) (°C) temperature (°C) Run 1 (June 8 - July 20) 17.5 22.0 2.6 Run 2 (August 3- September 14) 18.4 19.8 2.1
Funding for this project was provided by the Clubroot Mitigation Initiative of Agriculture and Agri-food Canada. CROP: Spinach (Spinacia oleracea), cv. Longstanding Bloomsdale PEST: Downy mildew (Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae Byford)
AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR & RICHES L University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station
TITLE: EVALUATION OF PHOSTROL FOR CONTROL OF DOWNY MILDEW (PERONOSPORA FARINOSA) ON SPINACH, 2010
MATERIALS: PHOSTROL (mono- and dibasic sodium, potassium, and ammonium phosphites 53.6%), REVUS 250 SC (mandipropamid 23%), AGRAL 90 (nonylphenoxy polyethoxy ethanol 90%)
METHODS: Spinach, cv. Longstanding Bloomsdale (Stokes Seeds Ltd.), was direct seeded (25 to 28 seeds/m) into organic soil (pH ≈ 6.3, organic matter ≈ 62.3) at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh Ontario, using a Stanhay Precision Seeder on 20 August. A randomized complete block design with four replicates per treatment was used. Each experimental unit consisted of four, 6 m long rows, 40 cm apart with the outer two rows acting as guard rows. Treatments were: PHOSTROL at 2.9 and 5.8 L/ha, and REVUS + non-ionic surfactant (AGRAL 90) at 0.4 L/ha + 0.125% v/v. An untreated check was also included. Treatments were applied on 29 September and 8 October using a CO2 backpack sprayer equipped with four TeeJet 11002 fan nozzles spaced 40 cm apart and calibrated to deliver 400 L/ha at 240 kPa. The trial was monitored weekly for phytotoxicity and the presence of downy mildew. On 25 October, plants in two 1 m sections in the middle two rows were pulled, counted, roots removed, and tops weighed. Compared to the averaged previous 10 years, the air temperatures in 2010 were average for September (15.5°C) and October (9.4°C) and above average for August (21.1°C). The long term previous 10 year average temperatures were: August 19.3°C, September 15.5°C and October 8.9°C. Monthly rainfall was average when compared to the previous long term 10 year average for October (60.4 mm) and above average for August (74 mm) and September (95 mm). The long term previous 10 year rainfall averages were: August 57 mm, September 72 mm and October 58.3 mm. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.9. Means separation was obtained using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance.
RESULTS: as presented in Table 1
CONCLUSIONS: No downy mildew lesions were observed in the trial. No significant differences in weight per plants were found among the treatments (Table 1). No phytotoxicity was observed after treatment applications.
Table 1. Yield of spinach, cv. Longstanding Bloomsdale, treated with various fungicides and grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010. Treatments Rate per ha Weight/plant (g) PHOSTROL 5.8 L 64.2 ns1 PHOSTROL 2.9 L 68.7 REVUS 0.4 L 65.1 Check -- 64.2 1 ns = no significant differences were found among the treatments
Funding for this project was supplied by Engage Agro, and the OMAFRA/University of Guelph Sustainable Production /Systems Program.
CROP: Head lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), cv. Mighty Joe PEST: Sclerotinia drop (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary; Sclerotinia minor Jagger)
AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR1, RICHES L1, & GOSSEN BD2 1University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station 2Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon
TITLE: EVALUATION OF AN EXPERIMENTAL FUNGICIDE FOR CONTROL OF SCLEROTINIA DROP ON INOCULATED LETTUCE, 2010
MATERIALS: LANCE® WDG (boscalid 70.0%), S-2200 (experimental, Valent)
METHODS: Lettuce was seeded into 128-cell plug trays on 7 July and hand-transplanted (4 plants/m) into organic soil (pH ≈ 6.6, organic matter ≈ 72.3%) on 9 August at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh Ontario. A randomized complete block design with four replicates per treatment was used. Each replicate consisted of four 6.0 m long rows, 42 cm apart. Treatments were: LANCE at 385 g/ha (commercial standard) and S-2200 at 420.6, 701.0 and 1402.0 mL/ha on lettuce inoculated with both Sclerotinia minor and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum species. An untreated, naturally infected check and untreated checks inoculated with both species and each individual species were also included. Treatments were applied on 25 August, 10 and 17 September using a CO2 backpack sprayer equipped with four TeeJet 11002 fan nozzles spaced 40 cm apart and calibrated to deliver 400 L/ha at 240 kPa. On 23 August, S. sclerotiorum and S. minor-inoculated strips, 0.5 cm by 3.0 cm, were spread on the soil in between plant rows and on top of the plants respectively, at the rate of 1.5 g/m. Inoculum was obtained from Dr. B. Gossen, AAFC. The trial was monitored weekly for sclerotinia drop, each type of Sclerotinia was counted, numbers of each recorded and infected plants removed. On 1 October, all heads were cut and examined for S. sclerotiorum or S. minor. Numbers of each disease and the healthy heads were recorded. Ten heads from each replicate were weighed to determine yield. Compared to the averaged previous 10 years, the air temperatures in 2010 were average for September (15.5°C) and October (9.4°C), above average for August (21.1°C). The long term previous 10 year average temperatures were: August 19.3°C, September 15.5°C and October 8.9°C. Monthly rainfall was above the previous long term 10 year average for August (74 mm) and September (95 mm) and average for October (60.4 mm). The long term previous 10 year rainfall averages were: August 57 mm, September 72 mm and October 58.3 mm. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.9. Means separation was obtained using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance.
RESULTS: as presented in Table 1
CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences in the incidence of S. minor and weight per head were found among the treatments (Table 1). Lettuce inoculated with both types of Sclerotinia and treated with LANCE or S-2200 at any rate had significantly less S. minor than the untreated check inoculated with both types of inoculum. Treating lettuce with increased rates of S-2200 did not result in decreased rates of Sclerotinia infection. Lettuce treated withS-2200 at 1402 or 701.0 mL/ha had significantly heavier heads than lettuce treated with LANCE, S-2200 at 420.6 mL or untreated lettuce inoculated by natural infection or with either S. sclerotiorum or S. minor strips. No significant differences in the percentage of lettuce with S. sclerotiorum were found among the treatments. Despite inoculation, levels of sclerotinia infection were low in the trial.
Table 1. Percentage of sclerotinia drop in lettuce inoculated with S. minor and/or S. sclerotiorum strips and treated with fungicides, grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010. % Plants with Sclerotinia 1 Rate Yield Treatment Inoculum (per ha) Minor Sclerotiorum Total Wgt/head (g)
LANCE both 385 g 0.3 a 0.8 ns 1.1 ns 522.8 bc S-2200 both 1402.0 mL 0.8 a 0.3 1.1 634.0 a S-2200 both 701.0 mL 0.6 a 0.3 0.9 612.3 a S-2200 both 420.6 mL 0.6 a 1.7 2.3 595.0 ab Check S. sclerotiorum -- 2.1 ab 1.2 3.2 492.5 c Check natural infection -- 2.3 ab 1.1 3.4 511.0 bc Check S. minor -- 2.6 ab 0.5 3.1 520.3 bc Check both -- 3.9 b 1.2 5.1 547.3 abc 1 Yield was based on a sample of 10 heads. 2 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly differently at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD test. 3 ns indicates no significant differences were found among the treatments
Funding for this project was provided by Valent Canada, Guelph, Ontario.
CROP: Head lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), cv. Mighty Joe PEST: Downy mildew (Bremia lactucae Regel)
AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR, TESFAENDRIAS MT & RICHES L University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station
TITLE: EVALUATION OF FUNGICIDES FOR CONTROL OF DOWNY MILDEW (BREMIA LACTUCAE) ON LETTUCE, 2010
MATERIALS: PRESIDIO® (fluopicolide 39.5%), RIDOMIL GOLD® MZ (metalaxyl-M 4% + mancozeb 64%), PHOSTROL® (mono- and dibasic sodium, potassium, and ammonium phosphites 53.6%), RANMAN® 400 SC (cyazofamid 34.5%), REVUS® 250 SC (mandipropamid 23.3%), QGU 42 (experimental, DuPont), SERENADE® MAX (Bacillus subtilis (QST 713 Strain) 7.3 x 109 CFU/g)
METHODS: Lettuce, cv. Mighty Joe, was seeded into 128-cell plug trays on 18 June, hand-transplanted (4 plants/ m) into organic soil (pH ≈ 6.6, organic matter ≈ 72.3%) on 23 July at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario. A randomized complete block design with four replicates per treatment was used. Each experimental unit consisted of four 6 m long rows, 42 cm apart. Treatments were: PRESIDIO at 292 mL/ha, RIDOMIL GOLD MZ at 2.5 kg/ha, PHOSTROL at 4.3 L/ha, RANMAN 400 SC at 200 mL/ha, REVUS at 600 mL/ha, QGU 42 at 350 mL/ha and SERENADE MAX at 6.0 kg/ha. An untreated check was also included. Treatments were applied on 5, 12, 20 and 27 August using a CO2 backpack sprayer equipped with four TeeJet 11002 fan nozzles spaced 40 cm apart and calibrated to deliver 400 L/ha at 240 kPa (boom). Prior to the 1st assessment, the 10 plants per experimental unit to be assessed were randomly chosen and marked with stakes. Plants were assessed for disease incidence and severity. Disease severity was rated on a scale of 1 to 5: 0 = no lesions, 1 = 1 lesion, 2 = 2-5 lesions, 3 = 6-10 lesions, 4 = 11-15 lesions, 5 = >15 lesions on 25, 31 August and 7 September. These values were used to calculate the area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) and disease severity index (DSI). AUDPC was calculated using the following equations:
Where j is the order index for the times and nj is the total number of assessments, yj is the downy mildew severity rating at day tj, yj+1 is the downy mildew severity rating at day tj+1 and (tj+1 - tj) is the number of days between two assessments. Disease severity index was determined using the following equations:
DSI = ∑ [(rating class no.)(no. of plants in each rating class)] x 100 (total no. plants per sample)(no. classes–1) On 8 September, 20 heads from unmarked plants were harvested and trimmed to remove all leaves with visible downy mildew lesions. Untrimmed and trimmed weights were recorded to determine harvest and marketable weights. Percent marketable weight was calculated as the trimmed weight divided by the untrimmed weight. Compared to the averaged previous 10 years, the air temperatures in 2010 were average for September (15.5ºC), above average for July (22.3ºC) and August (21.1ºC). The long term previous 10 year average temperatures were: July 20.0ºC, August 19.3ºC and September 15.5ºC. Monthly rainfall was above previous long term 10 years average July (146 mm), August (74 mm) and September (95 mm). The long term previous 10 year average rainfall averages were: July 76 mm, August 57 mm and September 72 mm. Data were analysed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.9. Means separation was obtained using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance.
RESULTS: as presented in Tables 1 and 2
CONCLUSIONS: In 2010, disease pressure was high and increased over the assessment period. BREMCAST, the lettuce downy mildew forecasting model, predicted sporulation infection periods (SIP) during the growing season starting mid-July and the risk of developing downy mildew remained moderate to high until September. Lettuce downy mildew symptoms started to develop around mid to late July in the Holland Marsh. Significant differences in downy mildew incidence and severity were found among the treatments. In general, downy mildew incidence and severity was lower in lettuce treated with PHOSTROL, RIDOMIL and QUG 42 than the remaining fungicides and the untreated check (Table 1). Season long disease development, as indicated by the AUDPC, was lower in lettuce treated with PHOSTROL, RIDOMIL and QUG 42 than lettuce treated with REVUS, PRESIDIO, RANMAN, SERENADE MAX and the untreated check. Downy mildew incidence, severity or AUDPC in lettuce treated with fungicides RANMAN and SERENADE MAX was not better than the untreated check at any assessment date. However, AUDPC, disease incidence (25 Aug and 7 Sept assessments) and DSI (31 Aug assessment) on lettuce treated with REVUS was lower than the untreated check. Significant differences were found in harvest weight, number of marketable lettuce heads, marketable yield and percent marketable weight among the treatments. Lettuce treated with the commercial standard RIDOMIL, and newer products QGU 42, REVUS, PHOSTROL and PRESIDIO had significantly higher marketable yield than lettuce treated with RANMAN, SERENADE MAX and the untreated check (Table 2). The harvest weight, number of marketable lettuce heads, marketable weight per head and percent marketable weight of lettuce treated with RANMAN and SERENADE MAX was similar to that of the untreated check (Table 2). All the products tested were non-phytotoxic to the crop.
Table 1. Downy mildew (DM) incidence and disease severity ratings for lettuce, cv. Mighty Joe, treated with fungicides, grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, 2010.
Rate DM Incidence (%) Disease Severity Index Treatment AUDPC2 (per ha) 25 Aug 31 Aug 7 Sept 25 Aug 31 Aug 7 Sept PHOSTROL 4.3 L 12.5 a1 15.0 a 7.5 a 5.0 a 5.0 a 2.0 a 2.7 a RIDOMIL 2.5 kg 27.5 ab 2.5 a 15.0 ab 8.0 a 1.0 a 5.0 a 2.4 a QGU 42 350 mL 30.0 ab 42.5 b 35.0 bc 9.5 a 16.5 a 14.0 ab 9.2 a REVUS 600 mL 40.0 b 95.0 c 57.5 c 15.0 a 51.5 b 31.5 b 25.3 b PRESIDIO 292 mL 100.0 c 100.0 c 97.5 d 69.5 b 75.0 c 85.5 c 49.8 c RANMAN 200 mL 87.5 c 100.0 c 100.0 d 65.0 b 87.0 cd 93.5 c 54.4 cd SERENADE 6.0 kg 100.0 c 100.0 c 100.0 d 78.5 b 88.5 cd 100.0 c 58.0 cd MAX Check -- 100.0 c 100.0 c 100.0 d 78.5 b 96.0 d 100.0 c 60.5 d 1Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, based on Fisher’s Protected LSD test. 2AUDPC = Area under the disease progress curve.
Table 2. Yield data for lettuce, cv. Mighty Joe, treated with fungicides, grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, 2010. Avg # of Rate Harvest Marketable Treatment marketable % Marketable Wt3 (per ha) wt/head1 (g) wt/head2 (g) heads RIDOMIL 2.5 kg 987.9 a 18.8 a 789.9 a4 74.8 a QGU 42 350 mL 775.9 b 17.0 ab 686.8 ab 75.2 a REVUS 600 mL 794.1 b 16.3 ab 667.0 b 68.4 a PHOSTROL 4.3 L 694.3 bc 16.0 ab 656.8 b 75.2 a PRESIDIO 292 mL 565.8 cd 13.5 bc 582.4 b 60.6 ab RANMAN 200 mL 451.3 d 13.8 bc 420.5 c 64.1 ab SERENADE 6.0 kg 395.5 d 13.5 bc 376.3 c 63.5 ab MAX Check -- 506.4 d 11.3 c 395.9 c 51.4 b 1Average of 20 lettuce heads 2Average of marketable heads 3% marketable weight = (total marketable weight/harvest weight) x 100 4Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, based on Fisher’s Protected LSD test.
Funding for this project was provided by the Fresh Vegetable Growers of Ontario through the Farm Innovation Program (FIP) that is part of Growing Forward, a federal-provincial-territorial initiative. The FIP program is administered by the Agricultural Adaptation Council.
CROP: Head lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), cv. Mighty Joe PEST: Downy mildew (Bremia lactucae Regel)
AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR, TESFAENDRIAS MT & RICHES L University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station
TITLE: EVALUATION OF FUNGICIDES AND THEIR RATES FOR CONTROL OF DOWNY MILDEW (BREMIA LACTUCAE) ON LETTUCE, 2010
MATERIALS: ALIETTE® (fosetyl Al 80%), PRESIDIO® (fluopicolide 39.5%) and V-10208 (Experimental, Valent)
METHODS: The trial was conducted at an off-station site near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, in organic soil (pH ≈ 7.5, organic matter ≈ 49.9%). Lettuce, cv. Mighty Joe, was direct seeded on 14 May using a Stanhay Precision Seeder and thinned to 4 plants/m. A randomized complete block design with four replicates per treatment was used. Each experimental unit consisted of four 5 m long rows, 42 cm apart. Treatments were: ALIETTE at 2.8 kg/ha, V-10208 + PRESIDIO at 584.9 + 220 mL/ha, V-10208 + PRESIDIO at 438.6 + 220 mL/ha, V-10208 at 292, 438.6 and 584.9 mL/ha and PRESIDIO at 132, 220 and 292 mL/ha. An untreated check was also included. Treatments were applied on 30 June, and 8, 15 and 22 July using a CO2 backpack sprayer equipped with four TeeJet 11002 fan nozzles spaced 40 cm apart and calibrated to deliver 400 L/ha at 240 kPa (boom). Prior to the 1st assessment, the 10 plants per experimental unit to be assessed were randomly chosen and marked with stakes. Plants were assessed for disease incidence and severity. Disease severity was rated on a scale of 1 to 5: 0 = no lesions, 1 = 1 lesion, 2 = 2-5 lesions, 3 = 6-10 lesions, 4 = 11-15 lesions, 5 = >15 lesions on 29 June, 12, 19 and 26 July. The disease severity values were used to calculate the area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) and disease severity index (DSI). The AUDPC was calculated using the following equation:
Where j is the order index for the times and nj is the total number of assessments, yj is the downy mildew severity rating at day tj, yj+1 is the downy mildew severity rating at day tj+1 and (tj+1 - tj) is the number of days between two assessments. Disease severity index was determined using the following equation: ∑ [(rating class no.)(no. of plants in each rating class)] DSI = x 100 (total no. of plants per sample) (no. classes–1)
On 27 July, 10 heads from unmarked plants were harvested and untrimmed and trimmed weights recorded to determine harvest and marketable weights. Compared to the averaged previous 10 years, the air temperatures in 2010 were average for June (18.4ºC) and September (15.5ºC), above average for May (15.1ºC), July (22.3ºC) and August (21.1ºC). The long term previous 10 year average temperatures were: May 13.1ºC, June 18.4ºC, July 20.0ºC, August 19.3ºC and September 15.5ºC. Monthly rainfall was below previous long term 10 years average for May (51.7 mm) and above average for June (170 mm), July (146 mm), August (74 mm) and September (95 mm). The long term previous 10 year average rainfall averages were: May 87 mm, June 74 mm, July 76 mm, August 57 mm and September 72 mm. Data were analysed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.9. Means separation was obtained using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance.
RESULTS: as presented in Tables 1 and 2
CONCLUSIONS: In 2010, disease pressure was high and increased over the assessment period. BREMCAST, the lettuce downy mildew forecasting model, predicted sporulation infection periods (SIP) during the growing season starting mid-July and the risk of developing downy mildew remained moderate to high until September. Downy mildew symptoms started to develop around mid to late July in the Holland Marsh. No significant differences in season long disease development, as indicated by the AUDPC and downy mildew incidence were observed among the treatments at any assessment date (Table 1). Although not statistically significant, a downy mildew incidence (12 and 19 July assessment) in lettuce treated with ALIETTE and V-10208 + PRESIDIO was numerically lower than the untreated check. At the 19 July assessment, no differences in DSI were observed among the fungicide treatments. However, lettuce treated with any fungicide had lower disease severity than untreated check. Significant differences in downy mildew severity indicated by DSI were found among the treatments at the 26 July assessment. At the 26 July assessment, lettuce treated with ALIETTE had a lower DSI than lettuce treated with PRESIDIO at 132 mL/ha (low rate), V– 0208 at 439 and 292 mL/ha (medium and low rates respectively) and the untreated check. Similarly, lettuce treated with the combination of V-10208 and PRESIDIO (at a rate of 439 mL+220 mL/ha) had lower DSI than lettuce treated with V-10208 at 292 mL/ha (low rate), PRESIDIO at 132 mL/ha (low rate) and the untreated check (Table 2). No statistically significant differences were found in marketable weight among the treatments (Table 2). However, lettuce treated with fungicides had 30-150 g more marketable weight per head than the untreated check. All the products tested were non-phytotoxic to the crop.
Table 1. Incidence of downy mildew (DM) and area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) for lettuce cv. Mighty Joe, treated with various experimental fungicides, grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010. DM Incidence (%) Treatment Rate/ha AUDPC2 29 Jun 12 Jul 19 Jul 26 Jul ALIETTE 2.8 kg 0.0 ns1 50.0 ns 50.0 ns 93.8 ns 23.0 ns V-10208 + PRESIDIO 585 mL + 220 mL 0.0 78.8 58.3 100.0 33.5 V-10208 + PRESIDIO 439 mL + 220 mL 0.0 58.3 58.3 85.4 29.8 V-10208 585 mL 0.0 91.7 60.4 97.9 51.6 V-10208 439 mL 0.0 77.1 58.3 97.9 38.0 V-10208 292 mL 0.0 62.5 79.2 100.0 39.2 PRESIDIO 292 mL 0.0 79.2 62.5 95.8 36.0 PRESIDIO 220 mL 0.0 62.5 72.9 100.0 33.5 PRESIDIO 132 mL 0.0 70.8 85.4 100.0 47.5 Check -- 0.0 87.5 93.8 100.0 58.9 1 ns = no significant differences were found among the treatments 2AUDPC = Area under the disease progress curve.
Table 2. Disease severity index (DSI) for lettuce cv. Mighty Joe, treated with various experimental fungicides, grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010. 1 DSI Wt/head Treatment Rate/ha 4 29 Jun 12 Jul 19 Jul 26 Jul (g) ALIETTE 2.8 kg 0.0 ns2 14.6 ns 19.2 ns 51.7 a3 823.8 ns V-10208 + PRESIDIO 585 mL + 220 mL 0.0 32.6 19.6 62.1 abc 829.0 V-10208 + PRESIDIO 439 mL + 220 mL 0.0 24.6 22.5 55.0 ab 840.5 PRESIDIO 292 mL 0.0 31.7 24.2 66.7 a-d 717.5 V-10208 585 mL 0.0 54.2 33.3 73.3 a-d 778.8 PRESIDIO 220 mL 0.0 20.8 27.5 76.7 a-e 830.8 V-10208 439 mL 0.0 32.9 22.1 78.8 b-e 791.8 V-10208 292 mL 0.0 21.3 41.3 80.8 cde 781.5 PRESIDIO 132 mL 0.0 32.5 44.2 90.4 de 762.0 Check -- 0.0 40.0 61.3 100.0 e 686.8
∑ [(class no.)(no. of plants in each class)] 1DSI (Disease Severity Index)= x 100 (total no. plants per sample) (no. of classes-1) 2 ns = no significant differences were found among the treatments 3 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly differently at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD test. 4Average of 10 lettuce heads
Funding for this project was provided by Valent Canada, Guelph, Ontario. CROP: Snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), cv. Strike PEST: White mould (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary)
AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR & RICHES L University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station
TITLE: EVALUATION OF A BIOLOGICAL FUNGICIDE FOR CONTROL OF WHITE MOULD ON INOCULATED SNAP BEANS, 2010
MATERIALS: SERENADE® MAX (Bacillus subtilis (QST 713 strain) 7.3 x 109 CFU/g), LANCE® WDG (boscalid 70.0%)
METHODS: The trial was conducted at an off-station site near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, in mineral soil (pH ≈ 8.0, organic matter ≈ 4.5%). Beans, cv. Strike, were direct seeded at 20-25 seeds/m, using an Earthway push seeder, on 31 July. A randomized complete block design with five replicates per treatment was used. Each experimental unit consisted of three rows, 6 m long and 55 cm apart. Treatments were: SERENADE MAX at 6.0 kg/ha, LANCE at 385 g/ha and SERENADE MAX at 6.0 kg/ha + LANCE at 385 g/ha. Inoculated and non-inoculated checks were also included. Treatments were applied on 30 August, 10, 17 and 24 September using a CO2 backpack sprayer equipped with four TeeJet D-2 hollow cone nozzles spaced 40 cm apart and calibrated to deliver 300 L/ha at 240 kPa. On 31 August, treatments were inoculated with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by spreading S. sclerotiorum-inoculated filter paper strips at the rate of 1.5 g/m evenly over the foliage of the plants of every treatment. Inoculum strips, 0.5 x 3.0 cm, were obtained from Dr. B. Gossen, AAFC. Strips were further cut into pieces approximately 0.06 cm x 0.05 cm to resemble bean flower petals. The trial was monitored weekly for phytotoxicity and the presence of white mould. On 12 October white mould foci in each replicate were counted and recorded. The air temperatures in 2010 compared to the averaged previous 10 years were average for September (15.5°C) and October (9.4°C), above average for July (22.3°C) and August (21.1°C). The long term previous 10 year average temperatures were: July 20.0°C, August 19.3°C, September 15.5°C and October 8.9°C. Monthly rainfall when compared to the previous long term 10 year average was average for October (60.4 mm), and above average for July (146 mm), August (74 mm) and September (95 mm). The long term previous 10 year rainfall averages were: July 76 mm, August 57 mm, September 72 mm and October 58.3 mm. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.9. Means separation was obtained using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance.
RESULTS: as presented in Table 1
CONCLUSIONS: Disease pressure was low in the trial, even though the trial was inoculated. No significant differences in the numbers of white mould foci per replicate were found among the treatments.
Table 1. White mould incidence and yield data for snap beans, cv. Strike, inoculated with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum treated with LANCE and SERENADE, grown at Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010. Disease Treatment Inoculated1 Rate/ha Foci/replicate LANCE S. sclerotiorum 385 g 0.5 ns2 SERENADE MAX+ S. sclerotiorum 6.0 kg + 385 g 1.0 LANCE SERENADE MAX S. sclerotiorum 6.0 kg 2.2
Check S. sclerotiorum -- 1.2
Check --- -- 1.0 1 with paper strips cut to resemble bean flower petals (0.06 x 0.05 cm) at the rate of 1.5 g/m 2 ns indicates no significant differences found among the treatments
Funding for this project was supplied by the OMAFRA/University of Guelph Plant Production Systems Program. CROP: Leek (Allium porrum L.), cv. Electra
AUTHORS: SWANTON C J, JANSE S & CHANDLER K University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station
TITLE: TOLERANCE OF LEEKS TO HERBICIDES, 2010
MATERIALS: PROWL H2O (pendimethalin 45.5%).
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the tolerance and efficacy of PROWL H2O in transplanted leeks.
METHODS: The trial was conducted at a site with sandy loam soil (sand 90%; organic matter 2.6%, pH 8.1) on a site near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh. Plots were 4m long and 1.5m wide and arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Leeks were seeded in a green house and transplanted 15 cm apart in 43 cm rows on 3 June. The trial consisted of 4 treatments: PROWL H2O at 1080 and 2160 gai/ha (1X and 2X the proposed use rate) and untreated weedy and weed-free checks. PROWL H2O was applied in 200 L/ha of water, 5 days after planting when leeks were at the 3-4 leaf stage. Recommended management practices for soil fertility and pest control were followed. Visual assessments for crop injury and weed control were conducted periodically over the growing season. Leeks were harvested on 25 August. Data was analyzed by ANOVA and means separated using Fisher’s Protected LSD test (P=0.05).
RESULTS: as presented in Table 1
CONCLUSIONS: Leeks had excellent tolerance to PROWL H2O and no significant injury was observed. Unfortunately, redroot pigweed was the only weed species present at this site and PROWL H2O has relatively poor efficacy on this species compared to other weed species. PROWL H2O at 1080 gai/ha gave excellent control at 17 DAT (days after treatment) but control was poor at 59 DAT. Uncontrolled redroot pigweed reduced leek yields in the weedy check by ~90% compared to the weed-free check. Yields with 1080 gai/ha of PROWL H2O significant improved yields compared to the weedy check but were ~58% less than in the weed-free check. Yields with 2160 gai/ha of PROWL H2O were similar to the weed-free.
Table 1. Prowl H2O in transplant leeks – crop tolerance and efficacy, 2010. Dose Crop injury Redroot pigweed Total yield Treatment (gai/ha) 9 DAT 17 DAT 17 DAT 59 DAT 78 DAT 78 DAT ----- % injury ------% control ------g/5 plants Weedy check 1 3 0 0 0 85 Weed-free check 1 0 100 100 100 771 Prowl H2O 1080 1 4 100 53 28 323 Prowl H2O 2160 5 4 100 76 55 714
LSD (P=0.05) NS NS 0 12 15 215
Funding for this project was supplied by the OMAFRA/University of Guelph Sustainable Production Systems Program. CROP: No crop
AUTHORS: SWANTON C J, JANSE S & CHANDLER K University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station
TITLE: EFFICACY OF RESIDUAL HERBICIDES ON MUCK SOIL, 2010
MATERIALS: LOROX (linuron 48%), GESAGARD (prometryne 48%), PROWL H2O (pendimethalin 45.6%), FRONTIER MAX (dimethenamid-P 72%), DUAL II MAGNUM (s-metolachlor/benoxacor 91.5%), CHATEAU (flumioxazin 51%), NORTRON (ethofumesate 48%)
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relative efficacy of selected residual herbicides on muck soil.
METHODS: The trial was conducted at a site with organic soil (organic matter 75%, pH 6.5) near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh. Plots were 4m long and 1.5m wide and arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The trial consisted of 8 treatments including an untreated control. Herbicide treatments were applied on 8 June in 200 L/ha of water. Permanent quadrats (0.5 x 0.5m) were established in all plots immediately after herbicide application and at weekly intervals weed seedlings were identified and removed. Total weed emergence counts for the period June 8 to August 6 are reported. Data was square root transformed and analyzed by ANOVA , de-transformed means are separated using Fisher’s Protected LSD test (P=0.05).
RESULTS: as presented in Table 1
CONCLUSIONS: Control of the chenopodium species - lamb's quarters and oak-leaved goosefoot - was excellent with LOROX, GESAGARD, PROWL H2O, CHATEAU, and FRONTIER MAX but DUAL MAGNUM and NORTRON were less effective. Hairy galinsoga was controlled by LOROX, GESAGARD, CHATEAU, FRONTIER MAX and DUAL MAGNUM but was not controlled by PROWL H2O or NORTRON. Common chickweed control was reduced with PROWL H2O compared to all other herbicide treatments. Control of redroot pigweed was excellent with all herbicide treatments.
Table 1. Cumulative weed emergence following preemergence herbicides on muck soil, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010. Dose Lamb’s Oakleaved Hairy Common Redroot Treatment (gai/ha) quarters goosefoot galinsoga chickweed pigweed
------plants/m sq.1 ------Untreated -- 581 a 255 a 256 abc 46 ab 348 a Lorox 1625 22 c 27 cd 50 bc 3 c 7 b Gesagard 3400 28 c 39 bcd 44 c 7 bc 10 b Prowl H2O 3000 32 c 2 d 588 a 104 a 33 b Chateau 71.4 10 c 14 cd 22 c 8 bc 3 b
Dual II Magnum 1373 323 ab 91 abc 94 bc 27 bc 11 b
Frontier Max 930 52 c 19 cd 44 c 1 c 3 b
Nortron 1175 115 bc 198 ab 323 ab 1 c 19 b 1Cumulative emergence at 59 days after treatment; means with the same letter are not significantly different (P=0.05)
Funding for this project was supplied by the OMAFRA/University of Guelph Sustainable Production Systems Program. CROPS: Carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang.), cvs. Cellobunch, Enterprise and Sixth Shooter Yellow cooking onions (Allium cepa L.), cvs. Fortress, Highlander and Tahoe
AUTHORS: LEVESQUE J1, SPERANZINI D2, KESSEL C2, O’HALLORAN I3, VANDER KOOI K1, MCDONALD MR1 1 University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station 2 Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs 3 University of Guelph, School of Environmental Science, Ridgetown Campus
TITLE: EVALUATION OF CROP PHOSPHORUS REQUIREMENTS ON ORGANIC (MUCK) SOIL, 2009 – 2010
MATERIALS: mono-ammonium phosphate (11% NH4, 52% P2O5, 1.5% SO4)
METHODS: This is the second year of a three year study. The trial was conducted in 2009 on muck (organic) soil at 3 sites across the Holland Marsh, Ontario. Between 29 April and 5 May, treatment areas (from Sites 09-2 and 09-6) were designated by covering unfertilized soil with tarps (9.1 x 15.2 m) in a randomized design. The grower’s regular pre-plant fertilizer was broadcast over the whole field. The tarps were removed exposing unfertilized muck soil upon which two randomized phosphorus (P) fertilizer treatments were applied. They were: an untreated check (0 kg P2O5/ha) and a reduced P rate (40 kg P2O5/ha). Nitrate (90 kg NO3/ha) and potash (250 kg K2O/ha) were also applied to these treatment areas. The third treatment was created by marking out a tarp-sized area of the field that had been fertilized with the grower’s pre-plant mix which ranged from 90 - 95 kg P2O5/ha. At site 09-4, treatment areas were larger (14 x 30 m).The treatments were an untreated check (0 kg P2O5/ha), a reduced P rate (40 kg P2O5/ha) and a high P rate (120 kg P2O5/ha). Nitrate (90 kg NO3/ha) and potash (250 kg K2O/ha) were also applied to these treatment areas. At all sites treatments were replicated three times and treatment area locations were recorded with a handheld GIS device. Onions were direct seeded between30 April and 5 May. At all sites no additional fertilizer was applied during the growing season. Onion yield samples were pulled from two 2.3 m sections of row and foliar samples were collected between 14 – 24 September. Onions were weighed and graded for size from 28 September – 18 November. The main crop rotation practice implemented in the Holland Marsh is onions followed by carrots; so, in the 2010 growing season, carrots were planted at the 2009 site locations. Between 29 April and 17 May pre-plant soil samples were collected at all sites. The grower’s regular pre-plant fertilizer was broadcast over the whole field between 10 – 17 May. Carrots were direct seeded onto raised beds of soil between 10 – 26 May. At all sites no additional P fertilizer was applied during the growing season. Between 12 – 25 October carrots were pulled from a 2.32 section of row. Carrots were weighed and graded for size from 18 November –9 December. Carrot root tissue samples were collected for nutrient analysis. Foliar and root tissue and soil samples were sent to Agri-Food Laboratories, Guelph, Ontario for nutrient analysis. P levels were determined using sodium bicarbonate extraction at both laboratories. The air temperatures in the 2009 growing season were below the long term (10 year) average for June (16.5°C), July (17.9°C) and October (7.3°C), and average for May (12.6°C), August (19.4oC) and September (14.9°C). The long term (10 year) average temperatures were: May 12.1°C, June 18.2°C, July 19.9°C, August 19.3°C, September 15.5°C and October 8.9°C. Monthly rainfall was below the long term (10 year) average for June (49 mm) and September (51 mm), and above average for May (117 mm), July (135 mm), August (89 mm) and October (62 mm). The long term (10 year) rainfall averages were: May 86 mm, June 74 mm, July 76 mm, August 57 mm, September 72 mm and October 59 mm. Compared to the averaged previous 10 years, the air temperatures in 2010 were average for June (18.4°C), September (15.5°C) and October (9.4°C), above average for May (15.1°C), July (22.3°C) and August (21.1°C). The long term previous 10 year average temperatures were: May 13.1°C, June 18.4°C, July 20.0°C, August 19.3°C, September 15.5°C and October 8.9°C. Monthly rainfall was below the previous long term 10 year average for May (51.7 mm), average for October (60.4 mm), and above average for June (170 mm), July (146 mm), August (74 mm) and September (95 mm). The long term previous 10 year rainfall averages were: May 87 mm, June 74 mm, July 76 mm, August 57 mm, September 72 mm and October 58.3 mm. Data were analyzed using Statistic V. 9, and a General Analysis of Variance for linear models was used. Means were compared using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance.
RESULTS: as presented in Tables 1 through 6
CONCLUSIONS: There were no significant differences in soil P content at harvest or in the P removed from the soil over the growing season among the treatments (Table 1). There were no significant differences in foliar P content among the treatments at all sites (Table 2). At all sites, there were no significant differences in yield and size distribution among the treatments (Tables 3, 4 and 5). There was no significant difference in carrot root tissue P content among the treatments, at all sites (Table 6). From the 2010 growing season data, we can conclude that the rate of P applied to the field in the previous growing season where onions were grown does not have an effect on carrot yield or size distribution in the following year. There was no significant difference in yield in carrots that were grown in areas that received no P in the 2009 growing season compared to carrots that were grown in an area fertilized with a higher rate of P2O5(up to 120 kg/ha) in the 2009 growing season. This trial could be improved in future years by repeating treatment applications over top of the original trial location. This would allow us to see the effect on yield and size distribution of crops grown in soil with no P fertilizer compared to yield of crops grown in soil fertilized with a high rate of P over multiple growing seasons.
Table 1. Phosphorus (P) content of soil samples taken from carrot fields fertilized with various rates of P fertilizer in the previous growing season at multiple sites in the Holland Marsh, 2010. Rate of P1 Rate of P1 Pre-plant P Post-harvest P P Removed Site in 2009 in 2010 (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (kg P2O5/ha) (kg P2O5/ha) 0 62.3 b2 85.3 ns3 15.7 ns 09-2 40 112 80.3 ab 88.3 26.7 95 94.3 a 89.7 -8.3 0 141.3 b 78.0 ns -56.0 ns 09-4 40 40 161.7 a 107.0 -73.3 120 138.7 b 86.0 -49.0 0 190.3 ns 117.3 ns 73.0 ns 09-6 40 67 - 123.3 68.5 80 199.3 117.7 75.6 1 Rate of P2O5 from mono-ammonium phosphate fertilizer 2 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test. 3 ns indicates that no significant differences were found among the treatments
Table 2. Foliar tissue phosphorus (P) content of carrots fertilized with various rates of P fertilizer in the previous growing season at multiple sites in the Holland Marsh, 2010. Rate of P Rate of P Foliar P Content (%) Treatment In 2009 In 2010 (kg P2O5/ha) (kg P2O5/ha) Site 09-2 Site 09-4 Site 09-6 Check 0 0.26 ns2 0.20 ns 0.19 ns MAP1 40 40 - 112 0.26 0.21 0.19 MAP 80-120 0.26 0.20 0.18 1 MAP is mono-ammonium phosphate 2 ns indicates that no significant differences were found among the treatments
Table 3. Yield and size distribution of carrots, cv. Highlander, grown in soil that was fertilized with various rates of phosphorus (P) fertilizer in the 2009 growing season, at Site 09-2, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010. Size Distribution (%) Rate Treatment t/ha bu/A (kg P O /ha) Jumbo Large Culls 2 5 (> 44 mm) (20 - 44 mm) (< 20 mm) No P 0 68.7 ns2 1111.3 ns 31.2 ns 67.7 ns 1.1 ns MAP1 40 63.8 1032.0 32.2 67.1 0.7 MAP 95 67.6 1093.5 25.4 73.8 0.8 1 MAP is mono-ammonium phosphate 2 ns indicates no significant differences were found among the treatments
Table 4. Yield and size distribution of carrots, cv. Tahoe, grown in soil that was fertilized with various rates of phosphorus (P) fertilizer in the 2009 growing season, at Site 09-4, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010. Size Distribution (%) Rate Treatment t/ha bu/A (kg P O /ha) Jumbo Large Culls 2 5 (> 44 mm) (20 - 44 mm) (< 20 mm) No P 0 75.0 a2 1213.8 a 32.5 ns3 67.0 ns 0.5 ns MAP1 40 79.9 b 1292.2 b 28.9 68.2 2.9 MAP 120 82.7 b 1337.3 b 28.9 70.2 1.0 1 MAP is mono-ammonium phosphate 2 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test. 3 ns indicates no significant differences were found among the treatments
Table 5. Yield and size distribution of carrots, cv. Fortress, grown in soil that was fertilized with various rates of phosphorus (P) fertilizer in the 2009 growing season, at Site 09-6, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010. Size Distribution (%) Rate Treatment t/ha bu/A (kg P O /ha) Jumbo Large Culls 2 5 (> 44 mm) (20 - 44 mm) (< 20 mm) No P 0 92.6 ns2 1497.5 ns 36.8 ns 62.9 ns 0.3 ns MAP1 40 97.5 1577.0 37.7 62.3 0.0 MAP 80 99.2 1604.8 37.8 61.9 0.3 1 MAP is mono-ammonium phosphate 2 ns indicates no significant differences were found among the treatments
Table 6. Root tissue phosphorus (P) content of carrots fertilized with various rates of P fertilizer in the previous growing season at multiple sites in the Holland Marsh, 2010. Rate of P Rate of P Root P Content (%) Treatment In 2009 In 2010 (kg P2O5/ha) (kg P2O5/ha) Site 09-2 Site 09-4 Site 09-6 Check 0 0.6 ns2 0.3 ns 0.3 ns MAP1 40 40 - 112 0.5 0.4 0.3 MAP 80-120 0.6 0.3 0.3 1 MAP is mono-ammonium phosphate 2 ns indicates that no significant differences were found among the treatments
Funding for this project was provided by the OMAFRA/University of Guelph Plant Production Systems Program, Ontario Soil and Crop Improvement Association, Environment Canada, and Holland Marsh Growers Association. CROPS: Carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.)Arcang.), cv. Envy Celery (Apium graveolens L. var. dulce (Miller) Pers.), cv. Sabroso Shanghai pak choi (Brassica rapa L.), cv. Mei Qing Yellow cooking onions (Allium cepa L.), cv. Hamlet
AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR1, SPERANZINI D2, KESSEL C2, O’HALLORAN I3, LEVESQUE J1 1 University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station 2 Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs 3 University of Guelph, School of Environmental Science, Ridgetown Campus
TITLE: THE EFFECT OF PHOSLOCK SLURRY IN GREENHOUSE GROWN VEGETABLES, 2009 - 2010
MATERIALS: Phoslock® (Modified Bentonite Clay containing rare earth element Lanthanum)
METHODS: Two experiments were conducted at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario. For the first slurry experiment, crops pak choi, cv. Mei Qing Choi, onion, cv. Hamlet, celery, cv. Sabroso, and carrot, cv. Envy were seeded on 6 March, 2009. Carrots were seeded at a rate of 10 seeds per pot into 1 gallon nursery pots filled with muck soil (pH ≈ 6.9, organic matter ≈ 66.8%). Pak choi, celery and onion were seeded into 50 cell pack trays. The pots and trays were placed in the greenhouse in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications per treatment. For the carrots, an experimental unit consisted of 4 pots. For the onions, celery and pak choi an experimental unit was one tray. On 22 April slurry treatments were applied to all plants at 48 days after seeding. All Phoslock treatments were applied in reverse osmosis water. Treatments were: an untreated water check and Phoslock at a rate of 0.5, 5 and 50 mg/L. The concentration of Phoslock proposed for the slurry to be applied to the Holland River was 50 mg/L. On 13 May (69 days after seeding) a final assessment was conducted on onions, celery, carrots and pak choi. For each crop, 20 plants were assessed. Plant heights were recorded for carrot shoots and celery. In celery, pak choi and onion the plant fresh and dry weights were recorded. In carrots, the shoots and roots were separated and the shoot and root fresh and dry weights were recorded. The second run was conducted in 2010. Pak choi cv. Mei Qing Choi was seeded on 17 Feb and onion cv. Hamlet was seeded on 26 April 2010, into 50 cell pack trays. The trays were placed in the greenhouse in a randomized complete block design, where one tray was an experimental unit. Each treatment was replicated 5 times. On 24 February, pak choi trays were thinned to one plant per cell. Treatments remained the same and were applied 12 March to pak choi (23 days after seeding) and 14 June to onions (48 days after seeding). A final assessment was completed on pak choi on 1 April. Plant roots were removed from shoots and roots were thoroughly washed. The fresh weight of 25 shoots was recorded and 10 shoots were dried. The fresh weight of 20 roots was recorded and all roots were dried. The onion final assessment was completed 2 July. Twenty plants were pulled from each tray and roots were removed. Onion height was measured and plants were weighed and dried. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V. 9. Means separation was obtained using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance.
RESULTS: as presented in Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 A single application of Phoslock to the leaves of the crop plants had no effect on growth and yield, with the exception of onions. Onions treated with a Phoslock slurry at a rate of 0.5 mg/L had a significantly lower fresh weight than onions treated with just water or a Phoslock slurry at a rate of 5 or 50 mg/L (Table 3), however, this response was not seen when the trial was repeated ( Table 4). No differences were found in onion height or dry weight among all treatments. No significant differences were found in carrot fresh and dry shoot weights, fresh root weight or shoot height among all treatments (Table 1), or in celery fresh and dry weights or average height among all treatments (Table 2). No differences were found in pak choi yield (fresh and dry weight) among all treatments in Run 1 (Table 4) and Run 2 (Table 5). Correlations were done to determine if there was a response related to the different rates of Phoslock. Very few significant correlations were found, however, in both carrot and onion (Run 1) there was a significant correlation between the rate of Phoslock slurry applied and fresh shoot weight (Table 7). In carrots, shoot weight was lower with increasing concentration of Phoslock. In onions, in Run 1, shoot weight increased with increasing concentration of Phoslock, but only up to that of the water check. This correlation was not found in Run 2. No significant correlations were found among carrot fresh root weight or shoot height, celery shoot weight (fresh and dry) or shoot height. In both runs, no significant correlations were found among onion dry shoot weight or shoot height and pak choi fresh and dry shoot and root weights and the rate of Phoslock applied.
CONCLUSIONS: The rates of Phoslock in these trials were high, with the highest rate of 50 mg/L, as the rate proposed for application of the Phoslock slurry to the Holland River. The Phoslock was dissolved in reverse osmosis water. The trial was designed to look at the “worst case scenario” where a high rate of Phoslock was applied and there was no opportunity for the Phoslock to bind with phosphorous in the water. The one-time application of a high rate of Phoslock as a slurry to carrot, celery and pak choi (both runs) showed no significant differences in yield. In the first run, onion fresh weight was reduced when a Phoslock slurry treatment of 0.5 mg/L was applied. However, fresh weight was not reduced with the application of a Phoslock slurry at the higher rates of 5 or 50 mg/L. However, a second run showed no significant differences in onion yield (height, fresh weight and dry weight) in response to Phoslock application. Although there was a correlation found between various rates of a Phoslock slurry and onion fresh weight, these results were not reproduced in the second run of the experiment. There was a significant correlation found between the rate of the Phoslock slurry and carrot fresh shoot weight. Lower shoot weights were associated with higher concentrations of Phoslock in the single run of this trial. This trial will need to be repeated to see if these results are reproducible. This new area of research continues to be essential to determine potential effects of Phoslock and La on plant growth and potential levels of La in edible portions of plants as a result of treatment with Phoslock. As indicated above, the high rate of Phoslock is higher than that expected to be applied to plants as an accidental spray. The amount of La detected in the plants was very low. Repeated studies are required to determine both the immediate and long term effects of Phoslock on plant yield and heavy metal uptake.
Table 1. The effect of various concentrations of foliar Phoslock slurry on carrots grown in the greenhouse at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2009. Shoot Height Fresh Shoot Fresh Root Dry Shoot Treatment Rate (mg/L) (cm) Weight (g) Weight (g) Weight (cm) Check 0 40.3 ns1 271.5 ns 265.6 ns 37.6 ns Phoslock 0.5 36.7 261.4 224.1 34.0 Phoslock 5.0 40.3 247.7 260.1 35.1 Phoslock 50.0 37.7 228.1 248.1 33.7 1 no significant differences were found among the treatments at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test.
Table 2. The effect of various concentrations of foliar Phoslock slurry on celery grown in the greenhouse at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2009. Treatment Rate (mg/L) Height (cm) Fresh Weight (g) Dry Weight (g) Check 0 29.7 ns1 263.3 ns 22.2 ns Phoslock 0.5 29.1 241.3 20.3 Phoslock 5.0 31.1 255.9 20.3 Phoslock 50.0 27.4 223.9 18.7 1 no significant differences were found among the treatments at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test.
Table 3. The effect of various concentrations of foliar Phoslock slurry on onions (Run 1) grown in the greenhouse at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2009. Treatment Rate (mg/L) Height (cm) Fresh Weight (g) Dry Weight (g) Check 0 36.4 ns1 189.3 a2 19.8 ns Phoslock 0.5 31.4 149.6 b 18.0 Phoslock 5.0 35.9 177.0 ab 19.2 Phoslock 50.0 34.2 188.1 a 22.5 1 no significant differences were found among the treatments at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test. 2. Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test.
Table 4. The effect of various concentrations of foliar Phoslock slurry on onions (Run 2) grown in the greenhouse at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010. Treatment Rate (mg/L) Height (cm) Fresh Weight (g) Dry Weight (g) Check 0 22.6 ns1 91.8 ns 6.7 ns Phoslock 0.5 24.8 98.7 7.6 Phoslock 5.0 26.3 110.2 9.1 Phoslock 50.0 22.1 86.1 7.5 1 no significant differences were found among the treatments at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test.
Table 5. The effect of various concentrations of foliar Phoslock slurry on pak choi (Run 1) grown in the greenhouse at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2009. Treatment Rate (mg/L) Fresh Weight (g) Dry Weight (g) Check 0 344.4 ns1 31.9 ns Phoslock 0.5 387.6 42.6 Phoslock 5.0 386.7 40.9 Phoslock 50.0 332.9 27.7 1 no significant differences were found among the treatments at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test.
Table 6. The effect of different concentrations of foliar Phoslock slurry on pak choi (Run 2) grown in the greenhouse at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010. Rate Fresh Shoot Fresh Root Dry Shoot Dry Root Treatment (mg/L) Weight (g) Weight (g) Weight (g) Weight (g) Check 0 4.3 ns1 1.1 ns 0.6 ns 0.1 ns Phoslock 0.5 4.5 1.2 0.6 0.1 Phoslock 5.0 4.3 1.2 0.5 0.1 Phoslock 50.0 4.4 1.2 0.6 0.1 1 no significant differences were found among the treatments at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test.
Table 7. Results of linear regression (r2) analyses of the rate of Phoslock slurry applied to crops versus crop yield in muck vegetable crops grown in the Holland Marsh, 2009 and 2010. Fresh Shoot Fresh Root Dry Shoot Dry Root Crop Run Shoot Height Weight Weight Weight Weight Carrot 1 0.32* (-) 0.19 0.10 (-) - 0.05 (-) Celery 1 0.19 - 0.00 (-) - 0.05 (-) Onion 1 0.43* - 0.04 (-) - 0.10 Onion 2 0.06 - 0.08 (-) - 0.11 Pak Choi 1 0.05 (-) - 0.01 - - Pak Choi 2 0.08 (-) 0.04 (-) 0.02 (-) 0.08 (-) - *indicates r2 is significant at P ≤ 0.05.
Funding was provided by the South Lake Simcoe Conservation Authority. CROPS: Carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.)Arcang.), cv. Envy Shanghai pak choi (Brassica rapa L.), cv. Mei Qing Choi
AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR1, SPERANZINI D2, KESSEL C2, O’HALLORAN I3, LEVESQUE J1 1 University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station 2 Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs 3 University of Guelph, School of Environmental Science, Ridgetown Campus
TITLE: THE EFFECT OF IRRIGATION WATER CONTAINING PHOSLOCK® ON MUCK VEGETABLES IN THE HOLLAND MARSH, 2010.
MATERIALS: Phoslock® (modified bentonite clay containing rare earth element Lanthanum)
METHODS: The trial was conducted at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario. On 19 June 2009, carrots, cv. Cellobunch, and on 22 June, pak choi, cv. Mei Qing Choi, were seeded at the rate of 10 seeds per pot into plastic nursery pots, 2835 cubic cm in volume, filled with muck soil (pH ≈ 6.9, organic matter ≈ 66.8%). The seeded pots were placed on tables outside in a randomized complete block design with four replications per treatment. Each experimental unit consisted of five pots each of carrots and pak choi. Treatments were: Phoslock at 50, 5 and 0.5 mg/L applied at the rate of 500 mL per pot. Treatments were applied at every watering, which was approximately every other day from 19 June through 30 October 2009 (Run 1) and 25 June through 4 November 2010 (Run 2). A destructive assessment of the pak choi was completed 10 August. Pak choi was removed from pots, roots were washed and removed and the fresh and dry weight of the plant shoots and roots were collected. On 30 October carrots were removed from pots, roots were washed and shoots were removed. Both the fresh and dry weights of the carrot shoot and root were recorded. The dried roots of both crops were then sent to the Ivan O’Halloran laboratory at the University of Guelph for tissue analysis. A second run was conducted in 2010. Pak choi, cv. Mei Qing Choi and carrots, cv. Cellobunch were seeded on 25 June, using the previous year’s experimental method and treatment schedule. A destructive assessment of the pak choi was conducted on 4 August, 2010. Plant shoots were counted, weighed and dried. Plant roots were removed, weighed and dried. On 4 November carrots were removed from pots, the number of plants were counted, fresh weight of shoots and roots were recorded and shoots and roots were dried and weighed. Both pak choi and carrot dried roots and shoots were sent to the Dr. O’Halloran laboratory for phosphorus (P) and lanthanum (La) analysis. Results are pending. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V. 9. Means separation was obtained using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance. The air temperatures in 2009 were below the long term (10 year) average for June (16.5°C), July (17.9°C) and October (7.3°C), and average for August (19.4°C) and September (14.9°C). The long term (10 year) average temperatures were: June 18.2°C, July 19.9°C, August 19.3°C, September 15.5°C and October 8.9°C. Monthly rainfall was below the long term (10 year) average for June (49 mm) and September (51 mm) and above average for July (135 mm), August (89 mm) and October (62 mm). The long term (10 year) rainfall averages were: June 74 mm, July 76 mm, August 57 mm, September 72 mm and October 59 mm. Compared to the averaged previous 10 years, the air temperatures in 2010 were average for June (18.4°C), September (15.5°C) and October (9.4°C), above average for July (22.3°C) and August (21.1°C). The long term previous 10 year average temperatures were: June 18.4°C, July 20.0°C, August 19.3°C, September 15.5°C and October 8.9°C. Compared to the previous long term 10 year monthly rainfall averages, monthly rainfall was average for October (60.4 mm), and above average for June (170 mm), July (146 mm), August (74 mm) and September (95 mm). The long term previous 10 year rainfall averages were: May 87 mm, June 74 mm, July 76 mm, August 57 mm, September 72 mm and October 58.3 mm. RESULTS: as presented in Tables 1 through 9 Some differences were found in weights of plant parts in relation to irrigation with different rates of Phoslock®. No significant differences in weight were found in carrot fresh shoot and root and dry shoot weights. The weight of the fresh roots of carrot (the marketable portion of the plant) was not affected by irrigation with different concentrations of Phoslock (Table 1). The dry weight of carrot roots actually increased when carrots were irrigated with water containing Phoslock® at rates of 0.5 or 50 mg/L. Carrots irrigated with only water or water containing Phoslock® at a rate of 5 mg/L had significantly lower dry root weights than carrots irrigated with (Table 1). In Run 1, irrigation with water containing different concentrations of Phoslock® had a negative effect on the weight (fresh top) of pak choi, except at the rate of 5 mg/L (Table 2). The weight of dry roots was also reduced by the higher rates of Phoslock® (5 and 50 mg/L). No significant differences were found in the fresh root and dry shoot weights of pak choi. In Run 2, a significant decrease in fresh shoot weight was found in plants treated with irrigation water containing Phoslock® at the rates of the 0 and 5 mg/L. Dry shoot weight was significantly greater in plants irrigated with water containing Phoslock® at a rate of 0.5 mg/L, compared to plants irrigated with water containing Phoslock® at a rate of 0, 5 and 50 mg/L (Table 3). In Run 2, no significant differences in carrot weight (fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots) were found among the treatments (Table 4). Lanthanum could be detected in the shoots and roots of carrots and pak choi irrigated with water containing Phoslock® at a rate of 50 mg/L, but not in crops irrigated with lower rates of Phoslock® in the water. Even though La was detected in roots of carrots irrigated with the high rate of La there was no significant difference in carrot root La content among all treatments (Tables 5 and 6). In both pak choi and carrot, no significant differences were found among all treatments in both plant shoot and root P content (Tables 7 and 8). No significant correlations were found between crop weight (fresh and dry shoot and root weights) or shoot and root P concentrations for all treatments for either crop (Table 9).
CONCLUSIONS: The trial was designed to look at the “worst case scenario” where a high rate of Phoslock® was applied and there was no opportunity for the Phoslock® to bind with phosphorous in the water. Crop weight was affected by irrigating vegetables with water containing various rates of Phoslock®. In carrots, there was no difference in the fresh root weight, which represents the marketable portion of the crop, but the dry root weight actually increased with irrigation water containing 0.5 and 50 mg/L of Phoslock®. The opposite was found in the Run 1 weight of pak choi. In both the pak choi fresh shoot (the marketable portion of the plant) and dry root weights, the water check showed significantly higher weights than the 0.5 and 50 mg/L rates of Phoslock®. It remains unclear why the middle (5 mg/L) rate of Phoslock® did not have an effect on plant weight. The fresh root and dry shoot weights showed no significant differences among all the treatments. However, in Run 2, plant fresh and dry shoot weight was significantly higher at the 0.5 mg/L rate of Phoslock®. It is unclear why a significantly higher shoot weight was not found in plants irrigated with untreated water. In Run 2, carrot weight was not affected by the rate of Phoslock® contained in the irrigation water. There was no significant linear correlation between the rate of Phoslock® in the crop irrigation water and crop weight or P concentration in both carrots and pak choi. Lanthanum (La) was detected only in the treatment that received irrigation water containing 50 mg/L of Phoslock®, the highest rate applied. This rate is much higher than what is expected to be in irrigation water from a river containing Phoslock®, but detection of La indicates that the experimental design and detection methods were suitable for the trial. Lanthanum uptake appeared to be lower in carrot roots than in roots of pak choi. It appears that there is a very small risk of La in crop plants that would be marketed. However, it is clear that La concentration in plants is related to the application rate. No significant differences were found in P concentration in either pak choi or carrots among all treatments. Thus, Phoslock® in the irrigation water did not affect P uptake by the plant in this trial. This new area of research continues to be essential to determine potential effects of Phoslock® and La on plant growth and potential levels of La in edible portions of plants as a result of treatment with Phoslock®. As indicated above, the high rate of Phoslock® is higher than that expected to be applied to plants in irrigation water. The amount of La detected in the plants was very low. Repeated studies are required to determine both the immediate and long term effects of Phoslock® on plant weight and heavy metal uptake.
Table 1. The effect of irrigation water treated with various rates of Phoslock® on carrots weight (Run 1), grown in pots outside at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, ON, 2009. Rate Fresh Shoot Fresh Root Dry Shoot Dry Root Treatment (mg/L) Weight (g) Weight (g) Weight (g) Weight (g) Check 0 2.9 ns1 26.4 ns 0.8 ns 3.7 b2 Phoslock® 0.5 5.0 38.9 0.9 4.2 a Phoslock® 5.0 3.8 27.1 0.8 3.6 b Phoslock® 50.0 6.9 54.2 0.9 4.5 a 1 no significant differences were found among the treatments at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test. 2 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test.
Table 2. The effect of irrigation water treated with various rates of Phoslock® on pak choi weight (Run 1), grown in pots outside at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2009. Rate Fresh Shoot Fresh Root Dry Shoot Dry Root Treatment (mg/L) Weight (g) Weight (g) Weight (g) Weight (g) Check 0 18.2 a1 4.9 ns2 1.1 ns 0.54 a Phoslock® 0.5 12.9 b 3.8 0.9 0.40 ab Phoslock® 5.0 14.8 ab 3.5 1.2 0.37 b Phoslock® 50.0 13.0 b 3.3 0.9 0.32 b 1 Numbers in a column followed by the same number are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test. 2 no significant differences were found among the treatments at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test.
Table 3. The effect of irrigation water treated with various rates of Phoslock® on pak choi weight (Run 2), grown in pots outside at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2010. Rate Fresh Shoot Fresh Root Dry Shoot Dry Root Treatment (mg/L) Weight (g) Weight (g) Weight (g) Weight (g) Check 0 46.0 b1 0.6 ns 2.4 b 0.1 ns Phoslock® 0.5 59.8 a 0.5 3.3 a 0.1 Phoslock® 5.0 46.3 b 0.5 2.3 b 0.1 Phoslock® 50.0 51.0 ab 0.5 2.4 b 0.1 1 Numbers in a column followed by the same number are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test.
Table 4. The effect of irrigation water treated with various rates of Phoslock® on carrots weight (Run 2), grown in pots outside at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, ON, 2010. Rate Fresh Shoot Fresh Root Dry Shoot Dry Root Treatment (mg/L) Weight (g) Weight (g) Weight (g) Weight (g) Check 0 4.7 ns 45.2 ns 1.3 ns 5.7 ns Phoslock® 0.5 4.5 39.7 1.2 5.5 Phoslock® 5.0 4.2 40.5 1.1 5.5 Phoslock® 50.0 4.5 42.1 1.2 5.4 1 no significant differences were found among the treatments at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test. 2 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test.
Table 5. The effect of irrigation water treated with various rates of Phoslock® on carrot foliar and root tissue La content (Run 1), grown in pots outside at the Muck Crop Research Station, Holland Marsh, ON, 2009. [La] in Shoots [La] in Roots Treatment Rate (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/g) (mg/L) (mg/g) Check 0 0.00 a1 0.00 a 0.00 ns2 0.00 ns Phoslock® 0.5 0.00 a 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 Phoslock® 5.0 0.00 a 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 Phoslock® 50.0 0.25 b 0.02 b 0.05 0.01 1 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter were not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD Test. 2 no significant differences were found among the treatments at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test.
Table 6. The effect of irrigation water treated with various rates of Phoslock® on pak choi foliar and root tissue La content (Run 1), grown in pots outside at the Muck Crop Research Station, Holland Marsh, ON, 2009. [La] in Shoots [La] in Roots Treatment Rate (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/g) (mg/L) (mg/g) Check 0 0.00 a1 0.00 a 0.00 a 0.00 a Phoslock® 0.5 0.00 a 0.00 a 0.00 a 0.00 a Phoslock® 5.0 0.00 a 0.00 a 0.00 a 0.00 a Phoslock® 50.0 0.15 b 0.01 b 0.28 b 0.03 b 1 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter were not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD Test.
Table 7. The effect of irrigation with water treated with various rates of Phoslock® on P content of carrot foliage and root tissue (Run 1). Plants were grown in pots containing muck soil, at the Muck Crop Research Station, Holland Marsh, ON, 2009. [P] in Shoots [P] in Roots Treatment Rate (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/g) (mg/L) (mg/g) Check 0 20.15 ns1 1.99 ns 24.72 ns 2.45 ns Phoslock® 0.5 21.84 2.15 25.87 2.56 Phoslock® 5.0 21.31 2.10 26.06 2.58 Phoslock® 50.0 21.16 2.08 26.85 2.65 1 no significant differences were found among the treatments at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test.
Table 8. The effect of irrigation with water containing various rates of Phoslock® on P content of pak choi foliage and root tissue (Run 1). Plants were grown in muck soil in pots at the Muck Crop Research Station, Holland Marsh, ON, 2009. [P] in Shoots [P] in Roots Treatment Rate (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/g) (mg/L) (mg/g) Check 0 32.90 ns1 32.90 ns 54.70 ns 5.35 ns Phoslock® 0.5 34.54 34.55 57.42 5.66 Phoslock® 5.0 34.94 34.94 55.89 5.53 Phoslock® 50.0 37.18 37.19 55.77 5.47 1 no significant differences were found among the treatments at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test.
Table 9. Results of linear regression (r2) analyses of the rate of Phoslock® in irrigation water over the growing season in relation to crop weight and P concentration in carrot and pak choi grown in muck soil pots outside at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, ON, 2009. Fresh Shoot Fresh Root Dry Shoot Dry Root Crop [P] Shoot [P] Root Weight Weight Weight Weight Carrot 0.07 (-) 0.06 (-) 0.10 (-) 0.05 (-) 0.09 (-) 0.06 (-) Pak choi 0.10 (-) 0.01 0.09 (-) 0.13 0.15 0.05 (-) *indicates r2 is significant at P ≤ 0.05.
Funding was provided by the South Lake Simcoe Conservation Authority. AUTHORS: TESFAENDRIAS MT & MCDONALD MR University of Guelph, Dept of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station
TITLE: THE 2010 IPM PROGRAM OF THE MUCK CROPS RESEARCH STATION
The 2010 Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program for vegetable crops in the Holland Marsh, Ontario, was successfully provided by the University of Guelph, Muck Crops Research Station (MCRS). The program objectives are to scout growers’ fields, provide growers with disease and insect forecasting information and to identify and diagnose diseases, insect pests and weeds.
1. SCOUTING In 2010, 732 acres were intensively scouted representing four crops: carrot (410 acres), celery (35 acres), lettuce (20 acres) and onion (267 acres), for 29 growers. Compared to the 2009 growing season, fields scouted increased by 150 acres (6% more of the total field) and four more growers participated in the IPM program in 2010. A total of ~2800 acres of land is cultivated in the Holland Marsh by the members of the Holland Marsh Growers’ Association. The fields scouted under the IPM program are approximately 26% of the cultivated fields within the Holland Marsh. The information gathered from the scouted fields was used to manage the insect and disease problems of all the cultivated fields. Two scouts were hired for the 2010 season. Scout training was conducted at the MCRS with a two day in-class and in-field training session at the beginning of May. Training, re-training and pest updating continued throughout the growing season through in-class and in-field sessions once a week. The scouting schedule consisted of visiting fields twice a week, either on Mondays and Thursdays or Tuesdays and Fridays. Besides training, Wednesdays were set aside to prepare sticky traps and to scout fields that were skipped due to pesticide application re-entry periods or inclement weather. Beginning in September, field scouting was continued on a weekly basis. During the first six weeks of the scouting season, the IPM supervisor went out once per week with each scout for training and scouting assessment. During the rest of the growing season, the IPM supervisor went out with each scout once every other week.
2. DIAGNOSTICS, EXTENSION & DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION Any grower, whether on the IPM program or not, could bring in samples (plant and/or soil) for problem diagnosis. Field visits could also be requested. Two MCRS personnel were available for diagnosis and extension including the IPM Coordinator (Mary Ruth McDonald) and the IPM supervisor (Michael Tesfaendrias). Shawn Janse (Research Station manager) was also available for consultations and recommendations. On-site tools available for diagnosis were visual inspection, laboratory inspection using a microscope and culturing. Diagnoses were made by comparison to known problem symptoms, published descriptions of pathogens, insect pests and weeds and personal experience. Following assessment, the extension advice given was based on OMAFRA guidelines in terms of recommendation of pesticides and other control methods. From January 7 to November 30, 2010, the MCRS diagnostic laboratory received 378 samples. Of these, 87% were for disease diagnosis (329 in total). Categories of samples received were: Onion (50.8%), carrot (25.8%), lettuce (5.8%), celery (5.8%) and other crops (12.1%). In the 2010 growing season, 34 insect and insect damages, and 15 weed identifications were also completed. For extension services, data collected from the IPM clients were compiled twice per week, analyzed and summarized. The results were disseminated through the MCRS IPM summary (Agrifax) and emailed to all participating growers. The data collected from the MCRS research plots were compiled twice per week, analyzed and summarized. The IPM report was accessible to all growers around the Bradford/Holland Marsh, which covers ~10,000 acres of cultivated fields. The IPM report was posted at the MCRS web site (www.uoguelph.ca/muckcrop) and a copy was sent to the Bradford Co-op for displayed on the notice board. The IPM report and Agrifax also contained additional important data
related to pest monitoring and modeling, forecasting and control, relevant weather data, OMAFRA and government notices, and meetings.
3. PEST PREDICTIVE MODELS A number of predictive models were used to forecast different insect pest and disease problems. Insect pest emergence was predicted with degree day models and confirmed with sticky traps and plant assessments. Disease forecasts were provided based on three forecasting models: BREMCAST for downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) of lettuce, BOTCAST for botrytis leaf blight (Botrytis squamosa) of onion and DOWNCAST for downy mildew (Peronospora destructor) of onion. All of the predictive models required environmental data such as air temperature, relative humidity, rainfall and leaf wetness. The environmental data was collected using various sensors attached to a permanent CR3000 data logger located at the side of the field at the MCRS. An additional CR21X data logger was placed in a MCRS onion research plot to collect environmental data within the crop canopy.
3.1. WEATHER/ENVIRONMENTAL DATA Compared to the averaged previous 10 years, the air temperatures in 2010 were average for June (18.4ºC), September (15.5ºC) and October (9.4ºC), above average for May (15.1ºC), July (22.3ºC) and August (21.1ºC). The long term previous 10 year average temperatures were: May 13.1ºC, June 18.4ºC, July 20.0ºC, August 19.3ºC, September 15.5ºC and October 8.9ºC. Monthly rainfall was below the previous long term 10 year average for May (51.7 mm), average for October (60.4 mm), and above average for June (170 mm), July (146 mm), August (74 mm) and September (95 mm). The long term previous 10 year rainfall averages were: May 87 mm, June 74 mm, July 76 mm, August 57 mm, September 72 mm and October 58.3 mm.
3.2. DAMAGING WEATHER EVENTS The recording of damaging weather events is important in IPM programs because these events can have a detrimental effect on normal crop growth and development and increase individual plant susceptibility to certain pests. Often damaging weather events warrant a management response by the grower. In 2010, severe heat injury was observed on onions, particularly onions that were seeded early in the season due to the extreme heat wave and shortage of rain from mid to late May.
4. PESTICIDE REDUCTION The goal of the MCRS Integrated Pest Management (IPM) scouting program is to provide Holland Marsh growers with timely, accurate and convenient access to insect and disease pest information. As part of the IPM program, disease forecasting models and insect day degree models and trap counts are used to predict pest outbreaks. This information allows the growers to make informed decisions about which pests need to be targeted at appropriate times throughout the growing season. Without accurate information, growers typically rely on calendar based spray programs for pest control. The tables below outline the benefit of accurate pesticide application for growers on the IPM program in relation to calendar based spray programs. Each individual grower’s practices may differ; however, the following tables provide an overall pesticide use pattern of the growers using the MCRS IPM program.
Table 1. A comparison of the number of pesticide applications used in onions for various pests in fields in the Holland Marsh, 2010 when following the guidelines of the Muck Crops Research Station IPM program. Calendar % Pesticide Crop Pest IPM Program Difference1 Program Reduction Onions Botrytis leaf blight 11 4 -7 64 Onions Downy mildew 11 5 -6 55 Onions Onion thrips 10 5 -5 50 Onions Onion maggot2 6 1 -5 83 1Difference between the number of pesticide applications in a calendar based spray program and IPM program 2Foliar insecticide applications are not recommended as part of our IPM program for onion maggot.
Table 2. A comparison of the number of pesticide applications used in carrots for various pests in fields in the Holland Marsh, 2010 when following the guidelines of the Muck Crops Research Station IPM program. Calendar % Pesticide Crop Pest IPM Program Difference1 Program Reduction Carrots Leaf blights 7 6 -1 14 Carrots Carrot rust fly 8 6 -2 25 Carrots Weevil 2 1 -1 50 Carrots Aster Leafhoppers 2 0 -2 100 1 Difference between the number of pesticide applications in a calendar based spray program and IPM program.
The benefits of the MCRS IPM program in reducing the frequency of pesticide applications in onions and carrot in 2010 is evident in Tables 1 and 2. In onions, the number of pesticide applications was reduced an average of 63% over the growing season for all pests. In 2010 onion downy mildew pressure was very low. DOWNCAST, the onion downy mildew predictive model, predicted a sporulation infection period around mid-July. The first downy mildew was confirmed on onion fields in the Holland Marsh east of highway 400 in late July. The risk remained low to moderate. The disease did not spread to other locations in the Marsh. Hence, less fungicide spray for downy mildew was required than in 2009. In carrots, pressure from disease started early in some areas and pesticide application for diseases was similar in most fields regardless of the program followed. Carrot weevil populations throughout the Holland Marsh vary. Insecticide applications for weevils are based on two thresholds. Scouting individual fields allows growers to apply the correct number of applications to given fields. Of the total scouted fields, only 20% carrot fields needed to apply insecticide twice, while the remaining 80% carrot fields needed to apply insecticide against carrot weevils only once. Aster leafhoppers typically arrive on warm southern winds from the southern United States in July and August, however in 2010, scouting and trapping provided growers with data to show low numbers of aster leafhoppers and therefore no insecticide applications were required. In general, scouting reduced the average pesticide applications in carrots by 47% in 2010.
5. CROP PEST SUMMARIES For scouting purposes, the Holland Marsh was divided into the following five areas: West (all fields west of highway 400), Centre (fields north of Woodchoppers Lane, south of Strawberry Lane, east of highway 400 and west of Keele Street), North (all fields on North Canal Road, east of highway 400), East (all fields that were not on North Canal Road but east of Keele Street), South (south of Woodchoppers Lane). At the end of the scouting program, carrot samples were collected from each scouted field and assessed for damage from insects, diseases or physiological disorders (Tables 3 and 4). Similarly, onions were assessed in mid-season and at the end of the scouting program for onion maggot damage and incidence of smut (Figs 4 and 5).
5.1. CARROT 5.1.1. Insect In 2010, carrot fields were scouted for carrot weevil (Listronotus oregonensis), carrot rust fly (Psila rosae) and aster leafhopper (Macrosteles quadrilineatus). Degree day models were used to predict the occurrence of different life stages of all three insects. Due to the warmer spring of 2010, the degree days (DD) accumulated earlier than we had in the last two years. This resulted in early emergence of most insects around the Holland Marsh.
Table 3. Percent damage on carrots at harvest caused by insects and rodents in scouted fields around the Holland Marsh (HM), 2010. % Damaged Carrots Location Weevil Damage Rust Fly Damage Rodent Damage West HM 0.3 0.3 1.0 Center HM 2.5 2.4 0.8 North HM 2.3 2.8 0.0 East HM 3.2 3.4 0.0 South HM 0.0 0.5 0.5
CARROT WEEVIL Carrot weevils are pests of carrots and celery. Carrot weevil adults were first found in wooden traps on 24 May in carrot and celery fields (Fig. 1). The threshold of 1.5 or greater weevils/trap was reached within a week after weevil activity started. The highest average cumulative number of weevils caught anywhere in the Holland Marsh/trap was 4.8, lower than in 2009. where the highest average cumulative weevil was 9.7.
Fig. 1. Cumulative number of carrot weevils/wooden trap averaged over different areas of the Holland Marsh, 2010; (T-1, threshold 1=1.5-5 weevils/trap; T-2, threshold 2 = >5weevils/trap).
CARROT RUST FLY AND ASTER LEAFHOPPER Orange sticky traps where used to monitor and estimate carrot rust fly and aster leafhopper population numbers. Carrot rust flies were first found on sticky traps on 24 May which coincided with the degree day model prediction of first generation emergence on 20 May. The fresh carrot threshold of 0.1
flies/trap/day was reached in several fields at the end of May. The first generation peak emergence was reached mid-June and 2nd generation emergence began mid to end of July and the peak was towards the beginning of August (Fig. 2). Aster leafhoppers are pests of carrots, celery, lettuce and leafy greens. Aster leafhopper adults were first found on orange sticky traps on 3 June in carrots, lettuce and celery. The degree day model predicted local adult emergence on 18 June, which was 2-3 weeks earlier than in 2009. The adults caught before 18 June may have been local but could also have migrated from the United States (Fig 3). In 2010, aster leafhopper infestation and the disease caused by the infestation (aster yellows) were low.
Fig. 2. Number of carrot rust flies caught on orange sticky traps around the Holland Marsh carrot fields, 2010.
Fig. 3. Highest numbers of aster leaf hoppers caught on any particular day around the Holland Marsh, 2010.
5.1.2. Disease Carrot fields were scouted for all of the important diseases of carrots around the Holland Marsh. Carrot leaf blight caused by the fungi Alternaria dauci and Cercospora carotae were observed in most carrot fields. Leaf blight symptoms were first seen in the first week of July and certain fields reached the spray threshold within a week. The timely announcement of the leaf blight incidence helped to keep the disease pressure at the threshold, which is 25% disease incidence. Weather conditions in the 2010 growing season were conducive to most pathogens including Pythium, Sclerotinia and Rhizoctonia. Total monthly rainfall was above average for June, July, August and September compared to the previous 10 year average and likely resulted in excessive soil moisture. This excessive soil moisture in turn created ideal conditions for soil borne pathogens, particularly Pythium, resulting in a high incidence of cavity spot and pythium root dieback. Of the fields surveyed, 75 and 100% showed pythium root dieback and cavity spot, respectively (Table 4).
Table 4. Percent damage on carrots at harvest due to diseases and physiological disorder in scouted fields around the Holland Marsh (HM), 2010. % Carrot Damaged Location Cavity Rusty Crown Crater Fusarium Sclerotinia Forking Splitting spot root gall rot rot rot West HM 10.0 3.3 7.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.7 3.3 Center HM 14.0 4.1 1.4 1.1 0.3 0.0 4.6 4.9 North HM 10.0 2.3 0.8 1.5 0.0 0.5 3.3 1.8 East HM 11.0 2.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.0 2.0 3.0 South HM 6.5 3.5 1.5 0.5 0.0 1.0 5.5 2.0 Mean incidence 11.1 2.9 20.0 0.8 0.2 0.2 3.7 3.1 #fields affected 24.0 18.0 10.0 11.0 2.0 3.0 21.0 15.0 %fields affected 100.0 75.0 42.0 46.0 8.0 13.0 88.0 63.0
5.2. ONION 5.2.1. Insect In 2010, onions were mainly scouted for onion maggot (Delia antiqua), onion thrips (Thrips tabaci) and cutworms. A degree day model was used to predict the occurrence of the different life stages of the onion maggot. The degree day model predicted first adult fly emergence on 21 May which appears to coincide with catching the first adults on 18 May (Fig. 4). Onion fly activity had slowed down at the beginning of the adult fly emergence (end of May to first week of June) due to extreme heat. The first generation peak occurred around mid to end of June. The first generation emergence was long and a definitive peak was not seen in 2010. Damage plots of one hundred onion plants were marked out at four sites throughout each scouted field to assess damage caused by onion maggot. The damage plots in all onion fields were assessed mid-July for onion maggot damage caused from the first generation. Damage plots were also assessed at the end of August to determine the overall damage caused by onion maggots (Fig. 5). The results from the damage assessments were to inform the growers as to the effectiveness of their insecticide at seeding.
Fig. 4. Number of onion maggot flies caught on yellow sticky traps around the Holland Marsh onion fields, 2010.
Fig. 5. Percent damage caused by the first and second onion maggot generations around the Holland Marsh, 2010.
White sticky traps were used to determine when onion thrips first entered the fields. After thrips were found on the white sticky traps, plant counts were used to determine population numbers. Thrips were first found in onion plants in scouted fields on 31 May, three weeks earlier than 2009. Several scouted fields reached the threshold of one thrips per leaf mid of July (Fig. 6). Thrips thrive in hot, dry conditions. The weather condition of the 2010 growing season was favourable for thrips infestations.
Fig. 6. Number of onion thrips in onion fields around the Holland Marsh, 2010.
5.2.2. Disease In 2010, onions were scouted mainly for botrytis leaf blight (B. squamosa), downy mildew (P. destructor), purple blotch (Alternaria porri), white rot (Sclerotium cepivorum) and pink root (Phoma terrestris). During scouting for diseases of onions, a severe leaf blight disease, caused by Stemphyllium vesicarun was observed in many onion fields in the Holland/Bradford Marsh area. This disease was first seen by IPM scouts in 2008 in a few fields, and was found in a few more in 2009, but the 2010 season was the first where any yield losses were associated with the disease. The predictive model, DOWNCAST, was used to forecast downy mildew of onions. In 2010 onion downy mildew pressure was very low. DOWNCAST, the onion downy mildew predictive model, predicted a sporulation infection period around mid-July. The first downy mildew was confirmed on onion fields in the Holland Marsh east of highway 400 in late July. The risk remained low to moderate. The disease did not spread to other locations in the Marsh. BOTCAST, a disease forecasting program for botrytis leaf blight, was used to predict the severity of Botrytis squamosa on onions. The cumulative disease severity index (CDSI) was calculated daily and summed over the season. The CDSI reached 21-30 (first spray threshold) on 23 July to 10 August. Fewer fungicide sprays were recommended compared to the 2009 growing season reached. In the 2010 growing season, higher incidence of Stemphylium leaf blight which is caused by Stemphylium vesicarium was observed in onion fields around the Holland Marsh. Stemphylium leaf blight symptoms are similar to purple blotch and both diseases are managed in the same manner. The incidence and severity of white rot was lower in onion fields around the Holland Marsh compared to the previous season. In the 2011 growing season, rotorod (spore trap) will be implemented as part of the MCRS IPM program to effectively track new, invasive, or reemerging plant disease causing pathogens. The spore trap analysis will be used in combination with disease forecasting models, lesion counts and weather forecasts to recommend fungicide applications.
6.3. CELERY 6.3.1. Insect In 2010, the insect pest of celery that were scouted for were carrot weevil (L. oregonensis), aster leafhopper (M. quadrilineatus), tarnished plant bug (Lygus lineolaris), and the pea leafminer (Liriomyza huidobrensis). The degree day models were used to predict the occurrence of different life stages of the carrot weevil, aster leafhopper and tarnished plant bug. The scouting results of carrot weevil and aster leaf hopper were discussed in the carrot crop section. Tarnished plant bugs are pests of celery and lettuce and leafy greens. Using plant inspections, orange sticky traps and sweep nets, tarnished plant bug populations were assessed. Few fields reached a damage threshold of six percent around mid to end of August. Aphids are pests of celery and lettuce and leafy greens and the scouted data were used across both crops, especially if fields were next to each other, for the best assessment of each area in the Holland Marsh throughout the growing season, for extension purposes. Aphid counts remained low throughout the growing season.
6.3.2. Disease Celery leaf blights in Ontario are caused by the fungi Cercospora apii (early blight) and Septoria apiicola (late blight) and the bacteria, Pseudomanas syringae pv. apii (bacterial blight). The threshold for pesticide application is disease presence. The main issue in the 2010 growing season was bacterial blight. No late blight was observed on scouted celery fields. Pink rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) incidence remained low throughout the season. Symptoms related to nitrogen deficiency were seen in certain celery fields.
6.4. LETTUCE 6.4.1. Insect The main insects that lettuce was scouted for in 2010 were aster leafhopper (M. quadrilineatus), tarnished plant bug (L. lineolaris) and various aphid species including the green peach aphid (M. persicae) and sunflower aphid (A. helianthi). The degree day model used to predict the occurrence of different life stages of the aster leafhopper and the scouting results were discussed in the carrot crop section. The occurrence of leaf hoppers, tarnished plant bugs and aphids was low in lettuce fields.
6.4.2. Disease The main diseases that lettuce was scouted for were downy mildew (Bremia lactucae), Sclerotinia drop (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and S. minor) and gray mould (Botrytis cinerea). BREMCAST, the lettuce downy mildew forecasting model, predicted sporulation infection periods (SIP) during the growing season starting mid-July and the risk of developing downy mildew remained moderate to high until September. Lettuce downy mildew symptoms started to develop around mid to late July in the Holland Marsh. Downy mildew incidence was low in all scouted fields as a result of timely fungicide applications. Sclerotinia drop, botrytis grey mould and pythium stunt were all first noted early to mid-June. In 2010, incidence of sclerotinia drop was relatively high in mid to end of July probably due to the wet weather (Fig 7). A similarly high incidence of grey mould was observed around mid to end of July which lessened as the season progressed.
Fig 7. Incidence of sclerotinia drop of lettuce in lettuce fields around the Holland Marsh, 2010.
7. WEEDS In 2010, broad leaf, grass and sedge weed pressure differed among fields mainly depending on field location and management practices. In most fields, weeds were controlled during the critical weed free period for each crop. The critical weed-free period for carrots is the first three to six weeks after emergence. The critical weed-free period for celery is the first four to eight weeks after transplanting. The critical weed-free period for lettuce and leafy greens is the first three weeks after transplanting and for onion the critical weed-free period is the entire growing season. Although weeds that emerge after the critical weed-free period may not affect yield, growers should control weeds after the critical weed-free period to make harvest more efficient and reduce weed problems in subsequent years. Some herbicide resistant redroot pigweed started to appear in few fields. Yellow nutsedge was a problem for a number of growers in all of the crops around the Holland Marsh.
Funding for the IPM service was supplied by members of the Holland Marsh Growers’ Association, Lake Simcoe Region Conservation Authority, Bayer Crop Science, DuPont Canada, BASF, Engage Agro, UAP and Syngenta Crop Protection.
Variety Trials 2010 CARROT CULTIVAR TRIAL SEASONAL SUMMARY - 2010
The growing season was warmer and wetter than the previous 10 year average. Air temperatures for most of the summer months were slightly above seasonal. During this growing season there was much more sunshine compared to the 2009 season. Air temperatures in 2010 were average for June (18.4°C), September (15.5°C) and October (9.4°C), and above the long term (10 year) average for May (15.1°C), July (22.3°C), and August (21.1°C). Monthly rainfall was below the long term (10 year) average for May (51.7 mm), average for October (60.4 mm), and above average for June (170 mm), July (146 mm), August (74 mm) and September (95 mm).
The carrot trial was seeded on May 20. Soil moisture levels were dry and temperatures were above average in the high twenties at seeding. Air temperatures fluctuated between 22oC - 33°C for two weeks after seeding. No rain fall occurred for twelve days after seeding. Irrigation water was unavailable at that time. Rainfall occurred on June 2 (28 mm) and 6 (30 mm), but this was too late to save the trial. Germination suffered from the dry hot weather conditions and subsequently was very poor and uneven. A decision was made to disk under and reseed the trial. On June 14 the entire trial was reseeded. Soil moisture conditions were better and air temperatures were in the mid-twenties. Two days following seeding, a light rainfall (12 mm) occurred. Irrigation water was applied on June 18 to help ensure good germination. Germination was much better than it was for the first seeding. Hot temperatures on July 3-8 created some concern when heat canker was noticed. Irrigation water was applied twice (July 5 & 7) and appeared to slow the loses to heat canker. The above seasonal air temperatures and the slightly above average rainfall of the summer resulted in fair growth.
Weed control proved to be a challenge for the 2010 season. Weed pressure in the trial was always slightly out of control throughout the entire season. The application of Gesagard was lost when the first seeding was worked under. No Gesagard was applied to the second seeding. Three Lorox & Assist Oil applications in July took out most of the weeds. Hand weeding was necessary to clean up the escaped weeds and was needed throughout the season to keep the trial free of weeds.
Carrot weevil populations at the Muck Station started approximately two weeks earlier and were at high levels until mid June. Cumulative weevil counts were over 25 weevils per trap compared to only 17 weevils per trap in 2009. Imidan could not be applied to control the weevil population because the carrots did not reach two true leaves until July - past the active stage of weevils.
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CARROT CULTIVAR TRIAL SEASONAL SUMMARY – 2010 – continued
Carrot rust fly levels were higher compared to previous years. There was a large first generation peaked around June 7. After the peak, the rust flies did not reach above threshold until the second peak on August 12. Both weevil and carrot rust fly damage was low at harvest.
Alternaria and Cercospora leaf blight never became an issue this season. A couple of fungicide applications were applied to control any blight that may have been present and it was kept below economic thresholds. To observe cultivar tolerance to both pathogens, regular fungicide sprays were discontinued in late August. On the Grower Field Day in early September, the majority of cultivars had a low number of forked and/or split carrots. Some cultivars had a few seeders present. Most carrot cultivars were of smaller size due to the late seeding date. The cello cultivars seemed to size better then the jumbo cultivars.
Harvest conditions in October were slightly damp and temperatures were seasonal. Harvest was postponed for approximately one week later than normal to allow the carrots to size up as much as possible. Even with the average, to above average rainfall of the summer months it did not increase disease pressure from Sclerotinia. Alternaria and Cercospora disease levels were quite low. When yield samples were taken there were a few noticeable forked carrots. Split carrots appeared to be more of a cull issues than in previous years. Half the cultivars in the trial had seeders but in very low numbers. All cultivars appeared to have lower yields due to the later seeding date. The carrots were placed in the Filacell storage immediately after harvest.
At evaluation in December, the trial as a whole had lower yields than in previous years and quality was good. The jumbo carrots especially were noticeably lower in weight, and some carrot cultivars were a bit short. At evaluation, forked carrots were the most common cull. Most of the Jumbo cultivars, the most common cull was small under-sized carrots. Rot was very low compared to the previous year. The degree of cavity spot was on average a Light Medium sized lesion and at approximately 60% infection rate. No marbling of exterior colour was found compared to the 2007 & 2008 season. Exterior colour was fair throughout all cultivars. Generally most cultivars had a fairly smooth skin. Interior colour blending was fair, with fewer rings around cores or translucent cores. Green shoulders were not present on most carrot varieties and if found were just starting to develop. Insect damage decreased compared to the last year. The number of carrots infected with aster yellows was almost zero. CARROT CULTIVAR TRIALS - 2010
MANAGEMENT PROCEDURES
Fertilizer: 50 kg/ha Nitrogen (Ammonium Nitrate 34-0-0) + 100 kg/ha Phosphorous (MAP 11-52-0) + 200 kg/ha Potassium (Potash 0-0-50) + 15kg/ha Manganese (32%) and 3.5 kg/ha of Boron (14%) was worked into the soil.
Seeded: All trials were seeded 20 May using a V-Belt seeder equipped with a 5 cm wide scatter shoe. A germination rate of 95 to 100%, a target of 26-22 seeds per foot was desired for Cello type carrots and 15-18 seeds per foot for Jumbo type carrots. All trials were seeded on beds 86 cm apart. The seeding rate was done according to percent germination. RIDOMIL 1G was applied at 25 kg/ha in the seed furrow. The Main Trial was replicated three times and the Adaptation Trial was not replicated.
NOTE WELL: The first seeding of the Main and Adaptation trial had very poor germination. A decision was made to work under the first seeding. On 14 June the entire trial was reseeded at the same seeding rates as the first trial in May.
Weed Control: Pre-emergence: 1 application: GESAGARD 480 at 8.0 L/ha on 26 May. (Subsequently worked under)
Post-emergence: 3 applications: LOROX L at 500 ml/ha + ASSIST OIL at 1.0 L/ha on 1, 14 & 23 July. 1 application: LOROX L at 750 ml/ha + ASSIST OIL at 1.0 L/ha on 16 July.
Minor Elements: Two foliar sprays: MagMax on 11 & 19 Aug (2.0 L/ha). One foliar spray: Calcimax on 19 Aug (1.0 L/ha).
Insect and Disease Control: According to IPM recommendations.
BRAVO at 2.0 L/ha + UP-CYDE at 280 ml/ha and Minor Elements on 11 Aug. POLYRAM at 2.25 kg/ha + DIAZINON 1.1 L/ha and Minor Elements on 19 Aug.
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CARROT CULTIVAR TRIALS - 2010 - continued
Harvest: The Main Trial and Adaptation Trial were harvested 19, 20, 22 & 26 October. All trials were immediately placed in a temperature and humidity controlled storage (0oC, 95 % RH) respectively.
Irrigation: Irrigation water was applied on 18 June (0.5 inch) to aid the germination of the second seeding. Irrigation water was applied on 5 & 7 July (0.25 inch) during a hot dry spell to reduce heat canker.
EVALUATION PROCEDURES The cultivars were evaluated on 6 through 17 December after 5 weeks in storage.
# Carrots Harvested: Total number of carrots harvested from 2.32 m of row.
Harvest Weight: Weights from the harvested 2.32 m of row.
Marketable Yield t/ha + B/A: Marketable yield includes the packaging size, 2.0 cm to 4.4 cm (¾” to 1¾") as well as the oversize > 4.4 cm (> 1¾").
% Oversize: The percentage of carrots > 4.4 cm (> 1¾ ") and greater.
Majority of Culls: SP = Splits F = Forked SM = Small (< 2.0 cm) R = Rot A = Aster Yellows
Shape: GP = Gold Pak N = Nantes Imp = Imperator Cyl = Cylindrical LD = Long Danver SP = Spartan Bonus
Appearance: Appearance is based on qualities of straightness of root and smoothness. 10.0 = very straight and smooth, 6.0 = a few rough carrots in mix, 1.0 = bends and curves in root with very rough surface.
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CARROT CULTIVAR TRIALS - 2010 - continued
Resistance to Greening: The higher the number the less green tissue on the crown of the carrot 10.0 = no green tissue, 6.0 = moderated green tissue, 1.0 = total green tissue.
External Colour: DO = Dark Orange O = Orange BO = Bright Orange LO = Light Orange
Internal Colour: DO = Dark Orange O = Orange BO = Bright Orange LO = Light Orange
Blight Rating: Regular fungicide applications were discontinued on 19 Aug to allow the cultivars to be evaluated for tolerance to leaf blights. Evaluation took place at harvest. 10.0 = Most Desirable, no lesions. 8.0 = Good, mild lesions on leaves, nothing on petioles. 6.0 = Moderate, lesions on leaves, some lesions on petioles. 3.0 = Poor, numerous lesions on leaves, numerous lesions on petioles. 1.0 = Severe, tops completely rotted, crop cannot be harvested.
Score: The average of the 9 marks from Uniformity of Shape to Blight Rating. 10.0 = Most Desirable, 7.5 = Good, 6.0 = Average.
% Cavity Spot & Degree: The number indicates the percentage of roots with cavity spots. The letters indicate the degree to which the roots were infected. VL = Very Light, cavity spots are few and barely visible. Lesion size < 1mm. L = Light, few small spots. Lesion size 1 - 2 mm. M = Medium, roots borderline marketable. Lesion size 2 - 5 mm. H = Heavy, large cavity spots, roots unmarketable. Lesion size 5 -10 mm. VH = Very Heavy, many large cavity spots, roots unmarketable. Lesion size > 10 mm.
Example: 50 H = 50% of the roots were heavily infected with cavity spots, roots unmarketable.
Shape of Crown: CV = Convex (no indentation around crown) CC = Concave (indentation around crown)
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CARROT CULTIVAR TRIALS - 2010 - continued
Root Length (cm): Twenty centimetres is approximately eight inches.
Root Width (cm): One inch is approximately two and half cementers.
Stand per Foot: Stand per Foot times 3.28 equals Stand per Metre.
Top Length (inches): Small = 8-10 inches Medium = 10-14 inches Large = 14 inches and greater
Leaf Colour: LG = Light Green G = Green DG = Dark Green PG = Pale Green
% Weevil & Rust Fly Damage: Percent of carrot roots damaged by carrot weevil & carrot rust fly that were found in the 2.32 m harvest sample.
Average Number of Seeders: Average number of seeders found in each cultivar of 15 m of row. * Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD P=0.05,Fisher's Test. at Protected different * Numbers significantly not acolumn are by in same followed the letter Listed in order of %Marketable. AVERAGETRIAL 480 CX ANKARA ANKARA ACHIEVE NERVI DOMINION HY 8564 10029 W CROFTON CELLOBUNCH Cultivar (germplus) (cello) Vil Bejo Nor Nor Bejo Sto RZ RZ UNF Sto Source CARROT CULTIVAR MAIN TYPES - CELLO TRIAL 2010 151 148 179 182 157 173 126 148 112 142 147 # Carrots Harvested 20 14 14
8 2 3 5 4 9 0 7 # > 4.4 cm de cde cde a cde ab bc ab e cd* 114 112 134 136 100 125 121 123 119 88 84 # 2.0 to 4.4 cm bc ab a cd ab d abc d ab abc 17.64 17.03 17.07 18.37 20.30 17.17 18.41 18.65 18.57 13.62 17.24
Total Harvest Weight (kg) b b ab a b ab ab ab c b 2.26 0.53 1.00 1.42 5.72 1.14 4.43 2.26 3.96 0.14 2.00 Weight > 4.4 cm (kg) cd cd cd a cd a bc ab d cd 12.55 12.72 12.47 13.22 11.06 13.27 11.22 14.08 12.38 11.88 13.21
Weight 2.0 to 4.4 cm (kg) a a a a a a a a a a 74.0 66.3 67.4 73.2 83.9 72.1 78.2 81.7 81.7 60.1 76.0 Marketable Yield t/ha ... / continued .../ 1192 1067 1084 1179 1350 1160 1259 1315 1315 1224 968 Marketable Yield B/A a a a a a a a a a a * Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD P=0.05,Fisher's Test. at Protected different * Numbers significantly not acolumn are by in same followed the letter Listed in order of %Marketable. AVERAGETRIAL 480 CX ANKARA ANKARA ACHIEVE NERVI DOMINION HY 8564 10029 W CROFTON CELLOBUNCH Cultivar (germplus) (cello) Nor Bejo Sto RZ RZ UNF Sto Vil Bejo Nor Source CARROT CULTIVAR MAIN TYPES - CELLO TRIAL 2010- continued 83.9 77.2 78.8 79.5 82.6 83.4 84.9 87.8 88.0 88.3 88.5 % Marketable a a a a a a a a a a* 12.0 27.8 23.6 12.2 21.1 11.5 3.0 5.8 7.6 6.2 1.1 % Oversize cd bcd bcd a bcd a b a d bc 10.0= Desirable, Most 7.5= Good, 6.0= Average SM SP SP F F F F F F F F Majority of Culls ImpCyl GPN Imp Imp Imp Imp Cyl Cyl GP N N Shape 6.5 6.7 5.7 6.3 4.7 5.7 6.7 7.0 8.3 8.3 6.0 Uniformity of Shape 5.0 4.7 4.7 4.7 5.0 5.0 4.3 5.7 6.3 5.3 4.7 Uniformity of Width 4.4 4.3 3.3 3.7 3.3 4.3 4.0 5.7 6.7 5.0 3.3 Uniformity of Length 6.2 7.7 6.3 6.3 4.3 5.0 7.3 6.3 6.3 6.0 6.0 Appearance a bc bc e de ab bc bc cd cd ... / continued .../ 7.9 9.7 8.7 8.0 9.3 7.3 9.0 5.7 7.3 7.3 7.0 Resistance to Greening a ab bc a c ab d c c c * Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD P=0.05,Fisher's Test. at Protected different * Numbers significantly not acolumn are by in same followed the letter Listed in order of %Marketable. AVERAGETRIAL 480 CX ANKARA ANKARA ACHIEVE NERVI DOMINION HY 8564 10029 W CROFTON CELLOBUNCH Cultivar (germplus) (cello) Nor Bejo Sto RZ RZ UNF Sto Vil Bejo Nor
Source CARROT CULTIVAR MAIN TYPES - CELLO TRIAL 2010- continued O O O O O O O O O O O External Colour 6.9 8.0 6.0 7.0 7.0 6.7 7.0 7.7 7.0 6.7 6.3 External Colour Rating LO LO LO O O O O O O O O Internal Colour 10.0= Desirable, Most 7.5= Good, 6.0= Average 6.4 5.0 5.7 6.3 7.3 5.7 7.0 6.7 6.7 7.3 6.3 Internal Colour Rating 41.0 35.3 38.4 36.7 47.9 48.4 39.3 40.8 43.5 35.5 43.9 % Core of Total Width e cde de a a b-e bcd abc de ab* 8.7 7.7 7.0 7.5 5.0 7.5 6.0 6.2 5.2 5.8
7 Blight Rating a ab bc b e b cde cd de de 6.20 6.57 5.76 6.05 5.86 5.67 6.48 6.38 6.95 6.57 5.67 Score b de cd de e b bc a b e 61LM 38LM 62LM 80LM 67LM 53LM 63M 62L 63L 73L 53L % Cavity Spot & Degree ... / continued .../ a a a a a a a a a a CV CV CV CV CV CV CV CV CV CC CC Shape of Crown * Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD P=0.05,Fisher's Test. at Protected different * Numbers significantly not acolumn are by in same followed the letter Listed in order of %Marketable. AVERAGETRIAL 480 CX ANKARA ANKARA ACHIEVE NERVI DOMINION HY 8564 10029 W CROFTON CELLOBUNCH Cultivar (germplus) (cello) Nor Bejo Sto RZ RZ UNF Sto Vil Bejo Nor
Source CARROT CULTIVAR MAIN TYPES - CELLO TRIAL 2010- continued 21.1 26.2 21.9 22.8 19.4 17.5 23.5 19.2 18.8 19.8 22.3 Root Length (cm) a c bc d e b d d d c* 3.2 2.9 3.0 2.9 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.6 2.9 3.0 Root Width (cm) c c c ab b ab ab a c c 20 19 24 24 21 23 17 19 15 19 19 Stand per Foot de ab a bcd abc ef cd f de de 10-14" 10-14" 10-14" 10-14" 10-14" 8-10" 8-10" 8-10" 14" < 14" < 14" < Top Length (inches) DG LG LG LG LG LG G G G G G Leaf Colour 10.7 4.0 0.7 2.0 5.0 3.6 2.6 4.4 1.1 8.5 1.6 % Weevil Damage a a a a a a a a a a 1.3 3.0 0.6 0.2 0.6 0.6 2.9 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.4 % Rust Fly Damage a a a a a a a a a a 0.6 1.3 0.7 1.0 2.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 Average Number of Seeders cd abc bc d a ab ab a a a * Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD P=0.05,Fisher's Test. at Protected different * Numbers significantly not acolumn are by in same followed the letter Listed in order of %Marketable. AVERAGETRIAL ACHIEVE COSTELLO ABBOTT ACHIEVE BASTIA BELGRADO FINLEY BERLANDA FONTANA BREST Cultivar (jumbo) Nor Sol Sol Sto Bejo Bejo Bejo Bejo Bejo Bejo Source CARROT CULTIVAR MAIN JUMBO TRIAL TYPES - 2010 121 127 118 119 125 123 128 128 122 123 95 # Carrots Harvested 26 28 15 18 31 24 34 31 27 28 22 # > 4.4 cm abc e de ab bcd a a abc abc cd* 74 44 89 74 66 78 69 79 77 77 87 # 2.0 to 4.4 cm a a a a a a a a a a 18.44 18.62 18.87 18.09 20.28 17.02 21.44 18.99 17.29 17.29 16.47
Total Harvest Weight (kg) bcd bc cd ab cd a bc cd cd d 10.27 7.21 8.40 4.56 5.88 9.17 6.37 8.14 6.72 6.84 5.77 Weight > 4.4 cm (kg) abc e cde ab cde a a-d b-e b-e de 10.82 8.97 5.98 9.65 8.51 8.58 9.16 9.08 9.10 9.15 9.65 Weight 2.0 to 4.4 cm (kg) a a a a a a a a a a 80.9 71.9 76.9 77.7 88.4 74.7 97.2 86.1 79.1 79.9 77.1 Marketable Yield t/ha ... / continued .../ 1303 1157 1239 1250 1423 1203 1564 1386 1274 1287 1241
Marketable Yield B/A a a a a a a a a a a * Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD P=0.05,Fisher's Test. at Protected different * Numbers significantly not acolumn are by in same followed the letter Listed in order of %Marketable. AVERAGETRIAL ACHIEVE COSTELLO ABBOTT ACHIEVE BASTIA BELGRADO FINLEY BERLANDA FONTANA BREST Cultivar (jumbo) Sto Bejo Bejo Bejo Bejo Bejo Bejo Nor Sol Sol Source CARROT CULTIVAR MAIN JUMBO TRIAL TYPES - 2010- continued 87.8 77.3 81.5 85.7 87.3 87.7 90.5 90.8 91.4 92.4 93.7 % Marketable a a a a a a a a a a* 38.9 46.0 24.1 32.7 45.4 37.3 47.8 42.7 38.8 39.4 34.9 % Oversize ab c bc ab abc a ab ab ab abc 10.0= Desirable, Most 7.5= Good, 6.0= Average SM SM SM SM SP F F F F F F Majority of Culls GPN GPN GP GP GP GP GP GP GP GP GP Shape 6.7 6.0 6.7 7.0 7.3 7.0 6.3 8.0 6.3 5.7 6.3 Uniformity of Shape 7.4 6.3 6.7 8.3 6.3 7.3 7.0 8.3 7.7 8.3 7.7 Uniformity of Width 5.9 7.0 6.7 5.7 7.0 6.0 5.7 6.0 5.7 5.0 4.7 Uniformity of Length 6.6 5.7 7.0 6.3 7.7 6.7 5.7 6.3 6.7 7.3 6.7 Appearance a a a a a a a a a a ... / continued .../ 6.7 7.3 5.7 6.0 8.3 6.7 6.0 8.3 5.7 7.0 6.3 Resistance to Greening a a a a a a a a a a * Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD P=0.05,Fisher's Test. at Protected different * Numbers significantly not acolumn are by in same followed the letter Listed in order of %Marketable. AVERAGETRIAL ACHIEVE COSTELLO ABBOTT ACHIEVE BASTIA BELGRADO FINLEY BERLANDA FONTANA BREST Cultivar (jumbo) Sto Bejo Bejo Bejo Bejo Bejo Bejo Nor Sol Sol
Source CARROT CULTIVAR MAIN JUMBO TRIAL TYPES - 2010- continued DO LO LO O O O O O O O O External Colour 7.0 7.7 6.7 7.0 7.7 6.7 6.7 7.0 6.7 7.3 7.0 External Colour Rating LO O O O O O O O O O O Internal Colour 10.0= Desirable, Most 7.5= Good, 6.0= Average 6.0 7.0 5.0 5.0 7.3 6.3 4.7 6.3 6.0 5.3 7.0 Internal Colour Rating 55.8 56.9 53.6 55.7 53.7 51.9 56.8 53.6 65.5 51.7 59.1 % Core of Total Width bc bc bc bc c bc bc a c c* 6.6 6.7 7.8 6.5 6.7 7.0 6.2 5.7 6.7 5.2 8.0 Blight Rating c ab cd c bc cd de c e a 6.62 6.71 6.33 6.48 7.38 6.67 6.00 7.19 6.38 6.57 6.52 Score a a a a a a a a a a 60LM 53LM 73LM 75LM 70LM 47LM 78LM 34L 72L 70L 30L % Cavity Spot & Degree ... / continued .../ abc a cd cd cd bcd bcd ab a d CV CV CV CV CV CV CV CV CC CC CC Shape of Crown * Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD P=0.05,Fisher's Test. at Protected different * Numbers significantly not acolumn are by in same followed the letter Listed in order of %Marketable. AVERAGETRIAL ACHIEVE COSTELLO ABBOTT ACHIEVE BASTIA BELGRADO FINLEY BERLANDA FONTANA BREST Cultivar (jumbo) Sto Bejo Bejo Bejo Bejo Bejo Bejo Nor Sol Sol
Source CARROT CULTIVAR MAIN JUMBO TRIAL TYPES - 2010- continued 21.7 24.3 22.2 19.9 23.5 21.7 22.2 21.3 20.6 20.2 21.3 Root Length (cm) a bc d ab bcd bc cd cd d cd* 4.8 4.9 4.4 4.7 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.9 4.8 4.4 4.8 Root Width (cm) a a a a a a a a a a 16 12 17 16 16 16 16 17 17 16 16 Stand per Foot a a a a a a a a a a 10-14" 10-14" 10-14" 10-14" 10-14" 10-14" 10-14" 10-14" 10-14" 8-10" 14" < Top Length (inches) LG LG LG PG PG G G G G G G Leaf Colour 2.5 1.7 3.0 1.3 5.5 2.7 2.3 1.0 2.6 2.8 2.5 % Weevil Damage a a a a a a a a a a 2.0 4.2 0.7 1.1 2.7 0.2 0.8 1.6 1.0 1.1 6.6 % Rust Fly Damage a a a a a a a a a a 0.4 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.7 Average Number of Seeders a a a a a a a a a a MAIN CARROT CULTIVAR TRIAL CELLO TYPES EVALUATION NOTES
Cellobunch: Uniformity of shape a little uneven, A little ringy, Length average but very uneven, Width a little uneven, Tapered but fuller tips, Exterior colour a little uneven, Interior colour blending is good, Dead center of core translucent (10-20%), Appearance a little rough, Red ring around core (10%).
Crofton: Slicer potential ?, Shape very even, Fair exterior colour, Good length but a little uneven, Average width, Interior blending is nice, Dead center of core translucent (30%), Odd lenticels noticeable, Odd carrot is ringy, Blunt full tips, Average appearance, Some noticeable lenticels, Green ring around core (20%).
W 10029: Nantes carrot, Full tips, Average appearance, Uniformity of shape very even, Fair exterior colour, Odd lenticels noticeable, Odd carrot ringy, Fairly smooth, Red ring around core (20-50%), Even length & width, Dead center of core translucent (30%), Interior colour blending is good.
Hy 8564: Nantes style of carrot, Length & width a little uneven, Average appearance, Uniformity of shape even, A touch ringy, A few short, Tips full, Exterior colour fair, Interior colour blending is average, Good weight, Red ring around core (10-40%), Dead center of core translucent (60-100%).
Dominion: Jumbo good size but tapered ends, Good length but quite uneven, Width quite uneven, Tapered ends, Average appearance, Even uniformity of shape, Fairly smooth, Odd ringy carrot, Red ring around core (20-60%), Interior colour blending is average to good, Good exterior colour.
…/continued
MAIN CARROT CULTIVAR TRIAL CELLO TYPES EVALUATION NOTES - continued
Nervi: Length poor and uneven, Width good but a little uneven, Fuller tip, Uniformity of shape a touch uneven, Good exterior colour, A few short, Dead center of core translucent (70%), Interior colour blending is average, Red ring around core (20%), Up to 50% ringy, A little rough in appearance.
Achieve: Fairly smooth, Good weight, Length uneven, Bit short for packers, Width a little uneven, Tapered but full tips, A little Germplus rough in appearance, Uniformity of shape a little uneven, Fair exterior colour, A touch ringy, Interior colour blending is good, Red ring around core (40-60%).
Ankara: Cut & Peel type, Cavity spot a little noticeable, Length long but uneven, Width good but a little uneven, Greenish ring Germplus around core (20%), Red ring around core (20%), Tips tapered but full, Average appearance, Uniformity of shape a little uneven, Exterior colour a little uneven, Odd carrot ringy, Fairly smooth carrot.
Ankara: Cut & Peel type, Length good but quite uneven, Width good but uneven, Greenish ring around core (20%), Tips mix of tapered and full, Average appearance, Uniformity of shape a little uneven, Exterior colour fair, A touch ringy, Fairly smooth carrot, Some bends & curves to roots.
CX 480: Cut & Peel type, Length bit long and uneven, Width uneven, Tapered tips, Good appearance, Uniformity of shape even, Nice exterior colour, Interior colour blending is poor to average, Some slightly ringy, Some bends & curves, Red ring around core (30-80%).
MAIN CARROT CULTIVAR TRIAL JUMBO TYPES EVALUATION NOTES
Brest: Good length & width, Tapered ends but full, Average appearance, Uniformity of shape even, Fair exterior colour, Good weight, Interior colour blending is average to good, Translucent cores (60%), Fairly smooth, Red ring around core (30%), Odd carrot ringy, Larger core.
Fontana: Good weight, Good length but a little uneven, Good width, Tip tapered & full, Good appearance, Uniformity of shape even, Fair exterior colour, Odd lenticels noticeable, Blending of interior colour is poor, Dead center of core translucent (50-80%), Red ring around core ( 70%).
Berlanda: Even width, Length is a little uneven, Good weight, Tapered & full tips, Average appearance, Uniformity of shape a little uneven, White in cores (30%), Exterior colour good, Interior colour blending is poor to average, Fairly smooth, Cores are a little translucent ( 20%), A few noticeable lenticels, Greenish ring around core (30%), Large core, Greening of shoulders.
Finley: Length good and even, Good width, Tip slightly tapered, Average appearance, Even uniformity of shape, Fair exterior colour, Lenticels slightly noticeable, White in cores (30%), Interior blending is good, Translucent core (30%), Red ring around core (10-30%), A touch ringy, Good weight, Skin on some carrots marked up.
Belgrado: Nice big size, Appearance slightly rough, Shape even, Slightly noticeable lenticels, Large core, Exterior colour a touch pale, Interior colour blending is poor, A touch ringy, Good length & width, White in cores (20-50%), Tips tapered & full, Red ring around core (40-70%), Dead center of core translucent (20-40%), Some carrots a bit short, Good weight.
…/continued
MAIN CARROT CULTIVAR TRIAL JUMBO TYPES EVALUATION NOTES - continued
Bastia: Good length & width, Tapered & full tips, Average appearance, Even uniformity of shape, Some a touch ringy, Good exterior colour, Fair smoothness, Red ring around cores (10-20%), Interior colour blending is average, Good weight, Large core.
Achieve: Nice jumbo, Smoothness good, Good weight, Tapered & full tips, Good appearance, Good even uniformity of shape, Good exterior colour, Interior colour blending is good, Red ring around core (30-50%), Lenticels slightly noticeable.
Abbott: Good even lengths & widths, Full tips, Average appearance, Even uniformity of shape, Exterior colour a little pale, Interior colour blending is poor, Fairly smooth, Good weight, Odd carrot ringy, 50% translucent cores, Red ring around core (10%), Green shoulders a bit of a concern.
Costello: Larger cores, Even lengths & widths, Full tips, Average appearance, Even uniformity of shape, Good exterior colour, Interior colour blending is poor, Dead center of cores translucent (10%), Red ring around core (10%), Fairly smooth, Good weight.
Achieve: Fairly smooth, Good weight, Even lengths & widths, Tapered but full tips, Average appearance, Even uniformity of shape, Germplus Fair exterior colour, Odd carrot ringy, Interior colour blending is good, Dead center of core translucent (10-40%), Red ring around core (30-70%), Large cores.
LONG TERM AVERAGES OF CARROT CULTIVAR TRIALS
MARKETABLE # YEARS LENGTH YIELD % CULTIVAR SOURCE TESTED cm Inches t/ha B/A MARKETABLE SCORE * STYLUS Sem 2 26.7 10.5 83.2 1341 84 7.30 DOMINION Sto 4 26.7 10.5 91.4 1472 86 7.04 ENVY Sem 6 25.8 10.2 106.0 1707 87 6.81 INDIANA Bejo 7 25.3 10.0 73.2 1193 81 7.20 ACHIEVE Sto 4 24.9 9.8 109.0 1754 87 6.86
ENTERPRISE Sto 8 25.0 9.8 86.4 1416 85 6.89 SIX SHOOTER HM 5 24.8 9.8 87.4 1408 82 6.96 NEVADA Bejo 4 24.7 9.7 83.1 1338 75 6.72 HY 8520 RZ 4 24.2 9.5 104.8 1687 86 6.81 BASTIA Bejo 6 23.5 9.3 110.0 1773 88 7.00
ORANGE PAK Nor 7 23.7 9.3 85.1 1369 87 6.82 CARO-CHIEF Sem 4 23.7 9.3 76.1 1359 82 7.25 MAGNUM HM 4 23.7 9.3 95.3 1534 86 6.75 ORANGETTE Sto 5 23.4 9.2 96.2 1368 87 6.90 CANADA SUPER X Sol 14 23.3 9.2 80.8 1376 83 6.95
CELLOBUNCH Sem 21 23.0 9.1 96.6 1594 85 6.73 SIX PAK HM 20 23.0 9.1 79.0 1273 86 6.98 SUNRISE Cro 15 23.0 9.1 86.0 1438 86 6.82 FONTANA Bejo 9 22.9 9.0 112.8 1816 90 6.41 ORLANDO GOLD Sto 7 22.6 8.9 69.2 1235 86 7.35
Listed in order of length. * 10.0 = Most Desirable, 7.5 = Good, 6.0 = Average .../ continued LONG TERM AVERAGES OF CARROT CULTIVAR TRIALS - continued
MARKETABLE # YEARS LENGTH YIELD % CULTIVAR SOURCE TESTED cm Inches t/ha B/A MARKETABLE SCORE * LEGEND Sem 4 22.5 8.8 62.7 1119 75 6.80 SIX PAK II HM 15 22.1 8.7 78.0 1328 84 6.80 PRONTO Sem 5 21.9 8.6 90.4 1482 85 7.35 IMPERATOR 58 Cro 9 21.7 8.5 50.3 899 78 6.40 AVENGER Sem 7 21.5 8.5 81.0 1369 80 6.90
DAWN DEE Sol 4 21.4 8.4 58.0 928 69 7.15 ITHACA Bejo 3 21.4 8.4 78.0 1256 81 7.30 ORANGE SHERBET Sto 10 21.2 8.3 73.4 1310 84 6.75 CAROPAK Sem 8 20.9 8.2 74.1 1323 85 6.85 CHANCELLOR Sem 7 20.9 8.2 76.8 1371 83 6.85
FLAME Rog 4 20.8 8.2 73.5 1313 79 6.00 GOLD PAK 28 FM 12 20.8 8.2 55.9 998 85 6.65 BRADFORD Bejo 4 20.8 8.2 129.6 2087 94 6.75 PAK MOR HM 5 20.7 8.2 62.4 1114 81 6.55 PARAMOUNT Sem 7 20.6 8.1 82.1 1467 85 6.75
PROSPECTOR Sem 5 20.2 8.0 95.0 1696 83 7.15 DOMINATOR Nun 13 19.7 7.8 63.9 1141 85 6.80 FLORIDA Bejo 3 19.7 7.8 127.5 2053 97 6.91 KLONDIKE NANTES Sto 10 19.6 7.7 72.1 1288 85 6.85 SIX PENCE HM 4 19.6 7.7 79.5 1419 80 6.70
Listed in order of length. * 10.0 = Most Desirable, 7.5 = Good, 6.0 = Average Listed in order of %Marketable. STANDFORD N 9972 NILAND IBIZA NAVAL RZ 8520 BELGRADO JOSHI NEWHALL N 9972 480 CX VAC 50 VAC 48 Cultivar (cello) (jumbo) Nor UNF Bejo Nor Vil Vil Vil UNF Nor Nor Bejo Bejo UNF Source CARROT CULTIVAR ADAPTATION TRIAL-2010 112 110 132 108 152 159 60 77 68 67 39 98 9 # Carrots Harvested 15 11 43 26 10 25 17 38 47 9 5 0 8 # > 4.4 cm 100 27 35 77 40 77 45 25 78 81 37 0 5 # 2.0 to 4.4 cm 12.68 14.27 13.01 13.32 20.19 23.62 15.36 17.41 12.67 20.89 23.14 20.88 3.32 Total Harvest Weight (kg) 12.09 10.05 13.63 2.77 2.11 3.75 0.00 2.15 3.19 8.24 3.10 9.53 5.16 Weight > 4.4 cm (kg) 12.19 11.31 12.27 10.47 5.24 0.00 5.60 9.14 7.60 6.29 4.39 1.01 5.64 Weight 2.0 to 4.4 cm (kg) 102.6 40.1 10.6 46.8 45.7 48.8 76.9 91.9 63.2 72.1 52.7 87.2 96.4 Marketable Yield t/ha 1238 1480 1017 1160 1403 1652 1551 645 170 753 736 785 848 Marketable Yield B/A 63.2 63.6 65.5 70.3 73.2 76.2 77.8 82.2 82.8 83.2 83.4 88.7 92.3 % Marketable 21.8 63.6 26.3 16.1 15.8 51.2 53.6 17.8 75.2 24.7 43.4 65.3 ... /continued 0.0 % Oversize SM SM SM SP F F F F F F F F F Majority of Culls Listed in order of %Marketable. STANDFORD N 9972 NILAND IBIZA NAVAL RZ 8520 BELGRADO JOSHI NEWHALL N 9972 480 CX VAC 50 VAC 48 Cultivar (cello) (jumbo) Nor UNF Bejo Nor Vil Vil Vil UNF Nor Nor Bejo Bejo UNF Source CARROT CULTIVAR ADAPTATION TRIAL-2010 continued GPN GPN Imp Imp Cyl GP GP GP GP N N N N Shape NA 9.0 8.0 7.0 7.0 6.0 7.0 5.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 8.0 9.0 Uniformity of Shape NA 8.0 7.0 4.0 8.0 7.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 7.0 6.0 8.0 8.0 Uniformity of Width NA 6.0 6.0 5.0 8.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 4.0 7.0 5.0 9.0 8.0 Uniformity of Length 7.0 4.0 6.0 6.0 7.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 7.0 6.0 6.0 9.0 8.0
10.0 = Desirable, Most 7.5= Good,6.0 = Average Appearance 10.0 9.0 5.0 9.0 7.0 5.0 5.0 6.0 5.0 6.0 9.0 5.0 8.0 Resistance to Greening LO LO LO LO LO O O O O O O O O External Colour 8.0 7.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 8.0 7.0 7.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 8.0 9.0 External Colour Rating LO LO LO LO LO LO LO LO O O O O O Internal Colour 6.0 6.0 7.0 6.0 6.0 7.0 4.0 6.0 7.0 5.0 6.0 5.0 7.0 Internal Colour Rating 7.57 7.14 6.57 7.43 6.43 6.14 6.14 6.14 6.14 6.00 7.43 8.14 ... /continued NA Score 8.0 7.0 7.5 8.5 7.0 6.5 6.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 8.5 9.0 9.0 Blight Rating Listed in order of %Marketable. STANDFORD N 9972 NILAND IBIZA NAVAL RZ 8520 BELGRADO JOSHI NEWHALL N 9972 480 CX VAC 50 VAC 48 Cultivar (cello) (jumbo) Nor UNF Bejo Nor Vil Vil Vil UNF Nor Nor Bejo Bejo UNF Source CARROT CULTIVAR ADAPTATION TRIAL-2010 continued 41.3 45.1 40.4 45.9 40.6 53.7 51.8 44.9 53.8 38.5 44.4 51.4 NA % Core of Total Width 10-14" 10-14" 10-14" 10-14" 10-14" 10-14" 10-14" 8-10" 8-10" 8-10" 8-10" 8-10" 14" < Leaf Length (cm) 35LM 65LM 50LM 60M 35L 20L 10L 55L 25L 30L 45L 30L NA % Cavity Spot & Degree 10.0= Desirable, Most 7.5= Good, 6.0= Average CV CV CV CV CV CC CC CC CC CC CC CC CC Shape of Crown 19.6 19.9 27.3 20.5 22.1 24.1 19.7 20.7 NA 21 21 25 22 Root Length (cm) NA 3.7 2.7 3.9 3.6 4.9 4.9 3.7 5.3 3.3 5.1 4 5 Root Width (cm) 10.1 14.7 14.5 17.3 14.2 20.0 20.9 12.9 7.9 1.2 8.9 8.8 5.1 Stand per Foot LG LG LG LG PG PG G G G G G G G Leaf Colour 10.3 11.3 13.3 3.3 0.0 0.0 3.6 1.8 0.0 4.5 5.6 2.6 4.6 % Weevil Damage 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 5.0 5.1 % Rust Fly Damage 13 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 9 Average Number of Seeders
ADAPTATION CARROT CULTIVAR TRIAL EVALUATION NOTES
Vac 48: Jumbo carrot, Okay length, Good even width, Full tips, Nice exterior colour, Good appearance, Uniformity of shape even, Interior colour blending is average, Dead center of core translucent (50%), Green ring around core (50%), Good smoothness, A little marbling of skin, Larger core.
Vac 50: Jumbo carrot, Even lengths & widths, Tips full, Nice appearance, Uniformity of shape even, Good exterior colour, Interior colour blending is a little poor, Translucent core (90%), Greenish ring around core (20%), Red ring around core (60%), Very smooth, Bit short, Good weight.
CX 480: Cello carrot, Cut & Peel type, Good length but a little uneven, Good width, Fairly full tip, Uniformity of shape very uneven, Average appearance, Fair exterior colour, Interior colour blending is average, Red ring around core (30%), A little ringy, Dead center translucent core (30%), Some bends & curves, Medium sized core.
N 9972: Jumbo carrot, Good lengths & widths, Blunt full tips, Exterior colour a little light, Uniformity of shape a touch uneven, Jumbo Average appearance, Interior colour blending is poor, Translucent core (80%), Red ring around core (60%), Nice and smooth, A few noticeable lenticels, Good weight, Larger core.
Newhall: Cello carrot, Average lengths & widths but a little uneven, Tips full, Average appearance, Uniformity of shape good and even, Good exterior colour, Interior colour blending is average, Translucent core (60%), Yellowish ring around core (10%), Good smoothness, A few noticeable lenticels.
Joshi: Jumbo carrot, Slicer potential?, Some noticeable cavity spot, Average length, Good width, Tapered but full tip, Uniformity of shape a little uneven, Average appearance, Fair exterior colour, Interior colour blending is average, Green ring around core (20%), A little ringy, A few lenticels are noticeable, Dead center translucent core (60%), Larger core, Good weight.
…/continued
ADAPTATION CARROT CULTIVAR TRIAL EVALUATION NOTES - continued
Belgrado: Jumbo carrot, Average length, Good width, Full tips, Average appearance, Uniformity of shape good and even, Exterior colour uneven and pale, Interior colour blending is poor, Dead center translucent core (50%), Red ring around core (70%), Good smoothness, A few noticeable lenticels, White in cores (70%), Larger cores, Some marbling of skin, Good weight.
RZ 8520: Cello carrot, Slicer potential?, Good lengths & widths, Tips full, Average appearance, Uniformity of shape uneven, Exterior colour fair but a little pale, Interior colour blending is average, Dead center translucent core (80%), Red ring around core (20%), Odd carrot ringy, A few noticeable lenticels, Green shoulders a bit of a concern.
Naval: Cello carrot, Good lengths & widths, Full tip, Good appearance, Uniformity of shape even, Exterior colour nice and even, Interior colour blending is poor, Red ring around core (60%), Smoothness is fair, Lenticels are slightly noticeable, Dead center translucent core (50%), Larger core.
Ibiza: Cup & Peel carrot, Long length and uneven, Width uneven, Blunt tapered tips, Average appearance, Even uniformity of shape, Nice exterior colour, Interior colour blending is average, Red ring around core (40%), Fairly smooth, Bit thin, Bends & curves.
Niland : Nantes carrot, A little noticeable cavity spot, Average lengths & widths, Blunt full tips, Slightly rough appearance, Even uniformity of shape, Even exterior colour but a bit pale, Interior colour blending is average, Dead center translucent core (50%), Greenish ring around core (20%), Poor smoothness, Lenticels slightly noticeable, Bit short.
N 9972: Poor sample, Good length & width, Full tip, Rough appearance, Larger core. Cello
Standford: Cello carrot, Slicer, Okay length, Good width, Full tip, Average appearance, Uniformity of shape very even, Pale exterior colour, Interior colour blending is a little poor, Yellowish to greenish ring around core (70%), Dead center translucent core (90%), A touch ringy, A few noticeable lenticels, Short.
** 10 = No Disease, 6.0 = Moderate, 1.0 =Severe1.0 (liquified) = Moderate, ** 6.0 =No Disease, 10 *Numbers acolumn in followed by thesame letter are not significantlyFisher's different =0.05, at Protected P Test. LSD Listed order in Marketable. of% FINLEY BERLANDA STANDFORD BASTIA CELLOBUNCH 7826 HY BELGRADO 171 CX FONTANA ENTERPRISE BAYON 8567 HY 8520 HY Cultivar Bejo Bejo UNF Bejo Sto RZ Bejo Vil Bejo Sto UNF RZ RZ Source CARROT CULTIVAR STORAGE TRIAL - 2009 -2010 -2009 TRIAL STORAGE CULTIVAR CARROT 73.5 73.7 75.3 75.6 77.8 78.8 80.1 80.1 80.2 80.3 80.6 82.9 83.8 % Marketable a-f a-f a-e a-e a-d a-d abc abc abc abc abc ab a* 12.7 10.9 11.0 14.2 13.4 13.0 11.4 10.9 10.3 15.0 12.2 10.6 9.6 % Weight Loss abc bc bc abc abc abc c bc bc bc abc abc bc 13.5 15.6 13.5 10.4 9.9 8.4 7.6 8.4 8.8 9.3 3.9 4.8 5.7 % Decay a-g a-g a-g a-f a-e a-d a-f a-e a-e a-e a ab abc 6.0 5.5 7.3 6.8 7.8 8.0 5.5 6.7 7.5 6.3 6.5 8.5 8.2 Degree of Rot ** d-h fgh a-f a-g a-d abc fgh a-g a-e b-g b-g a ab
20 62 93 55 63 72 25 82 30 53 50 67 83 % Root Sprouts a f-k m e-i f-k l-m ab j-m a-d d-i c-h g-l klm … /continued 100 94 96 97 98 98 94 96 95 94 98 99 99 % Top Sprouts abc a-d d bcd cd cd abc a-d a-d abc cd cd cd ** 10 = No Disease, 6.0 = Moderate, 1.0=Severe (liquified) 6.0=Moderate, ** 10=No Disease, LSD P=0.05,Fisher's Test. at Protected different * Numbers significantly not acolumn are by in same followed the letter Marketable. % of order in Listed TRIAL AVERAGE VAC 48 VAC 50 9281 PX OLYMPUS IBIZA ENVY ABBOTT 2289 PX JOSHI COSTELLO DOMINION ACHIEVE BALTIMORE ANKARA Cultivar Vil Vil Sem Sto Bejo Sto Sol Sem UNF Sol Sto Sto Bejo Bejo Source CARROT CULTIVAR STORAGE TRIAL continued 2010- 2009- - 71.3 42.0 51.2 62.4 63.3 64.4 64.4 65.5 67.6 69.2 69.5 69.7 69.8 71.3 72.1 % Marketable h gh fg f ef ef ef def c-f c-f c-f c-f b-f a-f* 12.6 17.5 13.8 13.7 13.7 16.3 10.0 12.0 11.1 13.1 10.5 14.4 11.5 12.0 15.4 % Weight Loss a abc abc abc ab c abc bc abc bc abc bc abc abc 15.9 40.2 34.9 23.9 22.7 18.7 25.2 22.5 21.0 17.7 20.0 15.5 18.7 16.7 12.3 % Decay i hi fgh e-h b-g gh e-h d-h a-g c-g a-g b-g a-g a-g 6.6 5.8 4.3 6.0 6.2 5.8 6.3 5.3 6.8 6.8 7.3 5.3 7.2 6.8 7.2 Degree of Rot ** e-h h d-h c-h e-h b-g gh a-g a-g a-f gh a-g a-g a-g
57 89 63 28 75 40 58 55 72 45 33 53 60 52 63 % Root Sprouts lm f-k abc i-m a-f f-j e-i h-m b-g a-e d-i f-k c-i f-k
97 89 63 28 75 92 98 91 97 98 98 96 95 96 99 % Top Sprouts cd cd ab cd ab cd a bcd cd cd a-d a-d a-d cd MAIN CARROT CULTIVAR STORAGE TRIAL EVALUATION NOTES
HY 8520: Root sprouts just starting to get heavy, Top sprouts approx. 1”, Tip rot just starting, Stored “Okay”.
RZ 8567: Tip rot just starting, Rot is dry, Root & top sprouting 0-1”, Top of sample bit dried out, Stored “Fair”.
Bayon: Moist rot, Tip & crown rot, Top sprouts quite uneven in length 1-4”, Root sprouts just starting, Stored “A little poor”.
Enterprise: Mostly tip rot, Some canker rot, Rot is moist, Top & root sprouts 0-1”, Stored “A little poor”.
Fontana: Mostly tip rot and established, Root sprouts just starting, Some canker rot, Top sprouts 0-2”, Stored “Good”.
CX 171: Some tip, canker & crown rot, Rot is dry & moist, Root sprouts just starting to very thick, Stored “Fair”.
Belgrado: Top & root sprouts uneven, Mostly tip rot, Some crown rot, Rot is moist and well established, Stored “Pretty good”.
HY 7826: Sprouting a concern, Top sprouting 1-2”, Root sprouts 0-2” thick, Mostly tip rot just started, Stored “Okay”.
Cellobunch: Top sprouts approx. 0-2”, Some carrots dried out, Tip & crown & canker rot, Dry rot, Stored “Okay”.
Bastia: Crown & tip rot, Rot is moist and established, Top sprouts approx. 0-3”, Root sprouts just starting, Stored “Good”.
Standford: Mostly tip rot and established, Sprouting a big concern, A lot of root hairs 0-1”, Top sprouts approx. 1-2”, Stored “Poor”.
Berlanda: Canker & tip & crown rot, Rot is moist and established, Top sprouts approx. 3”, Stored “Fair”.
Finley: Canker & tip & crown rot, Rot is moist and established, Top sprouts approx. 0-2”, Root sprouts just starting, Stored “Okay”.
.../continued
MAIN CARROT CULTIVAR STORAGE TRIAL EVALUATION NOTES - continued
Ankara: Top sprouts approx. 0-4”, Root sprouts approx. 0-2”, Mostly tip rot but established, Rot is moist, Stored “Fair”.
Baltimore: Root sprouts just starting, Mostly tip rot, A little canker & crown rot, Rot a bit of a concern, Stored “A bit poor”.
Achieve: Mostly tip rot, Some crown rot, Rot is established, A lot of root sprouts approx 0-1”, Stored “Okay”.
Dominion: Tip & crown rot, Rot is moist and established, Top sprouts approx. 0-2”, Root sprouts just starting, Stored “A bit poor”.
Costello: Tip rot just established, Drier rot, Some canker rot, Top sprouts approx. 0-2”, Stored “Well”.
Joshi: Canker & tip rot, Top sprouts approx. 1-2”, Root sprouts approx. 0-1”, Top of sample a bit dried out, Stored “Okay”.
PX 2289: Heavy root sprouts just starting, Mostly tip rot just starting, Moist rot, Stored “Okay”.
Abbott: Tip & canker rot, Rot fairly established, Rot is moist, Most top & root sprouting just starting, Stored “A bit poor”.
Envy: Mostly tip rot and established, Rot is moist, Top sprouts approx. 0-3”, Some canker rot, Stored “A bit poor”.
Iviza: Tip & canker & crown rot, Rot is just starting to established, Rot is moist, Top & root sprouts just starting, Stored “Poor”.
Olympus: Mostly tip rot, Rot is moist and established, Top of sample a bit dried out, Top sprouts approx. 0-3”, Stored “Poor”.
PX 9281: Tip & canker & crown rot, Rot is moist and established, Top & root sprouts just starting, Stored “Fair”.
Vac 50: Top sprouts starting to rot, Mostly tip rot and established, Some crown rot, Stored “Poor”.
Vac 48: Top & root sprouts starting to rot, Mostly tip rot and established, Some canker rot, Rot is moist, Stored “Poor”.
LONG TERM AVERAGES - CARROT CULTIVAR STORAGE TRIALS
% WEIGHT DEGREE* # YEARS % LOSS % OF CULTIVAR SOURCE TESTED MARKETABLE IN STORAGE DECAY DECAY SPARTAN CLASSIC 80 Sto 4 97.6 6.8 2.4 5.5 DELPHI RZ 3 96.5 12.4 3.5 7.0 BLAZE Rog 4 95.2 10.0 4.8 4.9 LEGEND Sem 3 94.7 8.4 5.3 5.0 HM 03 HM 3 94.6 16.0 5.4 7.3
HM 02 HM 3 94.0 15.8 6.0 8.0 EXCELLENCE Sem 3 93.8 19.8 6.2 7.0 KLONDIKE NANTES Sto 4 93.7 8.1 6.3 6.0 PAK MOR HM 6 93.5 11.5 6.5 4.2 ORANGETTE Sto 5 92.4 16.8 7.6 6.3
ORANGE SHERBET Sto 6 91.9 9.0 8.1 4.5 AVENGER Sem 7 91.3 11.5 8.7 7.0 CANADA SUPER X Sol 14 90.8 11.9 9.2 5.5 CARO-CHIEF Sem 5 89.0 10.1 11.0 5.0 ORLANDO GOLD Sto 6 87.9 12.7 12.1 4.2
SIX PAK II HM 15 87.7 12.3 12.3 5.5 DISCOVERY Rog 3 86.8 8.5 13.2 4.3 CHANCELLOR Sem 7 86.7 11.3 13.3 4.2 PROSPECTOR Sem 4 86.7 6.3 13.3 4.3
Listed in order of % Marketable. Storage period is approximately 9 months. * 10.0 = No Disease, 6.0 = Moderate, 1.0 = Severe (liquified) ... / continued LONG TERM AVERAGES - CARROT CULTIVAR STORAGE TRIALS - continued
% WEIGHT DEGREE * # YEARS % LOSS % OF CULTIVAR SOURCE TESTED MARKETABLE IN STORAGE DECAY DECAY INFINITY Bejo 5 83.4 11.4 4.9 7.8 FLAME Rog 4 82.6 11.4 17.4 4.6 ENTERPRISE Sem 7 82.2 10.7 7.0 6.9 BRADFORD Bejo 5 82.1 10.0 7.9 7.8 SIX PENCE HM 4 81.6 8.4 18.4 4.0
TRIGGER Sem 4 81.6 10.6 7.6 6.3 SIX PAK HM 20 79.8 11.5 8.6 5.8 CELLOBUNCH Sem 18 79.4 12.8 7.8 6.7 ORANGE PAK Nor 8 78.6 13.2 8.1 6.8 SUNRISE Cro 15 78.6 12.8 8.2 6.8
CAROPAK Sem 4 77.7 10.7 22.3 4.2 FONTANA Bejo 9 76.6 10.9 12.2 7.3 INDIANA Bejo 7 75.7 15.4 8.5 7.0 DOMINION Sem 3 72.5 14.4 12.8 5.9 SIX SHOOTER HM 5 71.5 11.0 17.5 6.0
BASTIA Bejo 5 70.5 15.1 14.2 6.8 ACHIEVE Sem 3 70.0 14.1 15.7 7.3 NEVADA BEjo 4 69.1 16.5 14.2 5.8 ENVY Sem 7 66.7 12.3 20.7 6.7
Listed in order of % Marketable. Storage period is approximately 9 months. * 10.0 = No Disease, 6.0 = Moderate, 1.0 = Severe (liquified) ONION CULTIVAR TRIAL SEASON SUMMARY – 2010
For a second year in a row, warm weather during the month of April allowed for some early land preparation. Onion seeding began in late April, and finished up during the first week of May. The growing season was warmer and wetter than the previous 10 year average which had some advantages and a few disadvantages for onion production. Air temperatures for most of the summer months were slightly above seasonal. During this growing season there was much more sunshine compared to the 2009 season. Air temperatures in 2010 were average for June (18.4°C) and September (15.5°C), and above the long term (10 year) average for May (15.1°C), July (22.3°C), and August (21.1°C). The above average rainfall during the summer months increased disease pressures. Monthly rainfall was below the long term (10 year) average for May (51.7 mm) and above average for June (170 mm), July (146 mm), August (74 mm), September (95 mm). Onion seeding occurred on May 4, same time as last year. Spring soil moisture levels were slightly dry. Air temperatures at seeding were slightly warmer in the low twenties (oC) than the normal seasonal teens (oC). Night temperatures for most of the month of May were well within the seasonal temperature range to slightly above. Approximately one week after seeding there were a few nights with low temperatures and some light frosts did occurred. A nice one inch rainfall occurred on May 7 which aided in seed germination. Plant vigour was average with most cultivars showing fairly even germination. Only one other rainfall occurred in the month of May, on the 13th. The lack of precipitation during the latter part of May meant soil conditions were quite dry when the onion seedlings were in the late flag to early first true leaf stage. Hot temperatures during the last week of May (30 oC +) along with the dry conditions created ideal conditions for heat canker to occur. There was a plant mortality of 5 to 15 percent. Surprisingly a small percentage of the onions that were thought to be lost from the heat canker did sprout a new leaf, but were always behind in growth throughout the season. Irrigation was applied three times, even with the above average rainfall conditions for the season. The first application of irrigation water was during the hot dry spell of late May, the second during a small dry spell of mid June and the final application to aid in bulb development in early August. Generally within a few days after each irrigation application a substantial rainfall would occur. Plant growth was normal for most of the season once the plants got established after the hot & dry conditions of late May. Herbicide applications deviated slightly from standard practices due to weather conditions. The weeds were tough and grew quickly in early spring due to the warm & dry conditions. An application of Frontier was applied a little later and appeared to give only fair control. Several applications of Pardner and Goal were applied with limited weed control resulting. This year Chateau was applied on July 9 during a rainfall. Chateau continued to give very good weed control for the rest of the season; however, herbicide burn occurred on all varieties but to a lesser extent than in previous years when applied on dry plant material. The onions did grow out of the herbicide damage. The trial was hand weeded several times throughout the summer months.
…/continued ONION CULTIVAR TRIAL SEASON SUMMARY - 2010 - continued
At the Muck Crops Research Station, the first generation of onion maggot had an elongated peak. The second generation population numbers were moderated and no distinctive peak occurred. Quite low population numbers were found for the third generation. There was very little onion maggot damage noticed within the onion variety trial for the season. Thrips populations where much higher this year compared to last year. Thrips reached spray threshold several times this season and were keep at moderate levels until lodging. Leaf diseases continued to be the number one problem. The Downy Mildew Forecasting System (DOWNCAST) predicted the possibility of disease development several times, but with timely fungicide applications Downy Mildew never became an issue. Botrytis leaf blight was first observed in late June and through a steady spray program remained at manageable levels for the entire season. Bacterial rots were noticed only at harvest and at very low levels. The heaviest disease pressure came from a Stemphylium leaf blight outbreak. At the beginning of July, Stemphylium leaf blight began to appear. Once leaf tip die back had started (Aug 1st) disease pressure increased and even with a steady fungicide regime could not be controlled. Warm and moist summer conditions led to moderate bulb growth and a more normal lodging time (days to harvest) compared to the previous past two seasons. Cultivars Highlander and De Soto were the first to lodge, beginning on August 9. It took approximately two weeks for the majority of the cultivars to reach 85% lodged. The onion tops dried quickly and the root systems died quickly too. No seeders were found in the trial. A sample of each cultivar was pulled for Grower Field Day on September 2. Most onions had lodged and the tops were well on the way to being desiccated. At harvest on September 10 & 20, the tops were dried out leaving satisfactory neck finishes. Onions were placed in storage on October 13 and cured artificially for approximately 24 hours to (sufficiently) remove any field moisture. At evaluation in November, yields varied among the cultivars with some having reasonable yields and others having poor yields. The marketable bushels per acre for 2010 were some of lowest in recent years. It is difficult to point out one specific cause of the lower yields. The majority of the onion bulbs were in the 3-2½" size range for most cultivars. A few cultivars had decent yields in the 3" diameter range. The size was there but stand counts were low compared to recent years. The number of culls decreased compared to the 2009 season. A few cultivars had issues with doubles, or suspicion of doubles but most culls where peewees (undersized). The trial had a good percentage of marketable onions. Most onion cultivars had fair skins, good skin attachment and colour was average. Greening of the outer scales, along with yellow or white speckling on the outer skins was very limited. The neck finish was pretty tight on most cultivars. A few cultivars had dry, but slightly rough neck finish. The majority of the onions lost firmness from harvest to evaluation at a higher rate than in the previous few years. For most cultivars uniformity of shape and size continued to be uneven. Onion maggot damage ranged from 0.4 % to 13.1% for onions in the evaluation sample. The trial average for onion maggot damage was 4.1% which was an approximate drop of one half compared to the 2009 season. Most of the onion maggot damage appeared to be from early in the season which concurs when third generation onion maggot fly counts were low. To summarize, yields were low, but quality was satisfactory to good.
ONION CULTIVAR TRIAL – 2010
MANAGEMENT PROCEDURES
Fertilizer: 90 kg/ha Nitrogen (Ammonium Nitrate 34-0-0) + 80 kg/ha Phosphorous (MAP 11-52-0) + 200 kg/ha Potassium (SOP 0-0-50) + 100 kg/ha K–Mag (0-0-22) + 15 kg/ha Manganese (15%) + 5 kg/ha Copper (99% Cu) was worked into the soil.
A side dressing of 10 kg/ha Nitrogen + 20 kg/ha of Potash + 35 kg/ha of K-Mag + 70kg /ha Cal-U-Sol was applied on 22 July.
Seeded: All trials were seeded 4 May. Pelletized onion seed was seeded with a Stanhay precision seeder. Raw onion seed was seeded with a V-Belt seeder equipped with a 5 cm wide scatter shoe. Row spacing was 43 cm. The raw seed was coated with PRO GRO at 60 g/2.3 kg seed plus methyl cellulose at 100 ml/2.3 kg seed. LORSBAN 15G was applied at 18.5 kg/ha plus DITHANE DG at 8.8 kg/ha in the seed furrow. The Main Trial was replicated three times.
Weed Control: Pre-emergence: 2 applications: PARDNER at 210 ml/ha + Manganese at 2.5kg/ha on 10 & 12 May.
Post-emergence: 1 application: FRONTIER at 1.2 L/ha on 3 June. 2 applications: PARDNER at 140 ml/ha and Manganese at 2.0 kg/ha on 17 & 19 May. 3 applications: GOAL at 175 ml/ha and Manganese at 2.0kg/ha on 29 May, 8 June & 3 July. 1 application: CHATEAU at 100 g/ha on 9 July.
Minor Elements: Five foliar sprays: Calcimax on 17 & 30 June (2.0 L/ha), 21 & 29 July & 24 Aug (3.0 L/ha) Five foliar sprays: Suprafeed on 30 June (1.5 kg/ha), 29 July (2.0 kg/ha) and 10, 18 & 24 August (3.0 kg/ha) Three foliar sprays: Alexin on 29 July, 10 & 16 August (2.0 L/ha) Three foliar sprays: ManMax on 4 August (1.0 L/ha), 14 July (2.5 L/ha) and 29 July (3.0 kg/ha) Two foliar sprays: Mancozin on 30 June (2.0 L/ha) and 21 July (2.5 L/ha) One foliar spray: Magical Max on 14 July (2.5 L/ha) One foliar spray: 20-20-20 on 17 June (2.0 kg/ha) One foliar spray: ZincMax on 17 June (2.0 L/ha) One foliar spray: Boron on 16 August (500 ml/ha) .../continued
ONION CULTIVAR TRIAL - 2010 - continued
Insect and Disease Control: According to IPM recommendations.
RIPCORD at 175 ml/ha + MANZATE at 2.0 kg/ha and Minor Elements on 17 June. BRAVO at 1.5 L/ha and Minor Elements on 30 June. MANZATE at 3.0kg/ha + DIBROM at 550 ml/ha and Minor Elements on 14 July. RIDOMIL GOLD 68 WP at 2.5 kg/ha + MATADOR at 188 ml/ha and Minor Elements on 21 July. REVUS at 600 ml/ha + RIPCORD at 288 ml/ha + MANZATE at 2.5 kg/ha and Minor Elements on 29 July. CARZOL at 840 g/ha on 2 August. BRAVO at 2.5L/ha + DIBROOM at 550 ml/ha + RIDOMIL 250 ml/ha and Minor Elements on 4 August. MANZATE at 2.5 kg/ha + UPCYDE at 280 ml/ha and Minor Elements on 10 August. BRAVO at 3.0 L/ha + DECIS at 200 ml/ha and Minor Elements on 18 August.
Harvest: The Main Trial was pulled on 8, 9 & 10 September and topped on 10 & 20 September. The trial was placed in a forced air and temperature controlled storage 13 October. The trial was cured for 24 hours (25oC, minimum 65% RH). After curing the temperature was lowered 5oC per week until 0oC was attained.
Sprout Inhibition: Royal MH 60SG at 3.75 kg/ha in 550 L/ha water on 20 & 30 August.
EVALUATION PROCEDURES The cultivars were evaluated 22-26 and 29-30 November after 4 weeks in storage.
# Bulbs Harvested: Total number of onions harvested from 4.66 m of row.
Harvest Weight: Weights from the harvested 4.66 m of row.
.../continued
ONION CULTIVAR TRIAL – 2010 - continued
Marketable Yield B/A: Number of onions > 76 mm (> 3"), 76 mm to 64 mm (3” to 2 ½) and 64 mm to 32 mm (2 ½" to 1¼").
Majority of Culls: D = Double PW = Pee Wee R = Rot OC = Off Colours S = Seeders SP = Sprouts
Shape: HG = High Globe FG = Flatten Globe G = Globe Sp = Spindle TD = Tear Drop T = Top
Colour: LG = Light Golden G = Golden DG = Dark Golden LC = Light Copper C = Copper DC = Dark Copper DR = Dark Red
Skin Thickness: 10.0 = Most Desirable 7.5 = Good 6.0 = Average
Skinning: 10.0 = Most Desirable, skins well attached 7.5 = Good, skins have a few small cracks 6.0 = Average, skins have cracks but still attached
Overall Score: Based on quality and general appearance.
Score: The average of nine marks at evaluation from Uniformity of Shape to Firmness.
Average Weight/Bulb (g): The total weight in grams of all bulbs divided by the total number of bulbs. A bulb 51 mm (2") in diameter weighs approximately 70 g. A bulb 57 mm (2¼") in diameter weighs approximately 100 g. A bulb 64 mm (2½") in diameter weighs approximately 135 g.
Days to Harvest: Numbers of days from seeding until 85% of the tops were down.
Percent Onion Maggot Damage: Percent of onions damaged by onion maggot ranging from pin hole to completely unmarketable that were found in the 4.66 m harvest sample.
.../continued
ONION CULTIVAR TRIAL - 2010 - continued
Top Height (cm): The average length of 20 random onion tops from the all three replicates from the ground to the tips as taken on 26 July. 50 cm is equal to 20 inches.
Leaf Shape: B = Leaves are bent or hanging U = Up right leaves, straight
Seeders: There were no seeders found in any cultivar in the 2010 trial.
Irrigation: Irrigation water was applied on: 28 May (3/4”), 22 June (3/4”) and 9 August (1”).
Stemphylium Leaf Blight: Stemphylium leaf blight first started to appear in July and increased significantly when tip die back occurred in early August. Some infection was found in all replicates of the trial.
Some cultivars showed more visible signs of the disease (listed below) but all cultivars had some infection.
The following cultivars had noticeable Stemphylium leaf blight infection:
Found in One Replicate Found in Two Replicates Found in Three Replicates
Yankee Patterson Nebula Highlander Sherman Talon OLYX 05-06 Prince Genesis Livingston Trekker Alpine Norstar LA Salle Tahoe De Soto Hamlet Braddock Safrane Trail Blazer Pulsar Esteem * Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD P=0.05,Fisher's Test. at Protected different * Numbers significantly not acolumn are by in same followed the letter Listed inorder of %Marketable. SAFRANE FRONTIER TREKKER RUBY RING MOUNTAINEER YANKEE LA SALLE TAHOE MILESTONE PRINCE TALON TRAIL BLAZER Cultivar Bejo Tak Tak Tak Tak Bejo Sem Bejo Tak Bejo Bejo Tak Source 103 103 100 88 84 97 76 98 94 96 88 95
# Bulbs Harvested CULTIVAR ONION MAIN - TRIAL 2010 14.56 11.36 12.95 11.25 12.25 12.73 13.32 13.88 12.57 14.02 13.91 12.41 Total Harvest Weight (kg) 2.39 0.80 0.92 0.55 2.03 1.32 0.69 1.74 3.55 1.34 0.65 1.34 Wgt. Jumbo > 76 mm (kg) d-g h-l g-l kl e-k g-k i-l f-k b-e g-l jkl g-l* 8.01 6.60 7.45 5.47 7.31 8.64 7.61 7.84 6.58 8.69 8.78 7.47 Wgt. Large 76-64 mm (kg) 3.48 3.52 4.25 4.98 2.56 2.31 4.85 3.94 2.35 3.76 4.23 3.38 Wgt. Medium 64-32 mm (kg) 1047 1020 1039 1030 824 951 830 898 925 991 942 919 Marketable Yield B/A ab e-m b-g e-m b-j b-h a-e abc b-g ab ab b-i 94.8 95.1 95.3 95.4 95.5 96.0 96.1 96.2 96.5 96.6 96.8 97.5 % Marketable a a a a a a a a a a a a .../ continued PW PW PW PW PW PW PW PW PW PW D D Majority of Culls * Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD P=0.05,Fisher's Test. at Protected different * Numbers significantly not acolumn are by in same followed the letter Listed inorder of %Marketable. NOBILITY ESTEEM SHERMAN OLYX 05-06 OLYX 01-214 NEBULA POLO BRADDOCK PULSAR FORTRESS ADVENTURE RICOCHET Cultivar Cro Cro Bejo Cro Cro Nun Sol Bejo Nun Sto Tak Sto Source ONION CULTIVAR ONION MAIN - TRIAL 2010- continued 77 93 81 95 98 80 88 59 88 84 97 83 # Bulbs Harvested 11.73 12.61 16.51 11.65 10.77 11.91 11.93 14.10 13.31 10.79 12.47 10.59 Total Harvest Weight (kg) 1.03 4.21 5.55 3.09 1.66 0.83 2.23 2.33 1.36 0.62 2.23 5.11 Wgt. Jumbo > 76 mm (kg) g-l abc a c-f f-l g-l e-j d-h g-l kl e-j ab* 5.77 5.37 7.85 5.50 5.74 6.71 7.19 7.47 7.40 6.15 6.86 4.10 Wgt. Large 76-64 mm (kg) 4.07 2.73 1.52 2.52 3.01 3.86 1.97 3.51 4.19 3.71 2.73 0.97 Wgt. Medium 64-32 mm (kg) 1125 1004 819 928 838 784 860 859 976 791 891 767 Marketable Yield B/A f-m b-h a d-m g-m c-l c-l a-d a-f g-m b-j h-m 89.0 90.1 91.1 91.6 91.7 92.4 92.6 92.6 93.6 93.7 93.9 94.3 % Marketable abc ab ab ab ab ab ab ab ab ab ab a .../ continued PW PW PW PW PW PW PW PW D D D R Majority of Culls * Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD P=0.05,Fisher's Test. at Protected different * Numbers significantly not acolumn are by in same followed the letter Listed in order of %Marketable. AVERAGETRIAL HAMLET HIGHLANDER CORONA NORSTAR STANLEY MARCO DE SOTO PATTERSON ALPINE GENESIS LIVINGSTON 08-633 Cultivar Sto Tak Bejo Tak Sol Sol Sem Bejo Tak Cro Sol Cro Source ONION CULTIVAR ONION MAIN - TRIAL 2010- continued 102 68 93 95 93 96 96 81 90 97 95 96 80 # Bulbs Harvested 12.61 11.96 12.13 14.70 10.86 12.40 14.61 13.24 14.97 11.23 12.82 11.22 10.39 Total Harvest Weight (kg) 1.97 0.46 1.11 3.59 1.67 4.26 3.88 2.25 1.08 1.63 0.97 0.09 2.22 Wgt. Jumbo > 76 mm (kg) kl g-l b-e f-l abc bcd e-i g-l f-l g-l l e-j* 6.60 4.57 4.72 6.27 5.20 5.08 7.28 6.67 9.11 4.97 7.03 5.29 4.78 Wgt. Large 76-64 mm (kg) 3.19 3.86 3.67 2.38 2.60 1.45 1.41 2.80 3.18 3.44 3.73 5.13 2.81 Wgt. Medium 64-32 mm (kg) 1008 886 670 716 922 714 814 949 884 758 885 793 739 Marketable Yield B/A m klm b-i lm f-m b-g b-k abc i-m b-j g-m j-m 91.1 71.5 78.2 82.0 85.8 85.8 86.3 87.0 88.5 88.6 88.9 88.9 88.9 % Marketable d cd bcd abc abc abc abc abc abc abc abc ab .../ continued PW PW PW PW D D D D D D D R R Majority of Culls * Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD P=0.05,Fisher's Test. at Protected different * Numbers significantly not acolumn are by in same followed the letter Listed inorder of %Marketable. SAFRANE FRONTIER TREKKER RUBY RING MOUNTAINEER YANKEE LA SALLE TAHOE MILESTONE PRINCE TALON TRAIL BLAZER Cultivar Bejo Tak Tak Tak Tak Bejo Sem Bejo Tak Bejo Bejo Tak Source MIX HG HG HG HG HG TD FG G G G G
Shape CULTIVAR ONION MAIN - TRIAL 2010- continued 5.0 7.3 6.8 4.3 6.5 5.0 5.3 4.3 6.0 6.3 6.7 7.0 Uniformity of Shape 5.5 6.2 5.7 5.0 5.7 7.0 5.3 5.3 6.0 6.3 6.5 6.8 Uniformity of Size DG DG DG DR G G G G G G G G Colour 7.3 6.0 8.0 8.7 5.7 5.7 7.0 7.3 7.0 6.5 6.0 6.7 Colour Rating 10.0 = Desirable, Most 8.0= Good,6.0= Average 7.3 7.0 7.7 7.2 6.3 6.7 6.3 5.0 8.0 7.7 6.8 6.7 Skin Thickness abc a-e ab a-d c-h b-g c-h ij a ab b-f b-g* 8.3 8.7 8.7 7.3 8.3 9.7 6.0 9.2 8.2 7.3 5.3 8.3 Skinning a-f a-e a-e e-h a-f a hij abc b-f e-h ij a-f 6.8 8.0 8.0 6.0 7.8 6.3 8.2 7.2 7.2 7.3 6.7 8.3 Neck Finish e-j b-e b-e ijk b-f h-k bcd c-i c-i c-h f-j bc 7.3 7.3 7.0 6.3 7.2 6.8 7.2 7.0 7.2 7.0 6.0 7.5 Overall Score .../ continued .../ 6.94 7.35 7.52 6.48 6.92 6.90 6.63 6.71 7.15 7.15 6.46 7.50 Score c-j a-e abc h-l d-j e-j g-k f-k a-g a-g i-l a-d * Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD P=0.05,Fisher's Test. at Protected different * Numbers significantly not acolumn are by in same followed the letter Listed inorder of %Marketable. NOBILITY ESTEEM SHERMAN OLYX 05-06 OLYX 01-214 NEBULA POLO BRADDOCK PULSAR FORTRESS ADVENTURE RICOCHET Cultivar Cro Cro Bejo Cro Cro Nun Sol Bejo Nun Sto Tak Sto Source HG HG HG HG HG HG Sp G G G G G
Shape CULTIVAR ONION MAIN - TRIAL 2010- continued 5.3 3.7 5.3 6.0 5.7 6.7 5.0 6.3 6.8 6.7 6.7 5.7 Uniformity of Shape 5.3 3.3 7.0 4.7 3.7 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.3 6.0 5.0 5.2 Uniformity of Size DG DG DG G G G G G G G G G Colour 6.7 5.7 8.0 4.0 6.7 6.0 7.3 7.3 7.3 6.7 6.0 6.7 Colour Rating 10.0 = Desirable, Most 8.0= Good,6.0= Average 6.7 5.8 6.7 6.7 6.3 6.8 6.3 6.3 6.7 6.7 7.0 6.8 Skin Thickness b-g f-i b-g b-g c-h b-f c-h c-h b-g b-g a-e b-f* 8.8 8.0 6.3 7.0 8.0 5.3 9.5 8.7 7.5 8.7 8.5 8.3 Skinning a-d c-f ghi fgh c-f ij ab a-e d-g a-e a-e a-f 5.7 5.7 7.0 6.7 6.3 6.7 6.5 7.0 6.7 7.2 7.7 6.3 Neck Finish jk jk d-i f-j h-j f-j g-k d-i f-j c-i b-g h-k 6.7 4.7 6.3 5.7 6.3 6.0 7.0 7.0 6.8 7.2 7.7 6.7 Overall Score .../ continued .../ 6.67 5.44 6.67 5.94 6.29 6.46 7.06 7.13 6.96 7.15 7.04 6.69 Score g-k o g-k l-o k-n i-l c-h b-g c-j a-g c-i f-k * Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD P=0.05,Fisher's Test. at Protected different * Numbers significantly not acolumn are by in same followed the letter Listed in order of %Marketable. AVERAGETRIAL HAMLET HIGHLANDER CORONA NORSTAR STANLEY MARCO DE SOTO PATTERSON ALPINE GENESIS LIVINGSTON 08-633 Cultivar Sto Tak Bejo Tak Sol Sol Sem Bejo Tak Cro Sol Cro Source HG HG HG HG TD SP G G G G G G
Shape CULTIVAR ONION MAIN - TRIAL 2010- continued 5.9 6.0 7.7 6.8 6.0 7.7 5.7 4.3 6.7 6.0 6.0 5.3 4.3 Uniformity of Shape 5.6 5.0 7.0 5.3 4.0 5.0 5.0 4.7 7.7 4.3 6.7 6.0 4.0 Uniformity of Size DG DG DR LG LG LG LG G G G G G Colour 6.9 6.0 8.7 7.3 7.0 7.3 7.7 5.3 8.0 7.0 7.0 7.7 7.7 Colour Rating 10.0 = Desirable, Most 8.0= Good,6.0= Average 6.5 6.3 6.7 6.0 5.7 7.7 5.3 6.2 6.8 5.8 5.7 7.0 4.7 Skin Thickness c-h b-g e-i g-j ab hij d-h b-f f-i g-j a-e j* 7.7 9.2 8.5 4.7 6.3 9.3 7.0 5.3 8.7 3.7 9.3 8.8 7.3 Skinning abc a-e jk ghi abc fgh ij a-e k abc a-d e-h 10.0 7.2 7.7 7.3 7.3 8.0 5.3 8.7 7.7 7.0 7.7 7.3 6.7 Neck Finish b-g c-h c-h b-e k b b-g d-i a b-g c-h f-j 6.6 6.8 7.7 5.7 5.7 7.5 6.2 4.7 8.2 4.7 6.8 7.7 6.0 Overall Score .../ continued .../ 6.76 6.90 7.71 6.29 6.19 7.27 6.44 5.56 7.73 5.85 7.21 7.17 5.83 Score e-j ab k-n k-n a-f j-m o a mno a-g a-g no * Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD P=0.05,Fisher's Test. at Protected different * Numbers significantly not acolumn are by in same followed the letter Listed inorder of %Marketable. SAFRANE FRONTIER TREKKER RUBY RING MOUNTAINEER YANKEE LA SALLE TAHOE MILESTONE PRINCE TALON TRAIL BLAZER Cultivar Bejo Tak Tak Tak Tak Bejo Sem Bejo Tak Bejo Bejo Tak Source 9.2 9.0 8.8 9.0 9.7 9.7 9.7 9.7 9.3 9.8 9.7 8.7 Firmness at Harvest ONION CULTIVAR ONION MAIN - TRIAL 2010- continued 7.8 8.3 8.3 7.0 7.8 8.0 7.7 8.3 7.7 8.7 7.7 8.7 Firmness b-g a-d a-d g-j b-g a-f c-h a-d c-h ab c-h ab* 152.8 129.8 130.7 118.8 138.8 152.0 129.8 145.6 168.7 143.4 135.2 132.3
Average Weight/Bulb (g) b-f h-l g-l kl c-k b-g h-l c-h ab c-i d-l f-l 6.3 5.7 6.5 6.2 5.8 5.5 6.8 6.3 5.0 6.4 6.7 6.2 Stand/Foot a-d a-h ab a-f a-h b-h a a-d hi abc a a-f 10.0 = Desirable, Most 8.0= Good,6.0= Average 116 107 104 113 107 124 105 108 117 114 108 108 Days to Harvest 2.5 2.7 5.7 2.8 0.4 2.6 2.0 2.5 3.5 2.8 2.9 1.5 % Onion Maggot Damage a-d a-d a-e a-d a a-d ab a-d a-d a-d a-d a 10.9 10.9 16.3 4.3 4.4 2.9 7.0 3.1 8.3 5.9 2.9 7.5 % Jumbo > 76 mm c-h fgh fgh gh c-h e-h gh e-h b-e e-h gh e-h 49.7 49.2 49.9 50.1 45.1 46.1 49.6 55.3 46.0 49.8 54.4 47.9 Tops Height (cm) .../ continued c-f c-g b-f a-e e-m d-l c-g ab d-l b-f abc d-h U U U U U U U U B B B B Leaf Shape * Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD P=0.05,Fisher's Test. at Protected different * Numbers significantly not acolumn are by in same followed the letter Listed inorder of %Marketable. NOBILITY ESTEEM SHERMAN OLYX 05-06 OLYX 01-214 NEBULA POLO BRADDOCK PULSAR FORTRESS ADVENTURE RICOCHET Cultivar Cro Cro Bejo Cro Cro Nun Sol Bejo Nun Sto Tak Sto Source 10.0 9.0 9.2 9.8 9.2 8.7 9.7 9.3 9.2 8.8 8.8 8.7 Firmness at Harvest ONION CULTIVAR ONION MAIN - TRIAL 2010- continued 8.2 6.7 6.7 6.8 7.3 7.7 8.3 7.8 7.5 8.2 7.8 7.8 Firmness a-e ijk ijk h-k e-i c-h a-d b-g d-i a-e b-g b-g* 134.4 155.5 170.6 144.2 141.5 129.5 147.0 150.6 136.0 137.9 143.8 187.6
Average Weight/Bulb (g) d-l bcd ab c-i c-j h-l c-h b-h d-l c-l c-i a 5.7 5.5 6.3 5.5 5.0 6.1 5.3 6.2 6.4 5.2 5.7 3.8 Stand/Foot a-h b-h abc c-i ghi a-g d-i a-f abc f-i a-h j 10.0 = Desirable, Most 8.0= Good,6.0= Average 114 123 107 117 110 108 122 117 104 114 112 109 Days to Harvest 13.1 0.8 3.2 7.9 4.4 7.4 8.0 2.2 3.3 2.4 1.2 9.6 % Onion Maggot Damage a a-d c-f f a-e b-f def abc a-d a-d a ef 20.9 24.8 16.5 12.6 10.9 12.1 38.9 5.2 9.0 4.6 6.0 3.8 % Jumbo > 76 mm fgh bc b b-e d-h fgh c-g c-h e-h fgh c-g a 49.0 44.5 47.3 46.4 47.3 40.1 40.9 48.2 45.0 43.3 44.7 51.4 Tops Height (cm) .../ continued c-g f-m d-i d-k d-i m klm d-h e-m h-m g-m a-d U U U U B B B B B B B B Leaf Shape * Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD P=0.05,Fisher's Test. at Protected different * Numbers significantly not acolumn are by in same followed the letter Listed in order of %Marketable. AVERAGETRIAL HAMLET HIGHLANDER CORONA NORSTAR STANLEY MARCO DE SOTO PATTERSON ALPINE GENESIS LIVINGSTON 08-633 Cultivar Sto Tak Bejo Tak Sol Sol Sem Bejo Tak Cro Sol Cro Source 9.5 8.0 8.7 9.8 8.2 8.7 9.3 8.5 9.1 9.8 8.3 8.8 8.3 Firmness at Harvest ONION CULTIVAR ONION MAIN - TRIAL 2010- continued 7.6 8.2 8.2 7.2 6.8 8.3 6.0 6.3 8.8 5.3 8.5 7.5 6.0 Firmness a-e a-e f-j h-k a-d kl jk a l abc d-i kl* 142.7 123.5 129.3 154.4 138.9 183.4 159.1 140.3 147.3 120.3 134.9 116.6 133.8
Average Weight/Bulb (g) i-l h-l b-e c-k a bc c-j c-h jkl d-l l e-l 5.9 6.3 6.2 6.3 5.2 4.4 6.1 6.2 6.7 6.1 6.3 6.3 5.3 Stand/Foot abc a-f a-d e-i ij a-g a-e a a-g a-e a-d d-i 10.0 = Desirable, Most 8.0= Good,6.0= Average 126+ 111 109 103 108 106 121 104 105 111 104 104 110 Days to Harvest 4.1 7.7 3.7 3.9 2.0 5.5 3.6 3.3 4.1 7.8 3.3 3.9 4.9 % Onion Maggot Damage b-f a-d a-e ab a-e a-d a-d a-e c-f a-d a-e a-e 10.3 16.6 10.6 24.6 19.6 11.1 14.5 2.1 5.4 4.5 8.9 4.6 0.3 % Jumbo > 76 mm gh fgh b-e c-h b bcd c-h fgh d-h fgh h b-f 47.2 51.1 40.6 48.9 41.7 47.2 47.0 46.1 55.6 41.9 50.9 47.1 41.2 Tops Height (cm) a-d lm c-g j-m d-j d-j d-l a i-m a-d d-j klm U U U U U U B B B B B B Leaf Shape MAIN ONION CULTIVAR TRIAL EVALUATION NOTES
Trail Blazer: Nice onion, Medium to larger run, Firm & solid onion, Skins are average and a little cracking, Good and tight neck finish, Colour even, Odd one with greening of scales, Good packer, Uniformity of shape even, Mid to late storage onion.
Talon: Nice appearance, Medium to large run, Uniformity of colour even, Neck a little rough but good and tight, Firm & solid onion, Uniformity of shape a little uneven, Good thick skin odd one cracking, Nice packer, Longer term storage onion.
Prince: Good appearance, Medium to large run, Colour a little uneven, Average skin, Great neck finish, Odd white spots on skins, Good packer, Uniformity of shape a little uneven, Odd skins cracking, Firm & solid onion, Longer term storage onion.
Milestone: Larger run, Pretty good skin, Bit rough but tight neck finish, Odd skin cracking, Nice appearance, Uniformity of shape quite inconsistent, Colour a little uneven, Odd white spots on skin, Nice packer, Good firmness, Mid storage onion.
Tahoe: Medium to large run, Colour a little uneven, Average skin, Odd one with skin cracking, Good and tight neck finish, Firmness even and solid, Uniformity of shape very uneven, Suspicion of doubles, A touch of greening on scales, Good packer, Longer storage onion.
LA Salle: Nice appearance, Medium run, Great tight neck finish, Odd greening of scales, A lot of skin cracking a concern, Skins a touch thin, Uniformity of shape a little uneven, Colour even, Good packer, Firmness a little uneven but good, Mid to late storage onion.
... / continued
MAIN ONION CULTIVAR TRIAL EVALUATION NOTES – continued
Yankee: Average appearance, Medium run, Uniformity of shape a lot uneven, Solid even firmness, Bit rough but tight neck finish, Pretty good thicker skin left, Colour a touch uneven, Odd greening of scales, Odd white spot on skin, Good packer, Late storage onion.
Mountaineer: Good appearance, Colour a little uneven, Medium to larger run, Odd greening of scales, Good skin but a little uneven in thickness, Odd skin cracking, Good and tight neck finish, Firm onion, Good packer, Uniformity of shape a little uneven, Mid to late storage onion.
Ruby Ring: Red onion Dark red colour with paler vertical veins, Fair skin with odd one cracking, Neck finish a little rough, Nice interior, Dark rings, Dead center is white, Approx. 50% double centers, Medium run, Firmness good, Uniformity of shape very uneven, Good packer, Mid storage onion.
Trekker: Uniformity of shape a little uneven, Medium run, Neck finish good and tight but some rough, Solid & firm onion, Odd white spots on skin, Even colour, Thicker skin, Odd skin cracking, Nice appearance, Fair packer, Mid to late storage onion.
Frontier: Medium run, Average skin with odd one cracking, Odd white spot on skin, Colour a little uneven, Great neck finish tight, Even firm onion, Good packer, Nice appearance, Uniformity of shape a little uneven, Longer storage type.
Safrane: Medium to large run, Pretty good skin, Odd one skin cracking, Some rough neck finish, Neck finish is tight, Odd yellowing on skins, Uniformity of shape a lot uneven, Good and even firmness, Good appearance, Good packer, Mid to longer term storage onion.
... / continued
MAIN ONION CULTIVAR TRIAL EVALUATION NOTES – continued
Ricochet: Uniformity of shape very uneven, Larger run, Pretty good skin, Some skin cracking, Neck finish average, Good appearance, Odd greening of scales, Fair firmness, Good packer, Colour a little uneven, Mid storage onion.
Adventure: Medium run, Odd skin cracks, Colour slightly uneven, Neck finish good and tight a few rough ones, Thicker nice skin, Good firm onion, Nice appearance, Good packer, Uniformity of shape a little uneven, Suspicion of doubles, Some greening of scales, Mid to longer storage onion.
Fortress: Good appearance, Darker colour, Medium run, Good thicker skin left, Odd onion with skin cracking, Average packer, Some rough neck finish, Uniformity of shape a little uneven, Odd white spots on skin, Solid onion, Longer term storage onion.
Pulsar: Medium run, Neck finish tight but a little rough, Some skin cracks, Average skin, Good appearance, Firmness good and even, Good packer, Colour even, Odd greening of scales, Uniformity of shape a little uneven, Mid storage onion.
Braddock: Medium to large run, Pretty good thicker skin, Neck finish a bit rough but tight, A copper shine to skins, Good appearance, Fairly firm, Uniformity of shape a little uneven, Average packer, Longer storage onion.
Polo: Some yellowing on skins, Neck finish a touch rough, Good thicker skin, Larger run, Colour a bit uneven, Nice packer, Uniformity of shape quite uneven, Nice and firm, Good appearance, Mid to later storage onion.
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MAIN ONION CULTIVAR TRIAL EVALUATION NOTES – continued
Nebula: Average appearance, Shape a little uneven, Fair skin with some cracking, Good neck finish odd one rough, Colour a little uneven with a copper shine, Medium run, Average packer, Fairly firm onion, Mid to late storage onion.
OLYX 01-214: Odd one with skin cracking, Average skin, Average neck finish but a bit rough, Colour slightly uneven, Odd onion with greening on scales, Uniformity of shape a little uneven, Fair packer, Average appearance, Small to medium run, Suspicion of doubles, Firmness good but a little uneven, Mid storage onion.
OLYX 05-06: Medium run, Colour a little uneven, Uneven neck finishes, Firmness a bit soft & uneven, Uniformity of shape quite uneven, Odd one with skin cracking, Average skin, Okay packer, Mid storage onion.
Sherman: Large run, Thinner skin, Some skin cracking, Neck finish good and tight, Colour even, Some greening of scales, Good appearance, Good packer, Uniformity of shape a little uneven, Good firmness, Double slight concern, Mid storage onion.
Esteem: Medium run but uneven, Thinner skin, Odd one with skin cracking, Uneven neck finish some rough others good, Colour slightly uneven, Okay packer, Poor appearance, Uniformity of shape very uneven, Firmness poor, Early to Mid storage onion.
Nobility: Medium run, Average neck finish bit rough, Good appearance, Odd one with skin cracking, Thicker skin, Colour dark & even, Odd white spots on skin, Good packer, Uniformity of shape a lot uneven, Firmness good and even, Mid to late storage onion.
... / continued
MAIN ONION CULTIVAR TRIAL EVALUATION NOTES – continued
08-633: Red Onion Good firmness, Medium run, Neck finish good some rough, Good appearance, Some skin cracking, Thin average skin, Colour a little uneven and dark, Good packer, Uniformity of shape a lot uneven, Good interior colour, Quarter of onion quite white (centre), 65% single centers, Early to mid storage onion.
Livingston: Medium run, Neck finish good, Nice thicker skin left, Good solid firmness, Odd one with skin cracking, Uniformity of shape a little uneven, A little copper shine, Nice appearance, Good packer, Suspicion of doubles, Mid storage onion.
Genesis: Medium run, Uniformity of shape a little uneven, Neck finish good and tight, Good appearance, Pretty Good skin, Colour even, Odd one with greening of scales, Good packer, Good firmness, Longer term storage onion.
Alpine: Poor skin attachment, Great neck finish, Thin skin, Some greening of scales, Soft onion, Poor appearance, Small to medium run, Poor packer, Uniformity of shape a little uneven, Early storage onion.
Patterson: Nice appearance, Nice thicker skin, Darker even colour, Neck finish bit rough but tight, Solid & firm onion, Medium to large run, Odd white spots on skin, Nice packer, Uniformity of shape a little uneven, Longer term storage onion.
De Soto: Poor appearance, Medium run, Shape very uneven, A lot of skin cracking a concern, Thin skin, Neck finish a bit rough but good, Suspicion of doubles, Firmness uneven bit soft, Colour a little uneven, Okay packer, Early storage onion.
... / continued
MAIN ONION CULTIVAR TRIAL EVALUATION NOTES – continued
Marco: Average onion, Larger run, Softer onion, Skins are a little thin and some cracking, Suspicion of doubles, Great neck finish, Average appearance, Colour a little uneven, A lot of greening of scales, Uniformity of shape a little uneven, Early storage onion.
Stanley: Uniformity of shape a little uneven, Medium to large run, Nice thick skin, Colour slightly uneven, Some white spots and yellowing on skins, Neck a little thick and finish a touch rough, Solid onion, Good onion, Good packer, Longer storage onion.
Norstar: Medium run, Great tight neck finish, Soft onion, Frimness a little uneven, Thinner skin left with some cracking, Uniformity of shape uneven, Fair appearance, Odd double, Colour even, Average packer, Early to mid storage onion.
Corona: Fair appearance, Large run, Neck finish good and tight, Softer onion, Uniformity of shape is a little uneven, Doubles concern, A lot of skin cracks a concern, Thin skin left, Some greening of scales, Early storage onion.
Highlander: Paper thin skin, Most have skin cracking big concern, Soft onion, Small to medium run, Great neck finish, Uniformity of shape very uneven, Suspicion of doubles, Poor appearance, Some greening of scales, Paler colour uneven, Early storage onion.
Hamlet: Small to medium run, Good skin, Firmness good and even, Average neck finish a few rough, Odd one with skin cracking, Uniformity of shape a touch uneven, Colour a little uneven, Average packer, Mid to Longer term storage onion. LONG TERM AVERAGES OF ONION CULTIVAR TRIALS
# YEARS MARKETABLE YIELD DAYS TO FIRMNESS* CULTIVAR SOURCE TESTED t/ha B/A MATURITY A B HUSTLER HM 11 46.7 832 96 8.10 5.15 HIGHLANDER Tak 6 65.8 1084 97 8.33 6.27 WOLF Tak 7 72.5 1272 103 8.80 5.80 ADVANCER HM 11 60.5 1078 104 8.54 6.05 NORSTAR Tak 22 63.8 1103 104 8.03 5.79
RICOCHET Sem 9 68.6 1134 105 9.60 8.02 TRAPP-7 Cro 5 65.5 1166 105 9.79 7.80 FRONTIER Tak 17 70.6 1154 105 9.85 8.15 ARSENAL Sem 13 72.9 1232 106 9.58 8.09 MOUNTAINEER Tak 9 65.9 1084 107 9.48 8.21
TARMAGON Sto 7 64.8 1157 108 8.43 5.88 CORONA Bejo 15 73.5 1263 109 9.47 7.16 ROCKET Sem 13 54.6 972 109 NA 6.37 SPECTRUM Nun 6 74.8 1312 109 8.91 6.38 TAHOE Bejo 6 74.5 1205 109 9.56 8.38
NEBULA Nun 6 74.6 1207 110 9.43 8.27 FLAGSHIP Sto 8 68.8 1195 110 9.89 8.57 MILESTONE Tak 10 79.2 1302 110 9.35 7.78 STANLEY Sol 13 69.2 1170 111 9.78 8.42 TAURUS Sem 12 54.0 961 111 NA 6.27 Listed in order of Days to Maturity. * 10.0 = Most Desirable, 7.5 = Good, 6.0 = Average * Firmness: A = Evaluated at time of Harvest B = Evaluated in December ... / continued LONG TERM AVERAGES OF ONION CULTIVAR TRIALS - continued
# YEARS MARKETABLE YIELD DAYS TO FIRMNESS* CULTIVAR SOURCE TESTED t/ha B/A MATURITY A B PARAGON Nun 8 62.5 1110 112 8.85 7.38 TALON Bejo 7 73.7 1192 112 9.64 8.69 CAVALIER Sto 6 73.5 1287 112 9.92 8.21 CAPABLE Nun 7 55.3 979 112 8.16 6.39 TRAPP #8 E.J. 12 57.7 1027 112 8.30 7.72
TOPNOTCH Cro 5 60.0 1067 112 9.92 8.36 CORTLAND Bejo 6 76.4 1338 112 10.00 8.50 HAMLET Sem 17 72.0 1228 112 9.74 8.21 LIVINGSTON Sol 13 67.2 1137 113 9.69 8.29 FORTRESS Sem 17 61.5 1044 113 9.60 7.91
BARRAGE Sem 5 76.6 1363 113 9.00 4.02 SALEM Bejo 6 70.0 1227 113 9.80 8.50 UNIGLOBE 100 Sem 4 68.8 1225 114 9.80 8.39 TAMARA Bejo 11 68.5 1196 115 9.81 8.55 PRINCE Bejo 18 70.8 1214 115 9.78 8.61
MILLENNIUM Nun 9 71.2 1228 115 9.89 8.42 BENCHMARK Sem 6 62.3 1087 115 9.85 8.42 FESTIVAL Bejo 6 67.3 1159 115 9.62 8.25 INFINITY Nun 9 68.1 1122 115 9.76 7.70 CANADA MAPLE Sto 17 57.2 1018 116 NA 7.72 Listed in order of Days to Maturity. * 10.0 = Most Desirable, 7.5 = Good, 6.0 = Average * Firmness: A = Evaluated at time of Harvest B = Evaluated in December ** 10.0 = Most Desirable, 7.5 = Good, 6.0 = Average 6.0 = Good, 7.5 = MostDesirable, 10.0 ** in acolumnNumbers followed* bythe same letter arenot significantly different Fisher's Protected = 0.05 LSD atP Test. ListedofPercent in Order Marketable. ADVENTURE PULSAR BRADDOCK LASALLE ARSENAL SAFRANE HAMLET FORTRESS POLO PATTERSON TRAILBLAZER LIVINGSTON Cultivar Sem Sto Bejo Sto Sto Sol Bejo Tak Sol Tak Nun Bejo Source ONION CULTIVAR STORAGE TRIAL - 2009 - 2010 - 2009 STORAGETRIAL- CULTIVAR ONION 76.5 76.5 77.0 78.7 78.9 80.6 81.5 82.0 83.0 86.4 86.8 89.6 % Marketable a-d a-d a-d a-d a-d abc abc abc abc ab ab a* 5.4 6.3 5.9 5.2 4.9 5.9 3.8 5.4 4.6 5.5 2.9 4.4 % Weight Loss a a a a a a a a a a a a 12.0 9.6 2.9 6.7 6.9 7.0 8.5 8.3 7.0 4.7 3.9 3.1 % Sprouts a a a a a a a a a a a a 12.0 6.1 3.2 6.2 6.6 5.4 3.4 3.6 4.7 2.6 5.6 1.9 % Rot a-g e-h a-d a-h a-h a-f a-d a-d a-e abc a-f a 1.8 1.5 1.2 2.7 2.0 0.4 2.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 % Soft a-d a-d a-d a-d a-d abc a-d a a a ab ab 8.5 8.7 9.0 8.8 8.7 9.5 8.5 8.8 8.8 9.0 8.7 8.8 Firmness In ** 7.0 6.8 6.7 6.8 6.7 7.8 8.0 7.7 7.7 8.0 7.8 7.7 Firmness Out ** .../continued 0.7 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 % Sprouting at Base 3.0 1.2 8.7 4.3 5.7 4.3 3.7 2.0 3.0 2.0 1.3 0.3 % Sprouting at Top ** 10.0 = Most Desirable, 7.5 = Good, 6.0 = Average 6.0 = Good, 7.5 = MostDesirable, 10.0 ** in acolumnNumbers followed* bythe same letter arenot significantly different Fisher's Protected = 0.05 LSD atP Test. ListedofPercent in Order Marketable. MEDEO TALON NORSTAR TAHOE TENSHIN CORONA NEBULA MILESTONE PRINCE MOUNTAINEER FRONTIER STANLEY Cultivar Bejo UNF Bejo Nun Tak Bejo Tak Tak Sol Bejo Bejo Tak Source ONION CULTIVAR STORAGE TRIAL - 2009 - 2010 - continued - 2010 - 2009 STORAGETRIAL- CULTIVAR ONION 63.1 64.1 64.8 65.0 68.0 71.3 71.7 72.3 74.8 75.7 76.3 76.5 % Marketable a-e a-e a-e a-e a-d a-d a-d a-d a-d a-d a-d a-d* 7.8 6.3 4.9 6.1 5.4 5.3 5.5 5.4 6.5 5.9 5.0 5.9 % Weight Loss a a a a a a a a a a a a 16.6 26.2 12.2 22.3 12.1 13.2 6.5 3.6 8.2 6.3 7.1 9.2 % Sprouts a a a a a a a a a a a a 12.2 12.6 13.5 10.4 9.0 2.4 9.8 4.9 4.9 9.5 4.9 6.8 % Rot a-h ab c-h a-e e-h fgh h a-e b-h d-h a-e a-h 2.8 0.6 7.6 1.3 7.1 6.6 0.5 4.5 1.9 0.2 0.0 0.9 % Soft a-d abc d a-d cd a-d abc a-d a-d ab a a-d 8.3 8.7 7.5 9.0 8.2 8.7 8.8 8.3 8.8 8.2 9.0 8.8 Firmness In ** 5.7 6.8 5.0 7.2 5.5 6.2 7.7 5.8 6.8 8.0 7.8 7.3 Firmness Out ** 10.0 27.0 13.3 .../continued 1.7 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 % Sprouting at Base 10.5 30.2 4.3 5.3 5.0 1.3 6.0 2.3 3.3 3.8 9.7 5.3 % Sprouting at Top ** 10.0 = Most Desirable, 7.5 = Good, 6.0 = Average 6.0 = Good, 7.5 = MostDesirable, 10.0 ** in acolumnNumbers followed* bythe same letter arenot significantly different Fisher's Protected = 0.05 LSD atP Test. ListedofPercent in Order Marketable. TRIALAVERAGE HIGHLANDER ALPINE 13517 EX CENTERSTONE MARCO INFINITY TAMARA RICOCHET RINGRUBY Cultivar Tak Tak Sem Tak Sol Nun Bejo Sto Tak Source ONION CULTIVAR STORAGE TRIAL - 2009 - 2010 - continued - 2010 - 2009 STORAGETRIAL- CULTIVAR ONION 67.4 14.8 27.2 39.0 39.9 52.2 55.7 55.8 58.7 59.9 % Marketable g fg efg efg def cde cde cde b-e* 6.0 5.9 9.1 7.1 6.9 7.1 8.7 7.0 7.1 8.3 % Weight Loss a a a a a a a a a 13.0 35.6 23.7 34.6 19.6 21.1 28.8 20.8 14.7 7.3 % Sprouts a a a a a a a a a 27.1 11.1 13.2 12.7 13.5 12.5 11.6 10.3 8.5 6.2 % Rot i e-h gh fgh h fgh a-h e-h d-h 44.4 16.5 16.5 4.4 4.2 6.9 1.4 1.3 1.3 6.1 % Soft f e e a-d bcd a-d a-d a-d a-d 8.6 7.2 8.0 8.2 8.5 8.0 8.7 9.0 8.7 8.8 Firmness In ** 6.7 4.0 5.0 4.8 5.8 6.3 6.5 7.5 6.3 5.8 Firmness Out ** 25.7 13.3 19.0 28.7 4.6 0.7 3.3 0.0 5.0 1.7 % Sprouting at Base 41.0 23.3 26.7 21.0 31.7 21.0 9.3 5.7 3.0 7.7 % Sprouting at Top MAIN ONION STORAGE CULTIVAR TRIAL EVALUATION NOTES
Livingston: Firm & solid, 20-30% basal plates just starting to push out, Stored “Nice”.
Trail Blazer: Pretty firm, A few with skin rot, Top sprouts approx. 1”, Longer term storage onion, Stored “Very well”.
Patterson: Solid, Top sprouts approx. 1”, 30% basal plates pushing out, Longer term storage onion, Stored “Very good”.
Polo: Fairly firm & solid, Odd basal plates popping, Some neck rot, Mid to longer term storage onion, Stored “Good”.
Fortress: Firmness a little uneven, Some skin rot, Longer term storage onion, Top sprouts approx. 1”, Stored “Well”.
Hamlet: Firmness a little uneven, Longer term storage onion, Some skin rot, Stored “Pretty good”.
Safrane: Still fairly firm, Neck rot, Top sprouts approx. 1”, Longer storage onion, Stored “Good”.
Arsenal: Firmness is uneven, 40% basal plates pushing out, Stored “Fair”, Some skin rot, Mid storage onion.
LA Salle: Firmness a little uneven, A little skin rot, Mid to longer storage onion, Top sprouts approx. 1”, Stored “Well”.
Braddock: Bit soft, 10-40% basal plates just starting to push out, Top sprouts approx. 1”, Mid storage onion, Stored “Fair”.
Pulsar: Fairly firm, Top sprouts approx. 1”, Skin rot slight concern, Mid to longer storage onion, Stored “Okay”.
Adventure: Fairly firm, A little neck & skin rot, Later term storage onion, Top sprouts approx. 1”, Stored “Good”.
... / continued
MAIN ONION STORAGE CULTIVAR TRIAL EVALUATION NOTES – continued
Stanley: Firmness a little uneven, Some skin rot, Some still solid, Later storage onion, Stored “Good”.
Frontier: Still pretty firm, Some skin rot, Later storage onion, Top sprouts approx. 1”, Stored “Good”.
Mountaineer: Firmness a little uneven, Still fairly firm, Basel plate and skin rot slight concern, Stored “Good”.
Prince: Fairly solid, Mid storage onion, A little skin rot, Top sprouts approx. 1”, Stored “Pretty good”.
Milestone: Firmness uneven, Skin rot, Odd basal plate popping, A softer onion, Mid storage onion, Stored “Okay”.
Nebula: Still fairly firm & solid, Skin rot concern, Longer term storage onion, Top sprouts approx. 1”, Stored “Good”.
Corona: Slightly soft, Skin rot issues, Early to mid storage onion, Top sprouts approx. 1”, Stored “Okay”.
Tenshin: Softer onion, Skin rot concern, 20% basal plates pushing out, Early onion, Stored “Poor”.
Tahoe: Fairly solid, Mid to later storage onion, Some skin rot, Top sprouts approx. 1”, Stored “Good”.
Norstar: Softer onion, Skin rot issues, 40% basal plates just starting to push out, Stored “Okay”.
Talon: 50% of basal plates pushing out, Mid to later storage onion, Stored “Well”.
Medeo: Slightly soft, A little skin rot, 20% of basal plates pushing out, Mid storage onion, Stored “A little poor”.
... / continued
MAIN ONION STORAGE CULTIVAR TRIAL EVALUATION NOTES – continued
Ruby Ring: Softer onion, Neck & skin rot issues, Mid storage onion, Top sprouts approx. 1”, Stored “Poor”.
Ricochet: Skin rot issues, Mid storage onion, Top sprouts approx. 2”, A few root sprouts, Stored “Okay”.
Tamara: Some solid onions, 30% basal plates pushing out, A little neck & skin rot, Stored “Fair”.
Infinity: Firmness a little uneven, Skin rot concern, Mid storage onion, Stored “A little poor”.
Marco: Slightly soft, Skin rot issues, Sprouting issues, Firmness a little uneven, Stored “Poor”.
Centerstone: Firmness is a little uneven, 20-60% basal plates pushing out, Skin rot concern, Stored “Poor”.
Ex 13517: Soft, Skin rot issues, 30% of basal plates pushing out, Top sprouting concern, Stored “Poor”.
Alpine: Soft, 70% basal plates pushing out, A little skin rot, Sprouting concern, Not a storage onion.
Highlander: Very soft, Skin rot concern, 90-100% basal plates pushing out, Sprouting issues, Not a storage onion.
LONG TERM AVERAGES OF ONION STORAGE TRIALS
% WT LOSS % ROT, # YEARS % IN SOFT & FIRMNESS * CULTIVAR SOURCE TESTED MARKETABLE STORAGE SPROUT IN OUT CAVALIER Sem 6 87.8 6.4 6.9 9.85 7.30 COPRA Bejo 5 86.2 8.6 5.7 8.00 7.25 PULSAR Nun 4 86.2 5.0 8.1 9.25 7.03 INFINITY Nun 9 84.6 5.9 8.3 9.68 6.68 FLAGSHIP Sem 7 83.6 6.8 9.6 4.94 7.08
CANADA MAPLE Sto 9 83.3 8.3 8.3 NA 7.40 TAURUS Sem 9 82.9 7.3 9.8 NA 5.85 MILLENNIUM Nun 8 82.8 6.6 10.5 4.95 6.85 BRADDOCK Bejo 5 82.3 6.1 11.2 9.38 6.72 STANLEY Sol 11 81.6 7.0 10.8 9.81 7.26
TAHOE Bejo 6 80.9 4.8 14.1 9.75 7.63 TRAPPS #8 E.J. 9 79.9 8.9 11.3 NA 6.35 CORTLAND Bejo 5 79.0 7.7 13.6 9.85 6.85 SALEM Bejo 5 79.0 8.1 14.0 9.85 6.80 HAMLET Sem 18 76.1 8.0 17.0 9.52 6.28
FORTRESS Sem 16 75.8 8.7 15.8 9.37 6.79 TALON Bejo 6 75.2 5.4 19.0 9.70 6.82 ARSENAL Sem 13 74.7 7.0 18.7 9.65 6.02 LIVINGSTON Sol 11 74.5 6.9 15.0 9.74 6.93 TRAPPS # 7 Cro 4 74.2 9.7 18.5 7.30 5.80 Listed in order of % Marketable. * 10.0 = Most Desirable, 8.0 = Good, 6.0 = Average …/continued LONG TERM AVERAGES OF ONION STORAGE TRIALS - continued
% WT LOSS % ROT, # YEARS % IN SOFT & FIRMNESS * CULTIVAR SOURCE TESTED MARKETABLE STORAGE SPROUT IN OUT PARAGON Nun 10 73.5 11.2 17.1 9.00 6.90 SPECTRUM Nun 6 73.5 11.2 18.9 8.85 5.50 PRINCE Bejo 17 73.1 9.7 18.6 9.62 6.79 MOUNTAINEER Tak 8 72.6 5.8 21.4 9.33 6.53 TAMARA Bejo 9 71.9 9.9 21.8 9.85 6.75
TARMAGON Sto 6 70.5 10.1 19.1 8.25 5.25 BENCHMARK Sem 5 70.5 12.8 21.3 9.45 6.91 CAPABLE Nun 9 70.1 11.1 18.8 7.85 5.30 MILESTONE Tak 9 69.5 5.9 23.9 9.37 5.89 GUARDIAN HM 6 68.4 12.1 20.3 8.50 6.25
FRONTIER Tak 15 67.8 7.9 26.1 9.81 7.11 ADVANCER HM 11 65.5 11.0 26.6 8.30 4.00 HUSTLER HM 11 64.1 9.9 27.8 8.00 5.30 TURBO Cro 6 63.3 11.3 28.9 9.00 5.80 SWEET SANDWICH Sol 8 62.3 11.3 29.6 7.25 4.75
AUTUMN KEEPER Cro 5 61.1 12.6 26.4 7.42 5.65 RICOCHET Sem 8 59.2 5.9 32.8 9.64 5.93 CORONA Bejo 14 53.6 10.8 39.2 9.44 5.28 NORSTAR Tak 21 50.6 10.5 41.8 8.12 4.61 NEW YORK EARLY Nun 3 46.7 13.7 39.6 6.71 4.00 Listed in order of % Marketable. Storage period approximately 11 months. * 10.0 = Most Desirable, 8.0 = Good, 6.0 = Average