Year 11 – The Knowledge – Science – Biology – Autumn 1

1. Fossils - the ‘remains’ of organisms from millions of years ago, which are found in rocks, which show us how much or how little different Classification - putting living things into groups based on structure and characteristics. organisms have changed as life developed on Earth (i.e. how they have evolved). The fossil record – provides evidence for Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution through natural selection 1. Carl Linnaeus - developed the binominal system (organisms have 2 parts to their name) Fossils may be formed: where organisms are grouped into: • from parts of organisms that have not decayed because moisture (water) or oxygen are absent • when parts of the organism are replaced by minerals as they decay kingdom phylum  class  order  family  genus  species • as preserved traces of organisms, such as footprints, burrows and rootlet traces. (Kids Prefer Candy Over Fried Green Spinach) Scientists cannot use fossil as evidence for how life began on Earth because: e.g. Panthera leo = lion Panthera = the ‘genus’ leo = the ‘species’ • Many early forms of life were soft-bodied, which means that they have left few traces behind. What traces there were have been mainly destroyed by geological activity. 2. Antibiotic resistance: • bacteria undergo random mutations in their genes, which mean that they are no longer destroyed by an antibiotic • these resistant bacteria are more likely to survive • they are more likely to reproduce quickly through binary fission (asexual reproduction) • bacteria pass on these genes for antibiotic resistance to the next generation • antibiotics are quickly ineffective at destroying resistance bacteria

Selective breeding (artificial selection) - the process by which humans breed plants and animals for particular genetic characteristics.Le Cha Natural selection can be speeded up by humans in selective breeding to increase food production.

New ways of classification were developed because: The steps are: • microscopes improved so scientists knew more about cells 1. Choose parents with the desired • biochemical processes were understood better characteristic A species - a group of organisms that can reproduce together to produce offspring that Advantages Disadvantages 2. Breed them together are fertile (can also reproduce). It reduces It can reduce 3. Choose the offspring with the best diseases genetic diversity characteristics 2. New evidence from genetic studies led to - a three-domain system being developed of species 4. Continue over many generations by Carl Woese where organisms are classified into 3 groups: • archaea e.g. early bacteria living in extreme environments It can increase It can result in The uses of selective breeding are: • bacteria e.g. true bacteria such as E.coli the quality of a inbreeding where Le Cha• To produce food crops • eukaryota e.g. protists, fungi, plants and animals product some breeds are • To domesticate animals. more prone to The characteristic can be chosen for Evolutionary trees - show us how closely organisms are related. They use current diseases or usefulness or appearance: classification data for living organisms and fossil data for extinct organisms. defects Extinction - when there is no remaining member of the species left alive due to: • Disease resistance in food crops. • new predators (slow) It can create new It can impact on • Animals which produce more meat or • new diseases (slow) varieties of evolution milk. • new, more successful competitors (slow) organism that are • Domestic dogs with a gentle nature. • a single catastrophic event e.g. volcanic eruption. (rapid) fitter/stronger • Large or unusual flowers. Year 11 – The Knowledge – Science – Biology Autumn 1 Homeostasis - homeostasis is the regulation of the internal conditions of a cell or organism to maintain Genetic - a process which involves modifying the genes of an organism optimum conditions for enzyme to work and all cells to function. by introducing a gene from another organism to give a desired characteristic. Three things controlled by homeostasis are: blood glucose concentration, body temperature, water and ion Examples: - Plant crops resistant to diseases or to produce bigger better fruits. levels - Bacterial cells to produce useful substances such as human insulin - Steps: 1. selection of the desired characteristic Endocrine system - composed of glands which secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream. 2. isolation of the gene responsible for the characteristic (enzymes are used to cut The blood carries the hormone to a target organ where it produces an effect. Compared to the nervous system the gene out) the effects are slower but act for longer. 3. insertion of the gene into another organism called a vector (usually a bacterium) Hormones - chemical messengers that travel around the bloodstream and target an organ, causing the organ to do 4. replication of the transgenic organism something. Pituitary gland - a ‘master gland’ which secretes several hormones into the blood, which act on other glands to stimulate other hormones to be released;

Blood glucose too high: • Pancreas releases insulin • Liver and muscle cells take in and store glucose as glycogen Blood glucose too low: • Pancreas releases glucagon • Liver and muscle cells convert glycogen back to glucose and release it into blood Advantages Disadvantages Negative feedback - a way of our body ensuring that any changes are reversed and set back to the correct • It is easier to create high • GM (genetically modified) level e.g. glucagon interacts with insulin in a negative feedback cycle to control blood glucose (sugar) levels quantities of insulin crops could affect wild Type I diabetes - pancreas fails to produce • Insulin is less likely to cause flowers and insects. an adverse reaction because it • The effects of eating GM sufficient insulin leads to: is not taken from a pig. crops on human health have - uncontrolled high blood glucose levels and is • More nutritious food produced not been fully explored. - normally treated with insulin injections. • Herbicide resistant crop • Crossbreeding with and Type II diabetes - body cells no longer respond to insulin produced by the pancreas. Treatment: plants increase the yield for contaminate of wild plants. - carbohydrate controlled diet farmers. • GM organisms can be - exercise regime are treatments as • High yield of food can be expensive - obesity is a risk factor. produced for poorer countries. Menstrual cycle - 28 day cycle where one egg matures and is released during ovulation

Hormone Produced Role Fertility – how easy it is to become pregnant Oestrogen Ovaries Makes the lining of the uterus grow again after menstruation Contraceptives reduce fertility e.g. oral contraceptive, injection, implant, skin patch, condoms, diaphragms, intrauterine devices, spermicides, abstinence, sterilisation Follicle stimulating hormone Pituitary gland Causes egg to mature IVF – in vitro fertilisation (egg fertilised by sperm outside of the body) (FHS) • Mother is given FSH and LH to stimulate the maturation of several eggs. Luteinising hormone (LH) Pituitary gland Stimulates the release of the egg (ovulation) • Eggs fertilised by sperm in the lab • Fertilised eggs develop into embryos Progesterone Follicle in the ovaries Maintains the lining of the uterus after fertilisation • Embryos inserted into mother’s uterus Knowledge Organiser Year 11:

Key Literary Vocabulary: Key artists for your project: Colour Theory:: The primary colours are the three main colours. They Media/Medium cannot be made but when mixed together they make all The materials and tools used by an artist to create a piece other colours. of art. The secondary colours are made by mixing two primary Technique colours together The skill in which an artist uses tools and materials to Michael Kenna Redmer Hoekstra Jekaterina Razina The tertiary colours are made by mixing a primary and create a piece of art. secondary colour together Abstract A piece of art which is not realistic. It uses shapes colours and textures. Style The technique an artist uses to expressive their individual character of there work. Composition Shelley Rhodes Ruth Allen Angie Jones The arrangement and layout of artwork/objects. Highlight Complementary colours are opposite on the colour The bright or reflective area within a drawing/painting wheel they contrast each other to have a vibrant look To make a colour lighter you add white, this is called a where direct light meets the surface of the object or Art movements: tint. person. Rene Magritte- Surrealism To make a colour darker you add black, this is called a Shadow, shade, shading Salvador Dali- Surrealism shade. The tonal and darker areas within a drawing/painting Andy Warhol- Pop art where there is less light on the object or person. Georgia O’Keefe- Abstract Texture - Street art The feel, appearance or the tactile quality of the work of Michael Gerrad-Architecture 'Warm' colours, attract attention and are generally art Pablo Picasso- Cubism perceived as energetic or exciting. Mark making Hannah Hoch- Collage 'Cool' colours, are generally perceived as soothing and Mark making is used to create texture within a piece of Teesha Moore- Collage calm art by drawing lines and patterns. Antonio Mora- digital Collage Kelly Reemtsen- A piece of art made by using a variety of materials such Brooks Shane Salzwedel- as paper/newspaper/photographs which are cut out, Layers/ photography rearranged and glued on a surface. Lisa Milroy- Collections

Caroline Johansson- Angles Knowledge Organiser: Year 11 A Christmas Carol

Key Literary Vocabulary: Quotations to Learn: Satire- use of humour or ridicule to criticise ‘as solitary as an oyster’ ‘as hard and sharp as flint’ ‘squeezing, Stave 1 Marley’s Ghost wrenching, grasping, covetous old sinner’ ‘tight-fisted hand at the Ebenezer Scrooge is at work in his counting house. Scrooge's turns Asyndeton- list without conjunctions down his nephew, Fred’s, invitation to his Christmas party & the grindstone’ ‘no warmth could warm, no wintry weather chill’ ‘Are request of two men who want money for charity. Scrooge is visited by Polysyndeton- list with conjunctions (and) there no prisons? Are there no workhouses?’ ‘decrease the the ghost of his dead partner, Jacob Marley, who tells Scrooge that, Simile- comparing using ‘like’ or ‘as’ surplus population’ “I will honour Christmas in my heart, and try due to his own greedy life, he has to wander the Earth wearing heavy to keep it all the year. I will live in the Past, the Present, and the chains. Marley tries to stop Scrooge from doing the same. He tells Metaphor- saying one thing is another Future” “I am as giddy as a schoolboy” “I wear the chain I forged Scrooge that three spirits will visit him during the next three nights. Scrooge falls asleep. Personification- make object human in life” ‘ The clerk’s fire was so very much smaller that it looked Stave 2 The First of the Three Spirits Pathetic fallacy- weather to create mood like only one coal’ “he hoped the people saw him in the church, He wakes and the Ghost of Christmas Past soon appears to him - they because he was a cripple, and it might be pleasant to them to embark on a journey into Scrooge’s past. Invisible to those he watches, Pathos- language to evoke pity remember upon Christmas Day, who made lame beggars walk, Scrooge revisits his childhood school days; his apprenticeship with a Allusion- reference to another literary work and blind men see”“Another idol has displaced me” “A golden jolly merchant named Fezziwig, & his engagement to Belle, who leaves Scrooge as he loves money too much to love another human being. Hyperbole- exaggerated statement one” “brought two children; wretched, abject, frightful, hideous, Scrooge sheds tears of regret before returning to his bed. miserable’ Stave 3 The Second of The Three Spirits Connotation- associated meaning of word Scrooge anticipates the second ghost, sitting up in bed waiting. He is Characterisation- built up description of surprised when no spirit arrives. Instead, he follows a light & finds Themes and Symbols: himself in a transformed version of his own room. The Ghost of character in text Poverty, Fate, Charity, Transformation, , Greed, Money, Christmas Present shows Scrooge Christmas as it happens that year. Semantic field- words related in meaning Redemption, Family, Friendship, Religion, Morality, Scrooge sees the Cratchit family eat a tiny meal in their little home ;Bob Isolation/Loneliness, Choices, Memory and the past, Compassion, Cratchit's crippled son, Tiny Tim, whose kindness & humility warm Imagery- visually descriptive language Forgiveness, Guilt and blame, Time, Rationality Scrooge's heart and Fred’s Christmas party. Toward the end of the day the ghost shows Scrooge two starved child-like figures; Ignorance & Fire, bells, chains, weather Want. He vanishes as Scrooge notices a dark, hooded figure coming. Stave 4 The Last of the Spirits Context: Charles Dickens: The Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come takes Scrooge through a sequence of scenes linked to an unnamed man's death. Scrooge is keen to learn 1832 – The Great Reform Bill gave many middle class property • 1824 – Dickens’ father is sent to jail for debt and Dickens has the lesson. He begs to know the name of the dead man. He finds owners the right to vote for the first time. Large sections of the to give up his education until his father inherits some money himself in a churchyard with the spirit pointing to a grave. Scrooge middle classes, the working classes and women still didn’t have the and he goes to a private school looks at the headstone & is shocked to read his own name. He is right to vote. • Dickens was put to work in a warehouse, pasting labels on desperate to change his fate & promises to change his ways. He 1834 – Poor Law Amendment Act – Led to a cut in aid given to bottles. He had experience of poverty. suddenly finds himself safely tucked in his bed. paupers to help them stay in their own homes. Workhouses were Stave 5 The End of It created which poor people would have to live and work in, if they • Dickens became a writer of fiction and journalism, reporting Scrooge rushes out onto the street hoping to share his newfound were unable to pay for their own housing. on court cases and working for radical newspapers on his Christmas spirit. He sends a turkey to the Cratchit house & goes to September 1843 – Dickens visits a “Ragged School.” disillusionment with politics and the class system. Fred's party. As the years go by, he continues to celebrate Christmas December 1843 Dickens writes A Christmas Carol focusing on how with all his heart. He treats Tiny Tim as if he were his own child, gives many of society’s ills can be blamed on greed for money and status. gifts for the poor & is kind, generous & warm. Knowledge Organiser: Year 11 French HT1 Verbs and tenses

Point de Grammaire Point de Grammaire Point de Grammaire The Present tense The Perfect (past) tense The Future tense 1. Find the inifinitive 1. Use the correct part of avoir 1. Find the infinitive 2. Take off the ER IR or RE ending J’ai 2. RE verbs – remove the E 3. Add the correct ending Tu as 3. Add the correct present tense ER VERBS IR VERBS RE VERBS ending of avoir. 1st (I) Je ---e Je ---is Je ---s 2. Form the past participle.Take off the ER IR 2nd (you) Tu ---s Tu ---is Tu ---s or RE ending 3rd (he/she) Il/elle ---t Il/elle ---it Il/elle ---t 3. Add the correct ending ER VERBS IR VERBS RE VERBS +é +i +u 1stpl (we) nous ---ons nous ---issons nous ---ons 2ndpl (you pl) vous ---ez vous ---issez vous ---ez 3rd pl (they) ils/ells ---ent ils/ells ---ent ils/ells ---ent

Irregular verbs

First person (I) Present Past Future Aller To go Je vais Je suis allé J’irai Avoir To have J’ai J’ai eu J’aurai Être To be Je suis J’ai été Je serai Voir To see Je vois J’ai vu Je verrai Pouvoir To be Je peux J’ai pu Je pourrai able to Key Vocabulary Case Study: Economic Development in Nigeria Case Study: Economic Change in the UK Location & Importance UK in the Wider World

• NEE – Newly emerging economy Nigeria is a NEE in West Africa. The UK has one of the largest • LIC – Low income country Nigeria is just north of the Equator economies in the world. • HIC – High income country and experiences a range of The UK has huge political, environments. economic and cultural influences. • Employment Structure - % of workers in each Nigeria is the most populous and The UK is highly regarded for its industrial sector economically powerful country in fairness and tolerance. • Primary Industry – extraction of raw materials Africa. Economic growth has been The UK has global transport links base on oil exports. i.e. Heathrow and the Eurostar. (agriculture, mining, fishing) • Secondary Industry– manufacturing of raw Influences upon Nigeria's development Causes of Economic Change Towards Post-Industrial materials (food processing, clothes, oil Political Social De-industrialisation and the The quaternary industry has refinery) decline of the UK’s industrial base. increased, whilst secondary has Suffered instability with a civil war Nigeria is a multi-cultural, multi- Globalisation has meant many decreased. • Tertiary Industry – selling of services and skills between 1967-1970. faith society. industries have moved overseas, Numbers in primary and tertiary (education, health service, transportation) From 1999, the country become Although mostly a strength, where labour costs are lower. industry has stayed the steady. stable with free and fair elections. diversity has caused regional • Quaternary Industry – information and Government investing in Big increase in professional and Stability has encouraged global conflicts from groups such as the supporting vital businesses. technical jobs. research services (ICT, computing, research, investment from China and USA. Boko Haram terrorists. Cambridge Science Park consultancy) Cultural Industrial Structures • Pre-Industrial UK – before the 1800s (mainly A major quaternary industry on the outskirts. primary industry) Nigeria’s diversity has created rich Once mainly based on agriculture, Good transport access to the A14 and M11. and varied artistic culture. 50% of its economy is now A good location for sourcing highly educated • Industrial UK – Late 1800s – 1950s (mainly The country has a rich music, manufacturing and services. workers from Cambridge University. secondary industry) literacy and film industry (i.e. A thriving manufacturing industry Staff benefit from attractive working conditions. Nollywood). is increasing foreign investment Attracts clusters of related high-tech businesses. • Post Industrial UK – 1950s onwards (secondary A successful national football side. and employment opportunities. industry declines, mainly tertiary and Change to a Rural Landscape - South Cambridgeshire The role of TNCs Changing Relationships quaternary industry) Cambridge is one of the fastest growing cities in the UK. Current • Industrialisation – Process of moving towards TNCs such as Shell have played an Nigeria plays a leading role with population is 155,000 but will increase to 175,000 by 2026. important role in its economy. the African Union and UN. a mainly secondary (manufacturing) economy + Investment has increased Growing links with China with Social Economic • De-Industrialisation – Process of decline in employment and income. huge investment in infrastructure. manufacturing industry - Profits move to HICs. Main import includes petrol from Rising house prices have caused Lack of affordable housing for local - Many oil spills have damaged the EU, cars from Brazil and tensions in villages. first time buyers. • Science Park – designated areas for research fragile environments. phones from China. Villages are unpopulated during Sales of farmland has increased and cutting edge technology development the day causing loss of identity. rural unemployment. Environmental Impacts Aid & Debt relief Resentment towards poor migrant Influx of poor migrants puts communities. pressures on local services. UK links to other countries: The 2008/09 oil spills devastated + Receives $5billion per year in aid. Trade: UK overseas exports are worth £250Bn per swamps and its ecosystems. + Aid groups (ActionAid) have Improvements to Transport UK North/South Divide Industry has caused toxic improved health centres, provided A £15 billion ‘Road Improvement - Wages are lower in the North. year chemicals to be discharged in open anti-mosquito nets and helped to Strategy’. This will involve 10 new - Health is better in the South. Culture: Media and creative industries exported sewers - risking human health. protect people against AIDS/HIV. roads and 1,600 extra lanes. - Education is worse in the North. 80% of forest have been cut down. - Some aid fails to reach the people worldwide £50 billion HS2 railway to improve + The government is aiming to This also increases CO² emissions. who need it due to corruption. Transport: Channel Tunnel, Heathrow = hub airport connections between key UK cities. support a Northern Powerhouse £18 billion on Heathrow’s project to resolve regional Knowledge Organiser: Geography Y11 Changing Economic World Changing Y11 Economic Geography Organiser: Knowledge Electronic Communications: Global IT HQs, trans- Effects of Economic Development controversial third runway. differences. Atlantic communication networks Life expectancy has increased from 46 to 53 years. 64% have access to UK has many large ports for + More devolving of powers to safe water. Typical schooling years has increased from 7 to 9. importing and exporting . disadvantaged regions. Knowledge Organiser: Year 11 Spanish Mi Barrio

Keywords 31. la plaza – square Key Verbs Preguntas Claves 1. las afueras – outskirts 32.la población – 1. Tiene - It has 1. ¿Dónde vives? – Where do you live? 2. el aparcamiento – parking population 2. Tenía – It used to have 2. ¿Cómo es tu barrio? – What is your neighbourhood like? 3. el árbol – tree 33.el polideportivo – 3. Es – It is 3. ¿Cómo era Salford en el pasado ? – What was Salford 4. el ayuntamiento – town hall sports centre 4. Era – It was/used to be like in the past? 5. el barrio –neighbourhood 34.el pueblo – village, 5. Son – They are 4. Tu ciudad, ¿es interesante para turistas ? – Is your city 6. la biblioteca – library people, nation 6. Eran – They were intersting for tourists? 7. el bosque – forest 35.el río – river 7. Hay – There is 5. ¿Qué hay que hacer para los jóvenes?– What is there 8. la calle – street 36.la sierra – mountain 8. Había – There used to for young people to do? 9. el campo – countryside range be 6. ¿Qué hiciste en tu ciudad la semana pasada ? – What 10. la cancha – (sports) court 37.el teatro – theatre 9. Voy a - I am going to did you do in your city last week? 11. el centro comercial – shopping 38.la zona peatonal – 10. Me gustaría – i would 7. ¿Qué tiempo hace normalmente en tu región ? – What is centre pedestrian zone like the weather normally like in your área? 12. el cine – cinema Adjectives 11. vivir – to live 8. ¿Es mejor vivir en el campo o la ciudad ? Is it better to 13. la ciudad – city 12. mudarme – to move live in the countryside or the city? 1. Limpio - clean 14. el club de jóvenes – Youth club 13. quedarme – to stay 9. ¿Qué es lo positivo y lo negativo de vivir en una ciudad ? 2. Sucio - dirty 15. la comisaría – police station – What are the positives and negatives of living in a 3. Lo major – the best 16. el Correos – Post Office city? 17. el edificio – building 4. Lo peor – the worst 18. la fábrica – factory 5. Seguro - safe Conjunctions Opinions 19. los grandes almacenes – 6. Peligroso - 1. a pesar de – in spite of 1. agradable – pleasnt *Don’t department stores dangerous 2. así que – so, therefore 2. bonito – pretty 20.la granja – farm 7. Antiguo - old forget to 3. aun (si) - even if 3. decepcionante – disappointing 21. el habitante – inhabitant 8. Moderno - modern revise 4. aunque – although 4. desagradable – unpleasant 22.la iglesia – church 9. Nuevo - new 5. como – as, since 5. las desventajas – the keywords 23.el lago – lake 10. Viejo - old 6. cuando – when disadvantages 24.el Mercado – 11. Bueno - good from your 7. incluso – even 6. distinto – different 25.la mezquita- mosque 12. Malo - bad GCSE 8. o – or 7. divertido – fun 26.el museo – museum 13. Bonito – pretty 9. por eso – for that reason 8. estupendo – fantastic revision 27.el parque infantil – playground 14. Feo – Ugly 10. por lo tanto – therefore 9. fatal – awful 28. el paro – unemployment 15. Deprimido – depived booklet for 11. sin embargo – however 10. impresionante - impressive 29.Dinero – money 16. Rico – rich the weekly 12. tal vez – perhaps 11. único – unique 30.Una red de transporte – 17. tranquilo – quiet 13. ya que - since 12. las ventajas – the advantages tests* transport network 18. Ruidoso - noisy Knowledge Organiser Half Term 1: Year 11 10 Key Words Definition 5 Facts Integer A whole number and can be either positive or 1. Odd Numbers: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19,…. negative. Multiple A number within a times table. 2. The number 2 is the lowest and only even prime number. Example:7,14,21,28 are multiples of 7 because they are in the 7 times table. 3. Prime Numbers: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31,37, 41, 43, Factor Numbers we can multiply together to get another 47... number . Example: 1 and 6 are factors of 6. 4. Square Numbers: 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 35, 49, 64, 81, 100, 121, 144, Prime Factor The factors of a number that are prime numbers 169, 196, 225… only. Example: 2 and 3 are prime factors of 6 BUT 1 and 5. Cube Numbers: 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343, 512… 6 are not. Prime Number A number that can only be divided by itself and 1 5 Formulae to give a whole number answer. Square Number The result of a number multiplied by itself Example: 16 = 4 x 4 Cube Number The result of a number multiplied by itself then multiplied by itself again. Example: 8 = 2 x 2 x 2 Square Root Finding the original number that was multiplied by itself (opposite of squaring). Example: ퟔퟒ = 8 Product The result of multiplying numbers together.

Sum The result of adding numbers together. KS4 Knowledge Organiser: Year 11 Unit 1 Types of venue: • Small and medium local The Music Industry Marketing and distribution: venues • Marketing • The action of promoting and selling a product • Pub Service companies and agencies: • Distribution • School stage • PRS (Performing Rights Society) • The movement of goods (CDs) from the source • Small theatre • Licenses the composer’s copyright for public (record label) through a distribution channel performances of your songs (broadcast, live, (iTunes, HMV) right up to the customer • Large multi-use spaces recorded). • Sports’ arena • MCPS (Mechanical Copyright Protection Society • West end theatre Health, safety and security at venues: • Licenses the composer’s copyright (royalties) • • Outdoor festival Heating, lighting and ventilation for sound recordings (i.e. CD, ringtone). It will • Electrical equipment Unions and Trade Bodies: be in physical format (i.e. digital). • Toilets and drinking water clean • MU (Musicians’ Union) • PPL Licensing (Phonographic Performance Limited • First aid and emergency exits • Equity • Licenses the right to perform sound • Obstacles appropriately lit/indicated • BECTU (Broadcast recordings and collects royalties for record • Adequate parking and parking arrangements Entertainment companies and performers on recordings. • Flow of people in and out of venue Cinematograph Theatre • Secure ramps/stage scaffolding Union) Music publishing: • MPG (Music Producers Usually linked with printed music. Promoters: Guild) The business of music publishing Activity that supports (marketing and promotion) and encourages • APRS ( Association of is concerned with developing, (publicity) a product for public awareness (i.e. live events). Promoters: Professional Recording protecting and valuing music. • Secure a venue for a show Services) They look after the royalties to a • Promote the show (media, posters) • PLASA (Professional composer’s work. • Work with the artist to make sure all needs are covered (PA, effects) Lighting and Sound • Major publishing companies • Cover the venue costs and costs of promotion (taking a percentage) Association • Self-publishing • Earn an agreed-to fee or royalties D&T: Year 11 Sustainable Design Process Graphene An increased demand for The design of mainstream Aesthetics resources such as energy, Graphene is made of a sheet of products and/or services Design food and fuel means that carbon atoms in a hexagonal that are accessible to, and The physical appearance of a developing sustainable lattice. Of the above, it is closest usable by, as many people A plan or drawing produced product. The material finish, resources is critical to in form to graphite, but whereas as reasonably possible ... to show the look and colour, size and beauty. protect the environment that material is made from two- without the need for special function or workings of a for future generations. dimensional sheets of carbon adaptation or specialised building, garment, or other held layer-upon-layer by weak object before it is made. design Carbon Footprint intermolecular bonds, graphene Polymorph is only one-sheet thick. A carbon footprint is the Polymorph is available in measure of the carbon dioxide produced by small pellets which fuse something or someone. together when heated to 62˚C. It can be moulded into shape resulting in a very Planned Obsolescence Smart Colours tough polymer. Unused Planned obsolescence is Smart colours are pigments pellets can be re-heated Human Factors when a product is designed which can be incorporated and re-used. and made with parts that into paints, dyes, inks and Polymorph is used for: Anthropometrics Ergonomics th th 5 to 95 Percentile are known to fail after a plastics. manufacturing awkward specific time. This means a Anthropometrics is the Ergonomics is the relationship Ergonomic designs must thermochromic pigments shapes such as ergonomic new part or a new product handles study of the sizes of people between people and the accommodate a range of react to changes in will have to be bought to temperature joining components in relation to products. For products which they use. user dimensions, typically replace it. photochromic pigments together example, chairs used in Anthropometric data is used from a 5th percentile woman react to changes in light making moulds for vacuum schools need to be suitable to help design products to to a 95th percentile man. levels forming. for the average size of meet ergonomic needs Perceived Obsolescence This range will accommodate Photochromatic materials pupils 9.5 out of 10 users. Planned obsolescence is are used in the when a product is designed manufacture of sunglasses. and made with parts that Exposure to sunlight causes are known to fail after a the lens of the glasses to specific time. This means a darken to protect the eye. new part or a new product will have to be bought to replace it. VCERT SPORT Unit 3 – Year 11 Medical Conditions - Why does a PAR-Q ask about asthma: Principles of Purpose of a PAR-Q: • How often do they need their inhaler? Do they take a preventative inhaler training: It shows how READY someone is to begin a physical exercise programme. This is done to control it? • Do they need a medical note from the doctors to say they are fit to S = Specificity by questions which gather information about someone’s health, past illness/injuries, exercise? P = Progression medical conditions (identify if they have heart conditions etc, would they need to get • Low intensity at the start on the weights (Lighter weights) and O = Overload a medical note from the doctors) and their current level of physical activity. cardiovascular machines (not spending too much time of them – walking R = Reversibility then jogging on the running machine) T = Tedium • As they become fitter their lung capacity will improve and help when Components of fitness Training method to improve exercising F = Frequency • As their fitness improves gradually increase the time on the cardio machines I = Intensity Flexibility – range of movement at a Flexibility training (static, – bikes etc maybe start a gentle jog. T = Time joint dynamic, active, passive) • Increase how many repetitions they do at each station. T = Type Muscular Endurance – ability for Weight training (low load, high muscles to contract without tiring reps), circuit training Muscular strength – the force Weight training (heavy load, T Continuous Training – constant rate running or cycling need to work at between 60% - 80% of your Maximum Heart Rate muscles exert when they contract low reps) r (220-Age = MHR) this type of training develops muscular and cardiovascular endurance but also for burning up body fat and improving body composition – this would be good for training of a 10km or marathon Cardiovascular endurance – ability Continuous training, interval a of the heart and lungs to work training, fartlek training i Interval training: Fixed exercise of high and low intensity exercise e.g. you might alternate with speed 1 min then a brisk efficiently without tiring n walk for 2 mins then you will repeat for a set time this will improve cardiovascular endurance but you need to overload Speed – ability to get from A to B Interval training, Hollow i to improve your fitness quickly sprints, Acceleration sprints n Fartlek – changes of speed it involves changes in intensity without stopping e.g. sprint for 10 seconds, then jog for 20 Power – an explosive act, Plyometrics g seconds repeated for 2 minutes followed by long-stride running for 2 minutes. Good for activities which need a change of combination of strength and speed pace like football and basketball M Circuit Training – 6 – 10 stations you do specific exercise for a set amount of time before moving onto the next station. Ways to improve motivation: e You’re allowed a short rest before moving onto the next station. All exercises are different – makes it more interesting, • Train with a partner t and can changed to meet an individual’s demands it can improve muscular and cardiovascular endurance. for example 30 • Exercise with music h seconds exercise at each station 30 seconds rest then do the circuit twice or three times these are called sets • Set targets • Include exercise classes o d Weight Training – improves strength and muscular endurance e.g. bicep curls, dips, press-ups, sit-ups, squats, squats • Exercise in different environments with a weight – need to think about the number of repetitions at each station or the time at each station for example 30 • Increase intensity and challenge s seconds exercise at each station 30 seconds rest then do the circuit twice or three times these are called sets • Add or remove stations Food Group Function Food examples Fruit and vegetables Help to keep your body healthy, to grow and repair, and help to Carrots, Apples, Broccoli, fight infections. Grapes, Peppers, Strawberries Bread, rice, potatoes These foods give us lots of energy for sports and moving. Bread, Rice, Potatoes, Pasta, and pasta Cereal Milk and diary These foods help our bodies to grow and repair and makes our Milk, Yoghurt, Cheese bones and teeth strong. Milk, fish, eggs and These foods help the body to grow and repair itself and keep Sausages, Beans, Ham, Cod, dairy hair, skin, muscles and nails strong. Eggs, Beef, Chicken.

Fatty and sugary These foods provide the body with energy, warmth and Cakes, Biscuits, Fizzy Pop, food and drink insulation around vital organs. Chips, Crisps, Ice Cream, Sugar

Snacks: Fruits Fresh and dried (banana chips, dried apple slices and strawberries), Bread An athlete has asked you to give him a nutrition plan to go alongside his sticks, vegetable sticks, protein bars, fruit bars exercise programme. Give details of drinks, meals, and snacks which you Drinks: Water, Fresh Juices – orange, apple, recommend for a typical exercise day and rest day: mango, smoothie, veg juice – carrot. Pudding: Smoothie lolly, Ice cream with Day Nutrition Plan for athlete strawberries, yoghurt and fruit, small slice of lemon cake, favoured yoghurt Monday Breakfast: Porridge & Banana, Fruit Juice (exercise Lunch: Brown bread x 3 slices and soup, apple & orange Your suggested improvements for a nutrition plan Describe how these improvements could help the athlete day) Tea: Brown pasta, in a tomatoes and basil sauce with steamed vegetables, slice of malt loaf 1. Increase his portion sizes in a morning (3 slices of 1. He would feel fuller and hopefully hunger will stay away Snacks/Drinks: Water, Smoothie, Almonds, Grapes, Fruit toast instead of 2) and Nut Bar, Energy drink 2. Have nuts during his mid-morning snack 2. Helps to provide a slower release of energy and blood sugar levels stay more consistent. Tuesday Breakfast: Weetabik x 2 skimmed milk, banana, fresh 3. Encourage him to use herbs and spices 3. This will make his food more flavoursome and more (Rest Day) orange juice interesting Lunch: Brown bread x 3 slices and soup, apple & orange 4. He could have a cheat day where he has treats such 4. It may help the athlete stay motivated and dedicated to Tea: Chicken & new potatoes, steamed vegetables, Greek as pizza or chocolate the nutritional plan yoghurt and mixed fruit 5. More protein in his diet such as peanut butter, lentils, 5. Protein helps you feel fuller for longer as well as dietary Snacks/Drinks: Vegetable sticks, apple, watermelon, beans, nuts and oatmeal. fibre which will prevent him from getting hungry. water, fruit juice 6. Increase number of meals (but make them smaller) 6. Constant acceptable blood sugar level.