DOCSLIB.ORG

A Comparative Analysis of Cnn and Al Jazeera's Coverage

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Comparative Analysis of Cnn and Al Jazeera's Coverage A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CNN AND AL JAZEERA’S COVERAGE OF THE PALESTINIAN- ISRAELI CONFLICT OF 2014 BY HALIMA SADIYYA ADAMU P13SSMM8011 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY ZARIA, IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE MASTER OF SCIENCE DEGREE IN MASS COMMUNICATION DEPARTMENT OF MASS COMMUNICATION, FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA OCTOBER, 2018 1 DECLARATION I declare that the work in this dissertation entitled A Comparative Analysis of CNN and Al Jazeera English Coverage of the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict of 2014 was written by me in the department of Mass Communication. The information derived from the literature has been duly acknowledged in the text and a list of references provided. No part of this thesis has been presented for the award of any form of academic qualification at this, or any other academic institution. _________________________ ________________________Halima Sadiyya Adamu Date P13SSMM8011 2 CERTIFICATION This dissertation entitled A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CNN AND AL JAZEERA‘S COVERAGE OF THE PALESTINIAN-ISRAELI CONFLICT OF 2014 by ADAMU HALIMA SADIYYA meets the regulations governing the award of the degree of Masters of Science (M.S.c Hons) in Mass Communication of the Ahmadu Bello University, and is approved for its contribution to knowledge and literary presentation. Mal. Usman Jimada ______________________ __________________ Chairman, Supervisory Committee Date Dr. Ibrahim Jimoh _______________________ __________________ Member, Supervisory Committee Date Dr. Mahmood Umar ________________________ __________________ Head of Department Date Prof. Sadiq Z. Abubakar _____________________ _________________ Dean, School of Postgraduate Studies Date 3 DEDICATION For my beloved late father, Mallam Sa‘idu Hassan Adamu (Paapa) who was always so proud of me. May Allah have mercy on his amazing soul and grant him Al Jannatul Firdaus, amen. 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENT Alhamdulillah! My utmost gratitude goes to Almighty Allah for keeping me alive and healthy to this day. Ya Allah, I cannot thank You enough. My profound gratitude goes to my parents late Mal. Sa‘idu Hassan Adamu and Haj. A‘ishatu Adamu Fada, for training, supporting and encouraging me. Indeed, my gratitude knows no bounds. Paapa, there is no one like you in this whole world, so I feel so lucky! Before you died, I used to be nervous whenever I came home from school because the first question you often asked was, ―how far have you gone with your project? When are you seeing your supervisors?‖ And so much more! And now, I won‘t even get the opportunity to present the work to you and have you flash me your I‘m-proud-of-you smile, but Allah knows best. You are the most selfless, complaisant, compassionate, simple, patient, considerate, forgiving, generous, hospitable, humble, responsible, intelligent (super genius), quiet man I have ever met, MaashaAllah! I feel so blessed to be having your genes and honoured to have called you my father and I‘m proud to say that I‘ll always be my father‘s daughter. Oh Paapa, I miss you every day. I never once thought there‘d come a day when I‘d refer to you in the past tense. May Allah in His infinite mercy pardon all your sins and grant you al Jannatil Firdaus, amen. And as for the strongest woman I know, an angel in the form of my mother, you are the best and you mean the world to me, mum. May Allah grant you long life in good health, ameen. I love you. To my supervisors, Mal. Usman Jimada and Dr. Ibrahim Jimoh, words cannot express how I really feel but I am deeply grateful for your constant advice, criticisms, time, even your comforting smiles. To my Baba, Prof. Suleiman Salau, I don‘t just call you Baba for nothing: you are indeed a father to me. I will never forget you. Here, I express my heartfelt gratitude to all my lecturers. Without them, I certainly cannot now boast of being a master‘s graduate. I feel blessed belonging to such a wonderful family: Yaya Mariya (Quincy/Mrs. BT), Hannatu (Gwaggo Hans), Bilkisu (‗Yar Billy/Queen Bee), Al Ameen (little bro), Abdulkadir, Umar and Anti Abu, thank you all for your support and encouragement, especially Billy who, despite living miles away, always asked, ―have you finished your thesis?‖ Alhamdulillah Billy, now I have! Khalti Mardy is saying a big thank you to her handsome cutie, Sa‘eed (Farhan/Twitat/Baba Karami/Tweety/Paapa‘s Big Man), for simply being there. May Allah bless you abundantly my little angel. To Quincy and little bro, thank you for driving me to school whenever the need arose! May Allah bless you guys. Gwaggo Hans, God Bless you for taking your time to correct the grammatical errors! I‘m really grateful sugar plum! To my grandparents late Alh. Adamu Fada and Haj. Hannatu Abba, I say thank you. May Allah have mercy on your soul Grandpa, amen. To my late best friend Safina, a once-in-a-lifetime kind of friend, if you were here now, you would have said, ―Madam, I really even didn‘t think you can manage do the masters, well done! I‘m proud of you. Better don‘t disgrace me with this certificate oo!‖ Oh Allah, have mercy on the soul of my late friend and grant her Jannatil Firdaus, amen. To My SJ, you and I know that words are never enough! 5 To my wonderful friends Aisha, Sa‘adatu, Chioma, Hannatu, Fatima, Zainab, Farida. Thank you all for the genuine support, encouragement, care and concern you showed throughout this journey. I really appreciate this. May Allah bless you all. To all my classmates of P13SSMM, I am very grateful for the various contributions you all made for the success of this amazing journey. Magdalene and Salomy, thank you. 6 ABSTRACT This study analysed the published broadcast transcripts of CNN International and Aljazeera English to find out if both news outlets had differences in their coverage of Palestinian-Israeli conflict of July 08th, 2014 to August 26th, 2014. This is because previous studies have revealed that there were inaccuracies and inconsistencies of news content by the international media on their coverage of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict over a long period of time and this hugely contributes to international indifference and inaction concerning the conflict. Specifically, the study sought to examine the differences in tone, depicting of victim and villain hood frames and citation of sources by CNN International and Al Jazeera English. Framing theory was chosen as the appropriate theory with specific focus on content bias. Content analysis was adopted to analyse the data collected. Findings show that both stations had contrasting tones, victim and villain hood frames and sourcing of information differences on their coverage of the 2014 Gaza war. The study concludes that CNN International was more balanced in citing of sources, but still adopted the general official Israeli/American tone of framing the Palestinians as villains and the Israelis as victims while Al Jazeera English adopted a defensive position, framing the Palestinians as victims and the Israelis as villains. Therefore, this study recommends among others that, both networks should strive to ensure that their reports are always balanced in tone, when depicting victims and villains of the conflict and also both Palestinian and Israeli sources should be cited. 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE…………………………………………………………….. i DECLARATION………………………………………………………… ii CERTIFICATION………………………………………………………. iii DEDICATION…………………………………………………………. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENT………………………………………………… v ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………… vii TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………. viii CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 GENERAL BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY…………………………. 1 1.2 PROFILE OF AL JAZEERA ENGLISH……….………………………… 8 1.3 PROFILE OF CNN INTERNATIONAL…….…………………………… 9 1.4 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM ……………………………… 10 1.5 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES……………………………………….. 11 1.6 RESEARCH QUESTIONS………………………………………. 11 1.7 JUSTIFICATION…………………………………………………… 12 1.8 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESEARCH…………………… 12 1.9 SCOPE………………………………………………….. 13 1.10 LIMITATION TO THE STUDY…………………………. 14 8 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………… 15 2.2 CONFLICT .……………………………………………………………… 15 2.3 MEDIA AND CONFLICT REPORTING………………………………….18 2.4 MEDIA COVERAGE OF PALESTINIAN-ISRAELI CONFLICT……… 31 2.5 REVIEW OF EMPIRICAL STUDIES……………………………… 32 2.6 DIRECTION OF MEDIA COVERAGE OF THE PALESTINIAN-ISRAELI CONFLICT…………………………………………………………………33 2.7 MEDIA FRAMING OF THE PALESTINIAN-ISRAELI CONFLICT… 34 2.8 MEDIA SOURCING PATTERNS ON THE PALESTINIAN-ISRAELI CONFLICT …..................................................................................................... 47 2.9 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK………………………………… 49 2.10 SUMMARY……………………………………................................... 51 CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY 3.1 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………. 52 3.2 RESEARCH METHOD………………………………………………. 52 9 3.3 INSTRUMENT OF DATA COLLECTION………………………. 52 3.4 INTERCODER RELIABILITY TEST……………………...……... ..…… 53 3.5 CONTENT UNIVERSE……………………………………………….. 53 3.6 DATA DESCRIPTION AND SOURCES………………………………… 53 3.7 UNIT OF ANALYSIS…………………………………………………….. 54 3.8 CATEGORIES AND MEASUREMENT………………………………. 54 3.9 METHOD OF DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION ……………………………………………………………………………… 55 CHAPTER FOUR DATA PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION 4.1 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………. 56 4.2 DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS………………………. 56 4.3 DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS…………………………………….. 60 CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………. 75 5.2 SUMMARY …………………………………………………………
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Hamas: Background and Issues for Congress
    Hamas: Background and Issues for Congress December 2, 2010 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R41514 Hamas: Background and Issues for Congress Summary This report and its appendixes provide background information on Hamas, or the Islamic Resistance Movement, and U.S. policy towards it. It also includes information and analysis on (1) the threats Hamas currently poses to U.S. interests, (2) how Hamas compares with other Middle East terrorist groups, (3) Hamas’s ideology and policies (both generally and on discrete issues), (4) its leadership and organization, and (5) its sources of assistance. Finally, the report raises and discusses various legislative and oversight options related to foreign aid strategies, financial sanctions, and regional and international political approaches. In evaluating these options, Congress can assess how Hamas has emerged and adapted over time, and also scrutinize the track record of U.S., Israeli, and international policy to counter Hamas. Hamas is a Palestinian Islamist military and sociopolitical movement that grew out of the Muslim Brotherhood. The United States, Israel, the European Union, and Canada consider Hamas a terrorist organization because of (1) its violent resistance to what it deems Israeli occupation of historic Palestine (constituting present-day Israel, West Bank, and Gaza Strip), and (2) its rejection of the off-and-on peace process involving Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) since the early 1990s. Since Hamas’s inception in 1987, it has maintained its primary base of political support and its military command in the Gaza Strip—a territory it has controlled since June 2007—while also having a significant presence in the West Bank.
    [Show full text]
  • United States District Court Eastern District of New
    Case 1:04-cv-02799-BMC-PK Document 542 Filed 02/26/09 Page 1 of 18 PageID #: <pageID> UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT EASTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK -------------------------------------------------------x COURTNEY LINDE, et al., Plaintiff, MEMORANDUM AND ORDER - v - CV-04-2799 (NG)(VVP) ARAB BANK, PLC, et al., Defendants. -------------------------------------------------------x PHILIP LITLE, et al., Plaintiffs, - v - CV-04-5449 (NG)(VVP) ARAB BANK, PLC, Defendant/Third Party Plaintiff. - v - BANK HAPOALIM, et al., Third Party Defendants. --------------------------------------------------------x ORAN ALMOG, et al., Plaintiffs, - v - CV-04-5564 (NG)(VVP) ARAB BANK, PLC, Defendant/Third Party Plaintiff, - v - BANK HAPOALIM, et al., Third Party Defendants. --------------------------------------------------------x ROBERT L. COULTER, SR., et al., Plaintiffs, - v - CV-05-365 (NG)(VVP) ARAB BANK, PLC, Defendant. --------------------------------------------------------x GILA AFRIAT-KURTZER, et al., Plaintiffs, - v - CV-05-388 (NG)(VVP) ARAB BANK, PLC, Defendant/Third Party Plaintiff, - v - BANK HAPOALIM, et al., Third Party Defendants. --------------------------------------------------------x MICHAEL BENNETT et al., Plaintiffs, - v - CV-05-3183 (NG)(VVP) Case 1:04-cv-02799-BMC-PK Document 542 Filed 02/26/09 Page 2 of 18 PageID #: <pageID> ARAB BANK, PLC, Defendant/Third Party Plaintiff, - v - BANK HAPOALIM, et al., Third Party Defendants. --------------------------------------------------------x ARNOLD ROTH, et al., Plaintiffs, - v - CV-05-3738 (NG)(VVP)
    [Show full text]
  • Democratizing the PLO
    PRIO POLICY BRIEF 03 2012 Visiting Address: Hausmanns gate 7 gate Hausmanns Address: Visiting NO Grønland, 9229 PO Box (PRIO) Oslo Institute Research Peace Democratizing the PLO Prospects and Obstacles - 0134 Oslo, Norway Oslo, 0134 Visiting Address: Hausmanns gate 7 gate Hausmanns Address: Visiting NO Grønland, 9229 PO Box War (CSCW) Civil of Study the for Centre While the PLO has been recognized both by the international commu- nity and by Israel as the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people, the organization remains undemocratic. Its leadership is not elected. The PLO represents the secular resistance groups of the past, - 0134 Oslo, Norway Oslo, 0134 not the political reality of today. In 2011, however, an agreement was reached between the main Palestinian political groups to hold elections for the PLO. It is planned that these elections will include all Palestini- ans, regardless of their location, in accordance with the principle of ful- ISBN: 978 ISBN: www.prio.no ly proportional representation. Recent Arab uprisings for democracy make regional conditions favourable for the holding of such elections. - 82 - 7288 Meanwhile, Western governments fear that the PLO could come to be - 408 dominated by Islamists who do not recognize the State of Israel. In the - 5 (online); (online); past, such considerations have discouraged the PLO from opening up 978 for democratic reforms. However, the fall of President Hosni Mubarak - 82 - in Egypt has acted as a warning to PLO leaders that sustaining an un- 7288 - 409 democratic and secular PLO could hit back with a vengeance. - 2 (print) Dag Tuastad Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO) The Legitimacy Crisis tation might be in the context of Palestinian Palestinian people at large.
    [Show full text]
  • Israeli Occupation Forces Attacks on Journalists 2020 Palestinian Centre for Human Rights Palestinian Centre for Human Rights
    Silencing the Press: Israeli Occupation Forces Attacks on Journalists 2020 Palestinian Centre for Human Rights Palestinian Centre for Human Rights Contents 4 Introduction 8 Legal Protection for Journalists under international humani- tarian law 11 Protection for press institutions and equipment 13 IOF’s violations against journalists working in local and inter- national media 13 I. Violations of the right to life and bodily integrity 27 II. Violence, assault, degrading and inhumane treatment against journalists 33 III. Detention and Arrests against Journalists 40 IV. Restrictions on the freedom of movement 2 Silencing the Press: Israeli Occupation Forces Attacks on Journalists 40 1. Journalists banned access to certain areas 41 2. Journalists banned travel outside the oPt 42 V. Media institutions raided, destroyed and shut 43 VI. Media offices bombarded and destroyed 43 VII. Newspapers banned in the OPT 44 Crimes without punishment 46 Conclusion and Recommendations 3 Palestinian Centre for Human Rights Israeli occupation forces (IOF) continued the systematic attacks 1 Introduction against local and international media personnel working in the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt) despite the protection that journalists, as civilians, enjoy under international law. IOF grave vi- olations against journalists include threats to their personal safety and attack on their equipment with live and rubber bullets, phys- ical and emotional assault, restrictions on the freedom of move- ment, bombardment of their office and other violations demon- strating a well-planned scheme to isolate the oPt from the rest of the world and to provide cover-up for crimes against civilians, and impose a narrative opposite to the reality on the ground.2 This is the 22nd edition of the “Silencing the Press” series issued by the Palestinian Center for Human Rights (PCHR).
    [Show full text]
  • Countering the Plunder and Sale of Priceless Cultural Antiquities by Isis
    PREVENTING CULTURAL GENOCIDE: COUNTERING THE PLUNDER AND SALE OF PRICELESS CULTURAL ANTIQUITIES BY ISIS HEARING BEFORE THE TASK FORCE TO INVESTIGATE TERRORISM FINANCING OF THE COMMITTEE ON FINANCIAL SERVICES U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED FOURTEENTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION APRIL 19, 2016 Printed for the use of the Committee on Financial Services Serial No. 114–83 ( U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE 23–891 PDF WASHINGTON : 2017 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Publishing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402–0001 VerDate Nov 24 2008 17:07 Aug 14, 2017 Jkt 023891 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 K:\DOCS\23891.TXT TERI HOUSE COMMITTEE ON FINANCIAL SERVICES JEB HENSARLING, Texas, Chairman PATRICK T. MCHENRY, North Carolina, MAXINE WATERS, California, Ranking Vice Chairman Member PETER T. KING, New York CAROLYN B. MALONEY, New York EDWARD R. ROYCE, California NYDIA M. VELA´ ZQUEZ, New York FRANK D. LUCAS, Oklahoma BRAD SHERMAN, California SCOTT GARRETT, New Jersey GREGORY W. MEEKS, New York RANDY NEUGEBAUER, Texas MICHAEL E. CAPUANO, Massachusetts STEVAN PEARCE, New Mexico RUBE´ N HINOJOSA, Texas BILL POSEY, Florida WM. LACY CLAY, Missouri MICHAEL G. FITZPATRICK, Pennsylvania STEPHEN F. LYNCH, Massachusetts LYNN A. WESTMORELAND, Georgia DAVID SCOTT, Georgia BLAINE LUETKEMEYER, Missouri AL GREEN, Texas BILL HUIZENGA, Michigan EMANUEL CLEAVER, Missouri SEAN P. DUFFY, Wisconsin GWEN MOORE, Wisconsin ROBERT HURT, Virginia KEITH ELLISON, Minnesota STEVE STIVERS, Ohio ED PERLMUTTER, Colorado STEPHEN LEE FINCHER, Tennessee JAMES A.
    [Show full text]
  • Dealing with Hamas
    DEALING WITH HAMAS 26 January 2004 ICG Middle East Report N°21 Amman/Brussels TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS................................................. i I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 II. HAMAS: ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT.............................................................. 4 A. ORIGINS................................................................................................................................4 B. TRANSFORMATION................................................................................................................5 C. ASCENDANCY .......................................................................................................................6 D. THE CHALLENGE OF OSLO ....................................................................................................8 III. HAMAS AND THE POLITICS OF VIOLENCE ..................................................... 10 A. ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE ...........................................................................................10 B. THE HAMAS CHARTER ........................................................................................................11 C. HAMAS AND THE TWO-STATE SOLUTION ............................................................................13 D. HAMAS AND THE USES OF VIOLENCE ..................................................................................16 IV. OPTIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS..................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Inclusion of Persons with Disabilities in Humanitarian Action. Case Studies Collection 2019
    CASE STUDIES COLLECTION 2019 Inclusion of persons with disabilities in humanitarian action 39 examples of field practices, and learnings from 20 countries, for all phases of humanitarian response 2 | Inclusion of persons with disabilities in humanitarian action Acknowledgements CBM International, Humanity & Inclusion (HI) and the International Disability Alliance (IDA) would like to thank all the contributors to this publication. Thanks go to the lead author and coordinator of the report, Tom Palmer (HI); the staff from CBM, HI and IDA who supported the drafting, coordination and finalization of the report, Elena Bertozzi (HI), Georgia Dominik (IDA) and Emma Pettey (CBM); as well as the members of the steering committee of the project, Priscille Geiser (IDA), Christian Modino Hok (CBM), Flavia Stea Antonini (HI) and Tushar Wali (CBM). Special thanks also go to those who have dedicated time to share their practices and learnings from field experience. Thanks to HI staff Sien Andries (global), Ghislaine Bujimbi (Democratic Republic of Congo, DRC), Raymond Wasanga (DRC), Tity Atumisi (DRC), Osama Hamdan (Palestine), Rafid Shikwana (Iraq), Marwa Mubarak (Jordan), Shaden Abdullah (Jordan), Yazan AL Jayyousi (Jordan), Shirin Kiani (Jordan), Marlee Quinn (Jordan), Yahoko Asai (Jordan), Jeroen Stol (Kenya), Rachel Temoi (Kenya), Marie Mabrut (Myanmar), Carissa Galla (Philippines), Menchie Lacson (Philippines), Idrissa Ccheifou (Niger) and Estelle Koudougou (Niger). Thanks to CBM staff Gordon Rattray (global), Alberto Tonon (global), Oliver Neuschäfer
    [Show full text]
  • Palestinian Refugees in Syria During the Syrian Civil War
    Teka Kom. Politol. Stos. Międzynar. – OL PAN, 2017, 12/1, 107–123 PALESTINIAN REFUGEES IN SYRIA DURING THE SYRIAN CIVIL WAR Marcin Szydzisz Institute of International Studies Faculty of Social Sciences University of Wroclaw Abstract: The article is an attempt to describe situation of Palestinian refugees during the Syrian Civil War. The author explains the attitude of the conflict’s main parties towards Palestinians. The paper also presents the stance of Palestinian parties (Hamas and PLO) and Palestinian refugees towards the Assad regime and rebels. Unfortunately, fights have been occurring in Palestinian camps, too (especially in the Yarmouk camp), so Palestinians are also victims of the conflict. Key words: Palestine, Palestinian refugees, Syria, Yarmouk camp During the 1948 war that established Israel’s existence, about 750,000 Arabs who had lived in Mandatory Palestine fled or were expelled from their homes. Almost 70,000 of them fled to Syria. They came mainly from the northern part of Palestine – Safad, Haifa, Acre, Tiberias, Nazareth and Jaffa. The majority of Palestinian refugees were settled along the border area with Israel. After the 1967 war, another 100,000 people, some of whom were Palestinian refugees, fled from the Golan Heights to other parts of Syria. According to UNRWA (the United Nation Relief and Works Agency for Palestinian Refugees) there are 560,000 registered Palestinian refugees1, almost three percent of the total Syrian population2. Some of these refugees lived in thirteen camps, nine of which are acknowledged by UNWRA (constituting about 30% of the Palestinian refugee population), while the other four camps are recognized only by Syrian govern- 1 http://www.unrwa.org/syria-crisis April 16, 2015.
    [Show full text]
  • Steve Tamari Shareholder Proposal (College Retirement Equities Fund)
    UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549 DIVISION OF May 10,2013 INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT Phillip T. Rollock Senior Managing Director and Corporate Secretary College Retirement Equities Fund 730 Third Avenue New York, NY 10017-3206 Re: College Retirement Equities Fund ("Fund") Shareholder Proposal of Steve Tamari Dear Mr. Rollock: In a letter dated March 22, 2013, you notified the staff of the Securities and Exchange Commission ("Commission") that the Fund intends to omit from its proxy materials for its 2013 annual meeting a shareholder proposal submitted by Steve Tamari in a letter dated January 14, 2013. 1 The proposal provides : THEREFORE, shareholders request that the Board end investments in companies that, in the trustees' judgment, substantially contribute to or enable egregious violations ofhuman rights, including companies whose business supports Israel 's occupation. There appears to be some basis for your view that the Fund may omit the proposal from the Fund's proxy materials pursuant to Rule 14a-8(i)(10) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, which permits omission of a proposal that has been substantially implemented. Accordingly, the Division of Investment Management ("Division") will not recommend enforcement action to the Commission if the Fund omits the proposal from its proxy materials in reliance on Rule 14a-8(i)(1 0). In reaching this position, we have not found it necessary to address the alternative bases for omission set forth in your letter. Because our position is based upon the facts recited in your letter, different facts or conditions or additional facts or conditions may require a different conclusion.
    [Show full text]
  • Zionist Exclusivism and Palestinian Responses
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Kent Academic Repository UNIVERSITY OF KENT SCHOOL OF ENGLISH ‘Bulwark against Asia’: Zionist Exclusivism and Palestinian Responses Submitted for the Degree of Ph.D. in Postcolonial Studies at University of Kent in 2015 by Nora Scholtes CONTENTS Abstract i Acknowledgments ii Abbreviations iii 1 INTRODUCTION: HERZL’S COLONIAL IDEA 1 2 FOUNDATIONS: ZIONIST CONSTRUCTIONS OF JEWISH DIFFERENCE AND SECURITY 40 2.1 ZIONISM AND ANTI-SEMITISM 42 2.2 FROM MINORITY TO MAJORITY: A QUESTION OF MIGHT 75 2.3 HOMELAND (IN)SECURITY: ROOTING AND UPROOTING 94 3 ERASURES: REAPPROPRIATING PALESTINIAN HISTORY 105 3.1 HIDDEN HISTORIES I: OTTOMAN PALESTINE 110 3.2 HIDDEN HISTORIES II: ARAB JEWS 136 3.3 REIMAGINING THE LAND AS ONE 166 4 ESCALATIONS: ISRAEL’S WALLING 175 4.1 WALLING OUT: FORTRESS ISRAEL 178 4.2 WALLED IN: OCCUPATION DIARIES 193 CONCLUSION 239 WORKS CITED 245 SUPPLEMENTARY BIBLIOGRAPHY 258 ABSTRACT This thesis offers a consideration of how the ideological foundations of Zionism determine the movement’s exclusive relationship with an outside world that is posited at large and the native Palestinian population specifically. Contesting Israel’s exceptionalist security narrative, it identifies, through an extensive examination of the writings of Theodor Herzl, the overlapping settler colonialist and ethno-nationalist roots of Zionism. In doing so, it contextualises Herzl’s movement as a hegemonic political force that embraced the dominant European discourses of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, including anti-Semitism. The thesis is also concerned with the ways in which these ideological foundations came to bear on the Palestinian and broader Ottoman contexts.
    [Show full text]
  • Positive Energy a Review of the Role of Artistic Activities in Refugee Camps
    UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES POLICY DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION SERVICE (PDES) Positive energy A review of the role of artistic activities in refugee camps Awet Andemicael PDES/2011/06 [email protected] June 2011 Policy Development and Evaluation Service UNHCR‘s Policy Development and Evaluation Service (PDES) is committed to the systematic examination and assessment of UNHCR policies, programmes, projects and practices. PDES also promotes rigorous research on issues related to the work of UNHCR and encourages an active exchange of ideas and information between humanitarian practitioners, policymakers and the research community. All of these activities are undertaken with the purpose of strengthening UNHCR‘s operational effectiveness, thereby enhancing the organization‘s capacity to fulfill its mandate on behalf of refugees and other persons of concern to the Office. The work of the unit is guided by the principles of transparency, independence, consultation, relevance and integrity. Policy Development and Evaluation Service United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Case Postale 2500 1211 Geneva 2 Switzerland Tel: (41 22) 739 8433 Fax: (41 22) 739 7344 e-mail: [email protected] internet: www.unhcr.org Printed in UNHCR All PDES evaluation reports are placed in the public domain. Electronic versions are posted on the UNHCR website and hard copies can be obtained by contacting PDES. They may be quoted, cited and copied, provided that the source is acknowledged. The views expressed in PDES publications are those of the author and are not necessarily those of UNHCR. The designations and maps used do not imply the expression of any opinion or recognition on the part of UNHCR concerning the legal status of a territory or of its authorities.
    [Show full text]
  • General Assembly Distr.: General 25 August 2008
    United Nations A/63/326 General Assembly Distr.: General 25 August 2008 Original: English Sixty-third session Item 67 (c) of the provisional agenda* Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights situations and reports of special rapporteurs and representatives Situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967 Note by the Secretary-General** The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly the report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, Richard Falk, submitted in accordance with Human Rights Council resolution 5/1. __________________ * A/63/150 and Corr.1. ** The present report was submitted after the deadline so as to reflect the most recent developments. 08-48988 (E) 260908 *0848988* A/63/326 Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied by Israel since 1967 Summary The present report, the first submitted by Richard Falk, examines the observance of international humanitarian and international human rights standards in the Palestinian territories occupied by Israel since 1967 during the period from January to mid-2008. It pays particular attention to the consequences of a prolonged occupation that has consistently ignored the directives of the United Nations with respect to upholding the legal rights of an occupied people. The report also takes note of the undertaking associated with the revival of the peace process at the Annapolis summit of December 2007, in particular the expectation that Israel would freeze settlement expansion and ease restrictions on movement in the West Bank.
    [Show full text]