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Sekrety Run Z Rök. Pismo, Odczyty, Interpretacje 1 Sekrety Run Z Rök

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Sekrety Run Z Rök. Pismo, Odczyty, Interpretacje 1 Sekrety Run Z Rök Dysertacje Wydziału Neofilologii UAM w Poznaniu (Nowa seria) 9 Językoznawstwo Dominika Skrzypek Sekrety run z Rök. Pismo, odczyty, interpretacje 1 Sekrety run z Rök. Pismo, odczyty, interpretacje 1 Fot. 1. Kamień runiczny z Rök, tylna strona. (fot. Bengt A. Lundberg / Kulturmiljöbild, Riksantikvarieämbetet) 2 Dysertacje Wydziału Neofilologii UAM w Poznaniu 9 (Nowa seria) Językoznawstwo Dominika Skrzypek Sekrety run z Rök. Pismo, odczyty, interpretacje Poznań 2020 3 Projekt okładki: Wydawnictwo Rys Na okładce: Fragment fasady Biblioteki Wydziału Neofilologii UAM w Poznaniu Recenzja wydawnicza: dr hab. Witold Maciejewski, prof. Uniwersytetu SWPS Copyright by: Dominika Skrzypek Copyright by: Wydawnictwo Rys Redakcja Naukowa Dysertacji Wydziału Neofilologii UAM: Przewodniczący: prof. UAM dr hab. Dominika Skrzypek Wice-przewodniczący: prof. UAM dr hab. Marta Woźnicka Członkowie: prof. UAM dr hab. Sylwia Adamczak-Krysztofowicz prof. UAM dr hab. Barbara Łuczak prof. zw. dr hab. Piotr Muchowski prof. UAM dr hab. Wawrzyniec Popiel-Machnicki prof. UAM dr hab. Krzysztof Stroński prof. UAM dr hab. Janusz Taborek prof. UAM dr hab. Władysław Zabrocki Wydanie I, Poznań 2020 ISBN 978-83-66666-23-8 DOI 10.48226/dwnuam.978-83-66666-23-8_2020.9 Wydanie: Wydawnictwo Rys ul. Kolejowa 41 62-070 Dąbrówka tel. 600 44 55 80 e-mail: [email protected] 4 www.wydawnictworys.com Spis treści Wyjaśnienia skrótów ............................................................................................ 6 I. Wstęp ............................................................................................................. 7 1. Historia odkrycia inskrypcji ........................................................................... 8 2. Wcześniejsze polskie przekłady .................................................................. 12 3. Historia odczytów ........................................................................................ 13 4. Ranga inskrypcji .......................................................................................... 20 5. Przewodnik po książce ................................................................................. 20 II. Historia pisma runicznego ........................................................................... 25 1. Pochodzenie pisma runicznego .................................................................... 26 2. Ewolucja futharku ........................................................................................ 30 3. Szyfry runiczne ............................................................................................ 35 3.1. Szyfry substytucyjne ............................................................................. 35 3.2. Szyfry związane z nazwami run ........................................................... 37 3.3. Mylenie olbrzymów .............................................................................. 38 4. Przyczyny rozwoju futharku ........................................................................ 40 5. Podsumowanie ............................................................................................. 42 III. Oralność i piśmienność ................................................................................ 43 1. Piśmienność w kontekście futharku ............................................................. 44 2. Elementy oralne w tekstach pisanych .......................................................... 47 2.1. Formuły ................................................................................................. 47 2.2. Elementy poetyckie w inskrypcjach runicznych ................................... 49 2.3. Zagadki ................................................................................................. 54 2.4. Szyfry .................................................................................................... 57 3. Podsumowanie ............................................................................................. 58 IV. Odczyty i datacje .......................................................................................... 59 1. Runy inskrypcji na kamieniu z Rök ............................................................. 59 2. Kolejność odczytu ........................................................................................ 61 3. Odczyt .......................................................................................................... 62 4. Czas powstania inskrypcji .......................................................................... 112 5. Podsumowanie ........................................................................................... 116 V. Interpretacje ............................................................................................... 117 1. Kolejność odczytu ...................................................................................... 118 2. Funkcja formuły sakum ............................................................................. 125 3. Interpretacje tekstu inskrypcji .................................................................... 126 4. Paralele staroskandynawskie ..................................................................... 134 VI. Zakończenie ............................................................................................... 139 VII. Bibliografia ............................................................................................... 141 Literatura cytowana ......................................................................................... 153 Spis ilustracji .................................................................................................... 159 5 Wyjaśnienia skrótów W opisie gramatycznym tekstu inskrypcji posługujemy się przyjętymi skróta- mi dla oznaczenia wartości kategorii gramatycznych takich jak liczba, rodzaj i przypadek. Liczba: sg – liczba pojedyncza pl – liczba mnoga Rodzaj: m – męski f – żeński n – nijaki Przypadek: nom – mianownik acc – biernik dat – celownik gen – dopełniacz Czas: pres – czas teraźniejszy pret – czas przeszły 6 Kan nogon tage dette for virkeligt?! (Czy to istnieje naprawdę?!) – Sophus Bugge, podczas pierwszej inspekcji kamienia runicznego z Rök I. Wstęp Dla pamięci Vamoda stoją runy te.. Tak zaczyna się najdłuższa zachowana inskrypcja runiczna, spisana na kamieniu z Rök (Szwecja) prawdopodobnie w pierwszej połowie IX wieku, uchodząca za pierwszy zabytek północnogermańskiej lite- ratury, od prawie dwustu lat badana, odczytywana i interpretowana przez kolejne pokolenia runologów, archeologów, językoznawców i literaturoznawców. Pod względem treści i kunsztu pisarskiego, w tym różnorodności użytych do jej zapisu szyfrów, nie ma ona sobie równych. Spisano ją futharkiem, alfabetem runicznym, którym Skandynawowie posługiwali się od mniej więcej III do XIV wieku. Dzisiaj nie wiemy kim był upamiętniony w niej Vamod i jakie miał zasługi, dzięki którym jego imię przetrwało ponad tysiąc lat. Nie wiemy, kim był jego ojciec, Varin, który przeżył syna i postawił wspaniały monument dla zachowania jego pamięci. W Skandynawii, której społeczność posługiwała się pismem od kilkuset lat, lecz nadal w dużej mierze była społecznością oralną, Varin musiał być człowiekiem niezwykłym. Znajomość pisma wyróżniała go wśród współczesnych, zrozumiał też, że pismo zachowa pamięć o zmarłym potomku lepiej niż jakakolwiek inna dostępna mu forma jej utrwalenia. Inskrypcja runiczna na kamieniu z Rök niewątpliwie należy do światowego dziedzictwa piśmienności. Pozostaje względnie mało znana w Polsce, mimo rosnącego zainteresowania tekstami i językami skandynawskimi. Celem niniejszej publikacji jest przybliżenie tekstu polskiemu czytelnikowi, wraz z proponowanymi jego odczytami. 7 Ponieważ wiedza o piśmie runicznym i początkach skandynawskiej piśmienności nie jest w Polsce znacząca, zanim przystąpimy do analizy języka i treści tekstu przedstawimy pokrótce historię pisma runicznego, jego pochodzenie, rozwój i zakres użycia w okresie spisania tekstu na kamieniu z Rök. Ponadto poświęcimy nieco miejsca dyskusji nad definicją piśmienności i charakterystyce pierwszych tekstów, stanowią- cych pomost między dawną kulturą oralną o nowszą kulturą piśmienną Skandynawii. Po dokładnym przeanalizowaniu tekstu inskrypcji oraz proponowanych odczytów stricte językowych przedstawimy propozy- cje interpretacji całości tekstu. Czytelnika zainteresowanego tematem odsyłamy do umieszczonej na końcu książki bibliografii przedmiotu, w której znaleźć można dane bibliograficzne wszystkich publikacji, w których inskrypcja jest przedmiotem choćby fragmentarycznej ana- lizy, jakie ukazały się do 2013 roku. 1. Historia odkrycia inskrypcji Miejscowość Rök, w której kamień z inskrypcją odkryto i w której do dzisiaj można go podziwiać, leży w środkowej Szwecji, na rów- ninnym rolniczym terenie, niedaleko drugiego największego jeziora Szwecji, Vättern. Przez kilkaset lat kamień stał najprawdopodobniej na wzgórzu, gdzie był widoczny nawet ze znacznej odległości. W cza- sach kiedy go postawiono, ok. 800 roku, niewielu Skandynawów było piśmiennych, a słowo pisane wciąż stanowiło obcy element krajobrazu. Musiało przyciągać uwagę mijających je ludzi, szczególnie jeśli zaj- mowało tak wyeksponowane stanowisko. Wysoki na 2,5 metra kamień, dodatkowo podwyższony poprzez ustawienie na wzniesieniu, musiał na mijających go sprawiać niemal szokujące wrażenie. Taki efekt sło- wa pisanego w kulturze niepiśmiennej przyrównać można do gwałtu na czytelniku, niejako przymuszonym do obcowania ze słowem, które przybrało postać
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