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Environmental Health Criteria 79 Dichlorvos

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Environmental Health Criteria 79 Dichlorvos Environmental Health Criteria 79 Dichlorvos Please note that the layout and pagination of this web version are not identical with the printed version. Dichlorvos (EHC 79, 1988) INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMME ON CHEMICAL SAFETY ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA 79 DICHLORVOS This report contains the collective views of an international group of experts and does not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policy of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, or the World Health Organization. First draft prepared by Dr. J. Sekizawa (National Institute of Hygienic Sciences, Japan) and Dr. M. Eto (Kyushu University, Japan) with the assistance of Dr. J. Miyamoto and Dr. M. Matsuo (Sumitomo Chemical Company) Published under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, and the World Health Organization World Health Orgnization Geneva, 1989 The International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) is a joint venture of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, and the World Health Organization. The main objective of the IPCS is to carry out and disseminate evaluations of the effects of chemicals on human health and the quality of the environment. Supporting activities include the development of epidemiological, experimental laboratory, and risk-assessment methods that could produce internationally comparable results, and the development of manpower in the field of toxicology. Other activities carried out by the IPCS include the development of know-how for coping with chemical accidents, coordination of laboratory testing and epidemiological studies, and promotion of research on the mechanisms of the biological action of chemicals. ISBN 92 4 154279 9 Page 1 of 115 Dichlorvos (EHC 79, 1988) The World Health Organization welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in full. Applications and enquiries should be addressed to the Office of Publications, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, which will be glad to provide the latest information on any changes made to the text, plans for new editions, and reprints and translations already available. (c) World Health Organization 1989 Publications of the World Health Organization enjoy copyright protection in accordance with the provisions of Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers' products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. CONTENTS ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA FOR DICHLORVOS 1. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS 1.1. General 1.2. Environmental transport, distribution, and transformation 1.3. Environmental levels and human exposure 1.4. Kinetics and metabolism 1.5. Effects on organisms in the environment 1.6. Effects on experimental animals and in vitro test systems 1.7. Effects on man 2. IDENTITY, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES, ANALYTICAL METHODS 2.1. Identity 2.2. Physical and chemical properties 2.3. Conversion factors 2.4. Analytical methods 2.4.1. Sampling methods 2.4.1.1 Food and feed 2.4.1.2 Blood 2.4.1.3 Air 2.4.2. Analytical methods 2.4.2.1 Analysis of technical and formulated dichlorvos products 2.4.2.2 Determination of dichlorvos residues 2.4.2.3 Confirmatory tests 2.4.2.4 Food 2.4.2.5 Blood 2.4.2.6 Air 2.4.2.7 Soil and water Page 2 of 115 Dichlorvos (EHC 79, 1988) 3. SOURCES OF HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE 3.1. Natural occurrence 3.2. Man-made sources 3.2.1. Production levels and processes 3.2.1.1 Worldwide production figures 3.2.1.2 Manufacturing process 3.2.2. Uses 3.2.3. Accidental release 4. ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSPORT, DISTRIBUTION, AND TRANSFORMATION 4.1. Transport and distribution between media 4.2. Biotransformation 4.2.1. Abiotic degradation 4.2.2. Biodegradation 4.2.3. Bioaccumulation and biomagnification 4.3. Ultimate fate following use 5. ENVIRONMENTAL LEVELS AND HUMAN EXPOSURE 5.1. Environmental levels 5.1.1. Air 5.1.2. Food 5.2. General population exposure 5.3. Occupational exposure during manufacture, formulation, or use 5.3.1. Air 6. KINETICS AND METABOLISM 6.1. Absorption 6.1.1. Human studies 6.2. Distribution 6.2.1. Studies on experimental animals 6.2.1.1 Oral 6.2.1.2 Inhalation 6.2.1.3 Intraperitoneal 6.2.1.4 Intravenous 6.3. Metabolic transformation 6.3.1. Metabolites 6.4. Elimination and excretion in expired air, faeces, and urine 6.4.1. Human studies 6.4.2. Studies on experimental animals 6.4.2.1 Oral 6.4.2.2 Parenteral 6.5. Retention and turnover 6.5.1. Biological half-life 6.5.2. Body burden 6.5.3. Indicator media 7. EFFECTS ON ORGANISMS IN THE ENVIRONMENT 7.1. Microorganisms 7.1.1. Algae and plankton 7.1.2. Fungi 7.1.3. Bacteria 7.2. Aquatic organisms 7.2.1. Fish 7.2.1.1 Acute toxicity 7.2.1.2 Short-term toxicity 7.2.2. Invertebrates 7.3. Terrestrial organisms 7.3.1. Birds 7.3.1.1 Acute oral toxicity Page 3 of 115 Dichlorvos (EHC 79, 1988) 7.3.1.2 Short-term toxicity 7.3.1.3 Field experience 7.3.2. Invertebrates 7.3.3. Honey bees 7.3.4. Miscellaneous 8. EFFECTS ON EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS AND IN VITRO TEST SYSTEMS 8.1. Single exposures 8.1.1. Domestic animals 8.1.2. Potentiation 8.2. Short-term exposures 8.2.1. Oral 8.2.1.1 Mouse 8.2.1.2 Rat 8.2.1.3 Rabbit 8.2.1.4 Cat 8.2.1.5 Dog 8.2.1.6 Pig 8.2.1.7 Cow 8.2.2. Dermal 8.2.2.1 Rat 8.2.2.2 Livestock 8.2.3. Inhalation 8.2.3.1 Experimental animals 8.2.3.2 Domestic animals 8.2.4. Studies on ChE activity 8.3. Skin and eye irritation; sensitization 8.4. Long-term exposure 8.4.1. Oral 8.4.1.1 Rat 8.4.1.2 Dog 8.4.2. Inhalation 8.4.2.1 Rat 8.5. Reproduction, embryotoxicity, and teratogenicity 8.5.1. Reproduction 8.5.1.1 Effects on testes 8.5.1.2 Effect on estrous cycle 8.5.1.3 Domestic animals 8.5.2. Embryotoxicity and teratogenicity 8.5.2.1 Oral 8.5.2.2 Inhalation 8.5.2.3 Intraperitoneal 8.5.3. Résumé of reproduction, embryotoxicity, and teratogenicity studies 8.6. Mutagenicity and related end-points 8.6.1. Methylating reactivity 8.6.1.1 In vitro studies 8.6.1.2 In vivo studies 8.6.1.3 Discussion of methylating reactivity 8.6.2. Mutagenicity 8.6.2.1 In vitro studies 8.6.2.2 In vivo studies 8.7. Carcinogenicity 8.7.1. Oral 8.7.1.1 Mouse 8.7.1.2 Rat 8.7.2. Inhalation 8.7.2.1 Rat 8.7.3. Appraisal of carcinogenicity 8.8. Mechanisms of toxicity; mode of action 8.9. Neurotoxicity 8.9.1. Delayed neurotoxicity Page 4 of 115 Dichlorvos (EHC 79, 1988) 8.9.2. Mechanism of neurotoxicity 8.10. Other studies 8.10.1. Immunosuppressive action 8.11. Factors modifying toxicity; toxicity of metabolites 8.11.1. Factors modifying toxicity 8.11.2. Toxicity of metabolites 8.11.2.1 Acute toxicity 8.11.2.2 Short-term exposures 8.11.2.3 Long-term exposure 8.11.2.4 Mutagenicity 8.11.2.5 Metabolism 9. EFFECTS ON MAN 9.1. General population exposure 9.1.1. Acute toxicity 9.1.1.1 Poisoning incidents 9.1.2. Effects of short- and long-term exposure 9.1.2.1 Studies on volunteers 9.1.2.2 Hospitalized patients 9.2. Occupational exposure 9.2.1. Acute toxicity 9.2.1.1 Poisoning incidents 9.2.2. Effects of short- and long-term exposure 9.2.2.1 Pesticide operators and factory workers 9.2.2.2 Mixed exposure 10. EVALUATION OF HUMAN HEALTH RISKS AND EFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT 10.1. Evaluation of human health risks 10.2. Evaluation of effects on the environment 10.3. Conclusions 11. RECOMMENDATIONS 12. PREVIOUS EVALUATIONS BY INTERNATIONAL BODIES REFERENCES WHO TASK GROUP ON DICHLORVOS Members Dr L. Albert, Environmental Pollution Programme, National Institute of Biological Resource Research, Veracruz, Mexico Dr E. Budd, Office of Pesticide Programs, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC, USA Mr T.P. Bwititi, Ministry of Health, Causeway, Harare, Zimbabwe Dr S. Deema, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Bangkok, Thailand Dr I. Desi, Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Szeged University Medical School, Szeged, Hungary Dr A.K.H. El Sebae, Pesticides Division, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt Dr R. Goulding, Keats House, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom (Chairman) Dr J. Jeyaratnam, National University of Singapore, Department of Social Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore (Vice-Chairman) Dr Y. Osman, Occupational Health Department, Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan Dr A. Takanaka, Division of Pharmacology, National Institute of Hygienic Sciences, Tokyo, Japan Page 5 of 115 Dichlorvos (EHC 79, 1988) Observers Dr N. Punja, European Chemical Industry, Ecology and Toxicology Centre (ECETOC), Brussels, Belgium Ms J.
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