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Wilhelm Ritter: Teacher of Maillart and Ammann Wilhelm Ritter: teacher of Maillart and Ammann Autor(en): Billington, David P. Objekttyp: Article Zeitschrift: Ingénieurs et architectes suisses Band (Jahr): 113 (1987) Heft 7 PDF erstellt am: 05.10.2021 Persistenter Link: http://doi.org/10.5169/seals-76366 Nutzungsbedingungen Die ETH-Bibliothek ist Anbieterin der digitalisierten Zeitschriften. Sie besitzt keine Urheberrechte an den Inhalten der Zeitschriften. Die Rechte liegen in der Regel bei den Herausgebern. Die auf der Plattform e-periodica veröffentlichten Dokumente stehen für nicht-kommerzielle Zwecke in Lehre und Forschung sowie für die private Nutzung frei zur Verfügung. Einzelne Dateien oder Ausdrucke aus diesem Angebot können zusammen mit diesen Nutzungsbedingungen und den korrekten Herkunftsbezeichnungen weitergegeben werden. Das Veröffentlichen von Bildern in Print- und Online-Publikationen ist nur mit vorheriger Genehmigung der Rechteinhaber erlaubt. Die systematische Speicherung von Teilen des elektronischen Angebots auf anderen Servern bedarf ebenfalls des schriftlichen Einverständnisses der Rechteinhaber. Haftungsausschluss Alle Angaben erfolgen ohne Gewähr für Vollständigkeit oder Richtigkeit. Es wird keine Haftung übernommen für Schäden durch die Verwendung von Informationen aus diesem Online-Angebot oder durch das Fehlen von Informationen. Dies gilt auch für Inhalte Dritter, die über dieses Angebot zugänglich sind. Ein Dienst der ETH-Bibliothek ETH Zürich, Rämistrasse 101, 8092 Zürich, Schweiz, www.library.ethz.ch http://www.e-periodica.ch CHRISTIAN MENN Ingénieurs el architectes suisses n" 7 26 mars 1987 Tableau 1. — Amplitudes maximales des variations de températures uniformes les ponts selon différentes sources. pour Bibliographie à Taa [°C] [1] J accoud, J.-P. Gradients de tempéra¬ dans les et Ponts en bétons Ponts mixtes Ponts en acier ture ponts. Ingénieurs architectes suisses, Lausanne, vol. 315-322. Grande-Bretagne [8] 51 59 75 108, n°23, 1982, pp. Grande-Bretagne [8] 47 - 66 Italie [9] 50 73 [2] Schuepp, M. Klimatologie der - 1 bis 12. Pologne [9] 59 — 91 Schweiz, Lufttemperatur, Teil Autriche 19] 56 — 84 Schweizerische Meteorologische 1960-1969. Hongrie [91 57 — 85 Anstalt, Zurich, Nos résultats 56 64 84 [3] Emerson, M. Bridge temperatures and movements in the British isles. ments des ouvrages. Elles ont été définies 3. Pour le positionnement des appareils Road research laboratory report LR à partir des températures extrêmes d'appuis, il faut tenir compte des 228, Crowthorne. Berkshire, 1968. de l'air; il s'agit donc également écarts entre la température effective [4] Capps, M. W. R. The thermal beha¬ de valeurs extrêmes le calcul des au cours de l'exécution de l'ouvrage et pour viour of the Beachley viaduct/Wye mouvements des ponts qui ne nécessitent la température moyenne T,„ du lieu. bridge. Road research laboratory pas d'être amplifiées par un La température de l'air, au cours des report LR 234, Crowthorne, Berkshire, 1968. facteur de charge. différentes étapes de l'exécution de 2. Dans la mesure où le format de la l'ouvrage, n'étant a priori pas connue [5] Emerson, M. Bridge temperature esti¬ norme indiquera des valeurs nominales avec précision, on peut s'imaginer que mated from the shade temperature. de charges, à multiplier par un des marges supplémentaires, notamment Transport and road research laboratory LR facteur pour la vérification de la sécurité, pour les dimensions des plaques report 696, Crowthorne, Berkshire, 1976. les valeurs nominales correspondant d'appuis, sont nécessaires pour couvrir aux amplitudes des températures cette incertitude. [6] Emerson, M. Extreme values of uniformes des ponts pourraient être, si le 4. Les variations de la température uni¬ bridge temperatures for design purposes. facteur est égal à 1,4: forme des ouvrages traitées dans cet Transport and road research laboratory report LR 744, — les ponts en béton : article ne sont qu'un aspect des effets pour Crowthorne, Berkshire, 1976. T„ ±20°C; de la température sur les constructions. — pour les ponts mixtes: Le gradient thermique qui se [7] Black, W., Moss, D. S., Emerson, r,„±23°C; développe simultanément dans les M. Bridge temperatures derived from measurement of movement. Transport — les acier: doit être pris en pour ponts en ouvrages également and road research laboratory les T„, ± 30°C. compte, particulièrement pour report LR 748, Crowthorne, Les valeurs nominales ci-dessus vérifications à l'état de service. Des Berkshire, 1976. correspondent fortuitement à des valeurs informations au sujet des gradients de [8] BS 5400. Part 2. 1978. Steel, concrete car le entre les températures dans les ponts et sur moyennes, rapport and composite bridges — Specification amplitudes de températures maximales la manière de les considérer dans for loads. British Standards Institution, et moyennes de l'air est également le dimensionnement sont contenues 1978. de 1,4. Ces valeurs nominales ont une dans la référence [1]. Union internationale des chemins d'occurrence de [9] probabilité 50%; de fer, Sous-commission des ponts. c'est-à-dire que sur une période de Effets des changements de températures. Adresse des auteurs: 2 ans, les températures moyennes Rapport du groupe d'étude Jean-Paul Lebet minimales et maximales des ouvrages 7/J/8. UIC, Utrecht, décembre 1978. Ing. dipl. EPFL/SIA être atteintes. Dans ce peuvent cas, Jean-Claude Badoux, professeur [10] Norme SIA E 160. Actions sur les elles peuvent être considérées comme Ecole polytechnique fédérale structures, projet soumis en consultation. valeur d'accompagnement au sens du de Lausanne Société suisse des ingénieurs et ICOM — Construction métallique 1985. projet SIA 160 mis en consultation des architectes, Zurich, janvier 1015 Lausanne [10]. Wilhelm Ritter : Introduction Teacher of Maillart and Ammann1 This paper seeks to make the contemporary structural engineering profession aware of a 19th century tradition of education which has been almost lost. by David P. Billington2, Princeton (USA) That educational tradition possessed ideas which do not go out of date and This paper was first presented at the Convention of the American Society of Civil which can stimulate a healthy review Engineers in Boston, April 1979, in a session honoring Othmar Ammann ; it was of present research and teaching in later presented in June of 1980 at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in structural engineering. Zurich at the request of Professor Christian Menn, who himself stands in the same A good case can be made for the tradition begun by Professors Culmann and Ritter. The paper was first published in judgment that the two greatest bridge the "Journal" of the Structural Division of the American Society of Civil designers of the 20th century were Engineers, Vol. 206, No. ST5, May 1980, pp. 1103-1116 and is reprinted by permission. Robert Maillart (1872-1940) using concrete and Othmar Ammann (1879-1965) using steel. It is a remarkable fact that both had the same Swiss educational 1 Presented at the April 2-6,1979, ASCE Convention and Exposition and Continuing Education and the same professor Program, held in Boston, Mass. background even 2Prof, dept. of Civ. Engrg., Princeton Univ., Princeton, N.J. for bridge design : Wilhelm Ritter (1847- 94 CHRISTIAN MENN Ingénieurs et architectes suisses n" 7 26 mars 1987 1906). It thus seemed of interest to sciences. This clear division originated and Culmann were of most significance explore the career ofthat late 19th century at least in part with the ideas that to the education of Maillart and academic to recapture something of engineering was a new subject, that its content Ammann. his teaching and research, especially that was barely if at all connected to In addition to having the advantage of part which may have influenced his two subjects taught in the universities, and coming later the new school had the even distinguished students. From documentation that its new subjects were closely greater benefit of being a national institute, already published, it can be stated connected to the new prosperity of an the only one of its kind in Switzerland that Ritter had a powerful and lasting emerging industrial economy. The and thus a unifying symbol. Not influence on Maillart's career [l]3. symbols of something new, something only could it attract, thereby, the highest Professor Fritz Stüssi in his book on different, and something useful also quality of faculty into the country but it Ammann also emphasized the significance made the technical school seem to early could serve as a new center of cultural of Ritter and even reproduces 19th century governments symbols of a unity. At the opening ceremonies on some of his early work on suspension national future. October 15,1855, the first president of the bridges [2]. Because it seems correct to Thus, when the new federal government board of regents for the new institute, credit Ritter with direct influence, the in Bern tried to establish two institutions, Senator Johann Konrad Kern (1808-1888) substance of this present paper is to it found two different responses. spoke of how this type ofinstitute needed characterize that influence by briefly There was no major objection to an to bring together harmoniously Switzerland's sketching first the engineering tradition engineering school, but to a new federal different traditions of locality, of within which Ritter studied, second his university there arose strenuous dissent nationality, and of faith ([4], p. 234). own career as a teacher and researcher in from the cantons which already had Recalling clearly
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