Innovation Networks Modeling Within the Concept of Open Innovations
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International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues ISSN: 2146-4138 available at http: www.econjournals.com International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 2016, 6(1), 192-198. Innovation Networks Modeling Within the Concept of Open Innovations Irina A. Zaraychenko1*, Aleksey I. Shinkevich2, Mikhail Y. Shvetsov3, Klavdiya G. Erdyneyeva4, Lidiya A. Bordonskaya5, Aleksandra E. Persidskaya6, Sofya A. Rozhkova7, Aleksandr A. Afanasyev8 1Kazan National Research Technological University, Kazan, Russia, 2Kazan National Research Technological University, Kazan, Russia, 3Transbaikal State University, Chita, Russia, 4Transbaikal State University, Chita, Russia, 5Transbaikal State University, Chita, Russia, 6Transbaikal State University, Chita, Russia, 7The Municipal Educational Budgetary Institution of Additional Education of Children “Children’s Art School,” Chita, Russia, 8Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia. *Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT The urgency of the problem discussed in the article is caused by necessity to search for effective forms of innovation activities’ implementation, providing a maximizing of innovative resources’ impact by strengthening relationships between entities of the innovation process. The purpose of the article is to develop a model of innovation network, facilitating the acceleration of the diffusion of innovation by increasing its throughput capability and maximum use of the resources of the state innovation system. The leading approach to the study of this problem is the system approach, according to which the interaction of entities in the innovation process is considered as a complex mechanism of communications, ensuring the transformation of innovative ideas into marketable final product. In this paper, a model of innovation network, meeting the requirements of the concept of open innovation, based on the effect of increasing returns of resources is proposed and the mechanism and the necessary conditions for its functioning are described. The materials presented in the paper can be used to develop long-term development programs, both locally and at the regional and Federal levels, while building the innovative systems of the appropriate level and providing adequate conditions for their functioning. Keywords: Innovation, Innovation Network, An Innovative System, Throughput Capability, The Diffusion of Innovations JEL Classifications: G14, L11, O31, O34 1. INTRODUCTION institutes and other reasons) generate negative incentives for the implementation of their own development. Under these conditions, High instability of raw materials markets in recent years due to the companies, seeking to maintain a competitive position in the short a number of macroeconomic factors exposed the vulnerability of term are oriented to borrow successfully implemented innovations. economic systems, focused on low-tech industries. In this regard, This creates a growing technological retardation from the leading it intensified the need to find effective forms and mechanisms of centers of innovative developments (Perez and Soete, 1988). innovative processes, providing a high resources’ return of innovation system. This task is complicated by the significant gap that exists At the same time a tough competitive environment both at the between the three main parts of the triple helix model of innovation micro- and macroeconomic levels, high dynamics of economic system: Science, business and government (Etzkowitz and processes and market requirements determine the need to find not Leydesdorff, 1995). The problem of inefficient functioning of this just effective forms that accelerate the innovations’ diffusion, but model is due to isolation of the scientific sphere and low return from also mechanisms to ensure their flexibility and adaptability. In this investments in innovations that leads to sustainable institutional gap regard, a particular relevance belongs to the application of open (North, 1991) between business and R and D. The lack of an effective innovations’ concept, in which the innovation process is considered institutional environment of innovative activity (undeveloped system to be an open system in which the active knowledge exchange takes of patent protection, the low efficiency of innovations’ development place among the participants, contributing to innovations diffusion 192 International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues | Vol 6 • Issue 1 • 2016 Zaraychenko, et al.: Innovation Networks Modeling Within the Concept of Open Innovations acceleration. So, according to the concept’s author, Chesbrough institutional gaps’ overcoming in the framework of the “triple “..at its basic level, the logic of open innovations model is based helix” is highlighted (Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff, 1995). The on huge excess of knowledge, which should be used operatively, active extension of horizontal connections, so in the framework in order the company received them, could create additional value” of open innovations’ concept, demonstrating the high efficiency (Chesbrough, 2003). The development of this concept defines the in the transition to innovative development path is proposed necessity of adequate to it forms’ finding for innovative activities’ (China). Thus, the formation of innovation networks at various implementation, different from the existing ones. levels responds to the modern economic realities. Until recently, an effective form of management was the firm Analysis and synthesis of the existing theoretical approaches to (Coase, 1937), however, this approach is based on the assumption the study of this institutional form has allowed to formulate the of transaction costs’ optimization by stable relations’ establishing following definition of “innovation network” - it is a poly-center of its structural elements’ subordination. At the same time, a variety of innovation activities’ independent entities, unified by necessary prerequisite for the innovations implementation is the communications ties and resource flows, providing through the transformation of the environment, which disrupts the established resources’ exchange the technology transfer and/or innovations’ market interaction. Therefore, the specificity of innovative diffusion contributing to the network effects’ emergence as a processes’ management requires a shift of emphasis towards the consequence of the economic effect of increasing returns. minimization of formal relations and expanding in use of hidden knowledge within the horizontal links (models evolution of the The institutional nature of the phenomenon under consideration innovation process according to Roswell (Rothwell, 1994). There is determined by the following features (North, 1991): is a need to find new forms of innovation activity organization. • Behavior uncertainty reducing of the network participants, The solution to this problem is the innovation network, which which is characterized by the stability of the behavior especially in conditions of information and communication guidelines and rules and is reasoned by network self-regulation technologies’ development, globalization of world markets and the based on the plurality of communication links and common increased importance of implicit knowledge is the most promising purpose of the participants, and external institutional effects form of innovative activity implementation. of state innovation policy. • The availability of specific formal and informal norms and In the article, the mechanism of functioning of innovation networks rules of behavior, ensuring self-regulation of the network’s model is considered, ensuring maximum efficiency of innovative functioning. The positive effect of the behavioral stereotypes processes in the context of open innovations. on motivation of innovative activity is determined by the interest and voluntary participation of entities as well as by clear objectives, and transparency of cooperation in the 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS network. • The organizational form of the network, based on horizontal 2.1. The Methods of Study relationships of participants. In the process of the study general scientific methods of cognition, • Availability of the functions’ institution (limit function methods of statistical analysis, grouping and synthesis, abstract- is in exclusive access of its members to the existing logical, economic-statistical, economic-mathematical modeling resources, coordination function implies the existence of and forecasting were used. the guide pulse in the form of clear rules of behavior in this or that situation, the distribution function assumes 2.2. Informational Base of the Study an optimal reallocation of network resources due to a The information base of the study are the data of the official limited set of behavior rules). Specific from the point of statistical reporting on the enterprises’ activity in manufacturing view of institutional analysis is communication function industries of Russian economy, provided by the Federal State implemented by innovative network, which ensures the Statistics Service, the materials of overview and analytical articles diffusion of innovations based on information and resource published in the press. exchange between participants. In its turn, the efficiency of communicative function’s implementation is determined by 2.3. Stages of the Study the quality of exchange channels, which is characterized by The study was conducted in two stages: the magnitude of transaction costs, and the intensity of flows Stage