DOCSLIB.ORG

(385–433) Produced a Body of Writings That Articulated a Strongly Eschatological Worldview

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
(385–433) Produced a Body of Writings That Articulated a Strongly Eschatological Worldview xie lingyun on awakening 127 chapter five Xie LinGyun on AwakeninG At the end of his political life, Xie Lingyun 謝靈運 (385–433) produced a body of writings that articulated a strongly eschatological worldview. Sometimes his perspective is expressed through the ‘ascension’ motif, which not only benefits from the ‘poetry of roaming transcendents’ (you- xian shi 遊仙詩) and ‘mysterious words poetry’ (xuanyan shi 玄言詩) Xie inherited, but, more importantly, this body of his late work depicts expe- riences of awakening.1 Although he may have been of little significance in the intellectual history of medieval China, his synthesis of Daoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism became a major factor in the formation of a new aesthetic and ethic in the literary tradition.2 Most prominent in Xie’s writing are the philosophical statements appended to most of his land- scape poems, a practice that has been regarded as a poetic flaw. This unique aesthetic had much to do with the intellectual trends of his time, especially the influence of Buddhism. Xie Lingyun’s apparent devotion to Buddhism may have resulted from his turbulent political life. From an early age, Xie had enjoyed high praise from his grandfather Xie Xuan 玄 (343–88) and his uncle Xie Hun 混 (d. 412) for his unusual intelligence, learning, and writing ability. The Xie family was one of the most prestigious of the Eastern Jin dynasty (316– 420), mainly because of Xie Xuan’s and Xie An’s 安 (320–85) crucial exploits. Xie Xuan saved the vulnerable Jin dynasty when he won the crit- ical battle of the Fei River 淝水 (in modern Anhui province) in 383, defeat- ing the invasion from the north of Former Qin 前秦 troops led by Fu Jian 苻堅 (338–85). This victory was also ascribed to Xie An, Grand Marshal of the Jin troops, under whose direction the Jin later regained Luoyang and several prefectures captured by their enemies from the north.3 Lingyun 1 Xiao Chi, “Dasheng fojiao,” 60–68. I thank the author for drawing my attention to this article by sending me an offprint. 2 Examples of critics of his intellectual contributions include Tang Yongtong, who argues that Xie did not present any views of his own but merely elaborated the main arguments of Zhu Daosheng 竺道生 (355–434). See Tang, Wei Jin xuanxue lun gao, 112. More recently, Guo Peng criticizes Xie for his superficial, mistaken synthesis of Buddhism and Confucianism. See Guo, Zhongguo fojiao sixiang shi, 303–4. 3 JS, 79.2074, 2080–83. 128 chapter five inherited Xuan’s title as Duke of Kangle 康樂公 and enjoyed high emolu- ment and prestige during the late Jin. This privilege could have continued had Liu Yu 劉裕 (363–422) not overthrown the Jin and founded his new Song dynasty (420–79). As Xie Lingyun’s political power and status gradually declined, he attached him- self to Liu Yizhen 義真 (407–24), Prince of Luling 廬陵 and heir presump- tive of Liu Yu, hoping with his help to regain his losses. The premature, untimely death of Yizhen brought about the rapid decline of Xie’s politi- cal career, and slander, persecution, and demotion drove him further from political life. The life of luxury in which he indulged at his vast villa in Shining 始寧 (in modern Zhejiang province), a family property origi- nally owned by Xie Xuan, provided fertile ground for writing his land- scape poetry, which was often presented in conjunction with personal frustration, contemplation on life, and transcendent thought. His poetic works would lead one to believe that Xie Lingyun had succeeded in tran- scending worldly values, including personal political ambitions, but the cause of his tragic end—he was executed for revolting against the Song— proves that his efforts in this regard were not completely successful.4 Like monks and laymen of the Mount Lu 廬山 Buddhist sect, such as the famous recluse Liu Chengzhi 劉程之 (354–410) and the painter Zong Bing 宗炳 (375–443), Xie Lingyun was drawn to landscape as a medium for his religious meditation and poetic presentation of enlightenment. Xie portrayed enlightenment in his poems as a discovery, and usually included a dictum on enlightenment in the ending lines of his poems. Richard B. Mather’s article on Xie’s “landscape Buddhism,” published in 1958, represents a uniquely probing examination of Xie Lingyun’s rela- tionship with Buddhism.5 Prior to this publication, there had been no serious critical attempt by modern scholars to analyze Xie’s works in light of relevant philosophical and religious backgrounds. In the early 1980s, Chinese and Japanese scholarship demonstrated a new appreciation and 4 Songshu, 67.1743, 1753–54, 1772, 1774–77. Historians now agree that Xie’s charge of revolt may have been fabricated and that the real reason for his execution was probably his unrepentant arrogance. See for example Lin Wen-yüeh, Xie Lingyun, 170; Gu Shaobo, “Qianyan” 前言, XLYJ, 15–16. See also chapter six for further discussion of Xie’s revolt. 5 Mather, “The Landscape Buddhism of the Fifth Century Poet Hsieh Ling-yün,” 67–79. This was the first use of the term “landscape Buddhism.” J. D. Frodsham’s discus- sion of the Buddhist background of Xie’s time is another great achievement. See Frod- sham, The Murmuring Stream, vol: 1, 102–3. Paul Demiéville denies Buddhism had any significant influence on Xie’s poetry. He argues that Buddhism served as a catalyst only in new literary movements during the fourth and fifth centuries. Demiéville, “La mon- tagne dans l’art littéraire chinois,” 377..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Representing Talented Women in Eighteenth-Century Chinese Painting: Thirteen Female Disciples Seeking Instruction at the Lake Pavilion
    REPRESENTING TALENTED WOMEN IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY CHINESE PAINTING: THIRTEEN FEMALE DISCIPLES SEEKING INSTRUCTION AT THE LAKE PAVILION By Copyright 2016 Janet C. Chen Submitted to the graduate degree program in Art History and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ________________________________ Chairperson Marsha Haufler ________________________________ Amy McNair ________________________________ Sherry Fowler ________________________________ Jungsil Jenny Lee ________________________________ Keith McMahon Date Defended: May 13, 2016 The Dissertation Committee for Janet C. Chen certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: REPRESENTING TALENTED WOMEN IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY CHINESE PAINTING: THIRTEEN FEMALE DISCIPLES SEEKING INSTRUCTION AT THE LAKE PAVILION ________________________________ Chairperson Marsha Haufler Date approved: May 13, 2016 ii Abstract As the first comprehensive art-historical study of the Qing poet Yuan Mei (1716–97) and the female intellectuals in his circle, this dissertation examines the depictions of these women in an eighteenth-century handscroll, Thirteen Female Disciples Seeking Instructions at the Lake Pavilion, related paintings, and the accompanying inscriptions. Created when an increasing number of women turned to the scholarly arts, in particular painting and poetry, these paintings documented the more receptive attitude of literati toward talented women and their support in the social and artistic lives of female intellectuals. These pictures show the women cultivating themselves through literati activities and poetic meditation in nature or gardens, common tropes in portraits of male scholars. The predominantly male patrons, painters, and colophon authors all took part in the formation of the women’s public identities as poets and artists; the first two determined the visual representations, and the third, through writings, confirmed and elaborated on the designated identities.
    [Show full text]
  • The Hundred Surnames: a Pinyin Index
    names collated:Chinese personal names and 100 surnames.qxd 29/09/2006 12:59 Page 3 The hundred surnames: a Pinyin index Pinyin Hanzi (simplified) Wade Giles Other forms Well-known names Pinyin Hanzi (simplified) Wade Giles Other forms Well-known names Ai Ai Ai Zidong Cong Ts’ung Zong Cong Zhen Ai Ai Ai Songgu Cui Ts’ui Cui Jian, Cui Yanhui An An An Lushan Da Ta Da Zhongguang Ao Ao Ao Taosun, Ao Jigong Dai Tai Dai De, Dai Zhen Ba Pa Ba Su Dang Tang Dang Jin, Dang Huaiying Bai Pai Bai Juyi, Bai Yunqian Deng Teng Tang, Deng Xiaoping, Bai Pai Bai Qian, Bai Ziting Thien Deng Shiru Baili Paili Baili Song Di Ti Di Xi Ban Pan Ban Gu, Ban Chao Diao Tiao Diao Baoming, Bao Pao Bao Zheng, Bao Shichen Diao Daigao Bao Pao Bao Jingyan, Bao Zhao Ding Ting Ding Yunpeng, Ding Qian Bao Pao Bao Xian Diwu Tiwu Diwu Tai, Diwu Juren Bei Pei Bei Yiyuan, Bei Qiong Dong Tung Dong Lianghui Ben Pen Ben Sheng Dong Tung Dong Zhongshu, Bi Pi Bi Sheng, Bi Ruan, Bi Zhu Dong Jianhua Bian Pien Bian Hua, Bian Wenyu Dongfang Tungfang Dongfang Shuo Bian Pien Bian Gong Dongguo Tungkuo Dongguo Yannian Bie Pieh Bie Zhijie Dongmen Tungmen Dongmen Guifu Bing Ping Bing Yu, Bing Yuan Dou Tou Dou Tao Bo Po Bo Lin Dou Tou Dou Wei, Dou Mo, Bo Po Bo Yu, Bo Shaozhi Dou Xian Bu Pu Bu Tianzhang, Bu Shang Du Tu Du Shi, Du Fu, Du Mu Bu Pu Bu Liang Du Tu Du Yu Cai Ts’ai Chai, Cai Lun, Cai Wenji, Cai Ze Du Tu Du Xia Chua, Du Tu Du Qiong Choy Duan Tuan Duan Yucai Cang Ts’ang Cang Xie Duangan Tuankan Duangan Tong Cao Ts’ao Tso, Tow Cao Cao, Cao Xueqin, Duanmu Tuanmu Duanmu Guohu Cao Kun E O E
    [Show full text]
  • Contradiction and Balance Between Entering Government Services and Seclusion in Xie Tiao's Poetry
    2019 International Linguistics, Education and Literature Conference (ILELC 2019) Contradiction and Balance between Entering Government Services and Seclusion in Xie Tiao’s Poetry Yin Shiyuan Statistics, School of Economics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China Keywords: Xie Tiao; the contradiction between government service and seclusion; seclusion Abstract: The contradiction between government service and seclusion ran through Xie Tiao’s whole life. Also, Xie Tiao’s poems reflect that such contradiction in thinking changed from emergence to outbreak and eventually to the dynamic balance of coexistence during his stay in Xuanzhou. Xie Tiao’s seclusion mode differs from the traditional concept of opposition between government service and seclusion and the prevailing thinking of breaking off the boundaries between government service and seclusion during the Southern Dynasties. Xie Tiao’s exploration in this balanced state provides future scholars with a new channel for solving the contradiction. It is of profound significance for future officials to develop seclusion concepts and create landscape poetry. 1. Introduction Seclusion is the thought occurring most frequently in numerous works created by Xie Tiao. For one thing, it was undoubtedly affected by social custom. For another, tremendous personal differences can be found in Xie Tiao. In the study of Xie Tiao’s thoughts, Chen Qingyuan pointed out that Xie Tiao’s poems embody the thoughts of longing for “great strategy” and fearing for disasters and slanders. Ge Xiaoyin put forward that Xie Tiao’s achievements in creating “prefecture study” poems and his impact on future poets. Zha Zhengxian analyzed seclusion-related thoughts in Xie Tiao’s poems and put forward that Xie’s works provide a poetry pattern for future generations to create seclusion and landscape poems.
    [Show full text]
  • Intellectuals in Chinese Fiction a Publication of the Institute of East Asian Studies University of California Berkeley, California 94720
    Intellectuals in Chinese Fiction A publication of the Institute of East Asian Studies University of California Berkeley, California 94720 The China Research Monograph series, whose first title appeared in 1967, is one of several publications series sponsored by the Institute of East Asian Studies in conjunction with its constituent units. The others include the Japan Research Monograph series, the Korea Research Monograph series, the Indochina Research Monograph series, and the Research Papers and Pol icy Studies series. The Institute sponsors also a Faculty Reprint series. Correspondence may be sent to: Ms. Joanne Sandstrom, Editor Institute of East Asian Studies University of California Berkeley, California 94720 CHINA RESEARCH MONOGRAPH 33 & INSTITUTE OF EAST ASIAN STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA • BERKELEY CCS CENTER FOR CHINESE STUDIES Intellectuals in Chinese Fiction YUE DAIYUN Although the Institute of East Asian Studies is responsible for the selection and acceptance of manuscripts in this series, responsibility for the opinions expressed and for the accuracy ofstatements rests with their authors. Copyright © 1988 by the Regents of the University of California ISBN 0-912966-97-1 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 87-82667 Printed in the United States of America All rights reserved. Contents Foreword vii Joyce K. Kallgren Acknowledgments viii Introduction 1 1. The First Anecdotal Collection Describing the Lives of Intellectuals: A New Account of Tales of the World 8 2. Intellectuals at an Impasse and the Collapse of Feudal Society: Six Chapters of a Floating Life 38 3. Modem Chinese Intellectuals in Modem Chinese Literature: The Eclipse and Rainbow of Mao Dun 57 4. The Young Intelligentsia in the War Years: Lu Ling's Children of the Rich 83 5.
    [Show full text]
  • World on 361 Points Understanding Chinese Culture Via the Board Game Go by Ze-Li Dou
    Asian Philosophies and Religions World on 361 Points Understanding Chinese Culture via the Board Game Go By Ze-Li Dou Close-up of a Go player’s hand showing how to hold and place a stone on the crowded board. Source: ©123RF. Photo by Saran Poroong. culture may be likened to a river. While the collective history of the culture constitutes the main course of the river and defines its general direction, the philosophical, religious, and Aartistic traditions are major tributaries that greatly influence the river’s contour. And, just as the river is ever-flowing, religion and philosophy evolve, art forms develop, and history gets interpreted and reinterpreted. A comprehensive understanding of culture is as fascinating and rewarding as it is challenging. This essay is concerned with the ancient Chinese civilization. Its object of focus is a game—a board game called weiqi, or Go in English.1 The objective of the article, however, is to introduce Confucianism and Daoism, the two most prominent philosophical traditions in China, and to illustrate their influ- ence on the interpretation of history, as well as their own relative political dominance in history. We will achieve this by examining how philosophical attitudes are reflected in Go by literary means, which will also illustrate the interconnectedness of literature, philosophy, history, and art in China. In short, Go is The chessboard is a like a little stone found on the bank of our grand metaphoric river; a close inspection of its polish and patina may throw light on the nature and history of the river itself.
    [Show full text]
  • Illusion and Illumination
    Illusion and Illumination: A New Poetics of Seeing in Liang Dynasty Court Literature Author(s): Xiaofei Tian Source: Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies , Jun., 2005, Vol. 65, No. 1 (Jun., 2005), pp. 7-56 Published by: Harvard-Yenching Institute Stable URL: http://www.jstor.com/stable/25066762 REFERENCES Linked references are available on JSTOR for this article: http://www.jstor.com/stable/25066762?seq=1&cid=pdf- reference#references_tab_contents You may need to log in to JSTOR to access the linked references. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at https://about.jstor.org/terms is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies This content downloaded from 206.253.207.235 on Mon, 13 Jul 2020 17:55:52 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Illusion and Illumination: A New Poetics of Seeing in Liang Dynasty Court Literature XIAOFEI TIAN Harvard University PALACE (502-557) Style is a name poetry that was given(gongtishi to poetry written BII?Nf) by the of the Liang dynasty ig Crown Prince Xiao Gang UH (503-551) and his courtiers in the 530s and 540s. This poetry has long been misunderstood as deal ing primarily or even exclusively with the topics of women and romantic passions (yanqing BEflf).1 This paper proposes that we think of Palace Style poetry not only in terms of subject matter but also in terms of its formal aspects.
    [Show full text]
  • Xiaoquan Zhang
    COLLECTIVE IDENTITY AND POETRY EXCHANGE AMONG MING-LOYALISTS: YE SHAOYUAN’S (1589-1648) CASE XIAOQUAN RAPHAEL ZHANG Washington University in St. Louis Scholars have observed that as a literary practice, poetry exchange (changhe 倡/ 唱和 or chouchang 酬唱) began with Tao Qian 陶潛 (Tao Yuanming 淵明; 365-427) at the turn of the fifth century in China.1 Etymologically, however, poetry exchange can be traced back to the Shijing 詩經 (The Book of Poetry), supposedly edited by Confucius (551 BCE-479 BCE). The interchangeability of the two homophonic chang (meaning “initiate” and “recite [a poem]” respectively) in changhe suggests that both agency from the initiator of poetry exchange and a subsequent or consequent interrelationship between the initiator and his/her respondent(s) lies behind poetry composition. This interrelationship seems even more pronounced in the alternative term for poetry exchange, chouchang, where chou literally means “reciprocate.” It suggests that poetry exchange was much more than just a literary activity in imperial China. As I attempt to illustrate below, its social and political dimensions also deserve more of our attention and closer examination. As an ever-present and prevalent practice among literati, the social elite of imperial China, poetry exchange had been criticized by literary critics in imperial China and had been largely condemned by Chinese scholars up until the late 1990s.2 Some scholars consider it as exclusively trivial occasional writing; some take issue with the practice of rhyme matching, dismissing it as either constraining to the expression of genuine feelings or merely showing-off of prosodic techniques. However, a close look at the poetic exchanges that Ye Shaoyuan 葉紹袁 (1589-1648), a Ming loyalist from Wujiang 吳江 in Jiangnan 江南, engaged in shows that such poetic exchanges were significant to the identity (re)construction of literati, in particular to marginalized Ming- loyalist literati.3 * The author wishes to thank Professors Beata Grant, Robert E.
    [Show full text]
  • Governing China, 150-1850
    Gove rni ng Chi na 15 0–1850 John W. Dardess GOVERNING CHINA 150–1850 GOVERNING CHINA 150–1850 JOHN W. DARDESS Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. Indianapolis/Cambridge Copyright © 2010 by Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America 14 13 12 11 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 For further information, please address Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. P.O. Box 44937 Indianapolis, Indiana 46244-0937 www.hackettpublishing.com Cover design by Abigail Coyle Text design by Mary Vasquez Maps by William Nelson Composition by Cohographics Printed at Sheridan Books, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Dardess, John W., 1937– Governing China : 150–1850 / John W. Dardess. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-60384-311-9 (pbk.) — ISBN 978-1-60384-312-6 (cloth) 1. China—Politics and government. 2. China—Social conditions. 3. China—History—Han dynasty, 202 B.C.–220 A.D. 4. China—History— Qing dynasty, 1644–1912. 5. Political culture—China—History. 6. Social institutions—China—History. 7. Education—China—History. I. Title. DS740.2.D37 2010 951—dc22 2010015241 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences— Permanence of paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI z39.48–1984. CONTENTS Preface vii Introduction: Comparing China in 150 and China in 1850 x Timelines xxiii Maps xxvii PART 1. FROM FRAGMENTATION TO REUNIFICATION, 150–589 1 The Unraveling of the Later Han, 150–220 3 The Three Kingdoms, 221–264 5 The Western Jin, 266–311 6 A Fractured Age, 311–450 8 Unity in the North: The Northern Wei, 398–534 12 Not by Blood Alone: Steps to Reunification, 534–589 16 PART 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Trading Literary Competence: Exchange Poetry in the Eastern Jin 6 Wendy Swartz
    iii Reading Medieval Chinese Poetry Text, Context, and Culture Edited by Paul W. Kroll LEIDEN | BOSTON This is a digital offprint for restricted use only | © 2015 Koninklijke Brill NV Contents Contents v Contents Contributors vii Introduction 1 Paul W. Kroll Trading Literary Competence: Exchange Poetry in the Eastern Jin 6 Wendy Swartz Shen Who Couldn’t Write: Literary Relationships at the Court of Liu Jun 36 Robert Joe Cutter Ruin and Remembrance in Classical Chinese Literature: The “Fu on the Ruined City” by Bao Zhao 55 David R. Knechtges An Offering to the Prince: Wang Bo’s Apology for Poetry 90 Ding Xiang Warner Beyond Border and Boudoir: The Frontier in the Poetry of the Four Elites of Early Tang 130 Timothy Wai Keung Chan Heyue yingling ji and the Attributes of High Tang Poetry 169 Paul W. Kroll Who Wrote That? Attribution in Northern Song Ci 202 Stephen Owen When There is a Parallel Text in Prose: Reading Lu You’s 1170 Yangzi River Journey in Poetry and Prose 221 Ronald Egan Judith Gautier and the Invention of Chinese Poetry 251 Pauline Yu This is a digital offprint for restricted use only | © 2015 Koninklijke Brill NV vi Contents Collective Bibliography 289 Index 307 Contents v Acknowledgments vii Contributors vii INTRODUCTION 1 Introduction 1 Paul W. Kroll 5 Trading Literary Competence: Exchange Poetry in the Eastern Jin 6 Wendy Swartz 6 Shen Who Couldn’t Write: Literary Relationships at the Court of Liu Jun 36 Robert Joe Cutter 36 Ruin and Remembrance in Classical Chinese Literature: The “Fu On The Ruined City” by Bao Zhao 55 David R.
    [Show full text]
  • Representing Kingship and Imagining Empire in Southern Dynasties Court Poetry
    T’OUNG PAO 18 T’oung PaoXiaofei 102-1-3 Tian (2016) 18-73 www.brill.com/tpao International Journal of Chinese Studies/Revue Internationale de Sinologie Representing Kingship and Imagining Empire in Southern Dynasties Court Poetry Xiaofei Tian* (Harvard University) Abstract Before the fifth century, the imperial identity of a ruler seems to have disabled him as a writer rather than encouraged him to be more prolific. Literary production gradually became centered in the court by the mid-fifth century, and a distinct feature of Southern Dynasties literature is the phenomenon that emperors and princes joined with their courtiers in the act of writing poetry on social occasions. This paper focuses on a number of poems by Emperor Wen of the Song (r. 424-453), Yan Yanzhi (384-456), Xie Tiao (464-499), Shen Yue (441-513), and Liu Xiaochuo (481- 539) that represent kingship and empire and thereby become a means of disseminating and implementing imperial power. In particular, it examines the physical and discursive construction of the capital Jiankang. We see thereby that Southern Dynasties court poetry was instrumental in the performance of sovereignty and the envisioning of the new, southern empire. Résumé Avant le Ve siècle, le fait d’accéder au titre d’empereur semble avoir réduit ceux à qui cela arrivait à l’incapacité en tant qu’auteurs, plutôt que de les encourager à une prolixité accrue. Vers le milieu du Ve siècle en revanche, la production littéraire tendit à se concentrer sur la cour, et l’un des traits particuliers de la littérature des dynasties du Sud est de voir empereurs et princes se joindre à leurs courtisans pour composer des poèmes lors de réunions amicales.
    [Show full text]
  • The Political Economy of Chinese State Intervention During the New Policies Period (1068-1085)
    Ideas in Practice: the Political Economy of Chinese State Intervention During the New Policies Period (1068-1085) The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Luo, Yinan. 2015. Ideas in Practice: the Political Economy of Chinese State Intervention During the New Policies Period (1068-1085). Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:14226107 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA Ideas in Practice: The Political Economy of Chinese State Intervention during the New Policies Period (1068-1085) A dissertation presented by Yinan Luo to The Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of East Asian Languages and Civilizations Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts January 2015 © 2015—Yinan Luo All rights reserved Advisor: Professor Peter K. Bol Author: Yinan Luo Ideas in Practice: the Political Economy of Chinese State Intervention during the New Policies Period (1068-1085) Abstract I take the New Policies period (1068-1085) to be a critical juncture in Chinese history during which, for the first time, the Chinese state initiated systematic intervention into the market. This period witnessed the failure of plans to shape the collective action of bureaucrats and coordinate market actors through a host of organizing mechanisms.
    [Show full text]
  • Classical Chinese Pronouns: Pragmatic Implications and Politeness
    Acta Linguistica Academica / p. 271 / June 3, 2019 Acta Linguistica Academica Vol. 66 (2019) 2, 271–288 DOI: 10.1556/2062.2019.66.2.7 Classical Chinese pronouns: Pragmatic implications and politeness Cher Leng Lee National University of Singapore [email protected] Abstract: Contemporary Chinese has only one form of first-person pronoun; by contrast, there are at least four different first-person pronominal forms used in Classical Chinese. This makes Classical Chi- nese first-person pronouns noteworthy to investigate. This co-existence of forms with similar meaning of self-referencing raises two issues, namely the reason behind this co-existence and the relationships among these pronominal forms in terms of sociopragmatic use. Unlike what has been previously ar- gued in the field that address forms rather than pronouns are politeness-related (e.g., Kádár 2007; Pan & Kádár 2011), first-person pronominal forms in Classical Chinese express a diverse set of contextually- situated politeness-related meanings. Furthermore, these pronominal forms are socially indexical, in the sense that they are allocated to speakers depending on their social status. Thus, a central argument of this paper is that the pronominal forms studied reveal information about both the person who uses them and the context in which they are used. The paper compares pronominal forms used in the Lunyu 論語 or The analects of Confucius (475 BC–221 BC) and Shishuo Xinyu 世說新語 (A new account of the tales of the world) (200 AD–400 AD), to understand the pragmatic implications and politeness values of these different first-person pronominal forms over a time-span of 400–600 years and also to provide a glimpse of how eventually only one form came to exist in contemporary Chinese.
    [Show full text]