369

Index

100 percent reserve requirement monetary -saving 220, 223-224, 228-229, 231, system (100%RRMS) x, 322-323, 327 292, 297 Binary 236, 240, 244 A Bretton Woods Institutions 77 accumulated quantity of output 147 C ad infinitum 119, 298-299 Aggregation 20, 36, 51-52, 93-94, 113, Capitalization 58, 237-239, 311-312, 336 120-121, 123-124, 129-131, 133-134, Cash-flow 45, 126, 237 141, 176, 202, 206, 212, 224, 226, Categorical imperative 51 230, 239, 250, 257, 261-262, 269, 18, 20, 53, 77-78, 84, 86-87, 271-276, 278-279, 290-292, 301, 328, 89, 165, 265, 294-295, 298-299, 301, 343-344 307-309, 315-324, 326, 329, 331 allocation 17, 38-39, 106-107, 116-118, ceteris paribus 68, 178 123, 125, 127-128, 164, 184, 195, circular causation method 10, 23-25, 27, 197-198, 222-223, 228-230, 233-234, 40-41, 54-55, 65, 72, 74-76, 80, 236, 239-241, 243, 251, 270 83-84, 88, 91, 124, 134, 141-142, a posteriori 47, 56, 114, 149, 156, 160, 221 148-149, 154, 163, 166, 174, 177-181, a priori 45, 47, 56, 58, 114-115, 148-149, 186, 193, 204, 207-208, 212-215, 242, 152-153, 156, 160, 168, 221 248-250, 253, 256-260, 263, 266, of Economics 70, 92-93, 268-269, 272-273, 275, 277, 279, 285, 262, 300-301 308, 314-316, 328, 331, 333, 337-338, 342-343, 345 B Competition 13, 18, 23-24, 37-38, 41, 101-102, 105, 107-108, 110, 112, Banking 16-21, 23-25, 32, 49-50, 52, 55, 115-118, 121-122, 127, 144, 156-157, 57-58, 69-70, 72, 78-79, 86-87, 89, 160-161, 167, 177, 193-195, 197-198, 95-97, 100, 105, 110, 123, 130, 133- 225, 230, 232, 235-236, 239, 242-243, 134, 143, 155, 160, 164-165, 167-168, 251, 259, 263, 270, 274, 277, 289, 183-184, 191-192, 198, 202, 206, 210, 295, 325, 342 226, 230, 235, 261-262, 280-281, 286, Complexity 2, 4, 11-12, 14, 29, 39, 41, 304-305, 307, 315, 320, 323, 325, 103, 107, 131, 149, 169, 195-198, 330, 333-335, 340, 342-343 201, 214, 243, 276 Index connaissance 279 Development-financing instruments 176, Consciousness 4, 11-15, 21, 23, 36, 39-40, 331, 336, 344 43-45, 54-57, 68, 71, 80-81, 84, 101- dialectics 3, 5-6, 9, 15, 27, 221, 296, 298- 103, 108-111, 115, 117, 124, 135-136, 301, 305 150-151, 154, 158, 161, 167, 173-175, Difference Principle 51-52, 115-120, 197 182, 215, 221-222, 225, 228, 230, discount-rate indeterminacy 312 232, 241-242, 253, 261, 266, 272, discursive society 84, 101, 106, 117-118, 279, 301, 343, 347 128-129, 147, 228-229, 242, 279 consciousness and responsibility (CSCR) disequilibrium condition 294 167, 173-175, 343 13, 17, 38, 51, 55, 57, 66, 70, Consequentialist 101-102, 109 74, 104, 115, 117-118, 124, 126-127, Continuity 6, 11, 13-16, 18, 20, 31, 41-42, 129, 132, 141, 147, 193, 197, 222, 44-46, 48-49, 54, 76, 83-84, 99, 125, 233, 237, 241, 243, 296 128, 144-146, 149, 152, 155, 158, distributive equity 37, 95, 116, 118-119, 161, 163, 167, 196, 201, 250, 252- 164, 263, 265 254, 259, 263, 297-299 continuums 10, 12-14, 19-20, 25, 27, E 33, 35-36, 40-42, 56-57, 76, 80, 85, 134-135, 142, 144-146, 152-153, 155, Economic growth 38, 84, 93, 123, 211, 157-158, 239, 252-254, 260, 263, 314 220, 224-225, 265, 275, 283, 295 contractarianism 101-102, 137, 210 economic stabilization 107, 292-294 convoluted network value 283 Economic theory 4, 9, 13, 24, 30, 38-39, Cooperation 37, 60, 88, 97, 110, 115-118, 44, 60, 67-69, 80, 92, 95-96, 103-104, 121, 166-167, 194, 198, 229, 325, 331 106-107, 117, 126, 130-132, 139, 193, Corporate Social Consciousness and 197, 212, 227, 229, 233-235, 246, Responsibility (CSCR) 167, 173-175, 261, 303, 311 343 Efficiency 38, 105, 115-119, 132, 157, Cost-benefit 109-110, 126 164-166, 173-181, 184, 187, 192-193, Cybernetics 5, 9, 12, 24, 26, 48, 55, 57-58, 195-202, 205-206, 210, 215, 232, 261, 103, 111, 114, 134, 136, 145-147, 265, 286, 299, 305, 311, 343 149, 165, 174, 203, 235, 244, 252, Eighteenth Century Enlightenment 3, 8 256, 277, 279, 308-309, 313-315, 324, embedded economy 6, 9, 36, 42, 54, 107- 332, 337-340, 342, 344-346 108, 114, 130, 156, 203 cybernetic possibility 345 Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP) cybernetic view 5, 315 238 Empowerment 13, 54-55, 70, 79, 146, 225, D 231, 235, 241, 243, 263, 266-267, 314, 344 Darwinism 4-5, 7, 9, 15, 41, 43, 48, 80, endogeneity 9, 14, 17-19, 21-24, 37-38, 101-102, 111, 127, 160-161, 230 40-41, 55-58, 74, 77-78, 81-82, 89, Data Enveloping Analysis (DEA) 175 93, 100, 106-107, 112, 114, 130-131, dead in the past 129 133, 135, 147-148, 156-157, 164, Deductive 5-6, 46, 68, 103, 152, 154, 156, 170-171, 174-178, 180-182, 193-194, 160-161, 164, 221, 253-255, 257-259, 199-201, 203, 205-206, 215, 224-225, 265, 277 227-228, 230-233, 235, 238, 240-241, Deontology 9, 21, 52, 55, 57, 101-102, 253, 261-263, 265-266, 268-269, 271- 132, 182, 215 272, 275, 279, 284, 309, 312, 314, depositor instrument (D) 180 323, 326-327, 337, 342, 345

370 Index

Endogenous ethics 135, 156, 205, 240 F Endogenous growth theory 17, 176 Entitlement 13, 37, 54-56, 70, 147, 197, factor interrelationships 290 212, 225, 235, 241, 306 financial instruments 18-20, 23, 52, 55, 70, episteme 4-8, 10-11, 13-16, 18-21, 23-27, 74, 77, 86-88, 95, 99, 121, 149, 153, 31-36, 39-42, 44-49, 52-58, 68, 71, 180, 201, 209, 222-223, 248-249, 285, 74-76, 80, 84-85, 88, 93, 95, 98, 100, 287, 304, 308, 310, 317-318, 320, 328 102, 107, 112-117, 123-125, 127-128, financial instruments (F) 180 131, 133, 135-136, 143, 145-149, fiscalism 52-53, 92, 130, 165, 249, 262- 151-168, 171, 177, 182, 201, 203-204, 263, 265-266, 269, 272, 275-276, 209, 213, 215, 222, 226-227, 231-233, 279, 281, 283, 294-295, 304, 331, 235-236, 242, 248-254, 257-259, 261, 342-343, 345 263, 267, 269, 272-273, 275, 277-279, Fixed Point Theorem 260-261, 345 285, 298, 304, 307-308, 314, 332, Friedman, Milton 39, 50, 61, 90, 92, 96, 337-345 240, 244, 259, 269-271, 276, 281, epistemology 1, 7-10, 27-28, 32, 36, 47-49, 292, 294-295, 300, 305, 321, 334 59-60, 62, 69, 71, 75, 83, 88, 96, 100- Friedman’s condition 292 101, 103, 107, 113-114, 125, 129, Full-employment 91-92, 220, 224, 250, 132, 134-135, 146, 148, 152, 157, 286, 292-293, 297, 302, 304 160-161, 169, 212, 219-220, 222, 226, functional ontology 9, 11, 20, 34, 40-41, 230, 244, 251-253, 255, 259-260, 263, 46, 51, 53, 55-56, 64, 143, 155, 158, 266, 277, 279-280, 314, 324-325, 331, 161, 215, 308, 314, 324, 336 333, 339-345, 348 fuzzy consequences 175 equity participation (Musharakah) 149, 153, 202, 310-311, 326 G ethico-economic performance 180 Global currency exchange 69 European Monetary Union 88 Globalization 38, 61, 95, 105, 167, 246, evolution 4-6, 10-21, 23, 25, 27, 31, 36, 295 41-45, 49, 51, 54-57, 61, 65, 69-70, God and the world-system 156, 339, 345 72, 78, 80-85, 91, 95, 100, 103, 108, God-consciousness 346 111-112, 115, 118, 124, 128, 135, gold-consciousness 346 137, 141-142, 146-147, 149, 151-154, Gold standard 50-51, 70, 77-78, 80, 86-90, 157, 159, 166-167, 174, 181, 194, 134, 164, 308, 321, 323, 325, 327- 213, 221-222, 231, 235, 242, 244, 329, 334 248-257, 260-264, 269, 273, 275-276, Governance 22, 27, 173, 195, 232, 238, 278, 280, 284-285, 295-296, 298-299, 267, 323, 343 301, 314, 333, 337-338, 341, 345, 348 grassroots development 279 evolutionary equilibriums 15, 49, 80, 255- Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) 325 256, 260 Gulf Cooperation Council region (GCC) Exchange rate 76, 223, 310, 327 88 exogeneity 8-9, 13-14, 16, 18, 36, 38, 89, 100, 102, 104, 106-107, 115, 119, 121, 123, 136, 150, 152, 157, 174, H 182, 194, 200, 224-225, 232-233, 235, Hereafter 15, 84-85, 98, 106-108, 156-158, 238, 240, 253-254, 259, 265-266, 182 272, 278, 324 Heteronomy 47, 56, 114, 148-149, 156, Export 23, 67, 90, 227, 327 221

371 Index

Historicism 162-163 interactive, integrative, and evolutionary Human resource development 21, 66, 130, (IIE) 19-21, 23, 25, 43, 45, 55-57, 78, 166, 235, 265, 269 84, 103, 149, 152, 255, 284 hyperinflation 81, 294 rate 50-51, 55, 58, 65, 70, 79, 85, 89-90, 92, 105, 219-220, 223-226, I 228, 231, 234, 236-237, 240, 242- 243, 250, 256-257, 270, 274, 278, Iman 144 283-284, 286-287, 292-293, 297, 302, Import 67, 324 304, 308, 311-312, 315, 318, 323-324, inadequate income 243 328, 331, 336, 344 individualism 13, 18, 22-24, 34, 38, 41, interest (riba) 18, 22, 50-55, 57-58, 65, 70, 48, 101-102, 107-108, 110, 112, 117, 73-74, 78-79, 81-82, 85-86, 89-90, 120-123, 131, 148, 157, 161, 184, 92-93, 95, 98-99, 105, 121, 134, 155- 227, 231-232, 235-236, 239, 242, 263, 156, 160, 167, 182, 219-220, 222- 274, 277, 325, 331, 342 228, 231-234, 236-243, 246, 248-251, methodological 13, 18, 22-24, 41, 256-257, 269-271, 273-274, 276, 278, 48, 101-102, 107-108, 110, 112, 117, 280, 283-284, 286-287, 292-297, 301- 120-123, 131, 148, 157, 161, 184, 302, 304, 307-315, 318, 320, 323-326, 227, 231-232, 235, 239, 242, 263, 328, 331, 334, 336, 338, 344 274, 277, 325, 331, 342 intertemporal framework 129 Inductive 5-6, 68, 103, 152-154, 156, intertemporal idea 57 160-161, 215, 221, 253-255, 257-259, intertemporal sense 72, 74, 243 265, 277 Intra-generational 126-127 rate 310 inverse relationship 53, 86, 147, 223, 308 inflation sensitivity 302 Islam 2, 33, 40, 50, 59-61, 63, 71, 78-79, Input-output 19, 177, 192-193, 205 82-83, 85-86, 88-89, 95-97, 101, 105, Institutional 19, 21, 24, 49, 52, 55-56, 59, 109-110, 136-138, 142-147, 149, 66, 78, 80, 82, 95, 100, 103, 105-106, 151-153, 155-157, 159, 161-171, 180, 129, 135, 147-149, 153, 155-156, 164, 183-184, 187, 191-192, 194, 198-204, 166, 168, 171, 180, 182, 194-196, 206-210, 212-214, 244, 252-253, 260- 198-203, 209-210, 213, 241, 248-249, 262, 277, 279-280, 285, 305, 308-318, 258, 261, 263, 266-268, 272, 276-278, 322, 324-326, 328-336, 339, 342-344, 294, 298, 308, 327, 331-332, 343 346, 348 integration 9-12, 14, 17-21, 23, 25, 31, Islamic banking 105, 142-145, 147, 149, 40-45, 54-57, 78, 83-84, 88, 91, 103, 151-152, 155, 164-165, 167, 198-199, 106, 128, 135, 146-147, 149, 152-154, 203-204, 207-209, 213, 261, 325-326 174-177, 231, 242, 250, 254-255, 259, Islamic Bank Muamalat 144, 155 268-269, 273, 284-285, 314, 321, 327, Islamic Development Bank Annual Re- 337-338, 341-342 ports 88, 310 integrative methodological worldview 12 Islamic economics and finance 59, 96-97, interaction 9-11, 13-14, 16-21, 23, 25, 31, 143, 156-157, 161-162, 164, 166-167, 39, 41-45, 47, 51, 54-57, 78, 83-84, 169, 212, 244, 261-262, 277, 280, 91, 102-103, 105-107, 110-111, 120, 311-312, 333-334, 336, 342-344, 346, 124, 126, 128, 132, 144-149, 151-154, 348 167, 170, 174-177, 182, 193, 195, Islamic law, see Shari’ah 61, 83, 97, 105, 201, 228, 231, 242, 250, 254-255, 109, 143, 192, 194, 198-199, 201-204, 265, 267-269, 273, 284-285, 298, 302, 206, 209-210, 213, 252-253, 335, 342 309, 314, 335, 337-338, 341

372 Index isoquants 193-194, 199 Micro-foundation 93, 165, 261, 275, 279, 302, 342-343 J Micro-money ix, 20, 271-273, 276, 283, 290, 317-319, 328-330, 334, 337-338 Joint financial production function 178 Militancy 144, 157 Judaeo-Christian 2 Millennium Development Goals 235, 245 Judaeo-Christian West 2 modernism 5-6, 36, 38, 43, 240, 277 89-90, 95, 249, 266, 276, 279, K 294, 302, 304 Kelsonian economics 238 monetary valuation 78-79, 291 91-93, 223-224, Money-Commodity-Money (MCM) 74 249-250, 265, 293-296, 302, 306 monotheism 1-2, 8, 26-27, 32-37, 46-48, Knowledge, time, space 41 50-53, 55-56, 58, 100, 114, 125, 132- 136, 143, 145, 152, 154-155, 157, L 167-168, 222, 226-227, 230, 235, 252-254, 260, 263, 266, 277, 279, learning equilibriums 14, 80, 85, 142, 259, 314, 324-325, 331-332, 339-343, 345 280, 333, 337-338, 345 monotheistic law 1-2, 26-27, 32-34, 36-37, Life-fulfillment 84, 125, 219, 235 46, 48, 51-53, 56, 58, 100, 125, 132- logical positivism 6, 111, 240 136, 143, 145, 154-155, 167-168, 222, longue durée 23, 74, 76 230, 235, 252-254, 260, 263, 279, 314, 325, 331, 339-342, 345 M Monotheistic law 1-2, 26-27, 32-34, 36-37, macroeconomics 61, 92-93, 113, 130, 165, 46, 48, 51-53, 56, 58, 100, 125, 132- 211, 224, 227, 261-262, 265, 268, 136, 143, 145, 154-155, 167-168, 222, 276, 278, 280-281, 301-302, 306, 230, 235, 252-254, 260, 263, 279, 309-310, 316, 342-343 314, 325, 331, 339-342, 345 maqasid 83, 85-86, 88-89, 152, 164, 166, Moral law 37, 51, 53, 56, 74-75, 80, 84-85, 183, 252-253, 261, 313, 315, 317, 115, 135, 145, 152-160, 167, 228, 331, 333, 342-343 233, 253-254, 342 marginalist axioms 285 Moral-social reconstruction 52, 56, 69, 87, market equilibriums 197, 275 114, 128, 134-135, 232, 250, 252-253, mark-up pricing (Murabaha) 149, 153, 202, 259-260, 268, 277-278, 340, 342-344 313, 336 Mudarabah, see profit-sharing (Muda- Marxism 240, 299-300 rabah) 149, 153, 202, 310, 326, 336 Marx’s theory 47, 239-240, 297 Multiverse 100, 111-112, 141, 340 M-C-M model 79, 239-240, 297-299, 302 Murabaha, see mark-up pricing (Mu- metaphysical ethics 220-221 rabaha) 149, 153, 202, 313, 336 metaphysics viii, 1, 3-4, 8, 12-15, 26, 33, Musharakah, see equity participation 36, 47, 114, 145, 153-154, 220-221, (Musharakah) 149, 153, 202, 310- 336, 345 311, 326 methodological approach 59, 199-200 micro-enterprises 123, 312 N Microenterprises and Small and Medium Naturalistic ethics 220-221, 224 size Enterprises (MSMEs) 195 Neoclassical economic theory 44, 67-68, 126-127, 193

373 Index neoclassicism 16-17, 44, 56, 67-69, 117- postivism 5-6, 15, 23-24, 37, 39, 46, 49, 119, 126-127, 132, 137, 164-165, 61, 93, 99, 103, 105, 111, 130, 146, 175-176, 192-200, 213, 215, 229, 250, 160, 163, 194, 203, 205-206, 209, 265, 270, 289, 302-303 213, 240, 244, 253-259, 265, 271, neo-liberal 123 277-278, 281-283, 289, 292-296, 299, normative model 37, 314 326, 338, 340 Noumena and phenomena 156, 160, 221 Post-modernity 241 numeraire 50, 83, 93, 321, 323-324 poverty 6, 13, 52, 55, 70, 123, 142, 147, 164-166, 175, 201, 212, 224-225, O 229-230, 233-244, 249-250, 256, 261, 263, 265-269, 274, 277-279, 282, ontological knowledge 10 344, 346 ontologies 1, 8-12, 14, 20-21, 26, 33-34, alleviation of 13, 52, 55, 70, 123, 142, 36, 40-41, 46, 51, 53, 55-56, 58, 61, 164-166, 175, 224, 229-230, 233-234, 64, 72, 84, 136, 143, 145, 153-156, 236-237, 239-244, 249-250, 256, 261, 158, 161-162, 215, 221-222, 226-229, 263, 265-269, 274, 278-279, 344 273, 279, 298, 308, 314, 324, 336, Principia Ethica 139, 220, 245 340, 345 probability 45, 73, 81-82, 104, 126-127, Opportunity cost 107, 118-119, 197, 223, 132, 137, 141, 175, 183, 198-200, 230, 246 255, 260, 272 Optimization 17, 39, 104, 107, 112, 119, 17, 37, 58, 70, 76, 107, 157, 157, 167, 183, 200, 212, 228, 230, 170-171, 173-181, 184, 186-187, 192- 288-289 206, 210, 214-215, 225, 230, 238, organic relational epistemology 230 284, 286, 297, 303, 311, 326-327, 343 Original Position 56, 113, 115, 117, 119- Profit-maximization 17, 37, 105, 115, 167 120, 197 profit-sharing (Mudarabah) 149, 153, 202, Overlapping generation 56-57, 127-129, 273, 310, 326, 336 141, 260, 280 Prophetic guidance 343 Ownership 13, 37, 51, 54-55, 57, 67, 70, pseudo-money 239-240 74, 79, 83-84, 125-128, 147, 222, 225, 233, 235-239, 241, 251, 263, 296, 344 Q P Quantity of money 18, 50, 54, 74, 77, 86-87, 89-92, 156, 270-271, 276-277, Paired universe 157, 231 285-286, 290, 292-293, 295, 297, 299, Pareto optimality 132, 287 301, 304, 317-318, 320, 328-329, 336 participative model 54 Quantity theory of money 43, 50, 90, 92, Perturbation 106, 171 96, 99, 171, 219, 244, 249, 251, 269, pervasive principle 314 271, 276, 284, 290, 293, 295, 301- Phenomenology v, 1, 32, 61, 65, 143, 173, 302, 304-306 219, 269, 280-281, 284, 309, 338-342, Quantum physics 132, 141, 161, 255 344-345 9, 18, 21, 29, 60, 62, 137-138, 184-185, 232, 239, 245, 277, 282, 305, 333

374 Index

R Simulation 19, 39, 42, 84, 91, 95, 127-128, 140, 142, 151, 154, 157, 163, 166, rationalism 3-4, 9, 13, 39, 41, 47-49, 93, 171, 175, 178-180, 183, 186, 194, 100-103, 108, 110-115, 117-118, 124, 203-204, 209, 214, 248-249, 252-254, 129, 131, 135-136, 148, 153, 155, 256-259, 263, 266, 268-269, 275, 285, 157, 160, 220-221, 226-229, 231-233, 337, 342-343, 345 242, 251, 266, 277, 325, 331 Social Rationality 39, 80, 103-104, 106-108, 110- choice 9, 18, 27-28, 72, 93, 110, 113, 112, 114, 117-118, 120, 122, 124, 115, 121, 124, 131-133, 136-138, 129-131, 137, 195-196, 199, 226, 196-197, 199, 211, 229, 240, 342 229-230, 232, 274, 277, 279, 331, 348 contract 21, 74, 119-120, 125-126, Real Gross Domestic Product (RGDP) 186 128, 146, 226, 229-232, 234-235, recursive 17, 151, 163, 195-196, 254-255 241-243 re-generation 129 injustice 51, 54-56, 222 Relativity physics 161 justice 13, 37-38, 50-58, 61, 113, 115- Reserve Requirement Monetary System 117, 147, 185, 229, 233-234, 240-241, 18, 51, 78, 86-89, 307-308, 320-321, 244, 265, 279, 313 325 welfare 106-107, 113, 115, 121, 123- Resource mobilization 72, 87, 90, 92, 99, 124, 126, 130-131, 133-134, 141, 182, 121, 128, 156, 220, 224, 250-251, 196-197, 199-200, 228, 247 274, 286, 299, 301, 308, 316-318, socialism 97, 239 320, 323, 325-326, 328, 336, 344 socio-scientific 4-5, 7-8, 10, 12, 14-16, 21, Riba, see interest (riba) 53-55, 58, 73-74, 23-27, 32-33, 37-41, 45-49, 58-60, 81-82, 89, 246, 336 67-68, 70, 72, 88, 100-103, 105, 107- 109, 111-112, 117-118, 125, 127, 130, S 134-137, 142, 152-153, 155-160, 162, 165, 176, 221, 230, 232, 235, 251, Scarcity 13, 38-40, 80, 84, 104, 106-107, 254-256, 259, 265-266, 269, 277-280, 112, 117, 127, 130, 137, 156-157, 305, 325, 333, 339-340, 342-343, 345 167, 183, 193, 229-232, 234-236, 239, socio-scientific law of unification 26 241-242, 250-251, 259, 263, 274, 277, Spatial Domain Analysis 209, 273 289, 325, 342 of Geographical Information System seigniorage 317, 326, 332 273 Self-referencing 31, 46, 48, 60, 155-156, Spiritual 57, 103, 106, 140 280 stagflationary economic periods 309 Shareholders 18, 133, 154-155, 164-165, Stakeholders 133, 151, 154, 164, 168, 237 167, 198, 202, 204, 208, 261, 312- Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) 175, 313, 318, 320 198 Shar’iah 310, 313, 315-316, 318, 324, 331 Sunnah 136, 152, 154-155, 158, 343 Shura 153, 155, 161, 202, 343 Super-cardinal 36, 42, 49, 85, 341 Simulacra 9-10, 37, 42-44, 49, 71-72, 84, Super-space 11, 46, 49, 64 91, 124, 152, 155, 166, 171, 338 Super-topology 36, 40-41, 63-64

375 Index

Sustainability 6, 16, 50-51, 57, 71-72, 76, Utilitarianism 28, 39, 62, 106-107, 109, 78, 83-84, 110, 117, 125-129, 145- 113, 118-121, 123-124, 126, 128-129, 147, 167, 174, 181, 195, 200-201, 131-134, 138, 184, 197, 211-212, 226, 206-207, 209-210, 219, 224-225, 242, 261-262, 282 236-237, 241, 251, 254-255, 273, 276, utilitarian transformation 242 278-279, 344-346 symbiosis 7-10, 36, 42, 72, 135, 156-157, V 159, 161-162, 230-231, 332, 341 System-ensemble 5, 44, 201 vector notation 178 T W Tasbih 154-155, 161, 343 Walrasian general equilibrium system 132, Tasbih-Shura 154 171 Term-structure of interest rates 240, 251 Walrasian type 284 the horizon of hope 33 Wealth tax (zakah) 78, 164 Third-World poverty 346 Welfare economics 18, 39, 116, 119, 131- topology 11, 13-14, 36, 44, 49, 63, 138, 132 260, 333, 341 Wellbeing 2-4, 16-21, 23-24, 33, 37, tuple 10, 154, 160 39-40, 42, 48, 51-54, 56-57, 69-72, 74-76, 78-79, 81-85, 88-90, 93, 98-99, U 101, 105-106, 108-109, 115-116, 119, 123-125, 127-128, 132-134, 140-141, ummah 82, 164, 310, 313, 315, 324, 330- 144, 146, 149, 151, 153-154, 156, 331 160, 164, 166-167, 170-171, 183, 219, Uniqueness 31, 34-35, 45-48, 58, 100, 132, 226, 229-231, 233, 235-237, 241-242, 143, 155, 159, 249, 260, 339 249-250, 252-256, 258-259, 263, 265- Unity of knowledge 1, 10-21, 23-27, 31-32, 269, 272-273, 275, 277-279, 299-302, 34-35, 41, 43-49, 52-53, 55, 57-59, 310, 328, 331, 337-338, 342-345 64-65, 68, 71-72, 75-76, 83-84, 88, world-system 1-16, 22, 25-27, 32-33, 35, 98, 100, 102, 112, 114, 116-117, 123- 41-46, 48-49, 52-53, 55-59, 63, 68, 125, 127-128, 131, 133-136, 142-143, 71-72, 75-76, 80, 83-85, 100-102, 147-149, 152-155, 157, 161-162, 107-108, 112-114, 124, 128, 131-132, 165-168, 173-174, 182, 215, 219, 134-136, 143, 145-146, 149, 152-153, 222, 226, 231-233, 236, 242, 248- 155-158, 161, 163-164, 167-169, 192, 254, 257-261, 263, 268-269, 272-275, 219, 222, 226-227, 229, 231, 236, 277-279, 284-285, 304, 307-309, 314, 239, 242, 248, 250-251, 253-256, 259, 324-325, 327, 331-332, 337-345 263, 268-269, 278, 285, 299, 304-305, Universality 2, 31-35, 42, 45-48, 58, 64, 309, 314, 325, 332, 339-341, 343-346 100, 132, 134, 143, 153, 155, 158- 159, 260, 339 Z utilitarian climate 126 utilitarian convergence 120 Zakah, see wealth tax (Zakah) 78

376