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Variations in Social Organization of Textile Production at the Household Level : Adaptive Strategies of Guatemalan and Peruvian

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Variations in Social Organization of Textile Production at the Household Level : Adaptive Strategies of Guatemalan and Peruvian VARIATIONS IN SOCIAL ORGANIZATION OF TEXTILE PRODUCTION AT THE HOUSEHOLD LEVEL: ADAPTIVE STRATEGIES OF GUATEMALAN AND PERUVIAN HIGHLAND ARTISANS Linda L. Chalmers B.A., Simon Fraser University THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of Sociology and Anthropology @ Linda L. Chalmers 1985 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY March, 1985 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. APPROVAL NAME : Linda L. Chalmers DEGREE : Master of Arts TITLE OF THESIS: Variations in Social Organization of Textile Production at the Household Level: Adaptive Strategies of Guatemalan and Peruvian Highland Artisans EXAMINING COMMITTEE: Chairman: Ian Whi taker MARILYN GATES SENIOR SUPERVISOR - --. - 1 8 MARY LEE STEARNS I I -- / PHILIP WAGNER EXTERNAL EXAKINER Dept. of Geography Simon Fraser University DATE APPROVED: March 27, 1985 PARTIAL COPYRIGHT LICENSE I hereby grant to Simon Fraser University the right to lend my thesis, project or extended essay (the title of which is shown below) to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. I further agree that permission for multiple copying of this work for scholarly purposes may be granted by me or the Dean of Graduate Studies. It is understood that copying or pub1 ication of this work for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Title of Thesis/Project/Extended Essay Variations in Social Organization of Textfle Production at the Household Level : Adaptive Strategies of Guatemalan and Peruvfan Highland ArtSsans Author: (signature) Linda Louise Chalmers Agril 15. 1985 (date) ABSTRACT / The thesis analyses variations in the social organization of textile handcraft production in the highlands of Guatemala and Peru, to illustrate household adaptations to the process of handwork within the contexts of industrialization and expansion of modern capitalism in rural areas. The objective i6 to emphasize how individuals organize their craft activities according to their household's needs which are seen in terms of regional resources and work alternatives constraining both household subsistence and craft activities. Guatemala and Peru are both renowned for their textile arts. Despite differences in the indigenous and Spanish colonial situations both regions have been subjected to Spanish conquest, European technology and ideology during the same historical period. A provincial town and smaller community were studied in each country to illustrate varying integration into the national economy in terms of market facilities and work alternatives. Ethnomethodology and participant observation of stickloom and footloom weavers from each location provided the basis for data collection during eight months' fieldwork. A "mode of production" framework was used as an organizational tool to analyse household units involved in commodity and non-commodity production. Comparative studies of craft production at the household level are important since handwork based on non-capitalist relations of production persists worldwide. Studies of the Industrial Revolution note the disappearance of household craft production in Britain due to the expansion of capital and wage labour relations of production in the factory system. More recent analyses of the impact of industrialization in third world countries, however, suggest that the demise of traditional domestic production is not inevitable under the specific conditions of dependent capitalism. This study confirms that simple commodity production not only persists but is encouraged by capitalist producers in Guatemala and Peru. everth he less, craft producers not directly subsumed as wage labourers are indirectly constrained by participation in a world market dominated by capitalism. More intensive, long-term studies of brokerage and how finances are redistributed within households will complement an articulation of modes of production approach by clarifying how production systems are connected to the social economy. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Special thanks to Dr Marilyn Gates who introduced me to fieldwork through the Simon Fraser University Field School, and as Senior Supervisor for continuing support, invaluable direction in thesis design and critical reading of my paper. Thanks to Dr M. Villasante of the Anthropology Department at Cuzco University, Peru, for introducing me to the isolated community of Urubamba, sharing the products of his research and making library and office facilities available. My gratitude to the individuals in both Guatemala and Peru whose friendship was essential to both successful field experiences and development of this thesis. Acknowledgement is due to Dr B. Gartrell for her directed reading on the mode of production articulation theory and to Dr M.L. Stearns for her welcome editorial suggestions and encouragement. Special thanks also to Jim Chalmers for familial support and shared field experiences, contributions of Guatemalan photographs, data entry and editorial work which have helped this project materialize. TABLE OF CONTENTS r Approval ..................................................... ii Abstract ....................................................iii Acknowledgements ..............................................v List of Tables .............................................viii List of Figures .............................................. ix I . Introduction ..............................................1 The Social Organization of Handcraft Activities ....... 1 In the Field: Scope of the Research ...................6 I1 . Changing Perspectives on Household Craft Production and Socio-Economic Conditions in Latin America ...............18 Peasant Studies ...................................... 18 ~heoriesof Social Change ........................... 26 Ethnographic Studies ................................. 41 111 . Guatemala .The Regional Context .......................46 The Land and its Resources ...........................47 ~istoricalBackground ................................54 Studies of the Western Highlands .....................68 IV . Commercial Textile Production in the Western Highlands of Guatemala .............................................79 Huehuetenango. An Urban Centre of Footloom Weaving ...79 Case Study One: The Guerrero Household ...............86 V . Production of Textiles for Household Use in Two Western Highland Communities of Guatemala ........................99 Colotenango: A Rural Stickloom Weaving Community .....99 Case Study Two: The Mendoza Household ...............103 Todos Santos. A Rural Stickloom Community Compared to Colotenango .................................. 117 Summary of Guatemalan Textile Producer Activities ...130 VI . Peru .The Regional Context ............................132 The Land and its Resources ..........................133 Historical Background ...............................139 Studies of the Southern Highlands ...................156 VII . Commercial Textile Production in the Southern Highlands of Peru ....................................... 165 Ayacucho: An Urban Centre of Footloom Weaving ....... 166 Case Study Three: The Martinez Household ............170 VIII . Production of Textiles for Household Use in a Southern Highland Community of Peru ..................... 183 Urubamba: An Isolated Andean Community .............. 183 Case Study Four: The Vargas Household ...............I89 Summary of Peruvian Textile Producer Activities .....202 IX . Household Textile Craft Production in Guatemala and . Peru: Constraints and Possibilities ..................... 203 Glossary .................................................... 221 Bibliography ................................................235 vii LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 1. Fieldwork Locations and Households Studied in Guatemala and Peru ............................... 12 2. Guatemalan Exports, 1978,1982 ........................ 51 , Peruvian Exports, 1977 .............................. 137 Summary of Textile Production in Four Household Studies ......................................... 206 Comparison of Textile Products of Four Household Studies ......................................... 214 viii LIST OF FIGURES F I GURE PAGE 1 . Map of Guatemala .................................. J .. 47 2 . Photo of Milpas. Todos Santos ........................ 49 3 . Vertical Zones in Guatemala: Locations of Communities studied ............................... 50 4. Ixchel. Mayan Goddess of Weaving ..................... 56 5 . Photo of Chichicastenango Elder ...................... 59 6 . Map of Huehuetenango Department ...................... 70 7 . Photo of Huehuetenango Street on Market Day .......... 83 8 . Factory Floor Plan ................................... 85 9 . Guerrero Workshop Floor Plan ......................... 89 10 . Guerrero Employee's Home Workspace ................... 91 11. Line Drawing of Footloom ............................. 92 12 . Photo of Colotenango Traje .......................... 101 13 . Photo of Market in Colotenango Plaza ................ 102 14 . Photo of Colotenango House .......................... 104 15 . Guatemalan Agricultural Cycle ....................... 108 16 . Line Drawing of a Backstrap or Stickloom ............ 110 17 . Photo of Warp Preparation
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