PoS(ICRC2019)631 http://pos.sissa.it/ ∗ [email protected] [email protected] [email protected], [email protected] [email protected] [email protected], [email protected] [email protected] [email protected], [email protected] [email protected] Speaker. This paper describes four highby altitude members sites of in the southern SGSO Peruabove Alliance that 4000 (currently were m.a.s.l. the visited, SWGO in with March Collaboration).from access the 2019, to The closest water airport. sites resources Peruvian are authorities, and located localencourage are populations international and located collaborations universities to between offer consider support 1 these and to sites for 4 Astroparticle hours Observatories. drive ∗ Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative Commons c Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). 36th International Cosmic Ray Conference -ICRC2019- July 24th - August 1st, 2019 Madison, WI, U.S.A. Samridha Kunwar Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, D-69117E-mail: Heidelberg, Germany Walter Guevara Day Facultad de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad MayorE-mail: de San Marcos, Perú Fabian Schüssler IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France E-mail: Sayri Garcia Roca, Marco Zamalloa Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad delE-mail: Cusco, Perú Jorge Samanes, Luis Otiniano Comisión Nacional de Investigación y DesarrolloE-mail: Aeroespacial del Perú The University of Adelaide, Australia E-mail: Rolando Perca Gonzales, Jose Vega Ramirez Universidad Nacional de San Agustín deE-mail: Arequipa, Perú Jose Bellido Andres Romero-Wolf Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute ofE-mail: Technology, USA High Altitude Sites for Astroparticle Observatories in Peru PoS(ICRC2019)631 ], 4 Jose Bellido ]. The angular 2 ]. So, we present 6 ], of particular interest is 2 , 1 ], in the Southern hemisphere, have shown 3 1 shows the location of the four high altitude sites, Sibinacocha Lake in the Cusco re- 1 ], and currently there is a search for sites for the next generation TeV ground array Obser- 5 The sites of Sumbay and Imata are connected with the Matarani Port via a train line. This is The next generation of gamma-ray Observatories will need to increase its angular resolution The next generation of Cherenkov telescopes will be build in Chile by the CTA collabora- The Andes mountains traverse South America from North to South offering a range ofFigure high The Southern hemisphere is of particular interest for observations of the galactic region that The HESS observations are based on the Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Technique (IACT) [ gion, Sumbay and Imata in the Arequipain region, the and Moquegua the region. site for the Peruvian National Observatory convenient for transporting international shippingof of Sicuani, equipment which from is 2.5 the hours Matarani drivingvia Port. to train Sibinacocha line. The lake, is city also connected with the Matarani Port vatory, the “Southern Wide field-of-view Gamma-ray Observatory” (SWGO) [ and extend the energy range to lower andenergies, higher the energies. Observatory In has order to to cover extend atelescopes the sensitivity larger or to area, particle higher and detector to modules extend haveit to to is lower be energies also larger. the necessary For Cherenkov to the place case the of Observatory ground higher particle in detectors, altitude. tion [ altitude sites for Astronomy and Astrophysics Observatories.Peru We have and explored present sites from here Southern four sites that have access to water sources and access road. the center of our galaxy. Observations from HESS [ which perform observation only during nightdense time. array An of alternative TeV ground detection particle methodcollaboration, detectors. is using that This a technique operates has a beenresolution dense successfully of use ground ground by arrays array the iscontinuously HAWC in not and Sierra have as a Negra good much as wider inrange. field using Mexico of Cherenkov view, [ been Telescopes. it However, ideal it for studies operates of transients in the TeV in this paper a rangeconsidered of the possibilities possibility for of deploying aPeru the high that ground altitude is array located TeV at inside ground 4900 a array m.a.s.l. high Observatory. is altitude included We lake. in have this So, paper. 2. a lake Peruvian in high altitude sites are not possible to observe from Northern hemisphere Observatories [ High Altitude Sites in Peru 1. Introduction that the galactic plane radiates inwith the galactic TeV gas. range, possibly Furthermore, indicating numeroushave the interaction galactic been of TeV observed, cosmic sources rays which andgeneration some makes gamma-ray PeV it Observatories. candidate interesting sources to improve the sensitivity an resolution of next PoS(ICRC2019)631 Jose Bellido 2 Figure 2: Aerial view of Sibinacocha lake. Figure 1: The left hand sideright shows map the shows southern the Peru location indicating of thepaper. Peru location The in of map the South four also America high shows and altitudeand the the sites Imata map nearest presented are on cities in the right this with next airportSicuani to or (close a with to train a Sibinacocha hospital. line lake) that is The connected connect sites with them of the with Sumbay Matarani the port Matarani via port. train line. Also the city of High Altitude Sites in Peru PoS(ICRC2019)631 Jose Bellido (c) Accommodation ] and the approval process for the project of 7 3 (b) Phinaya village is property of the local University, (Universidad Nacional San Agustin de shows the location of both sites. 4 (a). Both are about 80 km long of unpaved road, but because of the characteristics 3 ]) and it is located next to the river Sumbay. It takes about 1.5 hours drive from 10 (a) Access to Sibinacocha The city of Cusco that has an airport connecting with the capital city , Lima, is about 1 hour There is a small town 10 minutes driving from Sibinacocha lake, this is the town of Phinaya. The sites of Sumbay (at 4200 m.a.s.l.) and Imata (at 4400 m.a.s.l) are located in the region of The Sumbay site Arequipa is the second city of Peru. There are frequent flights between Lima and Arequipa The Sibinacocha Lake is located in the Cusco Region, Canchis Province, Pitumarca District. Cusco is the most tourist city in Peru. There are frequent flightsThere are between two Lima access roads and to Cusco Sibinacocha lake, one via Pitumarca and the other via Sicuani as Arequipa [ driving to Pitumarca and aboutused 2 hours by driving tourists to visiting the the city of Rainbow Sicuani. Mountain The [ Pitumarca road is also It has a nursery andexcellent a source tourist for accommodation local that labour. can host up to about 152.2 people. Sumbay The and town Imata is an Arequipa. Figure Figure 3: (a) There areSicuani. two (b) access The road small to town Sibinacocha ofThere Lake, Phinaya is one is a via only tourist Pitumarca 10 accommodation minutes in and driving Phinaya. the from other the via Sibinacocha Lake. (c) paving the road is in a very advance stage. (almost every hour) and the flightat takes an a altitude of bit 2300 more m.a.s.l, than which an is hour. ideal Arequipa to is start conveniently getting located used to high altitude sites. Arequipa over a paved road in excellent conditions. of the road, the road viaPitumarca Sicuani road. is faster, it is about 2 to 2.5 hours driving, compared to 3 hours via The lake is situated atat a its height widest of point. approximately 4,900 metres, about 15.19 km long(almost and every 2.86 hour) km and them.a.s.l. flight There are takes many about alternatives one for accommodation hour. and for Cusco organizing is conferences. locatedseen in at Figure an altitude of 3400 High Altitude Sites in Peru 2.1 Sibinacocha Lake PoS(ICRC2019)631 Jose Bellido ], the Peruvian Space Agency, and the 8 indicate the size of 500m x 500m, which is the 4 4 (a)). The CONCYTEC (Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolo- 5 is located next to the Imata town, which is used as a stopping point for truck (b)). 5 ] offered their support to intermediate with government officials, Research Institutions and 9 In Arequipa, the local university (Universidad Nacional de San Agustin) offered to provide In Southern Peru, in the regions of Arequipa, Cusco and Moquegua, there are important min- There is high interest from local an national authorities to attract international scientific projects This is the southernmost site, it is located in the regionThe of port of Moquegua Ilo at is an about 3 altitude hours 4400 driving toThis the site site. is At under the site the there administration is of currently CONIDA some infras- [ The Imata site basic infrastructure if SWGO choosesUniversity. the Basic infrastructure site means, of electricity, internet Sumbay. androad, The good between access site main road of (there road Sumbay are and 2 iswith the km National property Sumbay of and of site, local the that governments if needs a work). different site Similar in deals Peru could ising be chosen. achieved companies. Mining companies pay special taxes that goes to local governments and local Universities (Fig. to be based in Peru.SWGO collaboration The (Fig. governor of the Arequipa region offered public land for the use of the agency is planning to build here the national facilities for Astronomical observations. 3. Support from Peruvian authorities, local populations and institutions gia) [ m.a.s.l.. The site is next toTacna. a There paved is road only in two excellent or conditions. three The flights nearest during airport the is day in between thetructure city Lima for of and accommodation. Tacna. 2.3 Peruvian National Observatory Figure 4: Map showing the sitessmall of squares Sumbay drawn and in Imata. the There Imata are lakes two lakes show available the in dimensions Imata. of The 500m x 500m. proposed size for the SWGO ground array. drivers. This site has two lakesIt and large also flat takes areas about that 1.5 cansquares also hours be drawn drive used inside from to the Arequipa extend the Imata over ground a lakes array. paved in road figure in excellent conditions. The High Altitude Sites in Peru PoS(ICRC2019)631 ). 6 ]. 13 Jose Bellido ]. For example, 11 ], President of the science and 8 (b) Meeting at CONCYTEC ], where the University and local authorities 10 5 ], Director of the Peruvian Space Agency [ 9 ]. These are standard funding programs, but the University is able to fund special 12 (a) Meeting at the University in Arequipa The “Alcalde” of the district of Pitumarca, which is the district where the Sibinacocha lake is in basic science one could apply1.5 to up 2 to years S/250k [ Peruvian soles (US$76k) per project to be spend in Figure 6: Inhabitantsdetectors of at the the Sibinacocha Sibinacocha region lake.authorities welcomed and The community the picture leaders. was possibility taken of next installing to SWGO the Sibinacocha lake with local universities. Universities can only spendUniversity the of money Arequipa distributes from the mining mining taxes tax in in a scientific series research. of funding The schemes [ projects, for example the University is currentlysustainability funding of a the multi-million water dollars resources, project to co-existence study of the agricultural and mining activities [ located, also offered complete support for installing“Alcalde” particle informed detectors the at locals the about Sibinacocha the Lake. SWGO project The and they welcomed this possibility (Fig. Figure 5: (a) Meeting at the University of Arequipa [ technology commission of the Congress and scientist from main universities in Lima. invited the SWGO collaboration to establishof in CONCYTEC Arequipa. [ (b) Meeting at CONCYTEC: President High Altitude Sites in Peru PoS(ICRC2019)631 ]. paved paved paved 6 Jose Bellido access road Conditions of Paved Cusco/Sicuani (2 hours) Unpaved Sicuani/Sibinacocha (2.5 hours) 4 hour 1 hour 1 hour 4.5 hour Driving to nearest airport 6 3 hours Driving to 2.5 hours 1.5 hours 1.5 hours nearest town -16 -16 -17 -13 Latitude (degrees) Table 1: Information Summary. 4400 4200 4400 4900 m.a.s.l. Altitude Site (lake and large Peruvian Sumbay Astronomy”, Space Science Reviews, Volume 75, Issue 1-2, pp. 1-15, (1996) 2019-1 investigaciones-en-ciencias-de-la-sostenibilidad Peru offers a range of possibilities for high altitude sites and thereBelow are is possibilities a for summary funding of the Peruvian sites that were visited by members of the SGSO Alliance, flat areas are available) Imata National Observatory Sibinacocha Lake [1] http://www.magic.iac.es [2] https://www.hawc-observatory.org [3] H.E.S.S Collaboration, “The H.E.S.S. Galactic plane[4] survey”, A&AWeekes, Volume Trevor 612, C., April “The 2018. Atmospheric Cherenkov Technique in Very High Energy Gamma-Ray [5] https://www.cta-observatory.org [6] https://www.swgo.org/SWGOWiki/doku.php [7] https://www.flashpackerconnect.com/region/rainbow-mountain [8] http://www.conida.gob.pe [9] https://portal.concytec.gob.pe/ References [10] https://www.unsa.edu.pe [11] http://vri.unsa.edu.pe [12] http://vri.unsa.edu.pe/proyectos-de-investigacion-basica-o-aplicada-en-ingenierias-o-biomedicas- [13] http://www.unsa.edu.pe/la-unsa-y-purdue-university-ee-uu-presentan-reporte-anual-de-avance-en- from the mining tax. a community of scientists that has recently been given rise to the SWGO collaboration [ High Altitude Sites in Peru 4. Conclusion