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Distribution of Clionid Sponges in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS), 2001-2003

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Distribution of Clionid Sponges in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS), 2001-2003 University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2005 Distribution of Clionid Sponges in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS), 2001-2003 Michael K. Callahan University of South Florida Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the American Studies Commons Scholar Commons Citation Callahan, Michael K., "Distribution of Clionid Sponges in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS), 2001-2003" (2005). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/2803 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Distribution of Clionid Sponges in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS), 2001-2003 by Michael K. Callahan A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Department of Biological Oceanography College of Marine Science University of South Florida Major Professor: Pamela Hallock Muller, Ph.D. Carl R. Beaver, Ph.D. Walter C. Jaap, B.S. Kendra L. Daly, Ph.D. Date of Approval: March 28, 2005 Keywords: Bioerosion, Cliona delitrix, Coral Reefs, Monitoring © Copyright 2005, Michael K. Callahan AKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost I would like to thank my major professor, Dr. Pamela Hallock Muller for her tireless effort and patience. I would also like to thank and acknowledge my committee members Dr. Carl Beaver, Walter Jaap, and Dr. Kendra Daly and the entire CREMP research team for their help and guidance. I have been extremely privileged to work with such dedicated professionals. A special thanks also goes to Dr. Michael Risk and Christine Ward-Paige for introducing me to the world of clionid sponges, as well as to Jenni Wheaton who gave me this opportunity. CREMP is funded by USEPA grant award #X-97468002-0 and NOAA grant award #NA160P2554. Water-quality data were provided by the SERC-FIU Water Quality Monitoring Network, which is supported by SFWMD/SERC Cooperative Agreements #C-10244, and #C-13178 as well as EPA Agreement #X994621-94-0. And of course I would be nowhere or nothing without the love and incredible support of my family and friends. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................... i LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT........................................................................................................................v 1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 Sponges and Bioerosion.......................................................................................... 2 Thesis Objectives.................................................................................................... 5 The Research Area.................................................................................................. 5 2. METHODS ..................................................................................................................... 7 CREMP Monitoring Methods................................................................................. 8 Identification............................................................................................... 8 Clionid Survey Methods.............................................................................. 9 Stony Coral Cover Methods...................................................................... 11 Water-Quality Methods ........................................................................................ 13 Statistical Analyses ............................................................................................... 15 3. RESULTS ..................................................................................................................... 17 Clionid Distribution .............................................................................................. 17 Clionid Species Distribution................................................................................. 22 Size-class Data...................................................................................................... 23 Coral Species Affected ......................................................................................... 29 Percent Cover of the Top Four Coral Species Affected by Clionids.................... 32 Water-Quality Analysis ........................................................................................ 37 4. DISCUSSION............................................................................................................... 44 Variability in Clionid Distribution........................................................................ 44 Corals Species Affected by Clionids .................................................................... 49 Environmental Influences on Clionid Distributions ............................................. 51 Recommendations for Future Research................................................................ 52 5. CONCLUSION............................................................................................................. 55 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 56 APPENDICES .................................................................................................................. 61 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. CREMP and WQMP site pairing list.................................................................. 14 Table 2. Water-quality parameters sampled by Boyer and Jones (2002) ......................... 15 Table 3. Mean clionid area (cm2/m2) ± standard deviation and mean clionid abundance (number of colonies/m2) ± standard deviation by region, 2001-2003. “N” refers to the number of CREMP stations within the region ................................................................................................... 19 Table 4. Mean clionid area (cm2/m2) ± standard deviation and mean clionid abundance (number of colonies/m2) ± standard deviation by habitat type, 2001-2003. “N” refers to the number of CREMP stations within the habitat type ............................................................................. 20 Table 5. Mean clionid area (cm2/m2) ± standard deviation and mean clionid abundance (number of colonies/m2) ± standard deviation for CREMP stations by region and habitat, 2001-2003. “N” refers to the number of CREMP stations within the region and habitat ......................... 22 Table 6. Percentages of total clionid area and number of colonies (see Table 5) accounted for by each of the three Cliona species observed (C. delitrix/C. lampa/C. caribbaea). “N” refers to the number of CREMP stations. .................. 23 Table 7. Clionid abundance by size class and region for 2001 through 2003 .................. 27 Table 8. Clionid abundance by size class for each habitat type for 2001 through 2003....................................................................................................................... 29 Table 9. Stony coral species affected by clionids (2002-2003)........................................ 30 Table 10. Mean percent coral cover ± standard deviation of the four coral species most affected by clionid invasion, by region (2000-2003). “N” refers to the number of CREMP stations..................................................................32 Table 11. Mean percent coral cover ± standard deviation of the top four coral species determined to be affected by clionid invasion, by habitat (2000- 2003). “N” refers to the number of CREMP stations. .......................................... 33 i Table 12. Mean percent coral cover ± standard deviation of the four coral species most affected by clionid invasion, by region and habitat (2000-2003). “N” refers to the number of CREMP stations................................. 35 Table 13. Mean chlorophyll a values (µg/l) ± standard deviation by region, 2000-2003 ............................................................................................................. 37 Table 14. Mean chlorophyll a values (µg/l) ± standard deviation by habitat type, 2000-2003 .................................................................................................... 38 Table 15. Mean chlorophyll a values (µg/l) ± standard deviation by region and habitat type in 2000 through 2003 ................................................................. 40 Table 16. Summary results from the BIO-ENV routine comparing within the same year. * Indicates ties in water-quality parameters................................. 43 Table 17. Summary results from the BIO-ENV routine comparing clionid area and abundance matrix to the preceding year’s water-quality matrix.................... 43 ii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Coral Reef Evaluation and Monitoring Project (CREMP) site map ................... 8 Figure 2. Three common clionid sponges: Cliona delitrix (A and B), C. caribbaea (C), and C. lampa (D)............................................................................ 9 Figure 3. Station layout for the CREMP clionid survey..................................................
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